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Chapter 1

This document contains notes on a probability and statistics course taught by Dr. Pierre Nolin. The grading breakdown is 70% final exam and 30% homework and midterm. The course outline covers topics like combinatorics, probability theory, random variables, limit theorems, and hypothesis testing. Chapter 1 discusses basic counting principles and permutations and combinations. Examples are provided to illustrate permutations of letters and combinations of people in groups.

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Eva Chung
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50 views20 pages

Chapter 1

This document contains notes on a probability and statistics course taught by Dr. Pierre Nolin. The grading breakdown is 70% final exam and 30% homework and midterm. The course outline covers topics like combinatorics, probability theory, random variables, limit theorems, and hypothesis testing. Chapter 1 discusses basic counting principles and permutations and combinations. Examples are provided to illustrate permutations of letters and combinations of people in groups.

Uploaded by

Eva Chung
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MA2506

/ MA2510
Probability and Sta6s6cs
Instructor: Dr Pierre Nolin
Email: [email protected]
Office: Y6506, Academic 1
Grading

Final exam 70%


Homework assignments + Midterm 30%

2
Outline

1. Combinatorics (counCng)
2. Basic concepts of probability theory
3. Discrete random variables
4. ConCnuous random variables
5. Joint distribuCons
6. Limit theorems
7. Point esCmaCon
8. Confidence intervals
9. Hypothesis tesCng
3
Chapter 1. Combinatorics


Basic principle of counCng

4
Basic principle of counCng

A Simple Example: A die with six faces is thrown


twice, how many different outcomes are possible?

Extension to more than two experiments:
Example: How many different 4-place license plates
are possible if the first 3 places are occupied by
capital leCers (A-Z) and the final place is occupied
by a number (0-9).
Solution:

5
PermutaCons

1.1 Permutation (i.e. ordered arrangement)


Q: How many different ordered arrangements of the
3 leCers a,b, and c are possible?
A: Using the basic principle of counting,
In general, the number of different permutations
of n different objects is n! .
(This is still the basic principle)

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PermutaCons

In how many ways can a person gathering market


data select 3 of the 20 households living in a
certain apartment complex (order maCers)?

ProposiCon: The number of ordered arrangements or
permutaCons of r objects selected from n disCnct
objects is given by

7
PermutaCons

PermutaCons when some objects are the same


Q: How many different arrangements with 3 a’s and 4 b’s
are possible?
A:
ExplanaCon: First, 7! permutaCons are possible if 3 a’s
and 4 b’s are disCnguished from each other. Consider
one of these permutaCons:
If we now permute the a’s (or b’s) among themselves,
the resulCng arrangement is sCll the same.

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PermutaCons

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CombinaCons

1.2 CombinaCons
Q: How many different groups of 3 can be selected from
the 5 items a,b,c,d,e (that is, we do not care the order
of the 3 items selected)
A:

In general, the number of possible outcomes of selecCng
r objects from a pool of n object is


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CombinaCons


Binomial theorem:

When n=2,
When n=3,

Remark:

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CombinaCons

MulCnomial coefficients




SoluCon:



https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SnQL0iPmxsk

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CombinaCons

NotaCon:


MulCnomial theorem:


where the sum is over all nonnega+ve integer-valued
vectors


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CombinaCons


How many ways are there to distribute 10 different
tasks to 3 persons A, B, and C, with A assigned 3
tasks, B 4 tasks, and C 3 tasks?


How many ways are there to partition 9 people into
a R&D division, a marketing division, and a HR
division, with 3 people in each?

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CombinaCons

Example: What is the number of possible divisions of n


idenCcal objects into r disCnct groups of
sizes ?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C-z1bfT68kk

15
CombinaCons
Example: How many different ways are there to parCCon
n persons into at most r disCnct (may be empty)
groups?

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CombinaCons
Example (difficult):
How many posiCve integer soluCons are there for the
equaCon:

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CombinaCons

Example: How many nonnega+ve integer soluCons are


there for the same equaCon ?
CombinaCons

Example: There are 10 colored balls, among which 5


balls are of the same color, the other balls are of
different colors (so there are 6 distinct colors in
total). How many permutations of the 10 balls are
possible?


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CombinaCons

Example:
1.  In how many ways can 3 boys and 3 girls sit together
in a row?

2.  What if the boys must sit together, so must girls?

3.  What if only the boys must sit together, not the girls?

4.  What if no two boys can sit together, no two girls can
sit together?

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