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Part3-Bracing Design - Euro Code

This document discusses different types of bracing used in structural engineering. It describes vertical bracing which transmits horizontal loads to the ground and provides stability during construction. Common vertical bracing systems include V-shaped, K-shaped, and crossed hollow sections or angles. Bracing can be located at building ends or centers. Portal frames can also be used for bracing where conventional systems are difficult. The document also discusses bracing to restrain cranes from longitudinal movement, including horizontal trusses and members tied to wall bracing.

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Anbarasan Subbaiyan
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121 views

Part3-Bracing Design - Euro Code

This document discusses different types of bracing used in structural engineering. It describes vertical bracing which transmits horizontal loads to the ground and provides stability during construction. Common vertical bracing systems include V-shaped, K-shaped, and crossed hollow sections or angles. Bracing can be located at building ends or centers. Portal frames can also be used for bracing where conventional systems are difficult. The document also discusses bracing to restrain cranes from longitudinal movement, including horizontal trusses and members tied to wall bracing.

Uploaded by

Anbarasan Subbaiyan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BRACING- EURO

CODE
Eng.HEBA ADEL
Eng.Heba Adel – Structural Engineer-Alexandria university

Bracing
General
Bracing is required to resist lateral loads, principally wind loads, and
the destabilizing effects of the imperfections defined in Section 5.3
of BS EN 1993-1-1. The equivalent horizontal forces, which cause the
forces in the bracing, do not increase the total load on the whole
structure, because they form a self-equilibrating load case.

Vertical bracing

The primary functions of vertical bracing in the side walls of buildings


are:

 to transmit the horizontal loads, acting on the end of the


building, to the ground
 to provide a rigid framework to which side rails may be attached
so that they can in turn provide stability to the column
 to provide temporary stability during erection.

-The bracing system will usually take the form of:


 circular hollow sections in a V pattern
 circular hollow sections in a K pattern
 crossed flats (within a cavity wall), considered to act in tension
only
 crossed hot-rolled angles

-The bracing may be located at:


 one or both ends of the building, depending on the length of the
structure

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Eng.Heba Adel – Structural Engineer-Alexandria university

 at the centre of the building (but this is rarely done due to the
need to begin erection from one braced bay at, or close to, the
end of the building)
 in each portion between expansion joints (where these occur).

Where the side wall bracing is not in the same bay as the plan bracing
in the roof, an eaves strut is required to transmit the forces from the
plan bracing into the wall bracing.

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Eng.Heba Adel – Structural Engineer-Alexandria university

Bracing using circular hollow sections


Circular hollow sections are very efficient in compression, which
eliminates the need for cross bracing. Where the height to eaves is
approximately equal to the spacing of the frames, a single bracing
member at each location is economic (Figure 4.29). Where the eaves
height is large in relation to the frame spacing, a K-brace is often used
(Figure 4.30).

Bracing using angle sections or flats

Cross braced angles or flats (within a masonry cavity wall) may be used
as bracing (as shown in Figure 4.31). In this case, it is assumed that
only one of the diagonal members acts in tension under wind load.

Combining bracing with frame restraint

As shown in Figure 4.32, it may be possible to modify the vertical


bracing geometry, thereby enabling it also to form the basis of the
torsional restraint system to the bottom of the haunch.

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Eng.Heba Adel – Structural Engineer-Alexandria university

Portalised braced bays

Where it is difficult or impossible to brace the frame vertically by


conventional bracing, a portalised structure can be provided. There are
two basic possibilities:
 a portal structure in one or more bays (Figure 4.33)
 a hybrid portal/pinned structure down the full length of the side
(Figure 4.34).

The advantage of the first approach is that the conventional portal


structure can be determined relatively early. It has the disadvantage
that additional members are required and that openings in the side of
the building may be restricted. The second approach provides a lighter
and much more open structure. Although in practice its actual stiffness
is perhaps less than calculated (due to the flexibility of the internal
struts), it is a method that has been used successfully. In the design
of both systems, it is suggested that:
 The bending resistance of the portalised bay (not the main portal
frame) is checked using an elastic frame analysis.

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Eng.Heba Adel – Structural Engineer-Alexandria university

 Deflection under the notional horizontal forces is restricted to


h/1000.
 The stiffness is assured by restricting serviceability deflections
to a maximum of h/360, where h is the height of the portalised
bay.

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Eng.Heba Adel – Structural Engineer-Alexandria university

Bracing to restrain longitudinal crane surge

If a crane is directly supported by the frame, the longitudinal surge


force will be eccentric to the column, and will tend to cause the column
to twist, unless additional restraint is provided. A horizontal truss at
the level of the girder top flange or, for lighter cranes, a horizontal
member on the inside face of the column flange tied into the wall
bracing, may be adequate to provide the necessary restraint.

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Eng.Heba Adel – Structural Engineer-Alexandria university

For large horizontal forces, additional bracing should be provided in


the plane of the crane girder (Figure 4.35 and Figure 4.36). The
criteria given in Table 4.4 were developed by Fisher and are
reproduced in reference 4.

If the bracing is attached directly to the column, it will tend to


attract vertical load and, for heavily loaded crane girders, it may be
necessary to provide an additional horizontal member to prevent
fatigue failure of the connection (Figure 4.37).

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