Heat & Gases

Chapter 2 - Heat and Internal Energy

Exercise
Multiple Choice (MC)

1. Which of the following statements is/are correct?

(1) Hot objects store more heat than cold objects
(2) Average molecular kinetic energy is minimum at absolute zero
(3) Molecules of a solid can move freely

A. (2) only B. (1) and (2) only C. (1) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)

2. Which of the following statements is/are correct?

(1) 1 kg of water at 50℃ has same average molecular kinetic energy as
2 kg of water at 25℃
(2) 1 kg of ice has smaller average molecular potential energy than 0.1
kg of steam
(3) When water vaporizes, it releases energy to the surroundings

A. (2) only B. (3) only C. (1) and (2) only

D. (1), (2) and (3)

3. Which of the following statements is/are NOT correct?

(1) Hotter objects have greater internal energy than colder objects
(2) Transfer of heat only occurs when two objects are in contact
(3) Energy always flows from an object with greater average molecular
kinetic energy to an object with smaller average molecular kinetic
energy

A. (1) only B. (3) only C. (1) and (2) only

D. (1) and (3) only

4. A heater releases 280 kJ of heat in 7 minutes. What is its power?

A. 4 W B. 40 W C. 66.7 W D. 667 W
5. How long does it take for a 1000 W heater to transfer 50 kJ of heat to a
beaker of oil? Assume the amount of heat loss to surroundings in one
minute 600 J.

A. 51 s B. 53 s C. 55 s D. 125 s

6. Which of the following statements is correct?

A. Power is the rate of energy transfer

B. 1 W is equal to 1 Js
C. The unit of energy can be kW h -1
D. Heat is a form of power

7. How much joules (J) are there in 2.5 kW h?

A. 2.5×103 J B. 3.6×106 J C. 6.9×106 J D. 9×106 J

8. A 800 W heater with efficiency of 80% is switched on for an average of

5 hours a day. What is its total energy output in a year in kW h? Assume
there are 365 days in a year.

A. 1168 kW h B. 1460 kW h C. 1825 kW h D. 2004 kW h

9. A 2 kW electric kettle is used for 90 minutes a day. What is the monthly

electricity cost due to the use of this electric kettle? Assume the
electricity cost per kW h is $0.9 and there are 30 days in a month.

A. $45 B. $72 C. $81 D. $90

10. Which of the following is/are correct?

(1) Ice and water absorb different amount of energy to give the same
temperature rise
(2) 1 kg of water has same heat capacity as 10 kg of water
(3) The unit of heat capacity is J ℃ -1

A. (1) only B. (3) only C. (1) and (3) ony

D. (2) and (3) only
11. A cup of water has a mass of 0.5 kg and heat capacity of 2100 J ℃ -1.
How much energy is absorbed when its temperature rises from 25℃ to
40℃? Neglect the heat capacity of the cup.

A. 15750 J B. 31500 J C. 42000 J D. 84000 J

12. What is the minimum power required to heat up a tank of water with
heat capacity of 42 kJ ℃-1 from 15℃ to 30℃ in 10 minutes?

A. 630 W B. 700 W C. 1050 W D. 2100 W

13. Which of the following statements is/are correct?

(1) 100 mL of water has the same specific heat capacity as 1 L of water
(2) Specific heat capacity of a substance is same regardless of its
physical state
(3) Specific heat capacity of equals to the ratio between heat capacity
and mass

A. (1) only B. (2) only C. (1) and (3) only

D. (1), (2) and (3)

14. 20 g of water is heated from 10℃ until boiling. What is the amount of
heat absorbed? Given that the specific heat capacity of water is
4200 J kg-1 ℃-1.

A. 7560 J B. 8400 J C. 8.4×105 J D. 7.56×106 J

15. 500 cm3 of liquid is cooled down from 80℃ to 40℃ in 2 minutes. What
is the rate of heat loss from the liquid? Given that the density and
specific heat capacity of the liquid are 1.2 g cm-3 and 2700 J kg-1 ℃-1
respectively.

A. 450 W B. 540 W C. 900 W D. 1080 W

16. There is 200 mL of wine with 14% alcohol by volume, which has an
initial temperature of 20℃. Given that the density of water and alcohol
at 20℃ are 1.00 g mL-1 and 0.79 g mL-1 respectively, and their specific
heat capacities are 4200 J kg-1 ℃-1 and 2460 J kg-1 ℃-1 respectively,
what is its final temperature when it is heated for a minute by a 400 W
heater? Neglect any heat loss to surroundings.

A. 30.3℃ B. 30.9℃ C. 50.3℃ D. 50.9℃

17. The graph below shows how the temperature of four objects of same
mass varies with time when they are heated separately by the same
heater. Which of the four objects has the greatest specific heat capacity?

A. P B. Q C. R D. S

18. The graph below shows how the temperature of an object varies with
time when it is heated by a heater. Which of the following may explain
the shape of this graph?

A. Heat loss to surroundings increases as temperature of the object rises

B. The object expands and its mass increases when temperature rises
C. The average molecular kinetic energy increases during heating
D. The power of heater increases throughout the whole heating process
19. An object with mass of 0.5 kg and heat capacity of C is heated
by constant power P. The graph below shows the variation of
temperature (T) against time (t). Express P in terms of C. Assume there
is 20% heat loss to surroundings.

A. 0.083 C B. 0.067 C C. 0.053 C D. 0.042 C

20. A student has conducted an experiment to determine the specific heat

capacity of water in a cup using an immersion heater and thermometer.
Which of the following statements is/are correct?
(1) The heater should be completely immersed in water until it touches
the bottom of the cup
(2) The experimental value will be larger if the cup is made of metal
instead of polystyrene
(3) He should not record the temperature immediately after turning off
the heater

A. (3) only B. (1) and (2) only C. (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)

21. 250 g of unknown liquid is put in a polystyrene cup and heated by a

heater of power 200 W for 3 minutes. The initial and final temperatures
are 22℃ and 68℃ respectively. What is the specific heat capacity of the
liquid? Assume there is no heat loss to surroundings.

A. 783 J kg-1 ℃-1 B. 1960 J kg-1 ℃-1

C. 3130 J kg-1 ℃-1 D. 5220 J kg-1 ℃-1
22. A cup of water is heated by an immersion heater for 2 minutes and then
stopped. If energy lost to surroundings CANNOT be neglected, which
of the following graphs best represents the variation of temperature (T)
against time (t)?

A. B.

C. D.

23. Which of the following is/are true about thermal equilibrium?

(1) There is no transfer of heat
(2) Objects at thermal equilibrium can have different physical states
(3) The average molecular kinetic energies of objects at thermal
equilibrium are the same

A. (1) only B. (1) and (3) only C. (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)

24. Which of the following statements is NOT correct?

A. Heat always flows from hotter object to colder objects

B. Heat may flow from an object with smaller heat capacity to another
with greater heat capacity
C. When we rub our hands, heat energy is created from friction
D. When a hot object loses heat to a cold object, their rate of
temperature change may be different
25. Two different liquids, A and B, of same mass, are mixed thoroughly.
The initial temperatures of liquids A and B are 20℃ and 65℃
respectively. Their specific heat capacities are 4200 J kg-1 ℃-1 and
2260 J kg-1 ℃-1 respectively. What is the final temperature when thermal
equilibrium is reached? Assume there is no heat loss to surroundings.

A. 35.7℃ B. 40.8℃ C. 42.5℃ D. 49.3℃

26. Two iron blocks with respective mass of 1 kg and 5 kg, has initial
temperatures of -10℃ and T℃ respectively. When they are placed in
contact, they reach a common temperature of 40℃. What is the value of
T? Assume there is no heat loss to surroundings.

A. 45℃ B. 50℃ C. 60℃ D. 62℃

27. 0.1 kg of boiling water is poured into some cold milk at 18℃. If their
final temperature at equilibrium is 60℃, what is the mass of milk?
Given that the specific heat capacity of milk is 3890 J kg -1 ℃-1. Assume
there is no heat loss to surroundings.

A. 0.060 kg B. 0.088 kg C. 0.103 kg D. 0.113 kg

28. The specific heat capacities of liquids X and Y are cx and cy respectively.
When liquid X at 22℃ and liquid Y at 78℃ are mixed in a mass ratio of
2 : 3, their final temperature at equilibrium is 64℃. What is the ratio of
cx : cy ? Assume there is no heat loss to surroundings.

A. 1 : 2 B. 2 : 3 C. 3 : 4 D. 3 : 1
29. The initial temperatures of liquids P and Q are Tp and Tq respectively.
When equal mass of liquids P and Q are mixed, they attain a common
temperature T. Given that the specific heat capacity of liquid P is 2
times of that of Q, express T in terms of Tp and Tq . Assume there is no
heat loss to surroundings.

A. B. C. D.

*30. A metal block at 20℃ is immersed into 200 g of boiling water in a

beaker. The block at 30℃ is withdrawn from water although they have
not reached thermal equilibrium. Immediately, another 200 g of boiling
water is added to the beaker. The metal block is immersed into the
beaker of water again until they reach a common temperature of 60℃.
What is the heat capacity of the metal block? Assume there is no heat
loss to surroundings and the metal block is kept at 30℃ after
withdrawal.

A. 5040 J ℃-1 B. 3360 J ℃-1 C. 1680 J ℃-1

D. cannot be determined due to insufficient information
Short Questions (SQ)

1. A heater releases 30 kJ in 1 minute.

(a) Calculate the power of the heater. (2 marks)

(b) Calculate the amount of energy absorbed by a cup of water when

the heater is immersed inside for one minute. Assume there is
20% heat loss to surroundings. (2 marks)

2. A heater has an input power of 1 kW and efficiency of 60%.

(a) Calculate its output power. (1 mark)

(b) How much time is needed for the heater to release 20 kJ of

energy? (2 marks)
3. The graph below shows the variation of energy released from the heater
E against time t.

(a) Calculate the power of the heater. (2 marks)

(b) If the power of the heater is doubled, explain whether the slope of
the graph will be steeper or less steep. (2 marks)
4. A heater of input power 1.5 kW is used for 90 days, with an average of
2 hours per day. The efficiency of the heater is 40%.
(a) Calculate the amount of energy used in kW h. (2 marks)

(b) If the energy cost is $0.95 per kW h, what is the expenditure due
to usage of the heater for 90 days? (1 mark)

5. A 1 kW-heater is immersed in 600 g of water for 2 minutes. Assume

there is no heat loss during the transfer process.
(Specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J kg-1 ℃-1)
(a) Calculate the temperature rise of the water. (2 marks)

(b) Calculate the time needed to raise the water from 25℃ to 90℃
using the same heater. (2 marks)
6. Two cups of water, of masses of 0.2 kg and 0.3 kg and initial
temperatures of 10℃ and 80℃ respectively. They are mixed together
such that a thermal equilibrium is reached.
(a) Calculate their final common temperature. (2 marks)

(b) After that, another 0.15 kg of 0℃ water is added to the original

amount of water. What is the final temperature when thermal
equilibrium is reached? (2 marks)
7. 500 g of liquid A at 80℃ is mixed with 1 kg of water at 20℃. Their
final temperature at equilibrium is 30℃.
(Specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J kg-1℃-1)
(a) Calculate the specific heat capacity of liquid A. (2 marks)

(b) In another experiment, same mass of liquid A is heated by a heater

from 25℃ to 50℃ in 100 seconds. Calculate the power of the
heater. (2 marks)
Long Questions (LQ)

1. Some unknown liquid is put in a polystyrene cup. An immersion heater

is used to heat up the liquid. The following readings are obtained.

Power of heater = 100 W

Mass of liquid in cup = 250 g
Initial temperature = 22.4℃
Final temperature = 78.8℃
Time taken to heat up the liquid = 4 minutes

(a) Calculate the energy released by the heater. (2 marks)

(b) Calculate the specific heat capacity of the unknown liquid.

(2 marks)

(c) When conducting this experiment, there are some precautions

have to be taken. For each of the precautions, explain the purpose
behind.
(i) Stirrer is needed to stir the water constantly. (1 mark)
 (ii) Heating part of immersion heater should be completely
immersed into water during the whole process. (1 mark)

(iii) Do not measure the temperature immediately after

switching off the heater. (1 mark)

(d) It is found that the result found in (b) is different from the
standard value. Explain whether the result found in (b) is greater
or smaller than the standard value. (2 marks)

(e) State two reasons why polystyrene cups are commonly used for
this type of experiment. (2 marks)
2. A heater of power 300 W is used to heat up 800 cm 3 of unknown liquid
from 25℃ to 60℃ in 2 minutes. The density of unknown liquid is
1050 kg m-3.
(a) Calculate the mass of the unknown liquid. (1 mark)

(b) Calculate the specific heat capacity of the unknown liquid.

(2 marks)

(c) 500 cm3 of same type of liquid at 20℃ to the original amount of
liquid at 60℃, and the heater remains turned on for 2 minutes.
Calculate the final common temperature of the liquid. (3 marks)
3. 50 g of boiling water is added to a cup of milk at 15℃. They reach a
final temperature of 36℃. Specific heat capacities of water and milk are
4200 J kg-1 ℃-1 and 3890 J kg-1 ℃-1 respectively.
(a) Find the mass of the milk. (2 marks)

(b) What is the additional amount of boiling water needed to raise the
milk to 60℃ ? (3 marks)

(c) State one assumption of the above calculations. If this assumption

does not hold, explain whether the value found in (b) would
become greater or smaller. (3 marks)
(d) Using the result of (b), the final mixture is cooled down naturally
from 60℃ to room temperature at 25℃ in 7 minutes.
(i) Calculate the average rate of energy loss. (1 mark)

(ii) Sketch a graph of temperature T against time t during

cooling of the mixture. (2 marks)

(iii) Briefly explain the shape of the graph. Hence, deduce

whether the value of average rate of heat loss in the first
minute is greater than that in (d)(i). (3 marks)