FISHERY arts

CHAPTER 6

Basic Concept of Fishery

take the challenge!

At the end of this chapter, the students are expected to:
Lesson 1: Recognize Fishery and Its Importance
Lesson 2: Discuss the History of Fishery
Lesson 3: Distinguish the Branches of Fishery
Lesson 4: Identify the Morphology of Fish
 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Fishery (plural: fisheries) - is an organized effort by humans to catch fish or other aquatic
species, an activity known as fishing.

Tianyuan Man – are the remains of one of the earliest modern human to inhabit East Asia

Fish Culture – the human effort of raising the maximum productivity of fish and other fishery
aquatic products and maintaining the supply of these products to satisfy human needs

Fish Capture – branch of fishery science deals with the scientific method of catching fish as
well and the type of fishing gear used

Fish Preservation – branch of fishery science that deals with the scientific method of preserving
fish and other fishery aquatic products to prevent spoilage
LESSON 1:

DEFINITION OF FISHERY AND ITS IMPORTANCE

What is FISHERY?
As the time goes by, different centuries and generation are past. The original term of fish were
interpret by various early people. The term has a different version to another set of people. From
the Proto-Indo-European(4500 BC to 2500 BC) it is used as peysk/pisk. It was used for numbered
centuries, then, the term was again change because of the passing of generation to generation and
another generation. The term in the language of Proto-Germanic (500 BC) was fiskaz. The term
in West Frisian was fisk, in Dutch was vis, in Danish and Norwegian was fisk, in German was
fisch. Old English adopted it and later it was coined as fisc. Today, the contemporary English
now term it as fish. In our Philipinelocal term is isda.

Fish is approximately 34,000 species of vertebrate scaly-skinned animal, which swims and
found in the fresh and salt waters of the world. It breathes under the water because of their gills,
absorbing the oxygen from the water to suffice the needs of body to live. Fish is a vertebrate
being because they have a skeleton with a spine. Just like mammals, birds, reptiles and
amphibians, fish have a skeleton made from bone. But rays and sharks have a skeleton made of a
rubbery, softer substance called cartilage. A fish wiggle its tail to swim through water. Their fins
function as the steer and support their body to stay upright. Fins are covered in skin without
scale. Bony rays supported the fins to maintain the structure and functionality of fins. A fish has
an armored body by scales to protect from the parasites and other injuries. Scales also gives the
fish a reflectors and coloration to hide and camouflage themselves from the predators’ sight.
Fishery (plural: fisheries) is an organized effort by humans to catch fish or other aquatic species,
an activity known as fishing including the processing and marketing as well as protecting and
conserving fish and other fishery product for sustainable use.

VALUE OF fishery

Fishery has a vital role in the life and progress of an economy. It does provide food which is the
basic needs of mankind, yet not only sustain food and raw material but also employment
opportunities to a vast number of the population in country. It can be a source of livelihood
which can lead to contribute to micro and macro community; supplying, sustaining food and
fodder that are the basic necessities of human to live, promoting the diplomatic relationship
facilitated by trading system in local, national and international, marketable surplus products,
protect our environment and natural resources, another source of savings of the entire national
budget and basis of the economic development of a country.
Without fishery, the economy will be at high risk to food security that may be resulted into
serious national problems. The above mentioned statements may occur obverse and the opposite
of those things may happen.

LESSON 2:
 BRIEF HISTORY OF FISHERY

Regular eating of freshwater fish was evident in 42,000 and 39,000 years ago by the
Tianyuan man. Hunter-gatherer lifestyle was the mostly work of the people. So, they move a lot
because they seek their food. The only permanent settlement is the cave and/or shell midden.
Discarded fish bone and carved painting in the caves was supported the evidence that fishing was
occurring in the early ages. Based from the arts was observed, they hunt fish at the salt and
freshwater. One of the examples is from the Southern France, the cave art is 16,000 years old. It
represents the marine animals and spearfishing with barbed poles also known as harpoons. Main
fishing methods appearing in the Neolithic times between 8,000 and 4,000 years ago. One of the
early fishing hooks was gorge hook used by Native Americans of the California coast between
7,500 to 3,000 year ago. Some other tribes used plant toxins to numb fish and fish it out easily.
Harappans (people that lived during the Bronze Age at the place of today’s archaeological site in
Punjab, Eastern Pakistan,) used one of the first bronze harpoons.

Ancient Egypt was famously known as the sea-side settlers and heavily dependent to the
fishing. Method of fishing used on the Nile River was shown at their artworks which are at the
wall tomb, on drawing and papyrus documents. Ancient Egyptian fished in small reed ships Nile
perch, catfish and eels, and used woven nets, weir baskets, harpoons, and hook and line to catch
them. The first metal barbed fish hooks appeared during the 12 th dynasty. Ancient Greeks
considered fisherman of very low status so that they depicted them in art. Despite of this,
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, has a Greek wine cup from 500 BC that shows a boy that
crouches on a rock and has a fishing rod in his hand and a fish trap in water below him. Basically
– all civilizations that lived near the water have developed some forms of fishing and relied on
fish as a part of their diet to some extent.
It is not known when commercial fishing started but was characteristic for it was that is
used types of fishing which allowed for a larger catch. To do that, fishermen used gillnets which
existed from ancient times. Thy were used in Middle East, North America and other places and
are still used in pacific Northwest, Canada and Alaska. Early fishermen used nets close to the
coast but with improvements in navigation and communication devices, mobility of fishing
vessels increased largely and they started conquering the oceans. Beside fish, catch of
commercial fishermen are sea cucumbers (so called “trepanging”) for markets of Southern China
and the rest of Southeast Asia.
Except primarily for food, fishing is used as recreational activity. The first mention of
recreational fishing dates from 15th century and it comes from essay “Treatyse of Fysshyngewyth
an Angle” by dame Juliana Berners, the prioress of the Benedictine Sopwell Nunnery. This type
of fishing became popular during the 16th and 17th centuries and it was performed on rivers and
lakes. When the first motorboats appeared in 19 th century, big-game fishing started to be popular.
Dr.Charles Frederick Holder, a marine biologist and early conservationist is considered an
inventor of this branch of fishing.
Fishing is still today popular as a sport and as part of economy of some country. Fishery is
the business of catching, handling, taking, marketing, and preserving of the fish and other fishery
products.
LESSON 3:

BRANCHES OF FISHERY

BRANCHES OF FISHERY

There are 3 branches of fishery and they are follows:

1. Fish Culture – the human effort of raising the maximum productivity of fish and other
fishery aquatic products and maintaining the supply of these products to satisfy human
needs.
2. Fish Capture – branch of fishery science deals with the scientific method of catching fish
as well and the type of fishing gear used.
3. Fish Preservation – branch of fishery science that deals with the scientific method of
preserving fish and other fishery aquatic products to prevent spoilage.

BRANCHES OF FISHERY ARTS OVERVIEW

Fish Culture
Fish culture is an art and science of raising, rearing and propagating of fish and other
aquatic products under controlled or semi-controlled environment. It is primarily practice for the
support and sustenance to human needs for consumption.
Fish culture under controlled condition is one undertaken in an aquarium, tank, hapa, fish
cage, pen or pond.
Fish culture has three major phases: fish propagation, fish cultivation and fish
conservation.
Fish Propagation is defined as the natural or artificial method of promoting or enhancing
reproduction and survival of fish and other aquatic products. It includes keeping, maintaining and
spawning breeders in tanks or ponds, hatching the eggs in hatchery facilities, and nursing the
delicate larvae up to size suitable for stocking in the grow-our or rearing areas.

Natural Method
 Artificial Method

Fish Cultivation simply means the rearing of fish and other aquatic products from very
young stage like fry and fingerlings, to marketable size. It is done in fresh, brackish and marine
waters in any of the rearing contraptions or structures. The other types of sub-classification based
on the techniques applied and financial investments, namely: extensive, semi-intensive and
intensive.

• Extensive Fish Farming

The fish feed entirely from the food web within the pond, which may be enhanced
by the addition of the fertilizer or manure.
 • Semi-Intensive Fish Farming
The fish still obtain significant nutrition from the food web within their pond, but
they are also given supplementary feed.

• Intensive Fish Farming

The fish are kept at too high a stocking density to obtain significant amount of feed
from their environment.

Fish Conservation is the public control and various maintenances of the various fisheries
where fish and other fishery products are deprived. It work should be designed to insure
maximum sustainable yield of fish. For instance, the continuous use of fishpond without proper
maintenance, like applying fertilizer, lowers the productivity of the soil. It lessens the capacity of
fish to reproduce.
Fish Capture
Fish Capture is a rule or principle of capturing or operating methods of fish and carried
out distinct means with some regularity. It includes the fishing gears, technologies and
equipments for systematic capturing.

Fish Preservation
It is any operation that can prevent or inhibit the natural process of breakdown or decomposition
taking place in the fish. It is known as fish processing.
LESSON 4:
MORPHOLOGY OF COMMON FISH – ITS PARTS AND
FUNCTIONS

External Parts of the Fish and Their Functions

1. Operculum/gill cover - part of the fish that covers the gills

2. Scales - part of the fish that cover the body
3. Lateral lines - lines along the body of the fish used to help the fish adapt itself to its new
environment
4. Fins - part of the fish that used for swimming, balancing and propel in water
5. Eyes - part of the fish that used for seeing
6. Mouth - part of the fish that used for swallowing objects, particularly food
7. Anus - part of the fish that serves as an excretory organ of the fish where the
waste matter coming from the body of fish passes out
8. Caudal Peduncle - part of the fish that connect the body and the tail
9. Nostril - part of the fish that used for smelling
10. Vent - the opening between the anus and the anal fin where the fish will excrete
either eggs or sperm. Also known as genital papilla
Internal Parts of Fish and their Functions

1. Spine - the primary structural framework

upon which the fish’s body is built.
It connects to the skull at the front of
the fish and the tail at the rear. The
spine is made up of numerous
vertebrae, which are hollow and
which protect the delicate spinal
cord

2. Spinal cord - the part that connects the brain to the

rest of the body and relays sensory
information from the body to the
brain, as well as instruction from the
brain to the rest of the body

3. Brain - the control center of the fish where

both automatic functions and higher
behaviours occur. All sensory
information is processed here

4. Lateral line - one of the fish’s primary sense

organs. It detects underwater
vibration and is capable of
determining the direction of their
source

5. Swim or Air Bladder - a hollow, gas-filled balance

 organ that allows a fish to conserve
energy by maintaining neutral
buoyancy in water

6. Kidney - filters liquid waste materials from

the blood. These waste are then
passed out the body

7. Stomach and intestines - break down food and absorb

nutrients

8. Pyloric caeca - finger like projection located near

the functions of the stomach and the
Intestine. It known to secrete enzymes
that aid digestion. It may also
function to absorb digested food or do
both

9. Liver - it assists digestion by secreting

enzymes that break down fats, and
also serves as storage area for fats and
carbohydrates.

10. Heart - circulates blood throughout the body

11. Muscle - provide movement and locomotion.

These are parts of the fish that are
usually eaten. They compose the fillet
of the fish

12. Gonad - hormone-secreting sexual gland of a

fish.

Fish Scales Tell the Age of a Fish

 Look at the image of the fish scale. Like a tree, scales show rings that indicate periods of
growth. Rings that are farther apart occur when the fish grows well and there is a lot of food in
the summer season. Rings that are close together occur when the fish does not get much food and
grows slowly. On the scale you can identify the summer growth and the winter growth. (There
will be several rings in each).
The core represents the fish when it was first born, as a fry. The rings near the edge are the most
recent periods of growth.

Types of Fish Scales

Placoid - It resembles a miniature tooth called denticles. Ex. shark scales

Cycloid - It is oval or circular in outline and has a smooth and exposed rear edge.
Ctenoid – It is scales that have a rear edges made of small brush-like spines or comb liked teeth.
Ex. Scales of perch, pongies and bass

Ganoid – It is a four- sided plate that fits closely against adjacent plates without overlapping.

Parts of Gills
Diagrammic Representation of Two Forms of Fish Gills

1. Gills Filaments - used for exchange of gases such as

oxygen and carbon dioxide
2. Gills Arch - used for support and passing for
blood to and the gill filaments
3. Gill Rakers - used for straining food from the water