I.

Antonio Pigafetta – First Voyage

A. Author & Historical Background)

Antonio Pigafetta (c. 1491 – c. 1531) was an Italian scholar and explorer from the
Republic of Venice, who is best known for his involvement in the first circumnavigation
of the world. He was born into a rich family in Vicenza, Northeast Italy and He studied
Cartography, Geography, and Astronomy when he was younger at the University of
Padua and later joined the court of King Charles I of Spain. In 1519, he was recruited by
Ferdinand Magellan to be part of a five-ship expedition to find a western route to the
Spice Islands, and died on C. 1531 about 40-50 years old (other sources says 1534 in
Vicenza, Venice, Italy) and was Known for the “Chronicling Magellan's circumnavigation”.

Antonio Pigafetta Biography would be incomplete without discussing his Voyage

around the world. He joined the expedition to the Spice Islands led by explorer Ferdinand
Magellan under the flag of King Charles I of Spain and, after Magellan's death in the
Philippines, the subsequent voyage around the world. The expedition, which began in
September 1519, was fraught with peril from the beginning. During the expedition, he
served as Magellan's assistant and kept an accurate journal which later assisted him in
translating the Cebuano language. It is the first recorded document concerning the
language. The crew faced treacherous storms, mutinies, and hostile encounters with
indigenous peoples. Despite these challenges, Pigafetta managed to keep a detailed
journal of the voyage, which he later used to write his famous account of the expedition,
entitled "Relazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo" ("Account of the First Voyage
Around the World").

One of the most notable events chronicled by Pigafetta was the death of Ferdinand
Magellan during a skirmish with natives in the Philippines. Pigafetta describes the event
in detail, including the aftermath of the battle and the subsequent decision by the

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 remaining crew to continue on without Magellan. After completing the circumnavigation
of the world, Pigafetta returned to Italy and presented his journal to Pope Clement VII.
The document was later translated into various languages and became an important
historical source for scholars studying early modern exploration.

In April 1521, Magellan was killed in the Battle of Mactan. Pigafetta himself sustained
Injuries but he recovered over time. Later, Pigafetta alongside 17 others accompanied Juan
Sebastián Elcano on the return voyage to Spain. Juan was a Castilian navigator of Basque
origin. Three years after he left, Pigafetta returned to the Republic of Venice. He shared his
experience via his “Report on the First Voyage Around the World” (Relazione del primo
viaggio intorno al mondo).The report was put together in Italian and parts of it were
published in Paris in the year 1525. However, Antonio’s original document was not
preserved and it wasn’t fully published until the 18th century.

Pigafetta was one of the 18 men who returned to Spain in 1522, under the command of
Juan Sebastián Elcano, out of the approximately 240 who set out three years earlier. These
men completed the first circumnavigation of the world. Pigafetta's surviving journal is the
source for much of what is known about Magellan and Elcano's voyage.

Antonio’s writings didn’t help Europeans to learn about Circumnavigation around the
globe. Europeans learned it in Maximilianus Transylvanus’ account that was published in
1523. Maximilianus was instructed to interview some of the survivors of the voyage
when Magellan’s surviving ship Victoria returned to Spain in September 1522. After the
voyage, Antonio put his made connections into good use and achieved membership in the
order.

Antonio Pigafetta's account of the first circumnavigation of the world remains an

enduring testament to the courage, determination, and ingenuity of the early European
explorers. It provides a vivid and compelling account of the trials and tribulations faced
by the crew of the expedition, and stands as a testament to the human spirit of
exploration and discovery. It Is also an invaluable source of information about the

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expedition, providing detailed descriptions of the people, cultures, and geography
encountered along the way. He also meticulously recorded astronomical observations,
which helped to refine navigation techniques.

Antonio Pigafetta's primary reason in writting the document is to discover and learn
more about the world. He was an Italian scholar and Pilgrim from the republic of Venice.
In

Ferdinand Magellan's attempt to sail the world, he joined the voyage and served as an
assistant to Magellan because he desired to record details and accounts of information
about the journey or expedition. They have faced multiple challenges that led to
Magellan's death, but Pigaffeta survived along eith his journal. However, Magellan's
desire to prove that the world was round was corrected and validated.

The journal contains details and information about the discovery of places and people
including the Philippines. He encountered new people that has become the ground of
knowing how they lived in the past. In addition, his journal gave details on how the world
look. These notes became basis of people on the certainty that the world is round. In
Pigafetta's aim to figure out and understand the world, he was able to write documents
that was a big help in perceiving our past and became a significant part of today's history.

B. CONTENT A (Spain – Before Arrival in the Philippines)

 King Charles V provided a Spanish fleet named Armada de Molucca that

was led by Ferdinand Magellan. Five other ships was included in the
expedition namely Trinidad, San Antonio, Concepcion, Santiago, and
Victoria.
 The goal of the expedition is to find the island of Maluco, where they
believe the spices come from.
 It was led by captain- general Fernand de Magaglianes, a Portuguese and
commander of St. James of the Sword that has also successfully explored
several oceans.

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 They set out from Barcelona to Malaga and they traveled by land until
they reached the city of Seville where Pigafetta remained there for 3
months and waiting for them to start the voyage.
 Ferdinand Magellan willed the ship where the other ships must follow. He
has a Farol or a torch that burned all the night so, the other ships won’t
lose.
 He uses light to give signals from the other ships.
One light – stop and turn
Two lights – observe the change of the weather
Three lights – lower their sail
 The crews of this fleet were divided into three companies: the first
belonged to the captain, the second to the pilot or nochier, and the third
to the master.
 There are 237 men in all five ships.
 They sail until the end of a river of Betis, which is now called Guadalcavir
and while sailingin the river they passed Gioan de Parax, where there was
a large population of Moors.
 They stop by a port to supply their ships.
 On tuesday, the 20th September of the said year, they set sail from St.
Lucar, and on the 26th of September they arrived at an island of great
Canaria, named Teneriphe and stop on a port called Monterose to supply.
 Monday, 3rd of October the passed the Cape Verd and navigated for
several days by the coast of Guinea or Ethiopia.
 After they passed the equinoctial line, they have lost the star of the
tramontana, and we navigated between the south and Garbin. They
crossed the country of Verzin where they remained there for 13 days.
 Verzin is very abundant country and it is larger than France, Spain and
Italy together.
 They met Cannibals at the formerly known Cape of St. Mary, but it is not a
cape anymore but a river. They had met Giants and pilot John Cavagio.
 They remained on a port called St. Julian. Wherein, the leaders of the
other four ships plotted treason to Magellan and put him to death.
 Masters of the four ships: John of Carthagine, conductor of the fleet; the
treasurer, Loys de Mendoza; the conductor Anthony Cocha; and Gaspar de
Casada.
 They have found strait called Cape of the Eleven Thousand Virgins, but
Magellan said that there was another strait for going out which is Cape de
la Baya.

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  The ship of St. Anthony wished to return to the Spain. A ship was lost and
only Concepcion where it was captained by John Serrano.
 They have reached the River of Sardines and they found a wide sea which
they called Cape of Desire.
 On the 28th of November, 1520, they entered the Pacific sea and remained
sailing for 3 months and 20 days with lack of food and water. They ate old
biscuits, ox hides and they drink a yellow stinking water.
 19 of the crew died and 25 or 30 fell ill of divers sickness.
 6th of March, they discovered a small island and they wished to go there
to have water but the people of the island rob them.

C. Content B [Arrival in the Philippines]

MARCH 16, 1521

The arrival of Magellan’s expedition to one of the Philippine Islands

At dawn on Saturday, March sixteen, 1521, the team came upon a high land at a

distance of three hundred leagues from the islands of Ladroni—an island named Zamal

[Samar].

MARCH 18, 1521 (MONDAY)-AFTERNOON

 Nine men came and showed joy and eagerness in seeing them.

 They presented fish, a jar of palm wine which they call “Uraca” (Arrack) figs more

than one palm long (bananas) and tow coconuts.

 Magellan realized that the men were reasonable and welcomed them with food,

drinks, and gifts. Pigafetta characterized the people as “very familiar and friendly”.

MARCH 22, 1521 (FRIDAY)-ONE WEEK LATER

 Gold earings CAPHRI(HEATHEN)- they are naked, dark fat and painted.

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  OUR ANCESTORS returned to Homonhon with more food and drinks.

 They anoint themselves with coconut and beneseed oil as a protection against sun

and wind.

MARCH 25, 1521 (HOLY MONDAY)-AFTERNOON

 The expedition leaves Homonhon and sails across the waters of Hinunangan

(Southern Leyte) and of Gibusong Island (Loreto, Dinagat Islands).

 They shape their course toward the west southwest between four islands, namely

Cenalo, Hiunanghan, Ibusson, and Abarien.

MARCH 28, 1521 (THURSDAY)-MORNING

 8 men were on the small boat(Boloto) going to Zamatra ( Sumatra).

 The fleet anchors off Limasawa (Pigafetta’s Mazaua) at the southern entrance to

Suriago Strait; Magellan and his men are well received there by the natives and good

relations are established with Rajah Colambu.

 Colambu, the rajah of Mazaua, welcomes the expedition. He happens to know Malay,

the mother tongue of Enrique, servant of Magellan.

(March 29-30)- GOOD FRIDAY

 Siaui, the rajah of Butuan, meets Magellan.

 Colambu and Magellan enter into a blood compact.

MARCH 31

 Early on the morning of Sunday, the last of March, and Easter Day.

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  Landed with 50 men, without body armor.

 Cross, a sign that tells the boat/s to never harm them nor their property.

 Magellan has Easter mass celebrated on Limasawa Island.

 And Colambu permits a Christian mass to celebrate Christ’s resurrection.

4th-6th of April 1521

-4th April: Accompanied by Colambu, the expedition leaves for Cebu and heads to

Leyte Island: reaches the waters of Canigao (now in Matalom, Leyte).

-5th April: Sights the terrain of Baybay (Leyte). spends a night in Gatighan

(approximately Himokilan, Hindang, Leyte), feasts on a kabog (a megabat), and marvels at

the fauna of the place.

-6th of April: [Colambu joins Magellan in the Trinidad in the waters of Pozon (Ponson,

now under Pilar, Cebu), Poro (now a Cebu town), and Ticobon (now San Francisco, Cebu).

At noon on Sunday, 7 April

 The fleet enters the port of Cebu, where, following negotiations, merchandise is

exchanged for provisions, and good relations are established.

 The expedition reaches Cebu. Colambu introduces Magellan to Humabon, the rajah of

Cebu.

 Humabon does not permit Magellan to trade pending Magellan’s payment of tribute.

Monday morning, 8th of April, 1521

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 Humabon and his council meet with Magellan’s emissaries. The latter agree to comply

with the rajah’s conditions.

Tuesday morning, 9th of April, 1521

Humabon’s heir confers with Magellan and is convinced of the merits of the Christian

virtues. Later on, Magellan promises military protection and proclaims Humabon sovereign

in the region.

On Wednesday morning, 10th of April, 1521

Humabon allows Magellan to bury two of his men who recently died; Fr. Pedro de

Valderrama, the expedition’s chaplain, consecrates and erects a wooden cross on the

gravesite.

On Saturday, 13th of April, 1521

A makeshift platform is readied at the consecrated site for the rite of baptism.

On Sunday morning, 14 April

 The Sultan Humabon is baptized (and renamed Don Carlos) by the flagship’s chaplain

with all pomp and circumstance

 Rajah Colambu is also baptized and named Don Juan after the Infante.

 Fr. Valderrama baptizes many inhabitants.

15th-25th April 1521

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 Magellan cures a sick elder, which leads to the burning of native idols. Juana, wife of

Humabon, is charmed by the image of the Santo Niño, which Magellan later presents to her

as a gift.

On Friday, 26 April

Humabon receives a report that Lapulapu, a ruler of Mactan, refuses to recognize the

King of Spain.

27th of April, 1521

 Magellan and sixty of his men in three longboats attack Rajah Lapu Lapu and his

forces on Mactan.

 They are driven back to the ships and Magellan is killed. Magellan proceeds to Mactan.

A battle ensues, with Lapulapu emerging victorious.

 Magellan is killed.

 Lapulapu convinces Humabon to kill Magellan’s remaining members. Enrique

hoodwinks Humabon into letting him escape from the expedition.

Wednesday morning (May 1, 1521)

The Christian King said that jewels are ready and offered breakfast, San Martin de

Sevilla, Johan Carviao, Johan Serrano-crying not to fire anymore for the natives will kill him.

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II. KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN

(AUTHOR’S BACKGROUND)

EMILIO JACINTO
 “Pingkian”, “Dimasilaw”, “Ka Ilyong”
 He was one of the highest-ranking officers in the Philippine Revolution
 He is popularly known in Philippine History textbooks as the Brain of the Katipunan
while
 some contend, he should be rightfully recognized as the “Brains of the Revolution”
 Early Life
 Born on December 15, 1875 in Tondo, Manila Captaincy General of the Philippines,
 Spanish Empire
 Son of Mariano Jacinto (merchant) and Josefa Dizon (midwife)

Alma Mater
 Studied college in Colegio de San Juan de Letran
 Studied law in University of Santo Thomas (wasn’t able to graduate)
 At the age 19, he joined the revolution
 Revolution
 Emilio Jacinto served as the spokesperson for the Katipunan, as well as handling its
 finances
 Immediately appointed as a fiscal member and then became a general and adviser of
 Andres Bonifacio
 Became a general in the group’s Guirella Army
 Lived and fought the Spanish in Magdalena, Laguna
 Died at the age of 23 due to Malaria (April 16, 1898)

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INVOLVEMENT OF EMILIO JACINTO
* Emilio Jacinto was the author of "Kartilya ng Katipunan" (The Primer of
Katipunan) written on
1892
— In 1896 there is what we called "Duties of the sons of the people" that was
written by Andres
Bonifacio. But it was not published; instead, it was said that upon reading the Kartilya drafted
byEmilio Jacinto, (Kartilya ng Katipunan which became not only a primer for members, but
an ideology, embodying moral and nationalistic principles.) Bonifacio decided that it was
superior to his Dekalogo, and adopted it as the official primer of the Katipunan.
* Emilio Jacinto then became chief theoretician and adviser of Bonifacio. — Kartilya is more
and much longer and more philosophical. It shows concepts of virtuous living as lessons for
self-reflection. The amazing side of the Kartilya is not only a leading for the Katipunan
Members, it embodied moral and nationalistic principle for all Filipinos. Thus, Bonifacio
seeks for Jacinto’s guidance throughout the Katipunan.

* Emilio Jacinto was known as the Brains of Katipunan — Bonifacio adopted the kartilya and
named it Dekalogo that mainly focused on one’s duty to God, country, neighbour, family, the
Katipunan and himself. It tells all about honor, charity and self - sacrifice for the beloved land
and also spoke and warned about traitor and disobedient.

* For whom it was written? Katipuneros

— members are required to read the Kartilya and cling to its code of conducts. To
change the Philippines for the better. Early Katipunero believes that changing the way
Filipino thought and acted was the most important things to be considered.

MOTIVES BEHIND THE WRITINGS OF KARTILYA

1. To take care and appreciate the essence of its authentic tagalog form within the factors of
social and political environment of the colonial era
2. To be the Katipunan’s idea and principles in its existence

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3. To be the innovation of the Katipunan but the innovation for the moralist sound Filipino
nation
4. To show the significance of th right and light (Katwiran at Kaliwanagan)

The Kartilya of Emilio Jacinto serves as a historical reference on how the Katipuneros lived
back then. This document covers moral lesson, norms and guides for them during the
Spanish Era. The Kartilya contains guide and laws that all members (especially the new ones)
to abide upon joining. Jacinto pointed out that they should be fair no matter your status in
life and the gender you have. He is also against unfair treatment to women in our society.
During that time this document were able to help the Katipuneros to reflect on themselves.
Kartilya was good source to understand on how the Katipuneros lived.
It emphasizes the hope he has for everyone and believes that every sacrifice that a
Katipunero make will always be worth it. Kartilya ng Katipunan is a set of principles that
shows the path on how each and every one of us must live of lives by living to the fullest
through good values.

B. Content of the Kartilya

 Ang kabuhayang hindi ginugugol sa isang malaki at banal na kadahilanan ay kahoy na

walang lilim, kun di damong makamandang.
 The life that is not consecrated to a lofty and reasonable purpose is a tree without a shade,
if not a poisonous weed.

The First code of conduct simple tells us that we must have a purpose-driven life. We must

know how to set our goals and find meaning to our life because without knowing our

purpose, we will suffer from unwanted situations.

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 2

 Ang gawang magaling na nagbubuhat sa pagpipita sa sarili, at hindi talagang nasang

gumawa ng kagalingan, ay di kabaitan
 To do good for personal gain and not for its own sake is not virtue.

This means that we must not be selfish. We must do good deed not to earn praises but to

show it with our whole heart because a deed done only for fame is not worthy to be called

good.

 Ang tunay na kabanalan ay ang pagkakawang gawa, ang pagibig sa kapwa at ang isukat
ang bawat kilos, gawa’t pangungusap sa talagang katuiran.
 It is rational to be charitable and love one’s fellow creature, and to adjust one’s conduct,
acts and words to what is in itself reasonable.

It gives us the real definition of true act of kindness – Being kind is simply seen by the

service and love one gives to his/her fellowmen without asking anything in return.

 Maitim man at maputi ang kulay ng balat, lahat ng tao’y magkakapantay: mangyayaring
ang isa’y higtan sa dunong, sa yaman, sa ganda…, ngunit di mahihigtan sa pagkatao.
 Whether our skin be black or white, we are all born equal: superiority in knowledge,
wealth and beauty are to be understood, but not superiority by nature.

The 4th rule highlights EQUALITY. We are all born to be equal no matter what race, status,

and educational background we have. Our society may have divided us into groups but we

must all understant that no one is a superior of anyone.

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 Ang may mataas na kalooban inuuna ang puri sa pagpipita sa sarili; ang may hamak na
kalooban, inuuna ang pagpipita sa sarili sa puri.
 The honorable man prefers honor to personal gain; the scoundrel, gain to honor.

A good person must understand that honoring oneself also means he or she values honor

rather than personal interest. True honor means having a high moral standard behavior

 Sa taong may hiya, salita’y panunumpa.

 To the honorable man, his word is sacred.

The rule 6 tells us that we must be a man of our own words. Whatever said must be done.

We must do things that we promised because we can never take back what we have been

said so ” walk the talk “.

 Huwag mong sayangin ang panahun: ang yamang nawala’y mangyayaring magbalik;
ngunit panahung nagdaan na’y di na muli pang magdadaan.
 Do not waste thy time: wealth can be recovered but not time lost.

Everyone must understand the importance of time. We usually focus ourselves on worrying

from different material things. This code of conduct tells us to treasure time because we

can never take it back. At the end we might end up having regreting for the things we

weren’t able to do. We have make use of our time wisely.

 Ipagtanggol mo ang inaapi; kabakahin ang umaapi.

 Defend the oppressed and fight the oppressor before the law or in the field.

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We don’t have the same strenghts but we can help one another. We must choose to fight for

what is right – Fight with the weak people who needs your help and comfort and Fight

those people who keep on putting others down by oppressing them.

 Ang taong matalino’y ang may pagiingat sa bawat sasabihin, at matutong ipaglihim ang
dapat ipaglihim.
 The prudent man is sparing in words and faithful in keeping secrets

This highlights the importance of trust and comfidentiality. A wise man is a man who thinks

of what he says and keeps what is needed to be kept.

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 Sa daang matinik ng kabuhayan, lalaki ay siyang patugot ng asawa’t mga anak: kung ang
umaakay ay tungo sa sama, ang pagtutunguhan ng inaakay ay kasamaan din.
 On the thorny path of life, man is the guide of woman and the children, and if the guide
leads to the precipice, those whom he guides will also go there.

All of us needs to be a model for everyone because whatever they saw in us will also be

followed by the people who sees us. And a true man leads his family to the right path by

showing them that he is righteous.

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 Ang babai ay huwag mong tignang isang bagay na libangan lamang, kun di isang
katuang at karamay sa mga kahirapan nitong kabuhayan; gamitan mo nag boong
pagpipitagan ang kaniyang kahinaan, at alalahanin ang inang pinagbuhatan at nagiwi sa
iyong kasanggulan.

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 Thou must not look upon woman as a mere plaything, but as a faithful companion who
will share with thee the penalties of life; her (physical) weakness will increase thy interest
in her and she will remind thee of the mother who bore thee and reared thee.

This principle is about women. That every woman deserves to be respected and no man

shall see them as an object nor a past time. Just like what they always say, a man who don’t

respect a woman do not respect his mother who gave him birth. Girls deserve to be loved

with full respect and care.

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 Ang di mo ibig na gawin sa asawa mo, anak at kapatid, ay huag mong gagawin sa asawa,
anak at kapatid ng iba.
 What thou dost not desire done unto thy wife, children, brothers and sisters, that do not
unto the wife, children, brothers and sisters of thy neighbor.

Every action that any man do is important. Every action has its own consequences. We

must not do bad things against other people if we don’t want other people to do bad things

against us.

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 Ang kamahalan ng tao’y wala sa pagkahari, wala sa tangus ng ilong at puti ng mukha,
wala sa pagkaparing kahalili ng Dios, wala sa mataas na kalagayan sa balat ng lupa:
wagas at tunay na mahal na tao, kahit laking gubat at walang nababatid kun di ang
sariling wika, yaon may magandang asal, may isang pangungusap, may dangal at puri;
yaon di nagpapaapi’t di nakikiapi; yaong marunong magdamdam at marunong
lumingap sa bayang tinubuan.
 Man is not worth more because he is a king, because his nose is aquiline, and his color
white, not because he is a *priest, a servant of God, nor because of the high prerogative
that he enjoys upon earth, but he is worth most who is a man of proven and real value,

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 who does good, keeps his words, is worthy and honest; he who does not oppress nor
consent to being oppressed, he who loves and cherishes his fatherland, though he be born
in the wilderness and know no tongue but his own.

The thirteenth principle is about having the right character and good values. A Man’s life is

not measured by what is his status in life nor with the things that he possess. Instead, it is

in his character and his love for the native land.

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