INTERNATIONAL COURSE IN WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING June 15,1982, - september 15,1982, HYDROPOWER WATER FAMMER ANALYSIS DUSAN OBRADOVIC, D.Sei. ENERGOPROJEK?T 11000 Beograd BEOGRAD 1982, YUGOSLAVIA~ the Phenomenon Introduction ! sic Fquations of wat noe 1.2, She Ricks of a Water teaser Danage Protection Against Damaging Effects of Water Hlamaor 2.1, Protection of Power Plante 0 of Yusp Stations n of Water Conveyance Systens Unsteady Flow ody Flow in a Pipeline 7 Conditions tical Hodol he Analysia Cusa Studies 7 Pleat (design) 4A.2y A Pupped-Storage Project (design) HB ng Station (reconstruction) x and Mathonetical Modeling 5.2. Water Honner Theory’= the State-of-Aart 5.3. Field Tests References List onunuegne bo xprmee MHA KR eR BOON id soction area (n°), ~ proceuve wave velocity (2/0), - wielot gates openning (%), - utaouplucic pronsure (>), = wotr width (m), = 4 constant, - diameter of turbine (pump, pump-turbine) runner, = pipe dlenoter (a), = modulus of tho elasticity (¥/n°) = algodrofe functions, = voignt (= eM); = flywhool sosent of inertia (= 4 Jy 8a°), = gravity acceleration ( = 9,80665 2/a”), rb; (puep, pump-turbine) head (a), ~ phononstric hoad (= 2 + p/egy 8)y : inertia of rotating parte (kgm), ~ dulk nodulua of vater (B/a*), = a constant in the friction tera, = Long . Torque (Na); B. Masa (kg), = voir conatent, - A. Nunning’s roughness factor; B. nvsber of rovolutions por minuto; ©. exponent of polytrope; = power (¥), 2 (Pa), enarse (n?/a), = variation (ouall) of the discharge (n?/s), ~ unit hoad lose - for 9» 1,0 2/a (a), ~ time constant (2), ~ tine (0), = voluse (=), ~ velocity (n/a), = distance along pipe axis (2), ~ unit onergy ( + ell, J/ke), = elevation (a).List a x a f ? 3 v ” y w of Symbols (continued): = ngs (dezzoea), = A. pipe wall thickness (a); B. weir heed (a); = ogelt queaticy, ~ head lous coefficient (-) = efficiency cooftieieat (i), in the friction term (= 5,25 to 5,3333), ~ Darey’s friction coefficient (-) = Foinaon’e zutio (-), ~ Kinesatic viscosity (a*/e), = fluid censity (ke/n), ~ watt Slow through valve (+), ~ flow coefficient ( = O/ky nD), = head coefficiont ( = E/ky ap), = angular velocity of rotor ( =72/30, a4),Land oduetinn.= llyéraulie syateas euch es pover planta, punping etariona, water cupply and distribution systems, irri - ave @ comson feature: ever increasing, for plants as ch operate unter a neverel local ones, 9 F fifty reser ating devicas. Tt narvee en area 70 x 50 al usora. Today, secre projecte onvi~ state by onothor, even neighbours, This La a ne= Antribution of available on the other han, the cost of oquipmant end vkilled le bour is everztay hivher than yestorday. Nodera tuchnology ean acd quite unthinkable few yuars ago, but ot choaply. Thorefers corofull plaaniag aud design of the expen sive Byéraut! ie ocsential. All this reaulte ia ao called "optinal deuigas™ whore the matorial ia streased to the accaptodle Liaits, the velocity of flow is increased in order to decrease tho uizo of sachine and piping, peripheral voloci= ties of runes ettein now recorda, it io 0 Jat euch @ dene in weation vill arise now prob the design, construction ond operation of lege hydre- ulle cyetens. Tho safety of the plant ie one of the forenost considerations. Tao sheer cise oitpient, its complexity, the huge uantity of water end energy in 4t, are potestial danger not only to the plant itself but aleo to the staff and the pe opte neat: Tho trenoient regines are particularly dangerous. They do heppen doth under contro} and accidentally. Normal start-up, enenge of Load and closing down the plent are exam plea of the firat. The othera ore: lond rejection, falee trip of a valve, lusen slutakes, a crack in the penstock, ete. Viat~ 1p the seuue, the trangieat regizec ore characterized by rapid conversion of iinette energy of vater into potential enezer (pregours and/or elevation) and deck, These conversions nay be aecenpunied with violent pressure ourges.Dxtrenely high pre! are followed by extrecely low ones, causing intensive of the whole inateliation. If nothing is broken, the e bound $0 Ge down, danued . by the friction. The woves exe partculasly dangerous. These can dasage dedtrey tha pipeline, power hows in the visinity. Geus, sony tisea the £1 e ckill and experience of the end peteen or dosage to the zach! sed 2 coon ae possible, eorefuly about the ucedde: anything ly talking about it, These " for the deaigner end the asou- a good *r00} Enctures, heceuse there wae certainly uore feult sosowhere bet veo! tne degree of sion Laing inadequate, Meceov puch painfull ‘oxpestonce 4a ‘guardéd by the mantifecturer as a profenaionnl socras. Later, when &! 2 too tate ta reconstruct the whol Anforsation oaks out, tt caee. Tho suthor has eatoxente auch aa "yoa, wo hed sone problems with peop stetiona, but now it is all right". Je major aceldents which can not be covered are widely od. One of the bent own in she eae of water haxsor dazoge in Olgiwe Poor Station, Japan, reported by Gx Gs Ponta, to weota [9] + "On June 18, 1950, ebout one els hour, agtor the atert of load-reduction operations precaeding a scheduled zain= ny valve in ook mlazsed shut dus te a series of operating exzere snd sechenieal failures. The roculting vator Sasser eurge up areas of tuo valve eauced @ section of atvel penatock atout 25 ft in length £0 eplit along ite crova and Ley out nearly Fiat egainst Mlleide ... Subsequent excessive étecharge froa tock exonted a vacucs upatrean end about 295 1 ution of ¢ be entize of penstock collepaed, reaulting in the distorted chayeo ... tie head gate could be cloud, Yor about two houra, uatt penstecs breech throvgh end around +! ig Out about 16 OO cu yé of earth. Three xater pura povexhousordously injureé oa they tried terfly vaive chaster. Parbine, generator, a by abou to eseupe f20a tho Us A control rocsu were flooded and partially bar 1 0 eu 74 of sodiaont ‘Tee apprexiaate coat of the repair was 8 445 C00 of whieh 8 200 600 vas yeoring work ond $165 000 for electrical asd zachanical repair and replecusent. The totel inated pover Loas vas $0 000 000 kite." Bonin explained what had happoned. The Oignwa povor station has threo 8 turbines, oach of 25,5 NW. ‘vo othor 2 (0,6 MZ each) dive house gonorator and cupply the energy for the atend-by cil puapa, geo Pig. 1. These auxiliary turbines can take Kater from any of the three ponatocks loading chy oni } { pleeurtearcy vive i fa oS otgaus power plant, Japan iachenatic eiagrae) (9). fn tur’ 1. This echese seeaa 100% care, but y+ In the process of closing down #1 Anexperienced operetors did not transf turbines = to ony of ation the aupply ef exalt 2 the peneteck No, 1 - whic had to be eloced firat ‘other tyo peaatocks. So when the ponstock Mo. 1 weu onptied, both auxilliery turbines had to atop too, and this would not bo a problem at all had not the voltage dropped unexpectedly. Suedesty the of1 presoure vas lost. Stand-by of] puspa could not start coupled as it was to the eapty penetock. personnel tried to get the water eupply from otter tye, but ‘those valven could not bo opened due to the unbalanced vator pressure on tho tyo sides end on accumulation of the oilt, Oi2 cylinders on valves controling the rete of clooure vere by then y. Tho efforts to stop turbines fatled becaune everybody woe confused. The governor of the turbine tio. 3 opened ite wicket Rates to the full, and tke increased flow shut the par tlatly closed valve in - ectisated - 0,3 @ (norsal closing ti- bo toing zo loos then 20 a). Thin vase full water homer, with consequences ea described above. The place where the pea otock had Yurated da chova in the Fig. 2. Fig. 2: Otzaxa ponstock profite [9‘The caso in itsolf de not so interesting because the ro- gulations in sost cases (today) insist, on separate and into~ pendent control and actuating for wicket gate, pressure regu lator end butterfly valve, each with ita evn power eupply. The ceatral control eyetes, euch aa that in the Ogawa power ata tion, is a thing of the peat. Nevertholese, the case fo still extreaely instructive. tote that there ware tyo"ife! the @onign wun onto egainat or if the operators wore trained ty (in this cage, the trained crow vould have provided the supply for auxilliery tur's ik) = ne accica! nos frea the lust pone vould take place. Unfortunately, both ita wo: ative, with catastrophic consequences. The lesacna = every possible situation ust be carefully studied in the design phaze und an adequate protection against dana- sive effecta rust be provided: = the personnel of a plant mus be properly trained, both in the underscanding hoy their plant works and in tho baste theory of transieat regizes. If thene loosona are disregarded, oiniler disasters may bappea again. The teanslent proceszea must bo analyzod both in the desten otoce and later, whenever tho elightieat doubt in the plent safety ohovs up. Tue accident may heppen even after several youre of trouble-Cvoe operation. 1.2. Beste vy any sudden © quntion of Vater Honmes.- Transient flow 4a caused uo ayetea, ouch a9 ~ for example ~ ra~ pid closing down of a valve. The ainpleat cave is chown in the ‘Tye water flowa through a horizontal pipe with a dowa: valve under the head Hl, the velocity being v4. The friction ts geaulie Grade Line (furtuer: HOL) ia wlso wnen the valve is euddenly closed down, the vater lez v innedintely upatreas of it will be stopped inatantly, with a ahenp increase of ond equal to GH. Next leyer = further upatreas ~ will be stopped too wuon the disturbance travelling along the pipe venches it. Applying the womentua equation to veluze adjacent to the valve it can Le shown the pressure rise ap ia related te the the velocity, Ay, by aE ok aps spas -gaay a whore op (Pa) is pressure rise, @ (ke/a?) water density, B= 300605 n/a", a (w/a) wave velocity, Ox (n/a) sudden chango of tho water volocity, This ia a9 called dovoloped by this Ruscias ecfeatict y (ah equats e the ture of that © decreae of velocity increases the vice versa, The initial flow velocity, vo, te eouller thea the wave velocity a. The preosure wave vill travel upotrees vith a velocity g ustil dt hits at the upstreas pipe end. There in a large water sess ning wave ean not displace, oo the wave will be re= 4 and etart the way back along the pipe decreasing the ‘0. The reflected wave will roach the valve again dn ny = 25/0 @ where ‘t, (9) io the tine constant, Z (z) the Length of the pipe. 2a next 2, coconda the under presures will be created, ‘This Ao a very aieplified picture of the processes which happen in the veal eystens. Noverthelecs, the erveial factore We chonge of the initiel velocity, ay,the wav peck ae ‘The rate of change of the initial velocity depends upon the plont cherectoriutics, oqutpsont installed, initial condi- tions, aituetton wa: asalyzed, ate, If the flev ta com pletely atcpped he ctange te equal to -x, (gexizus), ond thia give rise te th strong pressure gurgea. In root however, the rute 4s considerebly alover and the pres ture riso ie ave cuctler. The designer cun seldos afford to deatgn the ples ac the full water barker, co the yxnet value of 4y cust Le carefully computed using the ¢! proof exe Jory of unsteady riews, lie thle can be cous with a good accu- recy will bo wiows fu nat chapter, ‘The other factor, vs volecity g, depends sainly upoa and cuyport conditions. Tt ia 0 correct value of a, and the 12 wave spood in the plant con Snes, and che aeuoured values sree quite Voll With the theeretical oxen. tho pie eetertat, ves beat saver $2 0 & aeructee, ois vor Gute sung wore found t0 fee sheory [4 nenés tho following foraula @) rodulua of water comproscibility, ) B (V/s) is the zodutuy of elasticity of the pipe vall sate rial, B (a) ard & (2) oro pipe dieccter end wall thickne: reapectively, ¢; (-) ie a constant upon expo: conditions. 112 constant Le equal 20 [42]: ec, + 1-1/2, for the pipe oncnozed at ito 3 patrons end only, een, anchored threugbeut sey oxial sovenont, ath anchored pipe, but with fis ‘The eg.(3) gives good roculta for relatively thin-walled metal pipes, even plauric uxea, Yor a tunnel made in a solid rock the wave veloe Boy be computud End M ere godulus of elasticity end Foisson’s ratio for the rock. — Noto that 0, /#/P 4s the wave velocity in the at{ll water, equal to (npprexisately) 1 840 B/s. he oq.(Z-4) are valid for other Lguiés too, as well as for tho different materials of piping. Sore commonly used values are Listed bere. = for elean vo K-2,. GPa end = 95,2 ke/o’, ye ob K = 1,595 Gra and ror steed pipes: E + 207,0 GPa and ~ for east iron pipes! E = 10,0 = for copper 5 = = for alusiniua pipes: E+ 70,0 GPa and = 0,30, = for concrete pipes and tunnels: Ee 20,7 ~ for avbestos-cozont pipes (A/C pipes): E+ 23,0 GPa, = for, solid ree! “ze 12,0 cra and pre 0,30, = for plastic pipes: Pay Spy + 0,9 GPa, Boy = 1,40 GPa, Jee 0,30, Ke 0,85. Tho values of g for éiffexont pipes, tn function of tho ratio diaator D/vall enickneas 3, te chown in the Mg. &. 0 of flew velocities i 1,0 to 5,0 s/s in set x en avnorere wave apeed of 1 000 8/e 4t follows ‘Te ra cases. Tokin fos eq.(1) that the fell water hanor will be sezevbere bet voon 1,0 ond 5,0 x 16° Pa (or 20 to 50). ated (6: ually, the n reagonable Lisits - or the ¢ of pressure nay be to: pipes, for exosple) Wut such eases a ured o pipes un protection equirgent will Ye uscecop= defined ty the contract, taking rebly Biga. The:che aorety of plant, cost of the equipaunt, de 04 by voter, the reason for thie faet-Le-eay—————_. ‘the preseure vavos travel coneiderably alover through vater-alr ixture than through elesn ator, The forsulae froa previous chapter, oo well co the dingras on tho Pig. &, zeffore to the Ay. Tho effects of wiz are showa in the Pg. 5. clean wate! Air content 9 cy itou'thevaase cetosies (i iste thot the velocity sizture say bo even lover astancee). ip the ats (250 w/a da a faze alway2 a cell quantity of air dloolved in the Bere air in Aiesslved, This en but it aay to asfely entinsted thet ation proagure deponde ety pon the eoure oungeeslow owe a litte, stan the presque steceagsin Byers ver, 02 guickly as A van veluea agree wory well at tira row fe eigntstcont Le quite disinionse. ele asteatead {or roleased) by vater should below with ate). 9 surges may cause ful) vacuua ta ‘te plpatine, even of short duration. Whosoever and wherever tee Luce) puocnury deope to she vapour presoure (ite valve ds Qeterzined by the vator tenporuture) a cavity filled wit vapour esd roleasac ai ie forsed. The pips may eollopse under 7 ites 49 quch bigher then the vapour preggure ~ if not ¢eaieued to tale oa the full vacuus. If St atonte, the water colon te the left and to the right of 27 flows sapwersly barszatste pzezsu: the 6: ne Pgid enszea, Few sozonte latex, vase tho vave pariact iva the othes boundaries, the prescura arity rise ees ous condeninte? in n> tine, Leaving behind en elocct exply cuace, Filed with very rarefied air. ‘The water coluane xush into tha apace and collide with « contiderable £ ely ogual ve + Tho resulting preosure rise to epproxiaa- A0enoe * o shock" whore 24 (e/2) Cenotes the aieresence between velocities of ‘vo water coluans, bis disferesee Le unknown uxtil preciae conputetions aroveade; however, St 12 eleez thet the renultiog ahock say be dangerous for the pipe, The things are further complicated ty the untnomn quantity of the alr released ~ vbich etn Anfluence the process both waza. Sosa pipe, eapackelly nes ede f200 soot, 207 taxe on both full vacwus and the Feaulting shock = but it Sa wiser to avoid completely ave’ sn etzontion [8 18) 2 + Ponetines it can not be avoided, 4¢ GL paces too ran to the yeotSle yuska, Then aoe prom ai 9 of the pipe, oF care other dae tention ehould be inatelled, either ar yaivos to Let Ja and oo peevent the 202k 2 vice ouch as ¢ curse tank er alachange eacenvots~ 2 phonontnon Je Sackeally the ease 2 En Lowebeed pom a Raplen runser ia sony working regises. Toe vater flova szcund Ss, locel prorevce ic leas thea in the eteouphere. Kien a power galluze ocowor, winket eaves start £0 elzer cova rapidly in exter to srovent she soanos $9 aezelezate very euch (eneae vey epeed venous neraal sotutional speed = cesowuera fron 2,5 £9 3494 ¥en Biever) s ‘The runner Blnies do not have enough tise to ehenge thelr poe sition consigoresty [46, 49]. If the rate of clomure fa toa Ligh, the wate> Leavce tho Tunnor ecepletely, leaving @ eixture fnpous end air vob snk ntencoss ernfeneazion of the yap jer. Yater eoltnn eosing 4a the runner ta accelerated throvgh thle elacat sEpty space (Filled with Sarefiad atz only) asd vill ezash on the be lifted, with « ho blading say ta brekea orf fur ohezt ent voter ef 259 consnated wil oo (36, 92]. tue rozaire axe longhty and very exzonsive = replace- sent of tho runner and of all bearings, sot £9 sention the cnorey Veich is lest 6 sion. Such aectdonta cofslly deetgned and tined viskot gatos chonusins sete [10, 37) onJe eraet donegs to the beens ng the reconstrs Lid. Bho Bicus of a Yetar Hneges Panose.- eanelont flova As eng povor plunt/installation are inevitable, so th» poeat- bility of vate: Yosser occurance con zot be ruled cut. Tt can bappos dn eny tino. vhon a pover failure eccur] 42 cose valve slazees shut, due to bussn exer, Dut, it9 effects ehoule rot be eannging to the plont, 4f the proper precautions wore taken in the design, construction and op questions are sation. The central etreunstences vheh efeht provoke events chovld be feared of: high evernresoy-a3 ‘uty of the plont endangered ty thas events in any cot of uiseunozunces? voetion will y eld the best peoulta: a ty ub an ccceptudio cost? = iu the adopted protective equiyeent reliable enough (er can couse an additional danger)? ete encwer to all ti questions, one’ bas lo stoady-atate regizes in the at/inetallusion; he mothed of protection againct water de transient reginon ~ aasa oseitlaticns joaidle situations; . Cuspara the vecults obtained in provicus throo ence with eistlar plaate and inatal- = in many pa with lations. vailevle exp enphesized that the whole range of cparations @ by the analysis, The extrapot recultu can Se yeey BL = ond eves have te be cover hea of th " aungevous = due to tho bigh ron-Linearity of the problen, The use of various 2 wutor-hasces charts (Aig, 8, nosogracs) is not recomended, especially for nara, Pru, ereat efforte wore sade fn order to davelop reliable dlegrese for the eatizaticn of ater aeseer eff findood" oyacens, bua belping #0 protection specdity. fose of the raerten [2], etre useTuld Yuen doteraining che first approx’ the final solution cust egain be 2 by eure ves! analyeis of ve! aietored considers) experience). Wien # sebenos, the ch tod rothoda: graphicel or nuserical Ta most cases tho final colution Ly fron the Tizat epproxinazion (euthor’e ko cuge in hand de different fron evandard sts are valueless. On the other Kend, on unexporionced user can apply the charts in the situations which they were not nade for, and then stick ctubternly to the faulty resu aking oorlous only defence being: "it’s ac- "), Ono such ease baseer expe: as tion network bad to be protected against the "he chief designer had used the charte to de- vernine the size of the air veccol. He kad eiaced tho fact # B wure eeaigned £ talleticns which heve an air veocul at the one end, aad @ lazge reservoir at the 1a his case, the pipe network waa laying on a flat torruin, «ithout any reservoir at all. The water tende to Flow out - duo to ite noxtia - and there ean not be any fley reversal with cuxresponding overpreseures. Tis sakes ‘ho air vonso? eluost useless, the only zeal danger being ‘the unavoideble vacuns, The air vessel ves of aoe kelp only When starting tho punpa, and delaying a Little vacuua occu renee, The correct ansvor waa to let the air in, 4 to 5 nin after a pever foilure. All this was clearly shown by the nus eerica! analyais wh: was eode such later, on the request of Tt had hepyoned that an enlargosent of the designed air vensel was proposed by the nanufacturer of the equipsent and the opiniona were divided. In order to find out "what the optinua aize of the air vessel cbould be the anslysis of vater hesser yao nade, which quickly bronght to where the real danger ty the supervising onginae} the wad boon. Insteed of the air valves were installed. {sof stovdy-state regines.- The characteristic vorking regines have to ba caleulated and the ol drawn. Maxizus and Flows, turbines, puspy end pusp-turb{nea diechazgea Fenerves at the prominent peaks, end other important parazetera have to bo tabulated. Studying these sulta one caz get a good idea were the weak spote aro and h events ae to be foazed of (high step ie eootines overlocked, everybody hurrying » water henner computsti bie oftua take place, co deuona expenoty aa seoa ag possi: 2 in which 0 wa! couputations without covaring ol) eases, Therefore, an analysis of steady state regizes is ucefull in pointing out waieh initial etates (potentially) than cthers, Unfortunately aro very high, in anything else 2 flow ~ there violent proscure surges inity of a pusp, o> of fan cuddenly atopbe eos ated (renove") and eng 1 at sections are seositive on yeeuur snd vatos erlwon separations oo in wish tho Hoh Aa exceptionally uighy or lev, should bo exesinad very cazefutly and tha ceaten changed Af possible: apoea during aa unsteady renice exanpie) and {a tila sivustion 2ike- yeetave regize after a power failure aight fo wor (300 Care 1V Mere), thw proving ot elaborated aa it should be; ey of tae protection equépaant ehould tat the dooisn 2 sor “sag sore peeblees thea av protection ay atl. plex apateaa end very sophiatieated protec ove dnngenous thes the afeple nos are grt rue cospaneuig whiten enn £242. 5 rocclra. “sad in tuoont, The Vaote dose are: fe = te low cova the whole procens (som: Wicuet guten/vetvon elogure, inezeeaed parte); o = to cccunwtete uinetic enerey of flow a : = te give way t0 tho Aneeaing water (tgradvene®y Feuxge relies velve)s L = to Lor tho veter in (Giecharge tank) or the tr ase vatve) is os Je: to prevent water coluss espazation end one (eupture dak). ssa. For exsapley store are siaple ounce tanko, ones with the onsisiee, with ex vitheat chosbae: Cover and/or upper), differential tanks, ote. oe ts duit is te choose the bear ecieses 20 solve tie protien gelnted gute af wicker gates clooney Many tines a ecubluation ef theee cerhede gives the best renulta, essunting the eonplete earery of the plast at a ze \9 rkereioa of oct common tyres are hows in vis (nt @F t¥o) ure citusted a2 near to tussel 5 qlnsot elvora protested by @ cur (jo tank, aa voll aga Long Craris tuve cov tha, euy, $0 to 109 8) it. ri ate ator tezaor waves, geuersted by @ auddon cloaure of tho turbines (reuss, pusp-turbicea) Waleh follows a load re= fontion, travel alone the ponstock ustit they roach she surge tank, Tho euercy of Kevoa ia thore tranofersed inte the poton~ tial onergy ~ Faluing the water Level in the sank - end only, a part of St will continue along the tuanol tovarée tbe urper Fecesvets, Fou couehte later, the vater flova fvoa the ourze teak, dinitiosing rhe vacuss which would othezvise occur. Af tor @ fey ozestlasione uho traseionte do cut. In such & way, repit prormze gungen ~ vator Masser ~ ara attenvated and coum wuvous tune ouedLlastone. ay large und wel placed wring the overpraeaure phese, end not to eure rhsas. This ie e rather ua Supsovenenta were introduced ta om wy the waters: expensive ites, a0 0 Ger to hoop tse ciuenstona (asd ceneoquoatly ie coste) in riser in che uisserentiel (Jobnotea) tance, #72. he oxrlsien eta the dnflow a2 vell aa the outflow, sieea, loves end upper chasbers, ny not te the aoe dogsea, time atsa, Detwaen watar Level in She ts jo tenk snd the plerasetiic beat in nel Vaden. Tha Lost alare of sho cyvifier wick be ge Lersiued Sy Ube expevinence on a ecalet-down nodel. Yue suusen fo2 the scar ont the Teves ohntber smetadletion ia to luop tae height of tho eurge tune botvesn proseriued 1 ‘4 lange roverve of wate: oleh proventa the vacuua duping uiderpraeaure phage, and the upper ene ena take dn the inflow during the other transient phase, ho shagea of beth chasbors are eonatiees very curious, velo, the lover chevbur contain ag in thy severeibie rover plaar "tapi sa. obatt). A purg tonk Le quite exponets , Yagoelavia (sve but the pleat can eeldes wiehout one, The proper Ieestion, size, nd haze cea Le deterained only by the aathenstica! aodeling fo olant. fo start with a aot-uo-tad deaina, one nea fo uco his experience or the dbo 35, 35) se fren the auterezare [ Repitiatet vinta of elossre.= KiekUt gutan and valves atuuld not ‘aay Rappen rotecticn ¢evises are installed (note then tn ‘the Oignwa power ert ‘ution the suzga 2 = could ture after tho valve bad classed shut). Gn the other bend, Lf theae davices elose too slowly the runner poy attain courcoptedle bigh zotatsonsl apeed, thue dasaeing sor (fut) renavay de nevor pezsited). Sone comprerise sua: be found. Typical so- Autions ara ahcwa in the Fig, 7, reffering to a acdern pusped~ storage pluzt. ‘The ides Le to eloge tha wicket gates repidiy until the preamure starsa to rice too auch (point *A"). Then the elocure noo te be considerably slower, eetil the preecure peck ba passed avey, Tt Le always a good poltey to let wzell quanti~ tien of water back through the machine (ia pumping operation). ine upatreen of the pusp, and tho Loarics acd thy rutor ef the gone chie prevents sharp preseure ‘ine Sncresent, G2, ropresente the inevitable delay ia activusing tae aachanias (lesa thas 0,5 a uouallz). The eba= sactenistic pointe, shown by the erfove iu the Pig. 7, arecy with wlekot gatea ful bvicus that © enebine "gos will Le weaker accor Ta the esoa of the ‘The Beate vaive f inextin, tes") for ule Koadar, Zaszod, 22 soxna rae darzesoa of the bnade vaiua (elzo enlied "natured votue*) {9 sccospanted wish en Snezeous in the velgst = ent, “tne eset too. For exasple, augeeating tho GD° for 100% will couse the weight ta Lneseese for 20%, ete.. 000 water testes pivaiers 2 to dncreaze the GD? of genazater fer ue dneresaing tha wotent ana 2008 furs 5 to JE. Ete wage tizo, Latter sloaste mete aro na other deasgn alternatives, Ganvzeliy, the len ia astiaves by combining moverel setheas = not by ranekont overpseaaases ray 90 conai~ uy uso of 8 relief velvo, it Sa located da © exeing to the lover erezeza Sof eho flow outs The wicket gates con cloned, keeping the angular peed of Lov. Arter this eperation 13 cesplotad, elenad alse = not veces lsum. aig valve Se ponatizes eae Taneksonsue valve” 20 in used sooty in ov end codiua atza planta, ao tn bos Gant T dnasntbed inter, Te da a good protection arse welch Cova umoces if ta completely lest. Aloo, 48 doce not protect the slant foe epesial gitestisn aust be paid to racuua control. = pALLraiva.- Blettoct peaue de the piseliae peofite (*uneea" A tas Jesgos) axe the pleces vbexo the air roleacod fron me ter tends to ete, During the tranelent flava, choce places aro endangered by pocaible water colusa eeperasion. The stautant wotlod for combatting these uroe 3 (ake packet enn aha troubies even in etaudy-etere ragizes), air valves are iueveliod c2 the top of the pipeline poaka. Shey eczve fn let the necummtated afr out 2 2 she prearure aumgee axe to stuoag, and the vacua, os Goo Fapidly, thos tho air valve Sp not an adequate ction = Lb fp much to glow. Zt eaa not protect lene 2 F203 vaouss. In gush casen other doviens and pany doviees ‘Dosp eration ageinat wetar Lesser dasogo. onetines aro not protected et all, Jut~ wituotend © (unl Jowourty peeasura risa ba ut dicterent 39 are conpurad dz the F, tluce uma only couse guidalines ard ney Ve cobetanl the previous en 0, thin bust olution Sa often to curing ene probles (ses cace EI). Gitseruss sethoes, ctendy antive 2 isk ana ether conaiders= Zone ovel: es cost, eyaiRivinity, seliebszity, eter 120 the ces0 rele ag the eurga tank ia the apockally éaatgned to nennoty end Sn the other = in water disteitution, foe exanpto, Ay Togo=vols with @ esall area, ea aeratin tubo, sasey Lover = lL thaga itezo exo troated ia the sotar stax Le e very ueLiable device, offering = good nut Weber fusnes, IY ees bb applied 4a canen 5 in ateecy resizes paraer naz the terzeia = vies then 19 9 20 m, om thy cost of tank will ba pro sm eeovel.= Sue a vengel das cenzen feature 4a all eediua oh pvesure punp etetions. Tia stangard Lezout 4a shows veonel fe eftuated norenity at the proacure aide Gownatyena ef the check velve, One fo two thi2a Een pros. Provlens Sn Peataseine! Applied: Prices | bfeen (aus [nbecerie, ous pir fer eae Routine cont: Pel. Expensive. fatton ent Peeilities. Povtina con) Hones fmolat Se And fanceio~ aed proveriyy | very fren itn sone quenely. | cases. 1 cheap. | ee Poor (pos cial Ponstaensne) 4 | peequert | Prequant peoaauss ta 5 contzets Rovtina checking. sonasines = anesritee gore t9 be. Hod! agetn, Hot very nn Heats ea 4 Sezisre | teh hese. 75 he Wisiaate 188 pioee fue low pigeeke (eaters) protection HISEPOS, Recesesaiee] teed 83, SRP | & Sorelle tectsas to Siu.) ‘alveye ces’ | vacua 2e- iowshesd, very beh ae | eaeneat Seen poles, \ | : i | | i i ' | | : i \ | | ios ite Bian Very goat. | rectissten fer aioe in 9 £0 be feces Yor veay cheap.sag cout toe tore Teevere gustat pina da momuer Darga, ovhor Linits). If the level da too lox, the air ekght enter in pariag a dana coe a2 te the asia pipe aiaseter [57]. in the pie Jewepseazvee phage; if it ie too Rizk, the quan lender se fact.ozete the of the veavol. Taser, e again, the azar ontora inte the vessel, came Tieient to prevent veny nigh overgrage pssre. 1 ia such eanea saxicus preseuce 207 value tn if no reotecrien war Snetalled (Gt ‘chat the vacuus te pruvented ia any cage). Un vester dé bouts Tae bea tue vatar if usdav-nazusaiod vith ein true, it was : deca refilling it. Thu outlar size 4a thon eutomstically closed wy ite check volve (ueu 7g. 9), oad the inflow hoo to yeaa through ust ho azo ust : Mire (eeeosding to the ena gource, ite Giuseter 2 sive dheneter). 19 kinatic enerey of slow Ae acctsuleted in sb pressurized wir, vakeh velens@ i rather miovly: ve per han 1 ne vaas 2 rexenvets, bet pwaoang PhsouEs pups of ogsiDiatiens Heine several tinea greater ol La Angtaled. cher Long oe the air slowlz. Later, new talus udditiora) quontdeiea,ee tho ate. If pvuaesr) ia eewie at oie sue vovee) Will ao: 9 a protection any auebilicy. ee (ty a conpresace on. A wollnksown process to ell; therefore the ceaprese sor iu nesnoLly o= suteaatically ovitched-on whenever the water level in the yengol reaches bighssere, It roftile the voseal, and Sa pwitshedoo0 wisn ho lavel ia pushed down #0 the Zoe ‘izes the eroser aupply for the ecepreasor is moz avetlable (ag in the cose TEI), and in any cape the cospronser So one another ° pyestttes inter recline, Duca ehesteoninga may So cused by faolating water from. wre MF Ly @ neuieiae. One ouch vessel, rote Ly the factory "Ch . = etter, Tuncay sey bo open in tho Tig. 10, The pestie ees 7 AR ‘Sgrona (bluster) convadna tha wated - of eny otaer Liquid) and Th (ey ‘separates it from eny contact with tho air (or any other gas). Of course, the caterial ds firet-cluuo and coo stant the atraina, new ical ‘bie [eeper aise of the vorsol ant adequate throttling at 2, 8: hin vessel (nenematied. the dnlet end! at the outer say be dotereined accurately only by antliowatsent oy [37} cum bel & mizsie, Tevever, the chorts ange ty Stophen~ One eueh dosining sie insta: deste he vensel functions property Sf the air 42 never adaitted aise: oan in the Hie. 1. into the piseiisa, end Une pruteuren througout she ayston? exe ee eee ent aceon Blwega ¥ithin ansuptetie Halts (sue ease TI2). For tha sunseny permeture enyelgnes cee (ty © oi, (2) pomp heady con by selected in such 2 vay that ‘The corressend! om a regular water tank ¥il be too + thea this davice ay be usefull. T: Le lew detweon tho FOL end the pipe, but bigher them. eelusa cepa ‘0 open upy ho ourgea develop too repidiz. no it aight be trot ‘The test applicctic Ae loving cox! for exsaple) andiniet float Requlsted closure of vatyeg.~ Special attention stoulé be given to tbe proper closure af oheck valves, sayectally thoce fs letge dleastes, thon the flow reveraen, @ clinck valve a1, thus creating a eajer pressure rine prasmize side, and corsesyending drop in the 0! hia caa be dangerous for the pipeline, and the valve itaele Bight be troxen at che epact, Te prevent this (vaieh sone tines 60 Bases) and a voisut waieh tents te close Zt dova. The torques: hydra~ teads te less = sive ia equipned with an of] eorvenator wie, roa velght aid fon of] prageure in eonvenster are i equtlivetue esring nevea p xp operation, Wien a pover feilune cause ouddoa destsoyo ia flow, the equilibeiua doaa 2 ott eervo= potent woyslntes tie rere of elonuea, Hodnrn installations ot exlet any ove, ond tte velve starts to elese down, 7 provide 4 souo of elceura eizilar to those chow dn the voter teaser. The closing tise should be lex recangacent gi fe a guod protection egeinat 1g enough to pesntt peall raver: cae everpee: 5% flow through puop, Tose WiLL conaiderebly Lenses sure and the runner will not reverse ito spect, cs) conctwuetiona are dLaplayed in the Fig. 13. 3 BT necaraing to eS anther toeer oo. BN atsestare [29]. Af the pipatine io comparatively ehost = 100 to $00 2 - At cey hepyon thet ne other protection Se nsees sary. In noob eases coxe coher seasures cust be ales proviced - snere ee Anortin of zotsting parte, an air voavel or a water tank, Enerenaed senent of 40 ie de not ne helprull as dn Sho enue of pover penta. Henge cat chele asters are euch oxale Jor nechinrs, coupled to tha = genezeity = euch longer plpeli« nes. 2m evsy ctann evan doxtling the GU" will not apprecsebly ebunge tho tervite, loveren, thoxe are etl some eneaa vhen ech a Sutho€ say protest tle plant = earateazle being fenoee vrresg" pe son (6 A typige? ersasgieent ae ehowa in the ¥ig. 18. the eles whotor toVivendard oxe, and the aalitsonsl wee) $0 3wip ena tha actor, unter @ protective cover Puap agation with © vosy Long euetion pSped 1e9 wit a negative difference oon upetzees ro) vyoir level and tha downetzess Level) bbe protested aceia! us by @ paralel pipeline jp & reflux valve, Aftar a poves fuilure, tke pressure af auction side sovnte, due £0 thw dnentin of incosing watery ‘bt the dovastreas ice eetive, A refler 0 typasa the atazply. thus equiliziag the js roflux valve say be cloviy closed down the Fig. 2 aides. Zetex, = Af nacosenzy, Js serangeaent any be oes 5 ure dak thie very sinle du eo te on ultinate recuse. frozy high ovecvresewres can uot de avotdad ty applying ether on v te (ugher than eny corvicy preagure) and to let the water out. Even ceall qantities ef cvtflow considerably decrease the oa ia other parte of tho oyaten. The fucitition king this water out aut be provided. Later, the atak dag to be replaced, Protection of wator convevanen evetona.- Lange end com water convoyanrs ayatens (cupoly, dieeribution, tnduate tmetaictiona, wising intetletione, cooling tzstelien tina) suet eleo Yo protected against water anuer effects. Wea reans are the caso ea for the pusp stations protection: vater tanta, cir vossste, epele2 devices (gush aa rupture éiuks). 1 etovered ~ the deesenes tha voter benzer cengor sing tho pocetbility of The profile must bo carefutiy oslece Sed in order to cvoid vary pe saat keep 42 . oF losg flat scetions vita fas inedoquate pressure reserva (equal to tke cietanse between the HOL end ptpe profiie). Ef thte task is covestly completed, the struggle egeine! wator lasser effects say be greatly fack- Litated. Tn the oppoctte case, aovere restriction wren the Flow through the cystea soy be placed, ac in the cage IV.lefosel, and any siete ion the goseous puaze (oir, vapeur) wiied aimat be present dn the Liquid (water, 012). y nteedveed, a to opal: alt qhysteat spend upon distance x and tiae & and velocity in any eroaa-2ee~ pertioa of flow ( eaty. the veaco (Lea. Jf Linge ane nedea along these i pry tral yoluse,~ pipe section detveos = ie show in the ig ea Fig. 15. 3 2 tora (e3)® ant Bye oh Been + BA ex) «) = reacties ef pipn wes ends ex o exis) 9) ap an se eras & (2°) : pipe diezetor, (e/a) few wot 2) Giatance soeese(ea) be bye Ms + e/a) + te = xfs) ro the esense sery enea, whieh ean {a4 aa}: Yes) If the terse rhe ea. (28) ko the total velocity” ig in the dlsection of flows tke elope of othe vavea going in the opposite direction, 8) end (18) deccae Toe = trata «ALLY oo se excoade 6 n/a; heres: es 2, 20 ege.(25) becose ots; ‘thing betweon 609 ene. 2800 a/a 7 be fy = whlch 4a dependent both upon veriabte ( he ehase 2 tinensndorencen 2 = const (pipe of the oame dtanetes, vali thtoke Longta) aga.(27) any ba (20) 4m the 09.(23). Jsnon the to setheda. sppliee give otath ysing the water tansar 4a 7M: suite. The face Tugestuvin (private 6o1 azoadoncs between ¥. tbe author). watz AUlatione ware edie to tue caused danage. Thazetor vyostigntore waa devoted to this provien ( (29, 48, 52, 53] among nony othara). Recls equetions of the oncitiatery flay aze derived tron ) are vo ond sisplitienticna - (29) atechangs, () a conotane ucuatay vesiationa| 15 hand g asound the aversce fvely) exe Gotined as oy tye foltev (or te ace . on oe es (2022) Aa 08-(29) 4 foltows ext (ay logy with ct and eapactteace [43] ey+ 4]. dong the resctta = frequerey of ell free vibvations in a given range = eyotes socseaso unter forced pertodtesl ocefllati- ene (eources of shuus axe: vostex core vader the runner. 8 le= brags chroush a elowod fo, ce any othar eauas). Such ensiyuts vare ca: planta here in Yugse Jot on for several Lazge poor avi, checking thels eonattivity oa nterwuting reculta vare obtained for Sepiginat, *Uract, *hisine™ foread vibeati soagina bebss*, (58. 56. 62]. vb “Biazricet he Noiur do aeeuaed ineoupresnisie fo waato ta negleeved, then e4a. (14) feplified, ho dessity of Auld, ¢ y eo on Blab BBE eo es) ys so/ke, DB/de + bax (sy AL, ban, Ale 25 on 2D vaten $a for che s4aa osetl stone enatyate (4) The ease result vostd feitew cron ama.(24) end (26) wider the ucuapeicn that 3M c Om Les, Sf the presaue chanyua ‘ 2 that the #9.(37) maut rot bo uned fep the ater Jase: exstyala whera ohd ehenges of etely, wutes hana are vlolest und zest. ins out wou ny after 1 to 2 ain eat only slew notion of Musa r Pes thle zescon, nuruel cpesctions ~ Like start-up - rey be szeaytod Ly 991(27) vite considerable cavings da OPY Josip supit yroceessy = 2he ower fuilucen = have to be a fey the ie wed of ciranteristien, weine Aintecpeod exnoxtera. 4) gad G4) = oP shept Leunaasy euncations ase Hie. 4 ane tunanfosues accovéing to the piyate propestioa of tno device situates there, The etaracterieticn of irene in pipo’s extn (nossa) detersine Louséary conditions for tho equ. (14) and (2e). it Sa obvious that ehere are ony aigtezent veendery oo 7 to now, the foltewt to do decesibed by catheretica? sodeling. Up ip iteas and processes ere modelled: = turbonuehine (turbine, puny or pusp-turtine) efser a power fai} = tustousehine da nomeal operations “2 (loce regeetion); Bak node us deaerived and elaccitted, sozettsas the boundary condition cue rode do chengo With tise, ues ally after cose event (for exeapio, after wieket gates are bine). Te ues te vo eayhasined Hint downs fo 4 dusdeend, and iz no sore & ture sont nto, Eofere 67 of tho atdsly fren textevecke, ono baa to evalie nich ens dyssrizes taster the enao da hone. An eure but aavberseic: plying as nolete of zeal eystes ceszo! ‘sion tube sey besung "eunge tani" or be conplutely neglected; A valve eloued dosn sey Le “dnalseng? of a "Local head loss" ie unontedsx vey of vith large cxy ig thu teanciest flow, ets. ing nay lead to buster zodel tn CPU thee. wee baie te by for the nogt 2 Voudsey cundision, even after thoes eesusptiond sect of the eyetea)3a uo anctino say te deaaribed ezcuretety duseuange (Q), angular veteciss (4) sow. the tucbomachines 42 during tranaiel pie thet the flow sunt ond unsenndy} Shere are alae goot ren fare digeanent {292 otatie ouas. Dat, for the tinesteizg, here feady flow thzough thy ganusptions elted above azo widoty ecm 1. 52]. If gust be noted that the theoreticel voll with obzervations ia tha zo0l clea eal wodeie of un soport to theen simlisieattons. of 9 puro (or a turbine, oF @ punp-turbine) Abed by 20 Gienrans". Ono cuch diagras. undo for uted hove an Fig. 16. The coordinates do eivides by 00 ones ty 990 Pigs 2 y Set ube of 0 and 1g. and "=" for tecbining, {g?0, 19 >0) 4a then 7 quadrant, and turbine 2 (B60, Hed) Arter @ peves inoptiay 4g say well pase the ent ‘] + 0) watit the becking «luarge puaptus Lint, with a puapelize eunnes and a BS a fs? soy tuspormy nares ihe 17 uateaat, Rotarian vory ra J pus noce water Lack tovanda the aternge basin, eaving aa le ypasp wath reverses angeles epocd (Lense the nee for tate Joadrans *revorce pune") ‘The procera ceacrited Lore is eplled “eosplete outage” jot should sever Marpua. IP coneideratle, atzessiag Soursaga und pont yesebing cota 4a eeill ore stor’@ rotor. Outegs fon e tasuine dengorous (gar expetiiscs LES "Hogica tejta" power plas [20}), secnsco gevster water neacea ore davelved. Therefore icket gotea lave to Us closad, feet rapidly and then slong, a2 described fn the previons shorter (200 Ti Heat | stage of closing sede is vo be desomained Ly satnezatical so- esting of tus were Anovsing water peove 3 the overeat of Flow, and of puns runes. She flow deereacoa, but the punp ataya ia tho Z quadeust ecnatéorobly lesger. Tf the lavol is the devactvess seservodr a Lower than dn tho ype errean ene (negative Uicrorsacy a elevations), the nachine Joey not leave the I quadrant at alls ‘The shone cf cia renter angulas apeed te doterained ty cavat of Sneztia of ali rotatss roter)y My My and ousyeetare “Eg + 0 ard Hence Wb + comnts acter a pever failure Mp 7 0, tozediotelly. the broking torque ia | elwaya opzoace £9 the Socetien end say be expreaaed aa nyo Ge? e mhel + Gp aentea) (00) 4b deine the exsizieut conotantay end | ay for W > 0, | sats) + {5 fer =e, ' Fw SO. Repit clovure of thy wisiot gaves se prescribed by 1 wo rive = oge. (26) wastten for wpotroas and downetroas side of tho tusbonactize, = tye cuarsetoristic diegrarace those in the Fig. 26, Bqueti sy bo Fount by eppty For ve 2 1 rechive ta sonplevely slea e ines ure leca ruliaet yea vosy eees Ike an slzest cloced sotie procans, ent 33 in set, [20] the din Bike's aw. Uy corsesting sbightay @ sue recion of vor eatli openainga, this can be elisiasted. (200, fer exasple, Pir. = leoka churnererietles ia unbonsen porns eneration.= a twtine (pup, puss 4 to the electric norwsey turuine) waich da ati22 co nay bo considerably effected by treneiont flow in the eyaten. Do onalyze its Yehurfour witheur snvolving the electric eyaten, tho viele wate cacusptice Le sepsortud by negulaz velocity renaine virtually encduaed 4 period of sap the fucte that aeuaured engules veleeition dizfers Less hen 2-34 fen the ctendand volue Lf the regulator 19 good. achine bet Like the one on sh sees sous i takes from fen uns veseal dares, anaiyuis of water bane bor offecta, teow wuote opereting 5a cu sey be supplied by the panatecturer, ad Jip are to be dozer (26) und the universal diugres. The sency, yaad pavar dovetoped, By ie? 12 the ustvexoel diacras.aet of equations: pisee (eunsel ext pene 3). ie golvad by ites eettode. the curce tank, (aay 3) Guswally 0,3 to Ov), yar 2) 9 inflow (12 9, > 0) oF euttiow (2, < 0), ais ‘ (49) (a3) (Rn) for 9, = 1,0 Ja. oh ssreponds for the dnclow, and 2! eootricsents onohin tetwoen Band Local sient Jee Re G/2e 0 Mov deviates pend a, ere ee sailon/ovts only iF A,(sn) ~(2) ty s #) very Tego = 99 ‘Tho valuo of BY to 09 rendered topoasibie, and oy os) vessel, 4, (©/) ot eteration, isaide the vessel, ¥ (a?) aphorse pres ‘ussitive congfieteat (an for 2 3 Sa the exponect 4m the oguation en (= 1,0 for SaotheB\t, end 2,01 for lune of the aiz oxcloucd, 1 (va) (ee/a?) vate: ge tank), 2+ 1y F polytropie oxpai siabaric process). ‘There are five um Ing equations = two ons. = 290.(55-55) snd Dye Correnpon™ 2 ceighbourig piven, wiere ay (90) Se 7 rues, of ene valve (us (e/a) th’, bt and @ (+ yA) can be sotved étzoctly Yy 5 two vatomtasner equetions (26) and 09.(55) a2 steva tr Box [43]. Tolesive vatve cutinins =ol'= is voually e tom function 4 sothed intree peglected); = Jocel heat Icon, wsiek fa the elapler fora of eg. = pipelines = deat eaten, Bodo anes. thay ceneitson’ ected and Adentirtod, the Lincs ea euat ba coauvered by one ~ at configuratien: tran Leopa, ete, ave to bo vether ant posi teat rari al, ia even {a the Jas weiter! ug with the 2x on fn loneth: trea 2 eAy 3 ood ata « at the nedow Wd thoroughly checked. If ony Bterrestion Ropotafersod ond storad fur further use. the initial velues fee Gach oe Ey, By ote) ere coaputed and also mt variotle wor sharte by finding the iat points after tise ir eroneat Ag. Tits is dono Ly using eva eq9.(26) for dnecaizg and outcosing vaves, ‘ext, all bousdary condistora are sice ceaputed, taking int ngee. Ef os Gireieutty iy oxcsustuzed (see! nodes have 4 nenlinoar cot ef equation szovant a] eh roxesicel ey sab convene), @ full étegeoota printed out, taczorery state of the eystea ie gavad en vor ss enky alton prseeuds usaehly. he ackn seaulee ave caved in enothes vorking file (#6"), the tadiee are act rox Hing file "13", aad saazuter ts seezced. Te banpe eecasionstiy, ia 20st wuass the next etep, tine 48 ougrented ror another tise ste 23, oad o9 oe Pa gutiyons ts cissisd ca fox 2 civalpsried of & depencing wzoa the sth of Hage and the cage whic, d of computation, the reeuite printed out da tates tors, Au invostiguted. a: jessy to uso. Poinen, surge tes sea, axe every tine yon in full, az voli as ths vestetica of head b and cAechorge ig tor proviavsly cicces points aleng Lines. The user say ect aL this reauite Gouna by a CALGON? plotter (Erargopragekt) j= 280 case Iv, Sige. £2 tu 26 (wudueed ty a fustor of Zour}. | + ven the iyetes ia secoatiucted or Rave $0 te ume F = wien sone spocutionet troubles bumis te show up, = wien there ero upze doubta that, the sefesy of the etetsa cypaa of ronolent proceaces are of 41 Lysol cny de an aleesty oxtasing ailei data era mooted, ‘vhovo ara ceay qneutiens Whieh are not regolved yet, auch aa teslinzeut of reriedie sastliations. Merecvar, euse-ooetLlattone sstfinstatlotion bueaine toe anny feve nor aueh a essnoa danger aa voter heazor, end th MEM aot te discusses bere dn greater detasl, eee selutivaly wlow pseenee = sey $e oratiod by 2 ) water hanes. lcwovos, St is Letter to use a propces beusd upon Hnnyseugre rotted to solve the 09.(37) with a good eaving te, $20), Thees anulyuse tava to be nate 4s on alysis of ba vases tansor Staelfy er te fied ous aus There goze wastoady Levees more gone strive op wate: Louies daagos, Many coxpucations casried om vxgopmojet® Lave ehuas that the weet dengozous eitvae Fiona exe wien the water saver happens Jn on daopportune eatwresection of one asczine after enorbor, Metes hensov gey be abudied either esaphteetay (ey pasmenen setned (3, 3}) or amrerteetty. £0 called fabrzes Dy atopted. Heng excinsese bere Jaa, in aoet ceave taace vpoa tho sotho: of cheresterivtine, ea foasuleted vy Ya Streeter [20]. oly tn einer doestia [J2, 12, 25, 29, hp resulta of beth sethede eazch wold [20, AG, $),. She pouysenw vere vad in aoveral cocoa, being a eeredaped thet « hace progress aL, Wy 32, 33}. 0 effietoat and soltebts rool ef ait cevignsre (200, fer exes Fa [27 2h, 83. 27. 5). 20, SAPD. A few enson Zea the fevtbed in the next ehepter. xy tosis for ony untlysis of precaaues, acd especially for water kenzer axalyata, Fen so uu crsplere gob tues ine and money. Tt aust be Firat quection de ve find ext ve ust dagroe ths plast 42 oscangared by « posetble vater besser. at an ecceptetze cout. 2! Geaereriy, tha celloving astuatiore have te be analyzed: = rovar /2iture of ail tuvsousoline, wicked gutes hod inf being:3 = povos calluve of eit turbosaehines, rapte stovure of ett wisues ce = pover feituve of all tusbensehines, wLeket gates ave failed, = swtvos cloas the siesty = pownn feiture of ali gusSosashines during @ tran stent snitian zogiss (after exarteup, for Anetance)s = broskatua ef protective equipeent; = desexatsnn of the ponstock} ailong lists te be carsied on for oxtzene Big’ and lov Lead, uoior savimue discharge through the plant. Ts power pinate, ola fe nove than doubied = &¢ aus fede for panping os nit verges dndependonsiz, ond then cone nineties tustiona (ate a never failure) soy Ue ates Sm Eres ensputetions Lave valuee of pzoaive fesgular valoe efty of tho arcuer Yaowsa hua 29 b9 prevented ateoat in 9 anewnea quivklz, sone ge= ergopredezt™. et the water to flow free 202 ond valves, without 2 wngway bapze, and one perel guido) Lins of ony rostraiss wey wa preasure rise, cyotem, eaxima anguler speed of ent and that ell valuas eresst far ‘Thia Nappy situation doos not beppea is Soar cunos if 4a evidant that sos degree of peotwtion te apnulutely needed. A good enginver spond, Guaikn ¢ bwecains elusuping moan Go eloge the eve Es of cue varieats of protection will be fosauteted end taveetigeted 2 of cospurations the protective eystes coved nd Finalized. The cost haa to be ‘taken into sceovst, eo wall a none I. other fectore: = Feliubility {2 future cerviea conditions, = evaltabiatty.at the boss renzes, = sesno of delivery, = previous exorience with siniler instatlations. FY. inal setue nin other pagosbie 98 auch nz atertaun, restart after 2 lead regectéon, ote ol f euot always guarentee the cafety of the plent/inctale Lotions. Other considerations - the eaet anong shoe ~ aze such wild bo by far sore costly ond sey caxo Susan Lifes ao veil.p. Peastece (2 ns Tia power Youse, euch oxo vith a us feoctdes surge tuk). = dower aervcir ia coratet 9 ara 4, 7 and Bs F Of ussioue e2cer pow (load regection) he a fol1evar = wiekst gate apiaiy, yyeating tho bor rele! waves cpee Sung esas water out end thus decrenoing 1p before the gates aro completely loess, leverpevarsrons 12 acs custed, the relief valves start Arter thie @ re reatacting the durose being very Rieke Phy high ond the Low ge sui, ent aneuaing dizer ations whies sight becaver of eg wu? full hesd, load rejec~ mma pondtions gates close norest! hon, wieket geteu a0 aber, vi 75 relies veives do sot) 2 close nersuily, relies ac" case); valves san head 0 £41] Loads vpstreus of the pover houses wate ane: ‘esting cases = 68 ono decerited belev. is tad balped in dotezsining a better design,2 goed dose ing 30 shers soo nat vatves elvaza Jon vas that even 42 only one 0 a3 docigued. an uso sete od, etozed). 02d op0 apie eke (lines igen the pover hoceo and tho aurge 2-3) te protece (rots 2). developed onriy =u pirglitied po- tutes, 52Ct | ) ; TT: é ¢ ouetully woud during the deo sng 2 ous) and tected 4a 2 Leed rejection after azert=up. a 3 9e282t aserazeat Raxiava 7 for the coaign of panavocka, aig y condition ws a ctarteup = in an el, vuter hense> analyeia eiraule tates of wicket gates win Ao the Figs 7. hater, died ~ auch ea two eaues doo closure, the pore usanua erivea fetlure cecuse when etl eashines azo . fve unite (is nodes 6 and two (8, 9) rosuin cotatly te-(auzeus) with ths gesge tack val sorebody’s error or a 10 Phe 2: gang TW/ar Machine sates ona dormwelts wore obtadaed efetiar eos Line 2 Gig. 2). ule epee 8 runp power Seiture = Sys unite clos0 tom, t¥o of era romain corple= relay opens Pig. 251 Cres Tyat Provouse vesiaticns £9 threearelope 6f sand cet (a breakdown, pater’ e erzer). stocksde Sw years aso. Tye Fike canping otation weouullt ten eased water consuaptien, it had to ba 2 discharge de auch ligher, Such avazs sor wore wel a sade 0 fi. Pejovis, PLLD., ond voliaisy of net Anadequate. The 30) fe wo2d u n= she pipe?ine Poll vasuuty snd water 602) oxsating \e bho bore mae pop eon. Zn - at ad of 88 ting once: wo slong a borter profile ed that only he Se nis youtele = 42 wie fave bo be wasy Large sent tuLiving were 6s 25: Gene 2 ower failvee in cn nxleting sop stacios = con 2 dnngoquee tho ressrveiz (sos Fig. 30). vue 2 conta goodwely ayaten (oh ture have Anveatie end/or closing raptday etiene of preesu= cloged, sao one dove (eas Page 32). Bass engning s0r4 ss) SeLise eopactty ie» f= om feaquent Gasage to the 4/0 pire can not be This wan ovitiont oven froa nteuty= sare corputations = Lise 3 (gravity flow from main reserves 2 cave eho faulty Lanie design could not wisest decreasing tho eapecizy ely autemared ass:enes. toying in the cone Lise to keop cava tho price uy gosieel deaigning each cenvenent ~ 4.0, stressing to te «tt fe. Uha dancers ave cbvious, eapeetally during teanuiea: wouinea, Targe water nezcos rapidly change thalz gotlea, cresting tage force which + siot bear, In order te keep thes under control ent © dnsege (er a entastropic) a protection ayot 0 provided 20>. » ceresull, Ihe peice 4 sleading, It say bo sey. Theoretien) anaiyote Su best otter dnveatica- tet (er adele) axe \; Forge ond evezzizonsoivable ponasbénsey, should be done for the the thacry {a vesed upos com ogaupe ‘© fine) poet for She euten valeaity.stoady regi very veliable and accurate reoults. Mary ved in orger te verity the Ueoresicul al planta. The opzooxeat valid ateo in u: agtay both vl Ss. oa and in x ait observed data wus goed (200, rer exuspley se] oy canon IEE and IY digonosed hore). duls Waid cun el aco Glnout eve. wea. hey or fe necescary aituati= ore in czoton vie Lay te aelve ea . exeupt in the cinsler casos where tho old grupice? 1 still can be used, petatien are presented in the fora of 7 to undoretand end uso by all concer saved t00. onc. not yor satisfactorily volves: ulate ookaviour of a turbomschine ¢ charucteristicn); tuke inte account the scale effecta (moat ing the sedel diegrana, which dif unsteady reg ge seenine) woke the effects of aiz end vapour entrained fo two- und three-dimenaional Stow Theoretical results ahould bo tected An the plans. whionov he differences 0 to be expected, For exuaple, the gal diagras £ goal mode’ suckine ie not the sane en for ito ing usually used for conputatione decause the first is not available at the beginning of the design). 2 own fact thet the efficiency of the large aus: Javeral half-owyiricad formulas (aero affictossy) where t fap]. suse nesna that the reel dian sho cueratec value = the L agrus bos Latively There ore aleo ett -uwuy oreed wiil be higher ) =u in the large eachine 4 fact can be explained by rou in ho bg unite. sopourenonty on the wate ave impurcunt. Ma vera ware ostizated = tho weve velocity, & Jon, rates of closure. hese suat bo monsured in the real plant, and if there are great differences, aL Vofore tho plunt aputations. standard ceusureaonta, which are sade Yhere are core sophisticated Anvestizations, 1iks thoso concerned with hydraulic vibrations, whieh ave no: start te wor eo only upon a ruquest. orgeatzed, end ‘ur and souetines of a spociadized ities gust be vrovi~ Ged for this Jeb; first in the design (accena ubafts to spiral go choviera, ote. {47}), and later in cn (oab) : Loutveg" tou of ay ig shown here 2 tire, flow vox t practice is to seasu: jute the discharge), head, torque, engutar speed, oxinl threst, wicket om novenent, water le~ other paraneters. Most » cee Fig. 26. vod ue airee: of those valuce The final repor = fell results of theoretical = von of the expe ro outonatically recor ysis ont computations, nontal investigations, = results of consurenonte, = snclyeis ef both theoretical and experimental work, = coneiveiona ané qe cu connendationa. ous tint the tects in the real plant have to be res! 1d to the situations Wet do not ndenges the plant. alyzed only on nathecaticul codele. The ovhor ones nay be| i i ee"ev vodoprivodnih Ak, Ovsontv.tio.5y 2, gUievi, tet dol coipo é’urtote*, Milano 1913, ickct¥seo in Robrloitungen", Vou Boll Misedlungen, 1943. Juche Oydraulix", Basel, 1949. 1p bélier ou coup da foudre™. DUNOD, 1990. + Mreasure Surge Coutrol at Tracy Pusping 1 ceedings of the ASCE, separate Ho. BOL, Vol. 79, Dec. 1995. F Analysia" Row York, 1955. + Mentor-Colts 3. Feunyder, C. 4. Snover, One: 5. Be tico-Hell Ine. Soperat hazge » August 1956, unt. eactions of the Au SWutee Nasser Tesege to Vigawa Power Station", no Engine. eke ALES, Sencuad of ng for Fower, Trane of Pipelinoat, Journal of the fydraulice Division, Transacti- ong of the Yol. 60, HYoK, duly 2964. Wer Midravlitkd udar vs pestrogenjina", Skled Boriaa a bust ogo, Lgudtgona 1968. 12. Stophonnon, De: "Watow=llnngor Cherta Including Fluid Prie= *, Journel ef the # ulfea Division. Proceedings of the LCE, Vol. 92, EY-5, Sep. seeik £te Drucke rechungsheft, 1966, 1 MCalewleting the Pusp Installations with lestronie digital Conputers", SULIER Reaearch isee. fveli, Was ond Liubineey, TALE. aij udar 1 uravniteljaie rezex Moakva 1968.aa noy-Dependent Friction in Transient ", Cournal of tho Act pdvaulica Divioiun, of the ASOE, Yo. 94, HL-3, ean Soparat ‘vo Pusping Plento™ . Tronvactions of al uf Decie Inginooriny 18 the AERP nalyais", Journal of tho sireulien Diviuion, Trananctiona of the AEUE, VOL. 99, HG, Nov. 1969. i: "atorhosmer in Inctallati- eral Puspa", Procesd: oo on Fluid Wi Budapest, 1969. yein by the Yothod of atico", L/inevela Wletrica, 1959, ed Vining Syoten" lies Division, Trarea Sep. 1970. : Migstacionarne pojava 4 hi kod revorsibitnin puspt. caja X Jaugoslovenskog kongreaa 4 primenjenu seheniku, Balke a. 96, ocnt pogonnicd 2 xed. 1972. na", JUG, % "Raw Water 2s eld, toa Engineering Journal of the ASCE, Pro= wg9 Of the ASCE, Vol. 97, TEW3, Aug.197L. Loney Flow Celeulations by Nuerical + Tranoporte= at of vhe Lasie Encineeringy Ys, Sune 1072. eerhonrer in the Sye= + Procuodings of th Ad Machinery, Judap 28. fatwa, tts e fst “Exporizontal and 2.8 F Water aneas Trdused by ¥ibrations tical Valves", Water Pover, Hay 1973. 30. pik usloviab ekepluatacii", EVH-GES, heningred 1973. "pi ff Yednog ware u cifonu lovenoko snvetovanga 2a bix eroulitia istradivenja, Dudva 1974, “Yateratiachs Nodelle ubiseher Anlages" liyss Mitetlungea, 2irteh 1974. og Solutions Water A of Cheracte= Arfonevelki, Nila, Kvjathovexeia, E.Y. and “GidvoneboniZenzia perohadnie proceni v novkeh", Moskva 1975. = A Device! One end, 1975. Hew York, vid, B. jeversivle + Loningred fo Operation of iigh-iead eines", Bth Cyoposiua IAs ea, Nova Gorica 1977. vostupa ku problone votneg utara rolipi higro- fakultete83 et eeu, 1977. 55. "teoretoxe enalica hidraulitkin pralaznih re- otitut Mabinckog fakulteta v Boogra 56. 1 "Hew Sovace Punp Teebnology", ilitachi Yol. 29, lle. 5, 19 punpue bidroelektrane ad Hoey? walyaia of Unatenly Plow in Pina Regworks", Macsiilan, Lendon 1977. te As. Bofovit, Sar © proces u hidropestrogensina 4 pore AAs udar", Inatitut Nadinokog tau Boogeedu, 2977. voratin povratnog Mdravliskeg udara™, Tne aiteta u Beograd, 1977. Aki dar agro *, Institut Matinokog fa- Bonsul tecija ogra, 1977. tranana oa cevnin 4 Zaplanovin turbinana”, en, Cant wer and Den Conatructions, 1 "OpSté natenstifxi sede hidreelertrane", eno pogave u bidroslex= ” bitivenin vroleznth pojava u hidzoolexsran FUCHALIGOGIION, Ljubljana 1980. ", Snstitut MaSinekes felmltota u Loo~ x 48, A. As aul Obradovid, Det sjetode provaSuse aceuéosts pojare povrat= 48. Vil.t "PLM Dranateate’,' nog bidraulignog ware", Sbid. Wrolazni reSind u hidro +4 Wow York 1970. novsatckin elatentea", ina: “Design Appronehes to Conveyance Syatens ibid. and Process Plente™, nagelisa bidreulitkoe wdava posodu satenatis- , BEOHEL THC. UsA 2978, Colewation and the Security of Kuplanove turbine", ibid. vy@renlic Inctalletioua™, Encher-¥yen teva, 62. Jevis, Viz *Sinvlacija bidrouligei eietena kod Bidvooleke eh 1978. erena", ibtd. Jd, As ond Pojovié, S.: "ELdrowldted uder £ vibraci je ton ef Rosita of Monsurensata 63. Gs ncitional Power Plant Operating Ridropostrojenjat, ibid. heir Sinulation on Kathusasieal oa. fis Say Gntad. A. 4, Det "Reverso Water Joint tyapontea o: » Tarbines", Oysposiua TAI, Design inory, TAI-ASORA: Lox “Midravritke No3inoki fekul= hi, Pallet "Bowiga Considerations athe Pun Construction, Doc.i979=