A PROJECT REPORT ON ORGANISATION STUDY AT RASHTRA DEEPIKA Ltd, KOCHI.

Submitted to the MAHATMA GANDHI UNIVERSITY

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

Submitted by

FIJO JOSE
Reg. No. 22240 Under the guidance of Mrs. Anu George Assistant Professor

VISWAJYOTHI SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES

VISWAJYOTHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY VAZHAKULAM OCTOBER - 2011

VISWAJYOTHI SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT

VISWAJYOTHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to Certify that this report titled Organization Study at

Deepika Is the bonafide work of Ms. FIJO JOSE who carried out the study
under my supervision. This report is submitted to Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam as partial fulfillment of requirement for the award of degree of Master of Business Administration.

Mrs. Anu George Faculty Guide

Dr. R.V. Jose Prof. & Academic Director

.. Signature of Principal

Submitted for the Viva Voce examination held on .. Signature of External Examiners 1.. 2

DECLARATION
I FIJO JOSE hereby declare that the report entitled Organization

Study at Deepika submitted to Mahatma Gandhi University in partial

fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Business Administration is a record of original work done during my period of study in the Viswajyothi School of Management, Viswajyothi College of Engineering and Technology under the guidance of Mrs. Anu George.

Place: Date:

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This Project work was a great experience for me. I was exposed to the media industry for the first time. I am greatly thankful to each and everyone who assisted the tasks in any phase of its development. First and foremost, I thank the Almightly God, the light of my life granting me the strength, courage and knowledge to complete this project successfully. I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to, our Principal, Dr. M. G. Grasius, Viswajyothi College of Engineering and Technology for his kind patronage. I extend gratitude to Dr. R.V Jose Director of Department of management Studies, Viswajyothi College for his constant encouragement. I am immensely thankful to my internal project guide Mrs. Anu George, MBA faculty of Viswajyothi College, for her creative and healthy suggestions regarding this project work. I express my sincere gratitude to Mr. K. C. Thomas, Resident Manager. I thank all the Department heads for their support during this study. I also thank the staff of Rashtra Deepika Ltd., Kochi without whose support this study would not have been possible. Last but not the least I would like to thank my friends, family members and the rest of the faculty members of my college who gave me full encouragement. FIJO JOSE

CONTENTS
No
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 II 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 III 3.1 3.2

Title
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION SCOPE OF THE STUDY OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY REASON FOR SELECTING THE COMPANY STUDY PLAN METHODOLOGY LIMITATION OF THE STUDY CHAPTER SCHEME CHPATER 2 INDUSTRY PROFILE WORLD SCENARIO INDIAN SCENARIO STATE SCENARIO CHAPTER 3 COMPANY PROFILE OBJECTIVES OF THE COMPANY

Page No.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

9 10 11 12

13-14 15

3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7

HISTORY AND PHILOSPSHY ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE DIFFERENT PHASES OF DEVELOPMENT FUTURE PLANTS & PROCEDURES FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF THE COMPANY

16-19 20 21 22 23

IV 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 V 5.1 5.2 5.3 VI VII

CHAPTER 4 PRODUCTION DEPARTMENT EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT MARKETING DEPARTMENT CIRCULATION DEPARTMENT ADMINISTRATION DEPARTMENT HR DEPARTMENT CHAPTER 5 SWOT ANALYSIS OBSERVATIONS SUGGESTIONS CONCLUSION REFERENCES 53-55 56 57 58 59 25-28 29-31 32-33 34-46 47-49 50-52

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO:
4.1

TITLE

PAGE NO:

Allocation of unit circulation manager and executive for Rashtra Deepika

36

4.2 4.3 4.2

The basic wages are given every 15 days Advertisement Tariff Allied Publications

40 43 44

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO: 3.4 4.1.1 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.3.1 4.4.1

TITLE

PAGE NO: 20 25 29 30 32 34

Organizational Structure Structure Of Production Department Structure Of Editorial Department Function of Editorial Department Structure Of Marketing Department Structure of Circulation Department (Deepika)

4.4.1.1

Structure of Circulation Department (Rashtra Deepika)

35

4.5.1 4.6.1

Structure of Administration Department Structure of H.R. Department

47 50

CHAPTER-1

1.1 INTRODUCTION
This project deals with the Organization study conducted in Rashtra Deepika Ltd. Kochi. The Rashtra Deepika Ltd. Company came into existence in 1887, and has its Head Office based in Kottayam. The newspaper is published from 8 units in Kerala. Due to time constraints, the study was limited to the Kochi division. The Organizational Study was conducted at Rashtra Deepika Ltd., Kochi. This study helped me to understand the functions, structure, policies and different procedures of the organization. The main objective of this study was to identify the functions of various divisions in the organization and also to gain knowledge about the organizational atmosphere and to find the importance of this industry in the society. James Hookes quotes that "MBA students need more than professed values. They need to know that the world is morally complex and morally dangerous. They need to know that bad deeds can come from good values. They need to know that valuing integrity enough to keep one's hands off other people's money is only the beginning, not the end of business ethics."

1.2 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The organization study incorporates the structure, products, policies, the different activities and a SWOT analysis of the organization. It also sheds light on the organizational atmosphere and the challenges and the opportunities of the industry in general. This study aims at generating the practical awareness about the management. This study helps to understand different management activities. This study helps to make a comparison between the classroom knowledge with the real situation in the organization. This study helps to interact with the organizational executives of the company.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

Several attributes such as the activities taking place within a company, how its different departments function, how these departments are interdependent etc can be studied personally, and proves to be of immense value when an actual job is embarked upon later. It is also essential to know how the different resources of the company, like money, material men and machinery are managed by the officials to achieve the vision of the organization. The objective of this study is to shed light on these aspects, to understand the functioning of the organization, to obtain first hand experience of a managerial job environment and to interact with the people who manage and ensure the smooth running of the organization.

The main objectives of the study are:

To familiarize with the business organization.

To familiarize with different departments in the organization and their functioning.

Specific objectives include:

To relate theory with practice. To understand how key business practices are carried out in the organization. To understand how information is used in the organization for decision making at various levels. To understand the organizational structure.

1.4 REASONS FOR SELECTING THE COMPANY

It is one of the most reputed company in industry sector. Lab guard India Pvt Ltd is the ultimate word when it comes to expert Lab furniture, and the company has more experience in the industry, making it a perfect choice for doing an Organizational Study. Every year the company is having a good sales turnover.

1.5 STUDY PLAN

The study was for a period of one month. First week The first week was spent in the production department and Editorial department where the trainee collected information about the various production and editorial details. Second week In the second week, the study was concentrated on collecting data from the Marketing and circulation department. Third week During the third week, the trainee visited and collected data from the following departments. a)Administrative b)Human Resource Fourth week During the last week, the trainee reviewed the documents and spent time for the preparation of report.

1.6 METHODOLOGY
The main tool used for the study was observation. Interaction with the company personnel also revealed an ample of information.

Primary Data
Primary data was obtained directly by interacting with the concerned personnel in various departments and also by observing the workflow.

Secondary Data
Secondary data was obtained from the company's process documents, reports, books, journals, and websites.

1.7 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

1. To understand an organization and its working completely, a period of 60 days was not sufficient. 2. Other departments of the company were warned to be out of bounds, so it was not possible to study in detail their activities and overall atmosphere. 3. The company by policy never reveals its financial information and this limits the exhaustiveness of the study. 4. The detailed data of other companies related to the same business could not be obtained and hence a comparative study was not possible. 5. The time constraint is also a limitation of this study. 6. Most of the employees were busy with their job so much interaction was not possible.

1.8 CHAPTER SCHEME

Chapter 1
1st Chapter contains General Introduction, Scope of the Study, Objective of the Study, Reason for Selecting the Company and Study Plan,

Chapter 2
IInd chapter contains Industrial Profile, World scenario, Indian Scenario and State Scenario.

Chapter 3
IIIrd Chapter contains Company profile, Objectives of the Company, History & Philosophy, Organization Structure, Different Phases of Development, Future plants & Procedures and Financial performance of the company.

Chapter 4
IVth Chapter contains Departmental Details, Structure and Functions of Production Department, Editorial Production Department, Marketing Department, Circulation

Department, Administration Department and Human Resource Management, Responsibility of Key personnel and Department future plan.

Chapter 5
Vth Chapter contains SWOT Analysis, Observations and Suggestions.

Chapter 6
VIth Chapter contains Conclusion and Bibliography.

CHAPTER-II

2.1 INDUSTRIAL PROFILE

Mans urge to communicate with ones neighbours led to the development of languages as well as newspapers. In the past new stories were revealed by word of mouth than through the written materials. An American Dramatist Arthur Miller says, "A good newspaper is a nation talking to itself. The earliest version on a newspaper was a daily sheet published in 59 BC in Rome called 'Acta Diurna' (daily even). The earliest known printer newspaper was in Beijing in 748 AD. The 1700 were a century in which market elements were created that encouraged the development of daily newspapers. The first daily newspaper was 'The Daily Courant' in London 1702. Newspaper and Newspaper advertising have been the most important tools in shaping the growth and development of the modern society. More than anything, they have been very instrumental in bridging communication gap between people and contribute to the air of awareness in a society. One of the most crucial tasks of the newspaper industry is to contribute towards the economic and industrial development of a country through the assimilation of people's thoughts and opinions.

2.2 WORLD SCENARIO

The first newspaper in the world of which there is a record was 'Pecking Gazette' published between AD 600's and 900's China. It was printed by wood block, the kind of printing invented by the Chinese in the year 594. Less than* 100 years after Johannes Guttenberg developed printing press in year in 1447, there appeared pamphlets and single sheet notices announcing particular events. The first English newspaper was 'Oxford Gazette' brought out in 1665 in England. That publication gave rise to the word NEWSPAPER in 1670.

2.3 INDIAN SCENARIO

The colonial power of British introduced newspaper in India. The first newspaper in India was 'Bengal Gazette' published in English by an English man J.A Hickey in 1780. In 1819, Gangadharan Bhattacharya and Harichandra Roy launched a paper in Calcutta by name 'Bengal Gazette' in Bengali. It was the first newspaper launched in an Indian language. The Indian Newspaper industry has passed through various stages of evolution to reach the stage that it enjoys today that of a leading press arena in the world. There are hundreds of newspapers that reach out to the people of this vast country in enormous numbers every morning. A typical Indian daily newspaper is almost like a staple diet, which brings to him news from around the globe. Indian newspapers have played a very significant role in shaping the country's economical development. In fact, the newspaper industry of any country for that matter spreads the knowledge and awareness amongst the people by propagating itself as a medium for a wide area of topics such as politics, sports, social issues, medicine, entertainment, advertising, marketing and so on. The popularity of newspaper has lived through ages. We know that newspaper and newspaper advertising have been very instrumental in branding the communication gap between people that contributes to the air of awareness in the society. Newspaper is an important media for spreading both national and international news. It plays a crucial role in the society. In recent year's, India's steamroller economy has diversified well beyond tech and outsourcing, including a big boom in the news media. Circulation has been steadily growing at Indian newspapers, and new dailies and magazines are popping up on a monthly basis. India is a fascinating country where history is being made in many respects so it is a great place for good journalism.

2.4 STATE SCENARIO

The newspaper in Kerala was introduced in 1887. The first newspaper launched was 'Deepika' on 14th April 1887. After Deepika, the next newspaper to be launched was Malayala Manorama in 1888. But the circulation was very limited due to the low literacy rate at that time. During 1990's, there was a tremendous growth in the newspaper industry in Kerala with the emergence of other newspapers like Deshabhimani, Kerala Kaumudhi, Mathrubhumi etc. At the initial stage, most part of the funds needed by the dailies were raised from the proprietor's personal investments or as the donations collected from the public. But now, the finance is raised from advertisements, circulations etc.

CHAPTER-III

3.1 COMPANY PROFILE

Deepika, a Malayalam language newspaper, is one of the oldest newspapers in circulation. Deepika publishes editions from Kottayam, Kochi, Kannur, Thrissur, Thiruvananthapuram and Kozhikode. It was controlled by the Syro Malabar Church of Kerala from its inception till 1989. In August 1989, the Deepika and its sister publications came under the ownership of Rashtra Deepika Ltd., a public limited company. The readership of the newspaper is drawn mainly from the Syro Malabar Catholic laity.

3.1.1VISION OF THE COMPANY

The newspapers founding fathers envisaged the evolution and advancement of literacy in Kerala through the rich and educative columns of the newspaper. The management, 122 years later, today remains committed to the noble goals had put forward at the inception of the newspaper, namely:

To represent the needs of the common man to the rulers. To protect and safeguard the inalienable rights of the people. To fight for Truth, Justice and Freedom and to unite the separated brethren of Kerala.

Deepika also pledges to remain standing out as a voice of the voiceless; perpetuating truth, justice, freedom and equality. It always aims at being a credible, authentic, secular and dignified newspaper, committed to genuine social, cultural and ethical values. It further serves as a mouthpiece of the oppressed, a source of inspiration for many and has carved out a distinctive personality for itself in the world of newspapers; leading by example from the front.

3.1.2 MISSION OF THE COMPANY

Our reader comes first. We commit ourselves to their service and will ensure their satisfaction in every service we offer.

We will stand by the people for social justice and security by providing accurate

and objective information on time. We will also strive to influence public opinion for positive social change.

Our employees are our assets. We will ensure transparent and professional work environment and constantly assist our people to grow along with the Company.

We cherish the contribution of our business associates in the value addition of our products and services. We will treat them as partners in our continuous effort for quality improvement.

We recognize the plurality of our society and our role in it. We will promote and undertake social and cultural activities that will educate, enrich, and synergize the society we leave in and bring people closer.

We appreciate the confidence our shareholders have in us. We commit ourselves to protect their interests in the Company and will strive to increase shareholder value in both monetary and prestige terms.

We will ensure, as a team, quality and consistency in every task we undertake. Also we will always conduct ourselves in a manner that befits the dignity and image of our organization.

3.1.3 DEEPIKA MOTTO

Excellence in performance. Best Service to all our readers and customers. Respect for ourselves, our colleagues, our company, our products and our customers.

3.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE COMPANY

Rashtra Deepika aims to stand 1st everywhere. Deepika is 122 year old edition. It was a journey of impressive progress and growth for the company from 1887.

The Team: > > > > Focuses on all problems. Delegates and develops. Seeks help. Helps others succeed.

> Create high performance standards.

3.3 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY

Deepika is the oldest malayalam language newspaper in circulation and is also counted amongst the most popular Newspapers in Malayalam. The word "Deepika" in Malayalam mean 'lamp' and the Newspaper was first published on 15th April, 1887. The principal objective of Deepika during its inception was to represent the needs of the common people to the rulers and to protect and safeguard the prime rights of the people. Deepika was first published by a Syrian Christian Priest, Nidhirikkal Manikkathanar, under the main head "Nazarani Deepika". As its first name denotes, Deepika began as a paper of Syro Malabar Nasranis or Catholics of Kerala's Syrian tradition. For many years it was run by Carmelites of Mary Immaculate (CMI), a religious order of the Roman Catholic Church. In 1989 its was transferred to a Public Limited Company, "Rashtra Deepika". On August 1, 1939, the newspaper shifted to Kottayam, which has since become a nerve center for printing and publishing in the state. To give it a more secular outlook, its name was also then changed to Deepika. Over the years, Deepika has continued to make a strong impact on the masses, becoming the voice of the voiceless, staunchly standing out for truth, justice, freedom and equality for all. It is today a credible, authentic, secular and dignified newspaper committed to genuine social, cultural and ethical values. It is a mouthpiece of the oppressed, a source of inspiration for many and has carved out a distinctive personality for itself in the world of newspapers in Kerala; bravely and boldly leading by example from the front. In 1986, Deepikas year-long centenary celebrations were inaugurated by Pope John Paul II and the newspaper commemorated its 100th year of publication in April 1987. Well over the past 120 years, Deepika has grown in strength and stature, standing out boldly for the people, fearing and favoring none. It has relentlessly fought for the well being of farmers, the weaker sections and the rights of the minorities, irrespective of caste or creed. It has also maintained a neutral political stand, earning the appreciation of politicians and leaders, both national and regional, which has helped it earn added credibility and respect. In August 1989, Deepika was converted into a Public Limited Company, Rashtra Deepika Ltd. This was to facilitate the organization to gain corporate dimensions, stimulation and new ethos so as to enable it to meet the myriad challenges of the ever growing and highly

competitive world.The event has been the turning point in the history of the organization, which has grown leaps and bounds,ever since. Deepika publishes editions from, Kottayam, Kochi, Thrissur, Kannur,

Thiruvananthapuram and Kozhikode. The readership of the Newspaper is drawn mainly from the Syro Malabar Catholic laity.Dr.Francis cleetus is the Chairman , Rev. Dr. James Aerthayil is the Vice Chairman, Mr. P.P. Sunny is the Managing Director and Fr. Alexander Paikkada is the Chief Editor of the Newspaper

3.3.1 PUBLICATIONS 3.3.1.1Deepika Daily

Founded in 1887, Deepika was the first Malayalam dailyin Kerala standing for the cause of Truth, Justice, Freedom and Equality. Watching over the transition of the Indian land through turmoil's of the British Colonial Raj and Royalty era, giving direction to a fledging State of independent India, today, 122 years since the first edition came out in print, Deepika is more than a daily for its readers. It's a lifetime molder.

3.3.1.2 Rashtra Deepika

Apart from being the largest circulated Evening daily in the State of Kerala, it is one of the most influential voices in the print media today in Kerala, with a strong base in the educationally progressive sections of the society. Rashtra Deepika is the only evening daily certified by ABC in Malayalam.

3.3.1.3 Business Deepika

It is the unquestionable leader amongst the Malayalam financial weeklies in Kerala. Articles with real time overviews and the like, make it the most favoured publication among professionals, investors, businessmen or anyone who would like to be updated on business and economic trends.

3.3.1.4 Sthreedhanam
This monthly special for women is a fast track publication that gives delightful insights into the relevant topics relating to women's life and family, beauty, personal care, latest trends

in fashion, family health etc., It plays a major role in formulating opinions in the minds of empowered women of Kerala.

3.3.1.5 Karshakan
Karshakan, an agricultural monthly catering to the needs of farmers and agriculturists, was launched in March 1993. Karshakan is the preferred magazine of every strategist who wishes to enter the environs of rural Kerala. It appeals effectively to the agricultural sector; it echoes the heartbeats of Kerala farmers from plantation owners to small-scale farmers.

3.3.1.6 Children's Digest

This English monthly has everything that would appeal to the rationale of children and their life and it encourages those who are young at heart.

3.3.1.7 Kuttikalude Deepika

Kuttikalude Deepika, the first Malayalam monthly for children is now a fortnightly, eagerly awaited by youngsters. It is the foremost choice of the little ones and discreet parents. Popular for its features, stories and puzzles, it combines all the elements to make a classic with the juniors.

3.3.1.8 Rashtra Deepika Cinema Weekly

Rashtra Deepika Cinema, Kerala's largest - selling film magazine was launched in September 1995. It has more than a million readers every week, serving them with the glitter and glamour of the cine world.

3.3.1.9 Deepika.com
In October 1997, the Deepika made history again when it became the first Malayalam daily on the Internet. Deepika.com is the largest read online Malayalam Daily in the world with an average daily hit of 40,00,000 and over 5,00,000, unique readers from 196 countries. www.deepikaglobal.com, the English edition is one of the premier online editions in South India. The modern web radio- 'Deepika Global Radio' is widely appreciated around the globe. Deepika Global SMS sends shocking news to more than 20,000 Malayalees in 122 countries. 'Helping the Helpless', a charity fund promoted by deepika.com has distributed approximately five million rupees within a short-period. 'E-KATHU'- a professional e-mail programme in

Malayalam helps the Malayalees in different countries to communicate in their own mother tongue to their dear ones.

3.3.2 Special Publications

Seasonal Deepika Varshika Padhipu Thirusanidhanam (Sabarimala Season) Nursing Directory (English) Directory of Higher Education in India (English)

Non Seasonal (Not Regular) Indian Christian Directory (2005) Health (2006) Exotic Eastern Paradise (2007) These which are not regular are priced high. Free Publications Smart drive '07 The Gold Souk Ende Vide These are given along with the newspapers free at cost. Other products This includes diaries, calendars etc. stories and puzzles, it combines all the elements to make a classic with the juniors.

3.4 ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE

Fig. 3.4

3.5 DIFFERENT PHASES OF DEVELOPMENT

1886 : 'Nasrani Jathyega Sangam' was formed for the development of the community. It decided to start a news paper. 15th April 1887 3rd Jan 1927 1st Aug 1939 1958 16th Sep 1989 : : : Name was changed to Deepika and the publications head office was based in Kottayam. Kuttikalude Deepika was introduced. Rashtra Deepika was formed. : : First edition of Nasrani Deepika was published, this was done twice a month. Nasrani Deepika became a daily.

29th Oct 1992 16th July 1994 15th July 1995 Sep 1995 8th Jan 1997 Oct 1997 23rd May 2000 1st Oct 2004 17th Nov 2004

: : : : :

Business Deepika published in Kochi. Sthreedhanam magazine was published in Pala. Business Deepika International was 1st issued in Mumbai. First edition of Rashtra Deepika Cinema was launched. Childrens Digest was introduced.

: : : :

Deepika Online started. Indian Christian Directory was inaugurated in Rome. Introduction of Europe Deepika. Deepika International was launched in Dubai.

3.6 FUTURE PLANS & PROCEDURES

FUTURE PLANS:
The company is mulling the revamping of its Daily and other publications in a phased manner. More improved output quality, professional coverage of news, starting of new editions, effectively and economically developing its infrastructure, publications quality, news sources, personnel output etc. are being planned. Improved business promotion techniques and strategies are on the anvil. Ways of facilitating faster productivity and reducing production costs as well as other overheads are being planned. The company further aims to enhance its readership portfolio and become an even more forward looking, progressive, popular and profitable newspaper in the days ahead, living up to the myriad expectations of its discerning readers. MAIN FUTURE PLANS ARE: New Editions New Publication New Press New Sub Offices : : : : 5 2 1 10

PROCEDURES:New procedure includes implementation of latest techniques such as computer to place (CTP) latest printing method etc.

3.7 FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF THE COMPANY

Revenue:Sale of Publication Advertisement Income Miscellaneous Income Total Revenue : 32crores : : : 45 crores 5 crores 82 crores

Expenses:News print Cost Printing Cost Distribution Cost Salary Administration Expenses Promotional Expenses Ink Cost Plate Cost Computer to Plate (CTP) Expenses Miscellaneous Expenses Total Expenses Gross Profit Net profit after tax Net profit : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 30 crores 10 crores 8 crores 8 crores 2 crores 2 crores 3 crores 2 crores 2 crores 2 crores 69 crores 13 crores 5 crores 8 crores

CHAPTER-IV

DEPARTMENT DETAILS
Deepika is a large organization and hence it has a six of departments. Though each department functions within its own perimeter, interdepartmental harmony is notable. All departments try to hold the brand Deepika higher. Each department and its functions are explained below. The various departments are: 4.1 Production Department 4.2Editorial Departmentr 4.3 Marketing Department 4.4 Circulation Department 4.5 Administration department 4.6 Human Resource Department

4.1 PRODUCTION DEPARTMENT

The production department of the newspaper has embarked on a quality improvement effort. The look and quality of the physical newspaper sheet is determined by the production department. Production department makes sure that the reader enjoys holding the paper in his or her hands.

PROCESS OF PRODUCTION DEPARTMENT

Fig. 4.1.1 Preparing drawing

Punching

Bending

Powder coating and painting

Assembly

Product Testing

4.1.2 FUNCTIONS OF PRODUCTION D EPARTMENT

Rashtra Deepika Ltd. has its own printing press only in Kottayam, Calicut and Kannur. In all other units, the printing is done on yearly contract basis. For the Kochi unit, the printing press is located at Eloor, Udhyogamandalam at press by name 'Printek Press' where other news papers such as 'Janayugam' and 'Economic Times' are also printed. 4.1.2.1 Preprinting Process The documents send by the Editorial department is received at the printing press by an FTTP server. They are worked upon on using Adobe Acrobat Professional before they are printed. The black & white pages are printed on butter sheet and the colors that can be added to the same are CYMK (Cyan, Magenta, Yellow & Blue). The server is maintained in the press at Eloor by having 2 hard disks and 2 booting systems for security and safety purposes. The butter sheet is cut and stuck on the Astron Sheets using cello tape for Rashtra Deepika which is 76cm in width and has a smaller length compared to Deepika, (one Astron sheet covers 4 pages). The astron sheets are then exposed to light for preparing the plates which are used for printing. Previously instead of exposing the Astron sheets to light it was hand washed. 4.1.2.2 Printing Process The plates are used for printing. In the Eloor Press, 4 units are used by Rashtra Deepika Ltd. 2 for colour and 2 for black and white. Out of the 2 which are used for colour, one is exclusively used for the outer pages and 1 for inner pages. In Deepika, which has 12 pages 8 pages are black and the rest 4 are white in color. The units which print colour pages, has 4 reels of color one each for cyan, magenta, yellow and blue. These colors are blended in needed proportions to get the required shades. The print order issued by the unit office is used as reference by the printing supervisor and the same is placed in the printing unit.

In case of any special news, which is collected after the printing process has begun, it is printed in black and white in the first edition and in the second edition it is printed in colour giving an elaborate coverage of the news. 4.1.2.3 Paper for printing and inventory control The paper for printing is purchased from wholesale dealers from Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Each reel of paper weighs from 400-470 kilos. And each reel can be used for printing 20,000 to 21,000 pages. The press in Eloor uses minimum of 2 reels for Rashtra Deepika and 3 reels for Deepika in one day. The store at the Eloor press maintains minimum of 28 tons in its store. The reels are transferred directly to the printing press by the wholesalers on receipt of order from the Kottayam Head Office and it is accepted by the printing supervisor appointed by the respected unit. Damages up to l00kgs are exempted above which a demand for discount is allowed. Where the printing is on contract basis the maintenance of the paper for printing is the responsibility of the printing press. Even the staff and maintenance of the press is the responsibility of the contractor. 4.1.2.4 Post Printing Process Once the printing process is over, the papers are grouped and wrapped with old editions and the labels issued from the unit office are stuck on the wrapper. During the monsoons as additional plastic cover is used, the papers are sent to the stand using auto rickshaws, buses or two wheelers. This is in the case of the evening paper Rashtra Deepika. And in the case of the morning paper Deepika the stacks are send to the distributing agency in one trip.

4.1.3 RESPONSIBILITY OF KEY PERSONAL

To confirm best Printing quality To minimize cost

 To minimize waste Timely printing

4.1.4 DEPARTMENT FUTURE PLAN

Purchase of two latest printing machines.

4.2 EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT

The editorial department is responsible for pretty much everything that appears in your publication that isn't advertising. Its main goal is to report the news accurately and in a readerfriendly way. This department determines what to present and what to avoid.

4.2.1 STRUCTURE OF EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT

Fig. 4.2.1

The editorial department works in shifts wherein Rashtra Deepika which is the evening paper the staff work during the morning hours and during the evening and night shifts the staff work on Deepika which is the morning daily. Deepika has most of its contents similar except for the local news pages which is changed according to the place under which it covers. On the other hand, Rashtra Deepika concentrates more on the local news. Rashtra Deepika comes

under 2 editions which is printed from 10.30 am and reaches the stands by 1pm and the second edition, for which the printing begins from 12.30 pm and reaches the stand by 2.30 pm.

4.2.2 FUNCTIONING OF THE EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT

Fig. 4.2.2

The Bureau collects news from the reporters who are also known as stringers/liners and its posted on the WAN, making it accessible to all units. The reports collected are worked upon by the subeditors under the supervision of the editor. The matter is typed by the DTP staff. The software used for the same is Quark Xpress and Adobe Photo Express. The present program has been used over the past 3.5 years and it's known for its clarity, speed and layout. The DTP staff uses software called ALP which is similar to Word Star.

For international news, sites of international news agencies such as PTI, ANI, UNI, AFP etc are accessed by paying a monthly registration fees. The sites in which Rashtra Deepika Ltd. has got registration are PTI (Press Trust of India) and AFP (Associated Free Press). Once the editorial department has finished with the page layout, the content are posted on to the WAN for access to all other units and is send to the printing press via modem.

4.2.3 RESPONSIBILITY OF KEY PERSONNEL

To publish current news To find the news of various part of the world To find out local interesting stories

4.2.4 DEPARTMENT FUTURE PLAN

To develop news network Starting of Journalism Institute

4. 3 MARKETING DEPARTMENT
This department is the cash cow of the organization. It generates revenue and makes sure future profits. Usually this department consists of a lot of creative and diverse personal

4.3.1 STRUCTURE OF MARKETING DEPARTMENT

Fig. 4.3.1

DIRECTOR MARKETING

UNIT ADVERTISEMENT MANAGERS

MARKETING ASSISTANT MANAGERS

MARKETING EXECUTIVE

4.3.2 FUNCTIONS OF MARKETING DEPARTMENT

Marketing department is divided into Circulation and Advertisement departments. The marketing is headed by the Marketing Manager, in the Head Office at Kottayam followed by the Deputy General Manager. In each of the 6 units there is an Advertisement Manager who has 5 to 6 executives or assistant managers as his subordinates. All these posts are filled at the Head Office on the basis of seniority, performance or direct appointments. Functions of Marketing Division 1) 2) 3) Monitoring advertisement collection activities. Planning, analyzing and implementing the entire activities in the division. Co-ordinating the activities related with the publication of regular and periodical supplement. 4) 5) 6) 7) Co-ordinating the activities of field executives both inside and outside Kerala. Research and development activities. Billing of advertisements. Arranging periodical get together of advertisement agencies and regular clients.

4.3.3 RESPONSIBILITIES OF KEY PERSONNEL

To achieve targets 100% Collection of bills To make the company profitable

4.3.4 DEPARTMENT FUTURE PLAN

Motivational Training To appoint more marketing professionals

4. 4 CIRCULATION DEPARTMENT
It makes sure the newspaper reaches as many readers as possible. They sign up new subscribers for steady income to enhance the profitability of the organization.

4.4.1 STRUCTURE OF CIRCULATION DEPARTMENT (DEEPIKA)

Fig. 4.4.1

GENERAL MANAGER

DEPUTY GENERAL MANAGER

AREA MANAGER IN EACH UNIT

EXECUTIVES

(Depending on number of districts covered by each unit)

4.4.1.1 STRUCTURE OF CIRCULATION DEPARTMENT (RASHTRA DEEPIKA)

Fig.4.4.1.1

GENERAL MANAGER

DEPUTY GENERAL MANAGER

UNIT CIRCULATION MANAGERS (number varying in every unit)

EXECUTIVES (number of varying every unit)

Allocation of Unit Circulation Manager and Executive for Rashtra deepika

Table- 4.4.1
UNIT KOTTAYAM (H.O) TRIVANDRUM KOLLAM ERNAKULAM TRICHUR CALICUT KANNUR DISTRICTS COVERED Pathanamthitta, Idukki, Kottayam, Alappy Trivandrum Kollam Ernakulam Trichur & Palakkad Calicut & Malapuram Wayanad, Kannur, Kasergod NUMBER OF UCM 1 1 1 1 1 NUMBER OF EXECUTIVES 12 4 2 3 6 6

4.4.2 FUNCTIONS OF CIRCULATION DEPARTMENT

Circulation is done through agents and through display of stalls. Here again like advertising department the executives are given targets which they have to achieve. Executives are also in charge of collection. Initially circulation department was concerned with the catholic society but with the growth of the organization Deepika had even started circulation outside India and started a Europe edition which failed due to certain reasons. Circulation of Deepika is done in different states of India. Also in Dubai and United Kingdom. And in countries outside India the publications are brought to the unit office from where they are send to the foreign readers by air.

4.4.2.1 Circulation of Deepika in Kerala Circulation is done through agents, and through stalls. For entering into an agreement, a security of 2 months needs to be deposited by the agency. For stalls an agreement is entered

into and for the amount not sold, discount is given. For other publications of Rashtra Deepika Ltd. the circulation is conducted by this department and 6 months credit is given and payment has to be made in the form of cash, cheque or demand draft. 4.4.2.2 Circulation of Deepika outside India For the foreign readers subscription can be made online which is processed through the Head Office at Kottayam. Yearly subscription of up to five years can be made. Currently circulation is there only in Dubai. 4.4.2.3 Administrative functioning of the Circulation Department Unit level meeting is held every month in the Head office which is presided over by the Managing Director, General Manager, Deputy General Manager, Unit Managers, Section Officers and Financial Officers. Corresponding to this, in each unit area level meeting is held. The unit level meeting sets targets and further discussion on how to attain the targets are made in the area level meetings. The objective is to: Increase production Increase distribution Receiving of cash payments on time. Units are evaluated on how they attain the objectives and maintain consistency, which becomes a source of healthy competition among the various units and becomes a decision criteria for performance evaluation and giving promotions. The topics for discussion at the meetings held at the HO include Last months target Collection Performance assessment Next months target

4.4.2.4 Other functions performed by Circulation Department

Budget preparation On the 1st week of April every unit manager prepares a budget which includes decisions on the readers gifts, agencies gifts (which is mostly distributed during monsoons when

readership reduces), plans to increase readers, sell without return etc. The circulation department helps in the decision making and highlights the possible groups (people) and places where there is a possibility of more sales.

4.4.2.5 Distribution Process for Deepika and Rashtra Deepik 1)Unit office prepares
Label Trip Sheet Print Order 2)Label Label contains details such as Name of the distributor Place of the agency Land mark The labels are specially used in case of Rashtra Deepika where delivery is not done to homes and is distributed through small distributors. 3)Trip Sheet Trip sheet is used only for Rashtra Deepika and is maintained for ABC verification. The details it contains are : Total number of copies Number of bundles Arrival time of the vehicle Time of departure Last dropping point Vehicle Number Receiver/Drivers name & signature Co-ordinators name & signature

This has to be returned by the distributor at the unit office and hence a check is kept on the number distributed and whether timely delivery was made. 4)Print Order This is pasted on the machine for the printing supervisor to refer to. This specifies the number to be printed. These three documents are sent to the printing press by the unit office and a soft copy is maintained in the office computer at the circulation department for further verification. After distribution, copies which are not sold have to be returned to the unit office along with a return form which specifies the date and number of copies returned. The return form has to be signed by the Executive Manager, Circulation Manager and the Financial Manager. Return up to 3% is exempted from wage deduction. 5)Records to be maintained in the unit office Other than the trip sheet the circulation department at the unit office has to maintain the Dispatch Register and the Security Register which contains the following information: Name of the transporter Driver name Vehicle number Trip sheet number Number of bundles carried Time of loading Time of dropping at the last point Trip sheet return with time. These have to be maintained for verification by ABC (Audit Bureau of Circulation). The documents used for verification by ABC include : Payment Challan Return form Agency agreement Balance confirmation (for 3 months)

 Indent (every month) Dispatch register Trip Sheet Security Register Vehicle agreement

ABC conducts verification every 3 months and certification is given. This also acts as a measure of reputation for the organization as clients at national level give advertisement on the basis of the reports issued by ABC. 6)Payment to distributors The distribution of Rashtra Deepika relies entirely on distributors who are paid wages as buying and maintaining vehicles for the same is too expensive and can lead to a loss. The basic wages are given every 15 days Table- 4.2 Mode of transport Bike Auto Rickshaw Car Jeep Bus Rate Rs. 2.10/- per KM Rs. 3.25/- per KM Rs.4.00/-perKM Rs. 4.25/- per KM Rs. 10/bundle

Distribution outside Kerala is done by railway mail service. Only on receipt of the return form which is signed the required managers, the distributors are allowed wages. The distributors are also given gifts and are invited in the yearly meeting so as to improve the relationship of the organization with the distributors. 7)Collecting for circulations Collection for Deepika is done monthly and for Rashtra Deepika is done monthly and for Rashtra Deepika which is printed for 6 days (excluding Sundays) is collected weekly.

While collection can be made by draft, cheque or cash for Deepika in the case of Rashtra Deepika, it has to be paid in the from of challan which is maintained as records and includes the following information Denomination Agency details Code Place Name Data Amount

8)Wages and Commission for agents Deepika Price Rs. 3.50 32% commission Rs. 0.10/- per paper goes to welfare fund Rashtra Deepika Price Rs. 3.00Rs. 0.65 commission Rs. 0.15 security Rs. 0.50 spot commission Welfare commission can be taken after a period of few months.

9)Process of getting advertisements Advertisement which forms the main source of income for the news papers and magazines published by Rashtra Deepika Ltd. is collected by the the following means a) Direct approach of clients

Agencies Reporters b) Direct approach of the clients Preparation of Client list by advertisement manager

Executive approach clients

Offers are given to clients

Here the performances of the executives are evaluated on the basis of targets they have achieved for which they are given incentives. Both in the case of agencies and reports, they are given 15% commission on the advertisement amount. And in the case of executives who are given targets to achieve can meet it, by getting advertisements in the newspapers, magazines or even in the internet site of Rashtra Deepika.

4.4.2.6 ADVERTISEMENT TARIFF

Table 4.3 [ALL RATES IN RUPEES AND PER SQUARE.CM] [EFFECTIVE FROM 1st MAY 2009] DEEPIKA DAILY Rate per sq. cm Inside page B&W Colour Ernakulam Kottayam 97 125 126 162 RASHTRA DEEPIKA Rate per sq. cm Inside page B&W 62 63 Colour 81 82 DD + RD COMBINED Rate per sq. cm Inside page B&W 127 150 Colour 165 195 RASHTRA DEEPIKA Rate per insertion

EDITIONS

Ear.Panel 2300 2500

Front. Panel

Kannur Thrissur Calicut Trivandrum Kollam Palakkad Malappuram ALL Edition

54 79 62 63 360

70 102 81 82 468

56 60 59 55 47 43 45 300

73 78 77 71 61 56 58 390

88 111 97 90 533

114 144 126 122 692

2000 2200 2100 1900 1400 1100 1200 4500

4.4.2.7 DEEPIKA- REGULAR CLASSIFIED WORD RATE

All Edition Rs. 45/- per word + Rs. 100/- for Heading (Min. 10 Words) (ie; Min. Amount - Rs. 550) Kottayam Rs. 30/- per word + Rs. 50/- for Heading (Min. 10 Words) (ie; Min. Amount - Rs. 350) Other Editions Rs. 25/- per word + Rs. 50/- for Heading (Min. 10 Words) (ie; Min. Amount - Rs. 300)

4.4.2.8 RASHTRA DEEPIKA - REGULAR CLASSIFIED WORD RATE

All Edition Rs. 40/- per word + Rs. 100/- for Heading (Min. 10 Words) (ie; Min. Amount - Rs. 500) Single Edition Rs. 25/- per word + Rs. 50/- for Heading (Min. 10 Words) (ie; Min. Amount - Rs. 300) 4.4.2.9 Agencies Agencies are of 2 types: 1. 2. Agencies with INS (Indian Newspaper Society) accrediation Agencies without INS accrediation. The rules and formalities applicable for the two are different. Agencies with accreditation to INS get a 2 months credit for collection and payment of the advertisement amounts, while in the case of agencies which do not have accrediation payment has to be made in the form of cheque or cash and no credit period can be availed.

4.4.2.10 Reporters Reporters get advertisements through regional supplements and for them payment has to be made in the form of a cheque or a post dated cheque for which they are given 60 days credit period. Both in the case of agencies and reporters they are given 15% commission on the advertisement amount. And in the case of executives who are given targets to achieve can meet it by getting advertisements in the newspapers, magazines or even in the internet site of Rashtra Deepika.

4.4.3 RESPONSIBILITY OF KEY PERSONNEL

To increase the circulation of the various publications To increase the network

4.4.4 DEPARTMENT FUTURE PLAN

To conduct 50 public Relation programmes every month Copies of morning daily to be increased to 5 lakhs per day

4.5 ADMINISTERATION DEPARTMENT

This department looks after the day to day activities of the organization. The feel good factor of any organization is determined by this dept.

4.5.1 STRUCTURE OF ADMINISTRATION DEPARTMENT

Fig. 4.5.1

GENERAL MANAGER

FINANCIAL MANAGER, HR MANAGER

ASSISTANT FINANCIAL MANAGER (in all units)

CASHIER

CLERKS

4.5.2 FUNCTIONS OF ADMINISTRATION DEPARTMENT

This department deals with the Finance, Human Resource, and Costing Management. Basically oriented in the Head office, it has assistant finance managers posted in all units. 4.5.2.1 Finance Finance department in the units maintain the accounts in branch account books which is done using customized Oracle program which forms a database. This is accessed upon by the Head office and is used to maintain accounts using Tally. 1) Collection of payments Payments are accepted in cheque, DD and cash depending on, for what the payment is received. Till 5pm, receipts are accepted and after that temporary receipts are issued. For payments made from outside India it is accepted in draft form. Books of accounts are maintained for statutory and internal audit. 2) Income, working capital and investments The main source of income remains advertisement and working capital is obtained from hypothecation of newsprint, stores, and vehicles to banks. Investments remain in Press Trust of India and other unquoted and other statutory investments required by the government of India. 3) Assets and Expenditure

The assets are: Land & building Plant & Machinery Furniture & Fittings Office Equipments Vehicles Library Expenditure includes: Raw Materials

 Stores Production expenses Salaries & wages Administrative expenses Selling & distribution Expenses Interest & Bank Charges Depreciation Deferred expenses Bad debts

4.5.3 RESPONSIBILITIES OF KEY PERSONNEL

To make the company profitable

4.5.4 DEPARTMENT OF FUTURE PLAN

To make net profit amounting to Rs 15 crores

4. 6 HUMAN RESOURCE DEPARTMENT

It is responsible for the most important asset of the organization which is man power. It makes sure each employee is looked after well It analyzes and rewards them.

4.6.1 STRUCTURE OF HR DEPARTMENT

Fig. 4.6.1

HR DEPARTMENT

ASSISTANT HR DEPARTMENT

LABOURS

4.6.2 FUNCTIONS OF HR DEPARTMENT

Total number of employees is above 500 and that of the Kochi unit is 65. The HR department is located only in the Head Office based on which the various units function. 4.6.2.1 Salary and benefits Other than Basic salary other allowances given include: Medical allowance ESI (Employee State Insurance) Accommodation (HRA/RFA) Provident Fund Gratuity 4.6.2.2 LTI (Leave Travel Allowance) is given once in 2 years Other benefits include: 12 days casual leave 4 days medical leave If worked for 21 days, then 1 day earned leave. 4.6.2.3 Facilities for women 90 days maternity leave No night shift for women Other recreations include: Family get together on April 14th and Onam celebration. Annual yearly meeting where in the workers on wages are included and they are given gifts. The salaries are based on the Central Governments wage guard Commission and the perquisites and allowances given are on the basis of the employees post and designation.

4.6.3 RESPONSIBILITIES OF KEY PERSONNEL

To recruit more quality staff in editorial marketing, administration and production department

4.6.4 DEPARTMENT FUTURE PLAN

Staff strength to be quantified to 1200

CHAPTER-V

5.1 SWOT ANALYSIS

STRENGTHS
1) Customers Deepika has a very loyal customer base. Thus they do not face any threat of losing their customers and the cost of maintaining the customer loyalty would be negligible when compared to that required by other newspapers in the market. 2) Employees The employees of the firm are loyal and thus the firm faces a very low employee turnover. The firm has got a pool of capable and highly experienced work force. 3) Management A team that is highly committed and confident manages the firm. The firm has been able to attract some of the most talented people to its various departments. Decentralised system of decision making is practiced. 4) Brand image Deepika has over the years of its existence built up on its brand name as the paper of the working class. The brand name is also perceived as the one that has 'Truth in News'. 5) Social commitment The social commitment of Deepika is very prominent when one considers its involvement in activities beyond journalism. Deepika also makes it a point to provide credible news. 6) Management Employee Relationship The firm enjoys a good relationship between the management and the employee. Thus there is a better co-ordination between the various levels in the organization. It is highly noted that in the 122 years of its existence there had never been any types of strikes or lock outs. There are no politically based trade unions although it maintains an excellent relation with its workers. 7) Market Position

Deepika enjoys the privilege of being in the first position in the market with regard to circulation and quality. This is one advantage that the newspaper can project in improving aspects such as circulation and advertisement revenue. 8) Intelligent Journalism & Intelligent Business Decision Deepika, as a policy prohibits character assassination of any individual and is also careful about portraying sensitive news in a very diplomatic manner. The company is also known to maintain very good relations with other prestigious firms in the same industry.

WEAKNESSES
1) Generation gap between employees The employees in Rashtra Deepika are mostly older persons. Thus there is a generation gap between employees which will lead to lag in decision making. When the old and the young staff members are put together, chances for an ego clash are higher. 2) Improper utilization of distribution network The company is not in a position to utilize its distribution network to its full capacity. 3) Stress on advertisements More of an emphasis seems to be placed on advertisements than on news in the Deepika daily. 4) Circulation abroad The company does not seem to fully make use of the foreign markets.

OPPORTUNITIES
1) The Overseas Market The firm can widen its customer base by tapping the overseas market in a better way. The strategy to be followed in case of the foreign markets would have to be developed after a detailed study of the market.

2)

The Youth Market Today's markets are youth centric. However, the Kerala
NEWSPAPER

industry is yet to

tap this market successfully. Rashtra Deepika can capitalize on this gap in the market by coming out with innovative products focusing on youth. 3) Innovative Marketing Techniques Today's market is experimenting in marketing and circulation development tactics through tie ups with firms from other industries. Such market developments need to be utilized by the firm so as to improve its position in the market.

THREATS
1) 2) 3) Threat from other leading competitors. Flourishing electronic media Children born and brought up outside Kerala prefer English dailies.

5.2 OBSERVATION
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Cost discounts of the canteen provided by the company are excellent. Medical facilities are good. The company is kept neat and tidy. The working environment and policies seem to be satisfactory. Recreation facility provided by the company is good. Employees seem satisfied with the working hours of the company and the leave benefits. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Acceptance of the latest technologies. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is very high. Well settled and modernized digital library. Best quality in printing. Friendly atmosphere in the organization. There is no communication gap between employees and the management.

13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

Most of the permanent employees are satisfied with their present job. Some of the employees were anxious about their jobs due to the lack of job security. Company did not provide vehicle loan for all employees. Some of the employees seem dissatisfied with the transportation facility. Trade union and the management are on good terms. The unions in Malayala Manorama do not have any political affiliation. Workers participation in management. Space marketing is used as a method of marketing.

5.3 SUGGESTIONS
1) 2) The company must give a life long pension scheme for its employees. Company must take contract employees as permanent according to their experience and performance. 3) 4) 5) Management must provide vehicle loan to all categories of employees. Transportation facility should be provided for all employees. Employees of the works department suggest an increase in their uniform stitching and washing allowance. 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) Improve the overtime payments. New updated technologies should be added to existing ones. Try to provide sufficient resources to make work easier. Try to understand whether employees are aware of their competencies. Do take suggestions from employees for improvement and involve them in decisions taken concerning them.

CHAPTER-VI

CONCLUSION
Its a great fortune to get a chance to do training at Rashtra Deepika, one of the leading firms in the field of news media. This training helped to understand what the company is all about and the company's functioning and also to assess the various aspects of Human Resource practices undertaken by the Department of Human Resources at this prestigious institute and also how the department functions and how the decisions taken by this department affects the functioning of the organization as a whole. The employees are the asset of every organization. The company should make it a point to select the most appropriate persons as their employees. In the past, selection was about matching people to clearly defined jobs. Now emphasis is on wider criteria aimed at identifying flexible people able to fulfill multi-skilled roles. Selection procedures are costly but consequences of choosing unsuitable recruits can be even more costly. The study revealed that the job satisfaction of employees was the key factor for the success of any organization. Deepika stands as an evident example for this. The various IT Application used by the organization was commendable and the SWOT analysis proved that Deepika could easily overcome the threats with its strengths. In short, Deepika has truly become a pioneer in the newspaper industry.

REFERENCES
www.management held.org. www.deepikaonline.com. www.wikipedia.ors.