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Drawing VSWR Circle On Smith Chart

The document discusses using a Smith chart to analyze transmission lines and impedance matching. It explains that the Smith chart can be used to determine the reflection coefficient at any point along a transmission line by rotating along the constant VSWR circle from the load reflection coefficient. Impedances and admittances at different points can also be found on the Smith chart. Methods for impedance matching like quarter-wave transformers and stub tuners are described, with stub tuners designed using the Smith chart by rotating admittances along constant VSWR circles. Examples and tutorial problems are provided to demonstrate applications of analyzing transmission lines and impedance matching with the Smith chart.

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Gaurav Kumar
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82 views19 pages

Drawing VSWR Circle On Smith Chart

The document discusses using a Smith chart to analyze transmission lines and impedance matching. It explains that the Smith chart can be used to determine the reflection coefficient at any point along a transmission line by rotating along the constant VSWR circle from the load reflection coefficient. Impedances and admittances at different points can also be found on the Smith chart. Methods for impedance matching like quarter-wave transformers and stub tuners are described, with stub tuners designed using the Smith chart by rotating admittances along constant VSWR circles. Examples and tutorial problems are provided to demonstrate applications of analyzing transmission lines and impedance matching with the Smith chart.

Uploaded by

Gaurav Kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Drawing VSWR Circle on Smith Chart

Once the position of ГL is located on the


Smith chart, the location of the reflection
coefficient as a function of position Г[(z)] is Z L − Zo
(Z = l) = =  L =  L e j
determined using the reflection coefficient Z L + Zo
formula.
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• This equation shows that to locate Г(z),
we start at ГL and rotate through an angle
of ϴz = 2β(z-l ) on the constant VSWR
circle.
• Note that if ϴz=-2π, we rotate back to the
same point. The distance traveled along
the transmission line is then

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• The points along the constant VSWR circle represent the complex reflection
coefficient at points along the transmission line.
• The reflection coefficient at any given point on the transmission line
corresponds directly to the impedance at that point.
• the reflection coefficient as a function of position Г(z) along the
transmission line can be related to the impedance as a function of position
Z(z).
• The general impedance at any point along the length of the transmission
line is defined by the ratio of the phasor voltage to the phasor current.
Vo + − Z
Vs ( Z ) = Vo + e − Z 1 +  ( z )  Is ( Z ) = e 1 −  ( z ) 
Zo

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Locating Impedance on Smith Chart

• Once a normalized impedance is


located on the Smith chart for a
particular point on the transmission
line, the normalized admittance at that
point is found by rotating 180o from the
impedance point on the constant
reflection coefficient circle.

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locations of maxima and minima for voltages and
currents

• …along the transmission line can be


located using the Smith chart given
that these values correspond to
specific impedance characteristics

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On the Smith Chart

• CW rotation toward the generator


• CCW rotation toward the load
• λ/2=360o
• |Г|and s are constant on a lossless
transmission line. Moving from point to
point on a lossless transmission line is
equivalent to rotation along the
constant VSWR circle.
• All impedances on the Smith chart are
normalized to the characteristic
impedance of the transmission line
(when using a normalized Smith chart).

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Example:
• A 75Ω lossless transmission line of length 1.25 is terminated by a load impedance of 120Ω. The line is energized by a
source of 100V (rms) with an internal impedance of 50. Determine (a.) the transmission line input impedance and (b.)
the magnitude of the load voltage.

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Tutorial Problems

• A telephone line has R = 30 Ω/km, L = 100 mH/km, G = 0, C = 20 μF/km. At 1


KHz (a) The char. Impedance (b) propagation constant, (c) phase velocity

• A 60 Ω lossless line is connected to a source with Vg = 10 ∟0 Vrms, and Zg =


50 – j40 Ω and terminated with a load of j40 Ω. If the line is 100 m long and
β = 0.25 rad/m, calculate Zin and V at (a) the sending end (Z = 0) (b) the
receiving end (Z = l) (c) 4m from the load (Z = 96), and (d) 3 m from the
source (Z = 3).
Z in
Vo = Vg
Z g + Z in
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Tutorial problems:

• A 50 Ω transmission line of length l is open-circuited. If the input impedance


is -j62 Ω, determine l in terms of λ, repeat the same if the line is short-
circuited.

• A 50 Ω lossless line is terminated with a load impedance 40-j25 Ω, having


length l = 0.27λ, determine, ГL and S.

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Applications: Impedance Matching

• Impedance matching: Quarter wave transformer


• When mismatches between the transmission line and load cannot be avoided, there are matching
techniques that we may use to eliminate reflections on the feeder transmission line. One such
technique is the quarter wave transformer

• Insert a λ/4 length section of different transmission line (characteristic impedance = Zo ) between the
original transmission line and the load.

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• The input impedance seen looking into the quarter wave transformer is

• Solving for the required characteristic impedance of the quarter wave


transformer yields

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Applications: Stub Matching (Tuning)

• A quarter-wave transformer is effective at matching a resistive load RL to a transmission


line of characteristic impedance Zo when RL not equal to Zo.
• However, a complex load impedance cannot be matched by a quarter wave transformer.
• The stub tuner is a transmission line matching technique that can used to match a
complex load.
• If a point can be located on the transmission line where the real part of the input
admittance is equal to the characteristic admittance (Yo=1/Zo) of the line (Yin=Yo±jB ),
the susceptance B can be eliminated by adding the proper reactive component in parallel
at this point.
• Theoretically, we could add inductors or capacitors (lumped elements) in parallel with
the transmission line. However, these lumped elements usually are too lossy at the
frequencies of interest.

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• Rather than using lumped
elements, we can use a
short-circuited or open-
circuited segment of
transmission line to achieve
any required reactance.
• Because we are using
parallel components, the
use of admittances (as
opposed to impedances)
simplifies the mathematics.

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Single Stub Tuner Design Using the Smith Chart
1. Locate the normalized load impedance zL (rotate 180o to find yL). Draw the
constant VSWR circle [Note that all points on the Smith chart now represent
admittances].
2. From yL, rotate toward the generator (CW) on the constant VSWR circle until it
intersects the g = 1. The rotation distance is the distance d while the admittance at
this intersection point is ytl = 1 + jb.
3. Beginning at the stub end (short circuit admittance is the rightmost point on the
Smith chart, open circuit admittance is the leftmost point on the Smith chart),
rotate toward the generator (CW) until the point at ys = jb is reached. This rotation
distance is the stub length l.
Short circuited stub tuners are most commonly used because a shorted segment of
transmission line radiates less than an open-circuited section. The stub tuner
matching technique also works for tuners in series with the transmission line.
However, series tuners are more difficult to connect since the transmission line
conductors must be physically separated in order to make the series connection.

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