SCI 401

GENERAL CHEMISTRY

1
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CHARACTERISTICS
OF MATTER AND
CALCULATIONS IN
CHEMISTRY
CLASSIFICATION, PHYSICAL AND
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER
CHANGES OF MATTER

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 Classification of Matter
Chemistry is the study of matter and the
changes it undergoes. Matter is anything
that occupies space and has mass. Chemists
distinguish among several subcategories of
matter based on composition and
properties. The classifications of matter
include substances, mixtures, elements,
and compounds.

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 Classification of Matter

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 Classification of Matter
Classification Definition
Substance Has definite composition and distinct properties
Mixture Combination of two or more substances. It can be created and
then separated by physical means into its pure component
without changing the identities of the components.
- Homogeneous : the composition is uniform throughout the
mixture
- Heterogeneous : the composition is not uniform
throughout the mixture
Element Cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical
means
Compound Composed of atoms of two or more elements chemically united
into their pure composition. They can be separated only by
chemical means into their pure components.

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 States of Matter
Substances can exist in three states: solid, liquid, and
gas. Distances between molecules distinguish them from
one another. Solid, molecules are held close together in
an orderly fashion with little freedom of motion.
Molecules in a liquid are close together but are not held
so rigidly in position and can move past one another. In a
gas, the molecules are separated by distances that are
large compared with the size of the molecules.

https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/states-of-matter/latest/states-of-matter_en.html

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 Physical Property of Matter
Physical Property
Can be measured and observed without changing
the composition or identity of a substance
● Intensive - does not depend on the amount of
substance present
○ color, odor, taste, density, boiling point,
melting point
● Extensive - depends on the amount of
substance present
○ mass, volume, length

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 Chemical Property of Matter
Chemical Property

Observed during a reaction in which the chemical

composition or identity of the substance is
changed.
● Heat of combustion - energy released during
combustion, ΔHc
● Chemical Stability - whether a compound will
react with water or air
● Flammability - whether a compound will burn
when exposed to flame

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 Changes of Matter

Chemical reaction is a process in which a

substance (or substances) is changed into one or
more new substances. To represent chemical
reaction chemical equation is used.
A chemical equation uses chemical symbols to
show what happens during a chemical reaction. A
chemical equation is a shorthand method of
representing chemical reaction using chemical
symbols and formulas to indicate the reactants and
the products.

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 Changes of Matter
Reactants are the starting materials in a chemical
reaction and product is the substance formed as a
result of a chemical reaction. In a chemical equation,
the reactants are conventionally written on the left
and the products on the right of the arrow. To provide
additional information, chemists often indicate the
physical states of the reactants and products by using
the letters g for gas, l for liquid, s for solid, and aq for
aqueous.
KBr(aq) + AgNO3(aq) KNO3(aq) + AgBr(s)

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 Balancing Chemical Equations
In order to be able to predict the products in a reaction we
shall consider the simple types of reaction such as
combination, decomposition, replacement (displacement),
metathesis (double displacement) and the neutralization
reaction.
When writing equations we follow these steps:
1. Write the correct formulas of the reactants, if
necessary
2. Decide what type of reaction it is and thus what the
products are
3. Write the correct formula for the product
4. Balance the equation

https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/balancing-chemical-equations/latest/balancing-chemical-equations_en.html
Supplementary YT video: https://youtu.be/eNsVaUCzvLA
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 Types of Chemical Reactions
Combination also known as a synthesis reaction, is a reaction where two
or more elements or compounds (reactants) combine to
Reaction form a single compound (product)

General Form: A + B AB
Metal + Nonmetal Binary compound 4AI(s) + 3O2(g) 2AI2O3(s)

2C(s) + O2 (limited) 2CO(g)

Nonmetal + oxygen Nonmetal oxide
C(s) + O2 (unlimited) CO2(g)

Metal oxide + water metal hydroxide (base) CaO(s) + H2O(I) Ca(OH)2(aq)

Nonmetal oxide + H2O oxyacid (acid) SO2(g) + H2O(I) H2SO3(aq)

Metal oxide + Nonmetal oxide salt CaO(s) + SO2(g) CaSO3(s)

Supplementary YT video: https://youtu.be/aMU1RaRulSo

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 Types of Chemical Reactions
Decomposition a compound breaks down into two or more simpler
Reaction substances

General Form: AB Δ A+B

Hydrates salt + water CuSO4.5H2O CuSO4(s) + 5H2O(g)

IA bicarbonates Carbonates + H2O + CO2 2 KHCO3 Cu2CO3(s) + H2O(g) + CO2(g)

IIA bicarbonates Metal oxide + H2O + CO2 Mg(HCO3)2(s) Mg0(s) + H2O + CO2

Carbonates Metal oxide + CO2 Na2CO3(s) Na2O (s) + CO2(g)

Chlorates Chloride + Oxygen 2KCIO3(s) 2KCI(I) +302(g)

Metal oxide Metal + oxygen CaO(s) Ca(s) + O2(g)

Decomposition of Water H2O(I) H2 (g) + O2 (g)

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 Types of Chemical Reactions
Displacement more active metal can displace a less active metal,
Reaction while a less active one can’t displace the more active.

General Form: AY + B BY + A
Where: A & B are metals (refer to activity series)

Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s)

Zn(s) + MgSO4(aq) no reaction

Metals above hydrogen displace 2AI(s) + 6HCI(aq) 2AICI3(aq) + 3H2(g)

hydrogen gas from an acid.

There are also replacement

reactions involving non-metals. For Cl2(g) + 2NaBr(aq) 2 NaCl(aq) + Br2(aq)
example, for the halogens, the I2(g) + 2NaBr(aq) no reaction
series would be fluorine, chlorine,
bromine and iodine.
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 Types of Chemical Reactions
Metathesis Double Displacement Reaction, the positive ions exchange
Reaction partners with the negative ions to form two new compounds.

General Form: AX + BY AY + BX

All neutralization reaction

AgNO3(aq) + HCI(aq) AgCl(aq) +HNO3(aq)
involving acids and bases are
Na2SO4(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq) 2 NaNO39aq) + PbSO4(aq)
actually metathesis reaction.

Any carbonate, either in the

solid state or aqueous
solution, react with acid to CaCo3(s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g)
form water, carbon dioxide
gas, and salt.

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 Types of Chemical Reactions
Neutralization an acid and base quantitatively react together to form a salt
Reaction and water as products

Acid + base salt + water HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(I)

Metal oxide + acid salt + water CaO(s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + H2O(I)

Nonmetal oxide + base salt +water SO2(g) + 2NaOH Na2SO3 + H2O

Ammonia + Acid ammonium salt NH3 + HCl NH4Cl

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 Types of Chemical Reactions
Combustion
Reaction reaction of elements and compounds with oxygen

C(s) + O2 (limited) CO

C(s) + O2 (excess) CO2

C2H4 + O2 (limited) CO + H2O

C2H4 + O2 (excess) CO2 + H2O

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 Stoichiometric Calculations
Stoichiometry is a term used to describe quantitative
relationships in chemistry. It is the quantitative study
of reactants and products in a chemical reaction.
Whether the units given for reactants (or products)
are moles, grams, liters (for gases), or some other
units, moles is used to calculate the amount of
product formed in a reaction. This approach is called
the mole method, which means simply that the
stoichiometric coefficients in a chemical equation can
be interpreted as the number of moles of each
substance.
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 Stoichiometric Calculations
To understand this clearly, first consider the significance of a
chemical equation. For example, the balances equation in a
combination reaction of aluminum oxide and water is
Al2O3 + 3H2O 2Al(OH)3
Quantitatively, this means that 1 mole of aluminum oxide reacts with
3 moles of water yield 2 moles of aluminum hydroxide. Also from the
coefficients in the balanced equation you can derive the following
relationships:
1 mole Al2O3 = 2 moles Al(OH)3
1 mole Al203 = 3 moles H2O
Then you are going to consider the mole concept to find the mass of
a mole of each of the substances involve.
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 Stoichiometric Calculations
The following are the general approach for solving stoichiometry
problems:

1. Write a balanced equation for the reaction.

2. Convert the given amount of the reactant (in grams or other units) to
number of moles.
3. Use the mole ratio from the balanced equation to calculate the
number of moles of product formed.
4. Convert the moles of product to grams (or other units) of product.

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 Stoichiometric Calculations

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 Stoichiometric Calculations

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 Stoichiometric Calculations

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