N

Energy Efficient
NEPAL Building Guidelines
E
E
B

JANUARY 2023

Nepal Energy Efficienct Building Guidelines

CREDITS
Author:
Sanjaya Uprety (Phd)

Associate Author:
Barsha Shrestha

Contributor:
Rohit Shrestha

Graphic Design:
Simran Shrestha (Layout Design)
Sujan Maharjan (Sketches)

With the research support of:

Abhishek Karn, Apekshya Dhungel, Arpana
Shakya, Asmita Adhikari, Bilove Moktan, Published by Society of Nepalese Architects SONA, Committee of Green and
Biplav Pokhrel, Bishal Adhikari, Jenish Sustainable Architecture
Singh, Nasibha Tamrakar, Nishma Shrestha,
With Technical Support from Department of Architecture, Pulchowk Campus,
Nunaang Tumrok Limbu, Prativa Lamsal, Institute of Engineering, Tribhuvan University
Razina Shrestha, Sajina Shrestha, Skanda
Rimal, Sushant Bahadur Malla, , Uddhav KC Edition: Limited Edition
Authors contact: [email protected]; Associate Professor, Department of
Architecture, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU
©2023 Uprety et al. 2023. Nepal Energy Efficiency Building Guidelines. Nepal
ISBN : 978-9937-1-3321-0
Printed in 2023
Contributory Price: NPR 600
 FOREWORD P R E FA C E
O n behalf of the Society of Nepalese Architects (SONA), I am honored
to present the "Nepal Energy Efficient Building Guideline (NEEB)," a
comprehensive resource authored by Dr. Sanjaya Uprety and his research team
T his guideline guides architects, designers, and planners in integrating energy
efficiency measures in the design of buildings. We believe integrating
and implementing energy efficiency will highlight the roles of architects,
on behalf of the SONA Committee on Green and Sustainable Architecture (SCGSA). designers, and planners in achieving sustainable development goals in the
building and urban planning sector. While the guideline focuses on integrating
As architects, we have a unique opportunity and responsibility to shape
and implementing energy efficiency measures in buildings in general, most
the world in which we live. With this in mind, the SCGSA was committed
important, perhaps, it provides strategies for the government or public to
to developing a set of guidelines that will serve as a crucial reference for
buildings responsible for intensive energy use to maintain indoor environmental
designing and constructing sustainable and energy-efficient public buildings.
comfort. We think users will find this guideline to be a refreshing change from the
The NEEB, in this context, is a comprehensive resource that covers a wide
usual practice of integrating energy efficiency as it attempts to provide several
range of factors related to sustainable and energy-efficient design. It includes
specific evidence-based strategies for all three topographical regions of Nepal.
practical guides for designing and constructing public buildings that are energy
efficient, cost-effective, and comfortable for occupants. With clear guidance This guideline partially emerged from an assignment on energy evaluation
and subsequent graphical illustrations, this guideline is an essential tool for of public buildings under the MSc in Energy Efficient Buildings in 2021 at the
architects striving to incorporate energy efficiency into their design process. Department of Architecture of Pulchowk Campus. Several deliberations and
discussions were made in different forums and the positive feedback received
The guideline will be an invaluable tool for architects, engineers, and other
thereafter forms the complete foundation of the guideline. We organized the
professionals involved in the design and construction of public buildings.
guidelines in three sections; first, we introduce the guidelines, second provides
I am sure this guideline will not only encourage the adoption of energy-
the actual guidelines for three ecological regions covering four bio-climatic
efficient practices in the built environment but also inspire a new generation
zones and third the annexures that support the actual guidelines. The
of architects to embrace sustainability as a core value in their work.
guideline is also useful to complement the Society of Nepali Architects
The guideline is the result of the tireless effort and dedication of the SONA effort to produce comprehensive guidelines for Ecologically Responsive
Committee on Green and Sustainable Architecture which is coordinated by Pranita Architecture (ERA) in Nepal. As a chair of the Society of Nepali Architects
Sharma Pandey and chaired by Dr. Sanjay Uprety to promote energy efficiency in SONA Committee of Green and Sustainable Architecture, I believe our
the built environment. I am confident that the guideline will serve as a valuable effort will give further impetus to the ERA initiative as several evidence-based
resource for years to come, and I encourage architects to make use of this measures included in the guidelines will also contribute to different chapters
valuable tool as we strive to create a more sustainable and energy-efficient future. envisaged in ERA guidelines.
Finally, in keeping with the Society of Nepali Architects intention to promote
energy efficiency through efficient design thinking and contribute to the
development of sustainable buildings, this guideline will serve as a stepping
stone. We seek feedback from the users of this guideline for its continued
upgrading.
January 2023
RAJESH THAPA
President,
Society of Nepalese Architects (14th Ex-Com) January 2023 SANJAYA UPRETY, PhD
Associate Professor,
Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU
TA B L E O F C O N T E N T S L I S T O F TA B L E S
Table 1: Climate conditions in bioclimatic zones of Nepal 04
SECTION ONE: Table 2: Average month temperature (°c) from 2009 to 2019 33
INTRODUCTION
Table 3: Average Monthly Relative Humidity from 2009 to 2019 33
Background 01
Need for the Guideline 01 Table 4: Types of materials and their thermal properties 39
Methods used 02 Table 5: Overheating Temperature 43
Public Buildings 02
Building Material and Construction Technology 03
Using the Guidelines 04
Topographical Regions and Bio-climatic Zones 03-04

SECTION TWO:
GUIDELINES FOR ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILDINGS 03
Terai Region 05 04
Hilly Region 12 41
Mountain Region 20 42

43
ANNEXES

Annex 1: Types of Public Buildings 27 44

Annex 2: Energy Modelling 29

Annex 3: Bioclimatic Chart 31 44
Annex 4: Mahoney Table 34 45
Annex 5: Building Envelope 39
Annex 6: Design of Shading Devices 41
Annex 7: Guideliness for design of Natural Ventilation 45 45
 METHODS USED
SECTION ONE:
INTRODUCTION T he method used to prepare the guidelines
cover a relevant literature review, climatic
analysis of three bio-climatic zones, and
BACKGROUND NEED FOR THE GUIDELINE energy efficiency modeling of a typical office
building in three topographical regions. The

T I
he concept of energy efficiency of n Nepal, the share of the residential review of the literature included the study
buildings contributes to the objective of sector’s energy consumption is the highest of guidelines prepared in similar climatic
achieving green growth, eco-efficiency, and accounting for 89% of the total national contexts, major variables of energy efficiency,
sustainable development. Energy efficiency energy consumption. The remaining 11% of and existing policies such as the Nepal
in a building, in general, can be understood non-residential energy is consumed by public National Building Code (NBC 105:2020) and
as the “use of less energy to perform the buildings and infrastructures. Among the National Energy Efficiency Strategy, 2075.
same functional purpose”. In other words, non-residential energy consumption, public Similarly, climatic analysis was based primarily
EE refers to buildings that are designed to building infrastructure can be considered on data collected from the Department of
provide a significant reduction of the energy energy intensive in terms of operational energy Hydrology and Meteorology (DHM) for several
needed for heating and cooling. The energy costs arising mainly from the use of equipment locations of three topographical regions along
efficiency strategies need to be integrated to ensure comfortable indoor environmental with various other available data sources.
into the building’s life cycle to achieve the quality which is characteristic of thermal The energy efficiency study in three regions PUBLIC BUILDINGS
energy efficiency objectives. This requires comfort, lighting, air quality, etc. The lack of included the energy performance evaluation
careful consideration of energy efficiency
measures during the design stage, selection
of construction materials, construction
effort to reduce the dependency on fossil
fuels, and energy-intensive equipment, and
increase the use of renewable energy (often
of a typical office building for all three regions
in Ecotect Autodesk, 2011. The main variables
examined included the orientation, building
P ublic buildings can be defined as all
buildings that are non-residential and
are meant for providing public services
process, and operation of the building. referred to as clean energy) from replenishable form, internal Layout, building envelope, or as a building that is occupied by a
natural sources or processes has affected the window wall ratio, natural Ventilation, governmental body. NBC NBC 206:2015
This guideline provides a rule-of-thumb
natural environment and building economics. shading, construction materials, construction refers to public buildings as all government,
or a set of strategies to guide architects,
technology, solar design, and HVAC system. non-government or private buildings that
constructors, and homebuilders to integrate In this context, whereas other countries in the
The study outcomes and evidence were are used for providing services, facilities,
energy efficiency measures primarily in Asian region have prepared several energy
used as the basis to develop the guidelines. products, and opportunities to the general
the design stage of public buildings. It is efficiency and green building guidelines
public. It has categorized all public buildings
prepared as a resource for integrating to address these issues, Nepal’s initiative
into seven categories; (a) Assembly
and implementing energy-efficient design to date is very limited to guiding energy
buildings, (b) Educational buildings,
measures and techniques for designing public efficiency in the building sectors in general
(c) Hospital buildings, (d) Commercial
buildings in the Terai, Hill, and Mountain and public buildings in particular. Because of
buildings, (e) Office buildings, (f) Industrial
regions of Nepal having respective Warm the absence of an appropriate energy code
buildings, and (g) storage buildings. These
temperate climate, Temperate climate, or guidelines of its own, most public buildings
buildings are further categorized by their
Cool temperate climate, and Cold climate. in Nepal were, and are still being, planned
use, design, and sizes. This Nepal Energy
and constructed with little or no regard
Efficient Building Guideline includes
for implementing energy efficiency. In this
energy efficiency measures in all of the
context, the preparation of this guideline is an
categories of detached public buildings
attempt to provide minimum requirements for
defined by their use, design, and sizes.
public buildings to achieve energy efficiency.

01 Nepal Energy Efficient Building Guidelines Nepal Energy Efficient Building Guidelines 02
 BUILDING MATERIAL AND CONSTRUCTION USING THE GUIDELINES
TECHNOLOGY
T he guidelines consist of three sections; (a) introduction, (b) main guidelines, and (c)

T
Annexures. While the first section gives the introduction, the need for guidelines, methods
he use of building materials and construction technology varies according to three topographical
used to prepare the guidelines, the definition of public buildings, and topographical and bi-
regions. While, the traditional use of local materials (bricks, stones, and timber) was prevalent
climatic information, the second section provides detailed strategic guidelines to integrate
in residential construction in these zones, the modern construction material and techniques for
and implement energy efficiency measures in public building design and construction. The
public building constructions are dominated by RCC construction and use of the imported finishing
second section includes the major parameters considered, strategies with illustrative sketches
material like glass, aluminum sections, plaster of paris, sanitary fixtures, electrical fixtures,
wherever relevant, and a reference to the annexure. The annexure provides the data tables
marble, granite, etc. The use of CGI sheets is also prevalent as a roofing material in the hills
and the simple calculation techniques as referenced in section two tables for the users.
and mountain regions along with imported sanitary, electrical, heating, and ventilating fixtures.

TO P O G RA P H I C A L REG I O NS AN D B I O -CL I M ATIC

ZONES Table 1: Climate conditions in bioclimatic zones of Nepal

T opographically, Nepal is
divided into three ecological
regions; (a) Mountains, (b) Hills,
Bioclimatic Zone

Warm Temperate
Temperature in Summer

22 - 35 °C
Temperature in Winter

9 - 26 °C
Relative Humidity

25 - 90%
and (c) Terai (or plains). While
the Mountain region ranges Temperate 18 - 35 °C 5 - 26 °C 20 - 90%

in altitude from about 4,800 Cool Temperate 14 - 26 °C -2 - 20 °C 30 - 90%

meters to 8,839 meters above
sea level, the Hill region ranges Cold 7 - 22 °C -10 - 2 °C 10 - 90%
in altitude from 610 meters to Source: (Bodach, Lang, & Johannes, 2014)
4,800 meters above sea level. In
contrast, the Terai region in the
southern part of the country is
relatively flat compared to hills
and mountains with the lowest Figure 1: Physiographic regions of Nepal
altitude of 70m above sea level. Source: (ICIMOD, GIS Datasets of Nepal 1:250,000, 2013)

D ue to the broad altitudinal variations starting from 60 meters above sea level to
8848 meters, the Nepalese climate is divided into several climatic zones based on
climatic classification systems. Bodach (2014) suggested the classification of climatic

Source: (Bodach, 2016)

zones of Nepal into four climatic zones. They are, the warm temperate climate which
lies below 500 meters, the temperate climate which lies between the range of 500
meters to 1500 meters, the cool temperate climate lying between 1500 meters to 2500
meters, and lastly, the cold lying above 2500 meters (Bodach, Lang, & Johannes, 2014). Figure 2: First proposal of bioclimatic zoning for Nepal adopted from (Bodach, Lang,
& Johannes, 2014)

03 Nepal Energy Efficient Building Guidelines Nepal Energy Efficient Building Guidelines 04
 SECTION TWO: BUILDING PLANNING

GUIDELINES FOR ENERGY Parameters General Guidelines Components

EFFICIENT BUILDINGS Shape  Simple Geometric

Shapes , cubes , Cuboids,
Rectangular elongated
plan

01
Configuration  Elongated towards East
and West Longer axis
TERAI REGION  Open spacing for breeze
penetration but
protection from hot and
cold wind
SITE SELECTION
 Rooms single banked,
permanent provision for
Parameters General Guidelines Components air movement

Orientation  Longer Axis East- Height

 Clear Ceiling to Floor
West Axis Consideration
Height minimum 10’
 Living Spaces
Northern Facade
 Buffer Spaces
Southern Facade

Window Opening  medium openings (20-40%)

 In north and south walls at body height on windward side
Site Slope N/A
Exclude direct sunlight and provide protection from rain

05 Nepal
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 Building Envelope
 Glazing minimized on MATERIAL CHOICE AND CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
South and West facades
 Shaded West Facade Parameters General Guidelines Components

Partition Wall  light walls, short

time-lag
 5” Brick Wall
partition with
cement plaster
 Use plant materials
on both sides
(bushes, trees, ivy-
covered walls) especially
on a south and west to
minimize heat gain.
Roof • Light, insulated
roof
• RCC Slab
• Green Roof –
Air Movement  Use of Clerestory Preferable
Windows for stack effect
• Insulated Roofs
-Alternative

Natural  Provision of Proper Cross

Ventilation Ventilation

07 Nepal Energy Efficient Building Guidelines Nepal Energy Efficient Building Guidelines 08
 OTHER PARAMETERS
Glazing &  Use of single
Visible Light pane glazing on
Transmittance east and north Parameters General Guidelines Components
and double pane
glazing on west Vegetation  Use of
and south (Low
Vegetation on
E-coating
Southern and
preferred)
Western Facades
 Window with promotes cooler
lower SHGC is air movement
preferred inside shading
the sun at the
10” Exterior  U – Value = 2.893
same time
Wall W/m2°C

Roof Garden  Roof Garden to

cool the top slab
 Provision of
Green Roof
Pergola

3” Cavity Wall  Green Roof

 U – Value = 0.391
Layered
W/m2°C
Insulation on
Slab

Shading  Horizontal
Devices Shading Devices
Surface Color  Light Coloured ( 1'-6" Minimum)
Exterior and
Interior Paints  Vertical Shading -
West Facades
-
 Use of Internal
Shading Devices

Surface  Smooth Texture

Texture on Exposed
Surfaces

09 Nepal Energy Efficient Building Guidelines Nepal Energy Efficient Building Guidelines 10
 Rainwater
Harvesting
 Provision of
Rainwater
02
Collection from
Roofs
HILLY REGION
 Rainwater
Collection from
Drain able
Surfaces
SITE SELECTION

Parameters General Guidelines Components

Orientation  Orientation north and
south (long axis east-
west)

Insulation:  4" Extruded

Roof Polystyrene (XPS)
Foam Insulation
on top of existing
RCC Slab with
Ceramic tiles
 covering on top
Site slope  Placed on South–
facing upward slope.

Insulation:  Air Gap

Walls Insulation: Cheap
and Effective
option
 Expanded
Polystyrene
Board
 Mineral wool/
Fibreglass wool
Insulations

11 Nepal Energy Efficient Building Guidelines Nepal Energy Efficient Building Guidelines 12
 BUILDING PLANNING
Parameters General Guidelines Components Height
 Load Bearing
consideration
Shape  Least surface area,  Stone masonry: 9’-
Compact, centralized and 10”
clustered shapes
 Brick Masonry: 10’-
6”

 Frame structure

 According to
structural analysis

Building
 Medium openings,
Envelope and
25–40%
Opening
 In north and south
walls at body
height on the
windward side
 Protection from
rain/Exclude direct
sunlight

Configuration  Compacted layout of

estates Air Movement
 Rooms should be
 Double Blanked Room single banked for
permanent
provision for air
movement.

13 Nepal Energy Efficient Building Guidelines Nepal Energy Efficient Building Guidelines 14
 Natural Roof
 Openings should be  Insulated walls lead
Ventilation
located in north (Assembly U to lower U-values
Natural and south walls at Value- W/m2K) and increases time-
 Openings should be
Ventilation body height on the
located in north lag reducing
windward side
and south walls at heating & cooling
body height on the loads.
windward side
 Light, well-
insulated
 Clear Ceiling to
Height
Floor Height
Consideration minimum 10’
 Clear Ceiling to Glazing
Height  Increasing the
Floor Height
Consideration minimum 10’ layers of glazing to
double- or triple-
glazing, with
insulation helps to
reduce heat
transfer.

Visible Light  Allow desired

Transmittance- amount of sunlight
VLT into proposed
MATERIAL CHOICE AND CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY building type
Parameters General Guidelines Components
External Wall
 Insulated walls lead
Parameters
(Assembly U General
to lowerGuidelines
U-values Components
Value- W/m2K)
External Wall and increases time-
 Insulated walls lead
(Assembly U lag reducing
to lower U-values
Value- W/m2K) heating & cooling
and increases time-
loads.
lag reducing Solar heat gain
Heavy over
 heating 8hr
& cooling
 Allow desired
time-Lag
loads. coefficient amount of sunlight
(SHGC) into proposed
 Heavy over 8hr building type.
time-Lag
 Higher value of
SHGC is preferred

15 Nepal Energy Efficient Building Guidelines Nepal Energy Efficient Building Guidelines 16
 OTHER PARAMETERS
Parameters General Guidelines Components
Surface Color  Light Coloured Parameters General Guidelines Components
Exterior and Shading
 Use of horizontal
Interior Paints Elements
or vertical shading
- device having
optimum depths.

-
Surface texture  Rough surface

Vegetation  Trees should be

placed in such a
way that it
provides shading
in Summer and
allowing sunlight
Solar PV cell
in Winter.  For public
buildings having
plot size of 500 sq.
m and above,
minimum 5% of
connected load or
20W/sq. ft. for
“available roof
space”, whichever
is less.
 Use of Vegetation
on Southern and  Solar panel tilt:
450-600
Western Facades
promotes cooler
air movement Renewable
 2-4% of total
inside shading the Energy
electrical load
sun at the same production
time

17 Nepal Energy
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 03
Rain Water
 Harvesting the
Harvesting
amount run off
water that
depends upon the
amount of rainfall
and catchment
MOUNTAIN REGION
area of the site.

SITE SELECTION
Parameters General Guidelines Components

Waste Orientation
 Recommended  Courtyard design
collection, wherever possible.
transportation
and treatment

Site slope
 South Facing Slope

Heaters, Boilers  Recommended

and Heat Pumps wherever possible.

Site slope
 Placed on South–
facing upward
slope.

19 Nepal Energy Efficient Building Guidelines Nepal Energy Efficient Building Guidelines 20
 Height Load Bearing
consideration
Height Load Bearing
consideration  Stone masonry: 9’-10”
 Brick
StoneMasonry:
masonry:10’-6”
9’-10”
BUILDING PLANNING  Brick Masonry: 10’-6”
Frame structure
Parameters General Guidelines Components Frame structure
 According to structural
Shape  analysis
According to structural
 Least surface area, analysis
Compact, centralized and
clustered shapes

Building WWR
Envelope
Building and WWR
 South and East between
opening and
Envelope  20%
Southand
and40%
East between
opening  North and40%
20% and West between
10% and 20%.
 North and West between
 Medium
10% and 20%-40%
20%.
 Medium 20%-40%
 Opening In north and
 Opening In north
south walls and
at body height
 south walls at body
Small Opening height
15-25%
 Small Opening 15-25%

MATERIAL CHOICE AND CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

Parameters General Guidelines Components
Parameters
Wall  General Guidelines
The overall Components
Wall  complex should
The overall
Configuration  Compacted layout of have a low
complex U-value.
should
estates  Heavy
have a external and
low U-value.
 Double Blanked Room  internal wall and
Heavy external
internal wall

Roof Heavy roof over 8hr time lag

 Glazing Increasing the layers of glazing to double- or triple-glazing, with insulation

helps to reduce heat transfer

21 Nepal Energy Efficient Building Guidelines Nepal Energy Efficient Building Guidelines 22
Solar heat gain  SHGC value should
coefficient be high as possible.
 Glazing Increasing the layers of glazing to double- or triple-glazing, with insulation Vegetation  On the windward
helps to reduce heat transfer side of the building
Solar heat gain  SHGC value should
coefficient be high as possible.
 U-Value reference:
0.3-0.8

OTHER PARAMETERS
Roof  Steep slope and Parameters General Guidelines Components
light with
insulation for snow Shading  Not Required
Elements
 Roof Tilt: 30°-70° Trombe Wall  4”-16” thick, south
oriented with dark
heat absorbing
material faced with
single or double
layer of glass.

Surface Color  Dark and Dull, Courtyard  Should be covered

Avoid light colors with glass

Surface texture  Rough surface

Opening  Openings: 1/8th of

23 Nepal Energy Efficient Building Guidelines Requirements room floor area Nepal Energy Efficient Building Guidelines 24
 Opening Rain Water
Water Recommended
Opening Openings: 1/8th
 Openings: 1/8th of
of Rain
Harvesting  Recommended
Requirements room floor
floor area
area Harvesting wherever possible.
wherever possible.
Requirements room

Interior Lighting
Interior Lighting  9.7 W/m2
Power density
density  9.7 W/m2
Power

Waste Recommended
Waste
collection,  Recommended
collection, wherever possible.
wherever possible.
transportation
transportation
Renewable and treatment
and treatment
Renewable 2-4% of
 2-4% of total
total
Energy
Energy electrical load
load
electrical
production
production

Solar PV
PV cell
cell For public
public buildings
buildings
Solar  For Heaters, Boilers
Boilers  Recommended
having plot
having plot size size of
of Heaters,
500 sq. sq. m
m and
and and Heat Pumps  Recommended
and Heat Pumps wherever possible.
possible.
500 wherever
above, minimum
above, minimum
5% of
5% of connected
connected
load or 20W/sq. ft.
load or 20W/sq. ft.
for “available
for “available roof
roof
space”, whichever
space”, whichever
isis less.
less.
solar panel
 solar panel tilt:
tilt:
450-600
450-600
(8-10W/ft2 of
 (8-10W/ft2 of
panel area)
panel area)

25
25 Nepal Energy Efficient Building Guidelines
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26
 ANNE XES Group D: Hospitals and
Clinics
Group E: Commercial
Group E shall include all the buildings or the part
Group D shall include all medical of the buildings designated for commercial use
and health institutions which are which includes uses such as shops, markets, sale
Annex 1: Types of Public Buildings intended to house persons suffering of merchandise either wholesale or retail, malls,
from physical or mental illness Departmental store. Residential normal rise

A ccording to NBC 206:2015 All public buildings shall be classified

according to the use or the character of occupancy into one of the
following groups. This classification may be used by other codes as required
disease or infirmity, or to provide
care for infants or aged persons.
buildings with plinth area less than 150sq.m where
part of the building has been used for commercial
Smaller clinics with area less use may be categorized under subgroup-A2
than 100sq.m where the patients as Residential with limited commercial use.
are not expected to stay may be
1.Group B: Assembly excluded from this. However, all
Group B: Assembly
2.Group C: Educational public health post should fulfill the
Assembly building shall include any building or part Category 2 of disabled accessibility
Group F: Offices
3.Group D: Hospitals & Clinic of building, which is designed for gathering of 50 or requirements as specified in These shall include any building or part of
more people. These shall include, theatres, cinema Part 5 Hospitals and Clinics shall building which is used for official or business use.
4.Group E: Commercial
halls, auditorium, party palaces, exhibition halls, be divided into two categories
5.Group F: Office museums, gymnasiums, covered hall, conference Residential normal rise buildings with plinth
Sub Group D1: Medical Institutions area less than 150sq.m where part of the
and meeting halls (above 50 capacity) and other
6.Group G: Industries with less than 25 beds. building has been used as offices may be
buildings or spaces within buildings where more
7.Group H: Storage than 50 persons are expected to assemble. Assembly may be categorized under subgroup-A2 as
Sub Group D2: Medical Institutions
buildings shall be sub-divided into 2 groups: Residential with limited commercial use.
with more than 25 beds.
Sub Group B1: Assembly buildings and spaces with
capacity up to 500 people Group G: Industries
Sub Group B2: Assembly buildings and spaces with Group G shall include any building or part of the building or structure in which products
capacity above 500 people or material of all kinds and properties are fabricated, assembled, manufactured
or processed. Certain type of industries may be more hazardous than other hence
require a different fire safety measure. The categorization of the Industries based
on fire load (which is the measure of the maximum heat that would be released if
all combustibles in a given fire area burn) shall be dictated by Fire safety code 107.
Group C: Educational
Educational building shall include any buildings used as school, college, training institutes intended
Group H: Storage
for more than 25 students at a time. Educational buildings shall be divided into two categories
These shall include any buildings used primarily for the storage of goods, ware or merchandise,
Sub Group C1: Primary Schools (upto standard 5)
cars or animals and which are non- hazardous. Storage buildings in general have lower
Sub Group C2: Secondary Schools (beyond standard 5) occupancy in proportion to area for most of the time. Some store may house more hazardous
than other hence require a different fire safety measure. The categorization of the storage
Any class room with more than 50 students should be treated
buildings and areas based on fire load [which is the measure of the maximum heat that would
as an assembly unit and shall be provided means of exit as such.
be released if all combustibles in a given fire area, burn] shall be dictated by Fire safety code
107.

27 Nepal Energy Efficient Building Guidelines Nepal Energy Efficient Building Guidelines 28
 Annex 2: Energy Modelling E nergy modeling enables designers a better understanding of how energy use is distributed
throughout a project, what combination of options use more energy, and what alternatives,
both physical and behavioral, will be most effective at reducing project energy use.

Calculation, Simulation and

Calculation, Simulation and
Source Source Inputs Inputs Output Output
Modeling Modeling

Primary Source Primary Source

Recording of climate Data on siteRecording of climate Data on site Weather Data: Weather Data:
Temperature, Humidity, Wind speed, Temperature,
Solar Humidity, Wind speed, Solar
Radiation, Precipitation, Daylight, Radiation,
Sun path,Precipitation, Daylight, Sun path,
Secondary Source Secondary Source etc. etc. Load Calculation: Load Calculation:
Data From DHM, online source, or Data From DHM,
research online
journal source, or research journal article.
article. Passive Strategies Passive Strategies
Building Load Building Load
Active Strategies Active Strategies
Load on Building Façade Load on Building Façade
Building Thermal Building Thermal
Solar Load Solar Load
Primary Source Primary Source Performance Performance
Internal Loads Internal Loads
Onsite survey like Material survey,
Onsite
Energy
survey
Consumption
like Material survey, Energy ConsumptionBuilding Data: Building Data: Total Discomfort Hours Total Discomfort Hours
Infiltration Load Infiltration Load
Pattern
Pattern Survey, Demographic Survey, Survey, Demographic Survey,
etc. Envelopetc. Envelop thermal and physical property,
thermal and physical property, Passive Gains and loss Passive Gains and loss
Interzonal Load Interzonal Load
Number of Zone, Occupancy Schedule, Number of Zone, Occupancy Schedule,
Clothing, Activity, Infiltration in Building,
Clothing, Activity, Infiltration in Building,
Secondary Source Secondary Source Equipment Schedule, Window Equipment
Doors detailsSchedule, Window Doors details
Data From
Data From online source, or research online
journal withjournal
source, or research
article. thermalarticle. with thermal
property, Lighting Schedule, etc.property, Lighting Schedule, etc.

Primary Source Primary Source

HVAC system: System Simulation integrated toSystem
HVAC system: the Simulation integrated to the
Onsite
Onsite survey and test similar HVAC survey
system orand test similar HVAC system or consulting
consulting Heating Load Heating Load
respective HVAC company. respective HVAC company. Ventilation Need and Schedule Ventilation Need and Schedule building Envelop building Envelop
Cooling Load Cooling Load
Thermostats Set-Point Temp Thermostats Set-Point Temp
Fuel Consumption Fuel Consumption
Heating Energy Source Heating Energy Source
Suitability of HVAC to Suitability of HVAC to
H/C generation efficiency H/C generation efficiency
Secondary Source Secondary Source System. System.
H/C distribution efficiency H/C distributionCreating
efficiency
Benchmark creating Various
Creating Benchmark creating Various
Data From
Data From online source, or research online
journal source,
article or or research journal article
Fan and Pumpor Size and scheduleFan and Pump Size and schedule
Scenarios and optimizing energyScenarios and optimizing energy
various similar catalogue. various similar catalogue. consumption consumption

Cost Data: Cost Data:

Cost of system Cost of system Life Cycle Cost of the Life Cycle Cost of the
Financial and Economic marketFinancial
Survey and Economic market Survey Cost Analysis and Feasibility Study
Cost Analysis and Feasibility Study
Life of the System Life of the System System System
Financial and Economic Parameters
Financial and Economic Parameters

Selecting Best Scenario and Proposing

Selecting Best Scenario and Proposing
Model Model

29 Nepal Energy Efficient Building Guidelines Nepal Energy Efficient Building Guidelines 30
 3.Mass Effect with Night Ventilation
Annex 3: Bioclimatic Chart

S
Mass effect night ventilation can be
.V. Szokolay purposed the bioclimatic chart using psychometric chart with various new
plotted firstly from calculating,
feature in 1986.The various zones are explicitly defined. The Humidity limits of the
comfort zone are set in terms of absolute humidity. The comfort zone is made variable, as a amplitude = (Tmax -Tmin)
function of climate.The control potential zones are set not in absolute terms, but related to
the comfort zone. The width of mass-effect zones is set as 0.5 (0.8) times the mean range of Calculate,
temperature, the solar heating zone is set as a function not only of solar irradiation, but also dT= amplitude x 0.3 for mass
of building characteristics.There are 5 explicit Control Potential Zone they are calculated as:
dT= amplitude x 0.6 for mass with

Source: (Szokolay, 2008)

night ventilation
1.Comfort zone for Szokolay bio climatic chart is plotted by calculating the
neutrality temperature for both months using correlation equation of Auliciems, Limiting temperature (Tlimit)=
TU+ dT

Mark these on the 50% RH curve from psychometric chart or from using formula. Find absolute
Humidity for limiting temperature (AH50) from psychometric chart or from using formula.

Tn=17.6 + 0.31 x T avg °C Determining the X-axis intercept from

XLimit =TLimit + 0.023 x (TLimit-14) x AH50

Source: (Szokolay, 2008)

Calculate,
Lower Limit (TL)=Tn - 2.5 Draw the vertical line from Xlimit and the upper boundary is the 14 g/kg and lower is 2 g/kg
and the top boundary cannot be higher than the 95% RH curve.
Upper Limit (TU)= Tn + 2.5
Mark these on the 50% RH curve from psychometric chart or from using formula. Find absolute
Humidity for Lower and upper limit (AHL and AHU) from psychometric chart or from using formula 4.Air Movement Zone (AM)
Air movement can be plotted by
calculating Limit of air movement,
2.Passive Solar Heating
For 1 m/s: dT=Tu+3.8
For normal design,
For 1.5 m/s: dT=Tu+5.1
Tlimit = TL-0.0036 x Dv.360
Mark these on the 50% RH curve
= 19.69 -0.0036 x 4375
from psychometric chart or from

Source: (Szokolay, 2008)

= 3.94 °C using formula. Find absolute
Humidity for limiting temperature
For specific design,
(AH50) from psychometric
Source: (Szokolay, 2008)

Tlimit = TL-0.0036 x Dv.360 chart or from using formula.

= 19.69 -0.05 x 4375

= -2.19 °C Construct the corresponding sloping SET lines by determining the X-axis intercept from,

The passive solar heating limiting line for normal design condition lies vertically from 3.94 XL (Below 50 %) =TU + 0.023 x (TU-14) x AH50
°C and specific design consideration for solar design lie vertically at -2.19 °C with upper limit XU (above 50 %) =TU + (0.023 x (TU-14) x AH50)/2
95% relative humidity line up to the winter comfort zone shown in chart.

31 Nepal Energy Efficient Building Guidelines Nepal Energy Efficient Building Guidelines 32
 5.Evaporative Cooling Zone (EC)
Annex 4: Mahoney Table
5.Evaporative Cooling Zone (EC)

TAnnex 4: Mahoney
he Mahoney tables are a setTable
of reference tables used in architecture, used as a guide to
climate-appropriate design. (A series of table used to record climatic data, diagnose it

T
Evaporative cooling can be plotted by he Mahoney tables are a set of reference
and translate it into design specifications). Thetables used
table is in architecture,
named used
after architect asMahoney,
Carl a guide to
calculating the temperature limit is the
Evaporative cooling for
candirect
be plotted by who climate-appropriate
worked on them together design.with
(A series
John of tableEvans,
Martin used toandrecord
Otto climatic data, diagnose
Königsberger. Table wasit
vertical at Tn+11°C cooling and published
translate itininto design
calculating the temperature limit is the first 1971 by thespecifications).
United Nations The table is named
Department after architect
of Economic Carl Affairs.
and Social Mahoney, It
and for indirect this is at Tn+14°C who worked on them together with John Martin Evans, and Otto Königsberger. Table was
is mainly used for composite climates. Mahoney Table mainly consist of Four Table;

Source: (Szokolay, 2008)

vertical at Tn+11°C for direct cooling
first published in 1971 by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. It
Calculate
and AH diff.
for indirect this =isAHL-4
at Tn+14°C
Table 1: used
is mainly usedtofor
record the most
composite essential
climates. climaticTable
Mahoney data mainly consist of Four Table;

Source: (Szokolay, 2008)

CalculateS AH
Calculate diff.TL+0.023
point: = AHL-4 x (TL- 14)
Table2:1:used
Table usedfor
to diagnosis
record theofmost essentialdata
the climatic climatic data
and develop a series of climatic indicators.
x AH diff.
Calculate S point: TL+0.023 x (TL- 14)
Table 2:
Table 3: used for diagnosis
Translates the of the climatic
above data and develop
into performance a series of climatic
specifications indicators.
or sketch design
x AH the
Draw diff.corresponding WBT line to the X-axis intercept=S+ AH x (2501 - 1.805 x S)/1000.
recommendations.
Table 3: Translates the above into performance specifications or sketch design
Draw the corresponding WBT line to the X-axis intercept=S+ AH x (2501 - 1.805 x S)/1000.
Draw parallel line from top right corner of comfort zone with upper limit for absolute humidity recommendations.
Table 4: gives recommendation for the design of building elements:
isDraw
14 g/kg
parallel line from top right corner of comfort zone with upper limit for absolute humidity
Table 4: gives recommendation for the design of building elements:
is 14 g/kg
6.Plotting Data in Bioclimatic chart
6.Plotting Data in Bioclimatic chart Table 1:
Plotting the month data on Szokolay bioclimatic chart of maximum mean temperature with Table 1:
Plotting the
humidity month (PM)
of evening data on
andSzokolay
minimum bioclimatic chart of maximum
mean temperature meanoftemperature
with humidity with
morning (AM). First Part of Table 1: Temperature
humidity of evening (PM) and minimum mean temperature with humidity of morning (AM). First Part of Table 1: Temperature
Table 2 Average month temperature (°c) from 2009 to 2019
Table 2 Average month temperature (°c) from 2009 to 2019 Location: Gorkha
Location: Gorkha Air temperature °C Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec High AMT
Longitude: 28.3°
Longitude: 28.3° Monthly mean max. 20.6 24 28.6 31.5 32.1 32.5 31.2 31.3 30.7 28.6 24.8 20.7 32.5 27.9
Latitude:
Latitude:84.7°
84.7° Monthly mean min. 7.75 10.6 14.2 17.7 20 22.5 23.4 23.2 22.4 18 12.9 8.96 23.4 4.52
Altitude:
Altitude:1000m
1000m
Table Monthly mean range 12.8 13.3 14.5 13.8 12 9.96 7.75 8.06 8.31 10.6 11.9 11.8 Low AMR
Table33Average
AverageMonthly
MonthlyRelative
RelativeHumidity
Humidityfrom
from2009
2009toto2019
2019

1)Fill
1)Fillininthe
thetitle
titleblock
block(location
(locationidentification)
identification)
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
2)Frommeteorological
2)From meteorologicalMonthly
records
records enter
meanenter the
max am the monthly
93.3monthly mean
88.6 76.9 mean maximum
74.9 maximum
80 and
85.5 91.2and mean
91.5mean minimum
92.5 minimum
94.5 air
air
96.1 96.1
temperaturevalues
temperature valuesininthe
the first
first
Monthly
two
two
mean
lines.
minlines.
pm 68.4 62 55.3 53.6 61.9 70.1 78.7 79.4 80 78.2 79.6 78.9
3)Findthe
3)Find themean
meanrange
rangefor
foreach
eachmonth
monthby
Average bydeducting
80.9 deducting themean
75.3 66.1 64.2
the mean
70.9 77.8minimum
84.9 85.5 from
minimum 86.3 the
from 86.3 maximum
the 87.8 87.5
maximum
values (second line from the first)group
and enter these 3ininthe
the third line.
values (second line from theHumidity
first) and enter4 these
4 3 third
4 line.
4 4 4 4 4 4 4

4)In the separate box on the right enter the highest of the twelve maxima and the lowest of
4)In the separate box on the right enter the highest of the twelve maxima and the lowest of
the twelve minima respectively.
the twelve minima respectively.
Rain and wind Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total
5)By adding these two values Rainfall
and dividing
mm 14.8it 37.1
by two
36 find
84.8 the
148annual mean
302 412 366temperature
210 51.5 2.25and
6.25 1670
5)By adding
enter theseintwo
this value the values and dividing
box marked AMT it by two find the annual mean temperature and
Source: (Szokolay, 2008)

enter this value in the box marked AMT

Wind, prevailing N NEdeducting
N E theNElowest
NE mean
S SEminimum
E E from
N theN
Source: (Szokolay, 2008)

Find the difference between these two values

Find the difference
highest Wind,
betweenwe
mean maximum), thesesecondary
will two the
get Wannual
values Ndeducting
N
mean NErange
the Slowest
SWmark
and S itSE
mean SW box
minimum
in the S from
S theS
marked
highest
AMR. mean maximum), we will get the annual mean range and mark it in the box marked
AMR.
Diagnosis °C Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
33 Nepal Energy Efficient Building Guidelines Monthly mean max 20.6 24 28.6 31.5 32.1 Nepal Energy31.3
32.5 31.2 Efficient
30.7 Building Guidelines
28.6 24.8 20.7 34
33 Nepal Energy Efficient Building Guidelines Day comfort, upper 27
Day comfort, lower 22
27 29 29 27 Nepal 27 Energy
27 Efficient
27 27Building
22 23 23 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22
27 Guidelines
27 27 34
Thermal stress, day C O O H H H H H H H O C
 Monthly mean max. 20.6 24 28.6 31.5 32.1 32.5 31.2 31.3 30.7 28.6 24.8 20.7 32.5 27.9 Rain and wind Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total
Monthly mean max. 20.6 24 28.6 31.5 32.1 32.5 31.2 31.3 30.7 28.6 24.8 20.7 32.5 27.9
Rainfall mm 14.8 37.1 36 84.8 148 302 412 366 210 51.5 2.25 6.25 1670
Monthly mean min. 7.75 10.6 14.2 17.7 20 22.5 23.4 23.2 22.4 18 12.9 8.96 23.4 4.52
Monthly mean min. 7.75 10.6 14.2 17.7 20 22.5 23.4 23.2 22.4 18 12.9 8.96 23.4 4.52

MonthlyWind, prevailing N NE 13.8N 12 E 9.96 NE NE S SE E E LowN AMR N

Monthly mean range 12.8 13.3 14.5 13.8 12 9.96 7.75 8.06 8.31 10.6 11.9 11.8 Low AMR
mean range 12.8 13.3 14.5 7.75 8.06 8.31 10.6 11.9 11.8
Wind, secondary W N N NE S SW S SE SW S S S
Second Part of Table 1: Humidity Table 2: Diagnosis
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec First part of the second table
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Monthly mean max am 93.3 88.6 76.9 74.9 80 85.5 91.2 91.5 92.5 94.5 96.1 96.1 Diagnosis °C Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Monthly mean mean
Monthly max am max 93.3
20.6 88.624 76.9
28.6 74.9 80 85.5
31.5 32.1 32.5 91.2
31.2 91.5
31.3 92.5
30.7 94.5 96.1 20.7
28.6 24.8 96.1
Monthly mean min pm 68.4 62 55.3 53.6 61.9 70.1 78.7 79.4 80 78.2 79.6 78.9
MonthlyDaymean min upper
comfort, pm 68.427 6227 55.329 53.629 61.9 27 70.1
27 78.7
27 79.4
27 80
27 78.2
27 79.6
27 78.9
27
Average 80.9 75.3 66.1 64.2 70.9 77.8 84.9 85.5 86.3 86.3 87.8 87.5 Day comfort, lower 80.922 75.322 66.123 64.223 70.9
22 77.8
22 84.9
22 85.5
22 86.3
22 86.3
22 87.8
22 87.5
22
Average
Humidity group 4 4 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Thermal stress,
Humidity groupday 4C O
4 O
3 H3 H4 H4 H4 H4 H4 H4 O4 C4
Monthly mean min 7.75 10.6 14.2 17.7 20 22.5 23.4 23.2 22.4 18 12.9 8.96
Night comfort, upper 21 21 23 23 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21
STEPS:
Night comfort, lower 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17
Rain and wind Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total Rain and windstress, night Jan
Thermal C Feb Mar
C C OApr OMay H Jun H Jul H Aug H Sep O OctC NovC Dec Total
1) From meteorological records enter the monthly mean maxima (early morning readings)
Rainfall mm 14.8 37.1 36 84.8 148 302 412 366 210 51.5 2.25 6.25 1670 Rainfall mm 14.8 37.1 36 84.8 148 302 412 366 210 51.5 2.25 6.25 1670
and minima (early afternoon readings) of relative humidity (RH) as the first two lines. STEPS:
Wind,
2) Find the prevailing
average N forNE
humidity each N
monthE by adding
NE theNE above
S 2SEvalues
E andE dividing
N it N
by 1) Enter in the first and fourth lines
Wind, prevailing N >20°C
AMT NE theNmonthly
E mean minimum
NE S andSEmaximum
NE 15–20°C
AMT E AMTEtemperatures
<15°C N N
Wind,
two. Enter secondary
these averages W
in theNthirdNline. NE S SW S SE SW S S S fromComfort
table 1. secondary
Wind,
limits Day W NNight N NEDay S SWNightS SE Day
SW S S
Night S
Humidity group Lower Upper Lower Upper Lower Upper Lower Upper Lower Upper Lower Upper
3) Establish the 'humidity group' for each month (1 ,2,3 or 4) according to the following 2) Find the upper and
1 26 lower
34 comfort
17 limits
25 for23the day
32 and14night 23 of each
21 month,
30 on 12the basis
21
categories: of the chart shown
2 below,31as defined
25 17 by the22'annual
24 30 mean 14 temperature'
22 20 and
27 the 'humidity
12 20
Diagnosis °C
Air temperature °C Jan Feb Jan Mar Feb Mar
Apr May Apr JulMayAug Jun
Jun Sep Jul Aug Dec
Oct Nov Sep HighOctAMTNov Dec
Diagnosis °C
group’ for each3 month.
23 Jan
Enter Feb
29 these Mar
17 values
23 Apr May
in 21lines 2, Jun
28 3, 5 and
14 Jul Aug
6. 21 Sep
19 Oct
26 Nov
12 Dec19
Monthly mean max 20.6 24 28.6 31.5 32.1 32.5 31.2 31.3 30.7 28.6 24.8 20.7
Monthly mean max. 20.6 24 28.6 31.5 32.1 32.5 31.2 31.3 30.7 28.6 24.8 20.7 32.5 27.9 Monthly
4 mean22max 20.6
27 24
17 28.6
21 31.5
20 32.125 32.5 1431.2 20
31.3 30.7
18 28.6
24 24.8
12 20.718
Day comfort, upper 27 27 29 29 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 3) Compare the day comfort
Average RH: below 30% = group 1 Day comfort, upper 27 limits
27 with
29 the
29 mean
27 maxima
27 27 and27the 27
night 27comfort
27 limits
27
MonthlyDay
meancomfort, lower
min. 7.75 22 17.7
10.6 14.2 22 23
20 22.523 23.4 2223.2 2222.4 22 22 8.9622 23.4 22 4.52 22
18 12.9 22
with the mean minima
Day comfort, lowerand 22establish
22 the
23 nature
23 of
22 thermal
22 stress
22 by entering
22 22 22 the 22
following
22
Thermal stress, day C O O H H H H H H H O C
Monthly mean range 30-50%
12.8 13.3 = 14.5
group
13.82 12 9.96 7.75 8.06 8.31 10.6 11.9 11.8 Low AMR symbols in the last
Thermal two
stress, daylines:
C O O H H H H H H H O C
Monthly mean min 7.75 10.6 14.2 17.7 20 22.5 23.4 23.2 22.4 18 12.9 8.96
Monthly mean min 7.75 10.6 14.2 17.7 20 22.5 23.4 23.2 22.4 18 12.9 8.96
50-70%
Night comfort, upper = 21 group213 23 23 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 H (hot) - if mean
Night comfort, upperis above
21 limit
21 23 23 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21
Night comfort, lower 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17
Above 70% = group 4 Night comfort, lower 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17
Thermal stress, nightJan CFeb Mar
C C
Apr O
May O
Jun H Aug
Jul H SepH OctH NovO Dec C C O (Comfort) - If mean is within limits
Thermal stress, night C C C O O H H H H O C C
Monthly mean max am 93.3 88.6 76.9 74.9 80 85.5 91.2 91.5 92.5 94.5 96.1 96.1 C (cold) - if mean is below the limit
Monthly mean min pm 68.4 62 55.3 53.6 61.9 70.1 78.7 79.4 80 78.2 79.6 78.9
Enter these in the fourth AMT
line.
>20°C AMT 15–20°C
Average 80.9 75.3 66.1 64.2 70.9 77.8 84.9 85.5 86.3 86.3 87.8AMT87.5
<15°C
AMT >20°C AMT 15–20°C AMT <15°C
Comfort limits Day Night Day Night Day Night
Humidity group 4 4 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Comfort limits Day Night Day Night Day Night
Humidity group Lower Upper Lower Upper Lower Upper Lower Upper Lower Upper Lower Upper
Humidity group Lower Upper Lower Upper Lower Upper Lower Upper Lower Upper Lower Upper
Third Part of Table
1 1: Rainfall
26 34 and
17 Wind
25 23 32 14 23 21 30 12 21
1 26 34 17 25 23 32 14 23 21 30 12 21
2 25 31 17 24 22 30 14 22 20 27 12 20
2 25 31 17 24 22 30 14 22 20 27 12 20
Rain and wind 3 23 29
Jan Feb17 Mar 23 Apr 21May Jun
28 14
Jul Aug21 Sep 19Oct 26 12
Nov Dec 19
Total 3 23 29 17 23 21 28 14 21 19 26 12 19
4 22 27 17 21 20 25 14 20 18 24 12 18
Rainfall mm 14.8 37.1 36 84.8 148 302 412 366 210 51.5 2.25 6.25 1670 4 22 27 17 21 20 25 14 20 18 24 12 18

Indicators
Wind, prevailing N NE N E NE NE S SE E E N N Meaning Indicator Thermal stress Rainfall Humidity group Monthly mean range
Wind, secondary W N N NE S SW S SE SW S S S Day Night
H 4
Air movement essential H1
H 2–3 <10°C
1)Diagnosis
Enter the monthly average rainfall values (in mm) Jul
in the fifth line. Adding these twelve Air movement desirable H2 O 4
°C Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Rain protection necessary H3 >200mm
values, find the annual total
Monthly mean max 20.6 rainfall
24 28.6 31.5 32.1 32.5 31.2 31.3 30.7 box
and enter this in the separate 28.6at 24.8
the end
20.7 of the line. Thermal capacity necessary A1 1–3 >10°C
Day comfort, upper 27 27 29 29 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 H 1–2
2) In the last two lines enter the prevailing and secondary wind directions for each month, on Outdoor sleeping desirable A2
Day comfort, lower 22 22 23 23 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 H O 1–2 >10°C
the basisThermal
of first and
stress, daysecond
C peaks
O Oin published
H H wind
H frequency
H H Htables
H or O
figures.
C Protection from cold A3 C
Monthly mean min 7.75 10.6 14.2 17.7 20 22.5 23.4 23.2 22.4 18 12.9 8.96
Night comfort, upper 21 21 23 23 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21
35
35 Nepal Energy
Nepal Energy Efficient
NightEfficient Building
comfort,Building Guidelines
lower Guidelines
17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct
Nepal
Nepal Energy
Nov
Energy Efficient
Efficient Building
Dec
Building Guidelines
Total
Guidelines 36
36
Thermal stress, night C C C O O H H H H O C C H1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 6
H2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2
H3 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 4
 Air movement essential H1
H 2–3 <10°C
Air movement desirable H2 O 4
Rain protection necessary H3 >200mm
Thermal capacity necessary A1 1–3 >10°C
Six ‘indicators’ are used: H 1–2
Outdoor sleeping desirable A2 Indicator totals from data sheet
Gorkha
H O 1–2 >10°C H1 H2 H3 A1 A2 A3
three 'humid indicators': H1, H2, Latitude 85°N
Protection from cold A3 H3, C 6 2 4 2 0 2
Layout
three ‘arid indicators': A1, A2,3, as defined in the notes at the foot of table 2 0–10
X Orientation north and south (long axis east–west)
5–12
11–12
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total 0–4 Compact courtyard planning
Spacing
H1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 6
11–12 Open spacing for breeze penetration
H2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 2–10 X As above, but protection from hot and cold wind
H3 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 4 0–1 Compact layout of estates
A1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 Air movement
A2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3–12
X Rooms single banked, permanent provision for air movement
A3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0–5
1–2
6–12
Rooms double banked, temporary provision for air movement
2–12
Second part of the second table 0
0–1 No air movement requirement
Openings
STEPS: 0–1 0 Large openings, 40–80%
11–12 0–1 Very small openings, 10–20%
Check from table 2 the thermal stress indices (day and night) and from table 1 the humidity Any other conditions X Medium openings, 20–40%
group, the rainfall and the monthly mean range of temperatures against the definition of the Walls
indicators and place a tick in the line of the appropriate indicator where the month's data 0–2 X Light walls, short time-lag
3–12 Heavy external and internal walls
Indicatortototals
corresponds from data sheet
the definition.
Gorkha Roofs
1)In H1
the lastH2 H3showsA1the number
column A2 of A3months in which each indicator is applicable (the 0–5 X Light, insulatted roofs
Latitude 85°N 6–12 Heavy roofs, over 8h time-lag
6 of ticks
number 2 in each
4 line).
2 0 2 Outdoor sleeping
2–12 Space for outdoor sleeping required
Layout Rain protection
0–10
Table 3: Specifications
3–12 X Protection from heavy rain necessary
Orientation north and south (long axis Size of opening
5– X 0 Large openings, 40–80%
11–
Gives the designer the specifications east–west)
resulting from the above indicators. Recommended 0–1
specifications are grouped12 12
under eight headings: 2–5
1–12
X Medium openings, 25–40%

1) Layout
0–4 Compact courtyard planning 6–10 Small openings, 15–25%
0–3 Very small openings, 10–20%
Spacing 11–12
4–12 Medium openings, 25–40%
2) Spacing Position of openings
11– 3–12
3) Air
12movement Open spacing for breeze penetration 1–2 0–5
X In north and south walls at body height on windward side
6–12
4) Openings As above, but protection from hot and 0 2–12
As above, openings also in internal walls

2–10
5) Walls X cold wind Protection of openings
0–2 X Exclude direct sunlight
0–1
6) Roofs
Compact layout of estates 2–12 X Provide protection from rain
Walls and floors
Air movement 0–2 X Light, low thermal capacity
7) Out-door sleeping 3–12 Heavy, over 8h time-lag
Roofs
8) Rain protection 10–12 0–2 Light, reflective surface, cavity
3–12
X Light, well insulated
0–9 0–5
6–12 Heavy, over 8h time-lag
External features
1–12 Space for outdoor sleeping

37
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38
 Annex
Annex5:5:Building
BuildingEnvelope
Envelope
Table 4: Types of materials and their thermal properties
Table 4: Types of materials and their thermal properties
S. No Type of material Density thermal specific heat
(kg/m3) conductivity capacity U-value Calculation
U-value Calculation
(w/m.K) (kJ/kg.K) Calculate the thermal resistance of each uniform material layer, which
I. Building materials Calculate the thermal resistance of each uniform material layer, which
constitutes the building component, as follows:
constitutes the building component, as follows:
1 Solid burnt clay brick 1920 0.98 0.8
2 Solid burnt clay brick 1760 0.85 NA
3 Solid burnt clay brick 1600 0.74 NA where,
where,
4 Solid burnt clay brick 1440 0.62 NA RiRi
is is
the thermal resistance ofof
material layer i, m2.K/W
the thermal resistance material layer i, m2.K/W
5 Resource efficient (hollow) brick 1520 0.631 0.65
ti ti
is is
the thickness
the ofof
thickness material layer
material i, m
layer i, m
6 Fly ash brick 1650 0.856 0.93
7 Solid concrete block 25/50 2427 1.396 0.2 ki ki
is is
the thermal
the conductivity
thermal ofof
conductivity material layer
material i, W/(m.K)
layer i, W/(m.K)
8 Solid concrete block 30/60 2349 1.411 0.3 Find the
Find total
the thermal
total resistance,
thermal RR
resistance,
9 Aerated autoclaved concrete (AAC) block 642 0.184 1.24 RTRT
is is
the total thermal resistance, m2.K/W
the total thermal resistance, m2.K/W
10 Cement stabilized soil block (CSEB) 1700 1.026 1.03
RsiRsi
is is
the interior
the surface
interior film
surface thermal
film resistance,
thermal m2.K/W
resistance, m2.K/W
11 Cement stabilized soil block (CSEB) 1800 1.201 1.07
12 Cement stabilized soil block (CSEB) 1900 1.303 1.07 Rse is is
Rse the exterior
the surface
exterior film
surface thermal
film resistance,
thermal m2.K/W
resistance, m2.K/W
13 Dense concrete 2410 1.74 0.88 R1R1
is is
the thermal
the resistance
thermal ofof
resistance material layer
material 1, 1,
layer m2.K/W
m2.K/W
14 Reinforced concrete cement (RCC) 2288 1.58 0.88
R2R2
is is
the thermal
the resistance
thermal ofof
resistance material layer
material 2, 2,
layer m2.K/W
m2.K/W
15 Brick tile 1892 0.798 0.88
16 Lime concrete 1646 0.73 0.88 R3R3
is is
the thermal
the resistance
thermal ofof
resistance material layer
material 3, 3,
layer m2.K/W
m2.K/W
17 Mud Phuska 1622 0.519 0.88
18 Cement mortar 1648 0.719 0.92
19 Cement plaster 1762 0.721 0.84
Sample
Sampleforfor
9”9”
thick brick
thick wall
brick with
wall plaster
with in in
plaster both side
both side
20 Gypsum plaster 1120 0.512 0.96
21 Cellular concrete 704 0.188 1.05
22 AC sheet 1520 0.245 0.84
23 Gl sheet 7520 61.06 0.5
24 Timber 480 0.072 1.68
25 Timber 720 0.144 1.68
26 Plywood 640 0.174 1.76
27 Glass 2350 0.814 0.88
28 Tar felt (2.3 kg/m2) 0.479 0.88
Source: (Bureau of Energy Efficiency, 2017)

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 Annex 6: Design of Shading Devices

A s a first step, it must be decided when shading is necessary, at what times of the year and
between what hours of the day. The best guide to this is the definition of the overheated
period. This should be quite easy, if the climatic data has been compiled.

The latter is a set of coordinates,

with month lines horizontally
and hour lines vertically, on
which time points of equal
temperatures are connected
by a curve. The solar charts
also have month (date) lines
horizontally and hour lines

Figure 3: Transfer of isopleth to the solar chart, to give effective temperature

vertically; the fact that these
are curves and not straight lines
should make no difference: the
overheated period outlined on
the isopleth chart, together
with other ET lines can be
transferred to the solar chart.
As on the solar chart each date
line represents two different
dates, an isopleth chart will be
divided into two such diagrams:

Figure 4: Fitting a shading mask

one for January to June; the

Source: (Koenigsberger et.al., 1975)

Source: (Koenigsberger et.al., 1975)

other July to December.

Any part of the overheated period behind this line can be ignored: when the sun is in these
positions, it will not strike the elevation considered. The design of a suitable shading device
is basically the finding of a shading mask which overlaps the overheated period with as close
a fit as possible. Many combinations of vertical and horizontal shadow angles may achieve
the same purpose. Minor compromises may be acceptable, i.e. for short periods the sun may
be permitted to enter, if this results in substantial economies (Figure ).

41 Nepal Energy Efficient Building Guidelines Nepal Energy Efficient Building Guidelines 42
 EXAMPLE Design strategies recommended by Solar Chart

Table 5: Overheating Temperature

Calculations
Let us consider E-W elongated (south facing) wall. Let,
Height of window (h) = 150 m
Width of window (w) = 1500 mm
From solar chart, solar altitude angle (ɛ) = 75º(i.e.Vertical shadow angle)
Azimuth difference or horizontal shadow angle (δ) =80º & 20º
From the chart, the over heated period is after 12 noon.
Hence, δ = 80º is considered for calculation. Let, width of vertical shading device be Lv. And
let with of horizontal device be Lh.
Tanɛ = h/Lh
Tan 75= 1500/Lh
Lh = 409.1mm (i.e. 1’-4”)
Similarly,
Tan δ = w/Lv
Tan80= 1200/Lv
Lv=1200/Tan80 =211mm (i.e. 8.3”)
Hence, the projection of horizontal and vertical shading device for Dhulikhel are calculated
as 1’-4” and 8.3” respectively.

Plan View

Figure 5: Solar Chart showing solar radiation pattern in

Dhulikhel

Sectional View

43 Nepal Energy Efficient Building Guidelines Nepal Energy Efficient Building Guidelines 44
 Annex 7: Guideliness for design of Natural Ventilation

T his annexure provides a simple and

illustrative interpretation of provisions
for the location of windows in a room and
Distribution of the openable area on the
external walls of a dwelling unit must be done
to maximize cross-ventilation, i.e., the air
its impact on natural ventilation. A detailed inlet and outlet openings should be separate
design guideline for natural ventilation is and positioned on different walls in a way
available in the NBC 2016 (Volume II, Part that optimizes the air flow path through the
8 Building Services, Section 1 Lighting and space. this can be done by placing openings
Natural Ventilation). on adjacent walls or on opposite walls, where
possible (Figure 10) Figure 8: Two windows on single external wall

In rooms with only one external wall,

and where cross ventilation is not
possible (see point 2, above), provision
of multiple windows on the external
wall is preferred to that of a single
window (Figure 12). the farther apart
these windows are placed on the wall,
the better is the effect of air movement
across the room.
Figure 6: Openings on adjacent or opposite external walls for cross ventilation

In rooms that have openable area on only one external wall, cross ventilation can be achieved
by having an opening at a higher level on one of the internal walls (Figure 11). this will
enhance cross ventilation through the habitable space. this principle can be extended from
room to room, for instance, from a bedroom into a living room which is cross-ventilated,
thus enhancing cross ventilation through the entire dwelling unit.

Figure 9: Adding ventilators above windows improves ventilation especially when only single external wall is available for openings

Adding a ventilator above the windows on the external wall helps increase the rate of
convective heat exchange (Figure 13). this is especially helpful in cases where windows
are available on only one external wall and there is no means of cross ventilation.
Figure 7: Openings on external wall and internal wall for cross ventilation

45 Nepal Energy Efficient Building Guidelines Nepal Energy Efficient Building Guidelines 46
 Single-sided ventilation Cross ventilation
Case 1: Room with only one opening on the external wall Case 1: Room with openings on both the external wall and another internal or external
wall.

Addition of ventilator at an upper level increases the rate of

convective heat exchange with the outside air.

Case 2: Room with multiple openings on the external wall

COMPARISION

For the same ratio of area of openings to floor area of a room, the thermal heat exchange
increases as the number of openings increases on the wall. It is thus recommended to
have openable ventilators to aid better ventilation.
(Note: This conclusion is generalized for hot- dry , warm-humid climate.)

47 Nepal Energy Efficient Building Guidelines Nepal Energy Efficient Building Guidelines 48
 ABBREVIATIONS
ABBREVIATIONS

AM Air Movement
CGI Corrugated Galvanized Iron
AM Air Movement
CZ Comfort Zone
CGI CorrugatedDepartment
DHM GalvanizedofIron
Hydrology and Meteorology
CZ Comfort Zone
EC Evaporatice Cooling
DHM EE
DepartmentEnergy Efficiency and Meteorology
of Hydrology
EC GIS Geographic
Evaporatice Cooling Information System
HMNV High Mass with Thermal Ventilation
EE Energy Efficiency
HVAC Heating, Ventilating and Air-conditioning
GIS Geographic Information System
ICIMOD International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development
HMNV High Mass with Thermal Ventilation
IOE Institute of Engineering
HVAC Heating,
N/A Ventilating and Air-conditioning
Not Applicable
ICIMOD International
NBC Centre
National for Integrated
Building Code Mountain
Development
NEEB Nepal Energy Efficienct Building
IOE Institute ofPasive
PSH Engineering
Solar Heating
N/A RCC Reinforced Concrete
Not Applicable
NBC SHGC Solar Heat
National Building Gain Coefficient
Code
NEEB SONA Society
Nepal Energy Of Nepalese
Efficienct Architects
Building
WWR Window Wall Ratio
PSH Pasive Solar Heating
RCC Reinforced Concrete
SHGC Solar Heat Gain Coefficient
SONA Society Of Nepalese Architects
WWR Window Wall Ratio
Nepal Energy Efficient Building Guidelines
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Nepal Energy Efficienct Building Guidelines