COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF URBAN PLANNING, DESIGN

AND DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAM OF URBAN PLANNING AND DESIGN
GRADUATE STUDIES
"Exploring the Benefits, Challenges, and Strategies of Urban Green Space
Development: A Case of Nekemte Town.

PROJECT: RESEARCH PROPOSAL

Prepared By Wendimkun teshome

SUB.TO, Dr. Sitotaw B (PHD)

Date: March29, 2021

Nekemte, Oromia, Ethiopia

Table Contents
List of table ................................................................................................................................................... iii

List of Figure ..................................................................................................................................................iv

LIST OF ACRONYMS ...................................................................................................................................... iv

Executive summary ........................................................................................................................................v

Keyword .........................................................................................................................................................v

CHAPTER ONE ................................................................................................................................................1

1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................... 1

1.1BACKGROUND ...................................................................................................................................... 1

1.2.STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM ........................................................................................................... 3

1.2.1Research gap ................................................................................................................................. 4

1.3.OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY ................................................................................................................. 5

1.3.1.General Objective .........................................................................................................................5

1.3..2.Specific Objectives .......................................................................................................................5

1.3.3.Research question ........................................................................................................................ 5

1.4.SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY ..............................................................................................................6

1.4.1.Scope of the Study ....................................................................................................................... 6

1.3.2.Limitation of the Study .................................................................................................................7

1.5.DEFINITION OF TERMINOLOGIES ........................................................................................................ 7

CHAPTER TWO ...............................................................................................................................................9

2.REVIEW OF LITERATURE ............................................................................................................................. 9

2.1.INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 9

2.1.1Theoretical Literature Review ........................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.1.2.General Concepts and definitions of urban green spaces ............ Error! Bookmark not defined.

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 2.2.BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE MANAGEMENT ORIGINS OF GREENPARKS IN ETHIOPIA . Error! Bookmark
not defined.

2.4.PARTICIPATION OF THE PUBLIC IN URBAN PARKS AND GREEN SPACES .Error! Bookmark not
defined.

2.5.CHALLENGES OF URBAN GREEN SPACE DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNING Error! Bookmark not
defined.

2.5.1.Pressure of urbanization ............................................................................................................ 15

2.5.2.Institutional constraints ............................................................................................................. 15

2.5.3.Development/investment related challenges ........................................................................... 16

2.5.4.Poor involvement and lack of knowledge. .................................................................................16

2.5.5.Absence of committed and skillful professionals ...................................................................... 16

2.5.6.Community participation problem .............................................................................................17

2.5.7.Financial challenges ....................................................................................................................17

2.5.8.Planning-Related Issues ..............................................................................................................17

2.6.INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR GREEN SPACE PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION IN

ETHIOPIA .....................................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.7.URBAN GREEN SPACE POLICIES AND IMPLEMENTATION IN ETHIOPIAError! Bookmark not defined.

2.8.STRATEGIES FOR GREEN SPACE DEVELOPMENT IN SMALL TOWN ENVIRONMENTS .......................17

2.8.1.Using standards .......................................................................................................................... 18

2.8.2.Landscape-based ecosystem strategy ........................................................................................18

2.8.3.Improving green space planning processes ............................................................................... 19

2.8.4.Public participation .................................................................................................................... 19

2.8.4.Greening strategies for buildings and private properties ..........................................................19

2.9.CONCEPTUAL FRAME WORK OF THE STUDY .....................................................................................20

CHAPTER THREE ...................................................................................................................................... 22

3.1.RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ...................................................................................................... 22

3.1.1.Description of the Study Area .................................................................................................... 22

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 3.1.2.Geographic location ................................................................................................................... 22

3.1.3.Population Dynamics ..................................................................................................................23

3.2.RESEARCH DESIGN .............................................................................................................................24

3.3.TYPES AND SOURCES OF DATA ......................................................................................................... 25

3.4.RESEARCH APPROACH .......................................................................................................................25

3.5.SAMPLING DESIGN AND TECHNIQUES ..............................................................................................25

3.6. data collection methods ...................................................................................................................26

3.6.METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................ 27

3.6.1.Data Presentation: ..................................................................................................................... 28

3.6.2.Ethical considerations ................................................................................................................ 28

3.7. Work Plan and Budgeting .................................................................................................................28

3.7.1. Work Plan .................................................................................................................................. 28

appendixs .................................................................................................................................................... 33

List of table
Table3. 1:trend of population size and growth rate of the study area ........................................... 24
Table 2.2:population distribution by administrative units,2017 ................................................... 24
Table 3.3:sample size .................................................................................................................... 26
Table 3.4:work break dow structure ..............................................................................................28
Table3. 5: budget break down ....................................................................................................... 29

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List of Figure
Figure 1.1:kebele subdivision of nekemte town ..............................................................................5
Figure 2.1:conceptual frame work o f green infrastructure ...........................................................21
Figure 3.1:location map of the study area ..................................................................................... 23

LIST OF ACRONYMS
SSA…………………………………………………. Sub-Sahara Africa
LPAC…………………………………………………Planning and Advisory Committee Report
NGO…………………………………………..…….. Non-Governmental Organizations
CABE ……………………………………………....Chartered Association of Building Engineers.
UN…………………………………………………..United nation

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Executive summary
As urban populations grow, the need for green spaces becomes increasingly important for a
healthy urban life. However, urban space development and planning are often challenged by
various urban pressures such as population growth, limited land availability, and
commercialization. This paper outlines the challenges and strategies for urban green open space
development and planning. The paper identifies many key challenges to urban green space
development and planning: pressure of urbanization, planning related challenge, investment
related challenge, institutional constraint a lack of community involvement, and ineffective
governance structures. These challenges are further illustrated from different urban
contexts(source). To address these challenges, the paper also recommends many strategies:
promoting green infrastructure, using standard, Landscape-based ecosystem strategy adopting
innovative financing models, engaging community and stakeholders, and implementing effective
governance. The strategies suggest that incorporating green infrastructure, such as green roofs, in
urban planning can help address the issue of limited available land. It also highlights the need to
create diverse partnerships for effective financing models and the importance of community
involvement to better understand the needs and desires of communities around urban open
spaces. Effective governance structures are also essential to ensuring the long-term success of
urban green space planning and development.In conclusion, urban green space development and
planning face numerous challenges, but adopting sustainable and innovative planning practices
contribute to the creation of healthy urban living environments.

Keyword
Green open space, Planning, development, challenge, strategies and recreation

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CHAPTER ONE

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1BACKGROUND
The term "urban green space" (UGS) refers to areas that are a part of the urban web, such as
parks for recreation, urban forests, vegetation along rivers, avenues of trees, and other garden
spaces. These UGS are essential for the preservation of biodiversity and provide a range of
multifaceted benefits to people (Muluneh & Worku, 2022). Man has believed that the
environment surrounding him is unflappable, abundant, and has a huge capacity to support life
for a very long time in human history (Mayur, in UEM, 2008, p. 90). He lived in an era when
man's relationship with his physical environment was based on natural balance. There was no
overuse of the natural environment, including overproduction, overconsumption, or deforestation.

Urban residents' health and well-being have been shown to be improved by preserving natural
environments like green spaces in the physical landscape of urban areas (Wolch et al., 2014).
Famous landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted once referred to trees as "the lungs of a
city," showing the significance of trees and other green areas for urban development (Jennings et
al., 2012). Similar to this, Ebenezer Howard, the creator of the garden city model, stressed the
importance of including green spaces like parks and gardens in the landmasses of cities because
of the health and recreational advantages associated with them (Howard, 1902).

The natural environment became affected due to the human interactions and consumption of its
resources. The consumption level is high in urban areas than rural areas. Then development and
planning of urban areas need special attention. Urban settlements are inhabited by more people
with in small areas and need some open green spaces for recreational, socio-cultural, ecological
and climatic benefits. However, these green areas are not available and are malfunctioned where
available, but besides the multifunctional values of green areas in urban settlements, their
development and planning priorities by the local communities and authorities are not given much
attention. Development activities like residential, commercial, and real estate developments have
been given more priority at the expense of development of green areas. The consequences of
these and other related problems, in the urban settlements specifically and at the global level, is

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increasing in the lose of biodiversity and increasing global warming, lose of social cohesion and
degraded environment which brings unlivable city and suffocated areas

The high rate of urbanization is a major challenge in developing countries causing reduction and
destruction of urban green space.In African city planning, the term urban green infrastructure is
rarely (Roberts et al., 2011). According to Herslund et al. (2017)this is partly due to lack of
appropriate green infrastructure approach that well integrates into the planning and governance
system of the cities. Owing to this fact, benefits that can be obtained from green infrastructure
resource are still mostly missed (Lindley et al.,2015).Even though urban areas in developing
countries are the most populous and rapidly expanding, research regarding urban green
infrastructure planning and ecosystem is at an infant level (Haase et al., 2014; Pauleit et al.,
2017). As a result, the concepts and principles of urban green infrastructure planning are poorly
disseminated and understood in most of the sub-Saharan African countries (Shackleton et al.,
2017).
In Ethiopia, one of the most rapidly urbanizing countries in sub-Saharan Africa (Lamson-Hall,
Angel, DeGroot, Martin, & Tafesse,2018) where urbanization is largely taking the place through
unplanned urban growth which aggravates environmental problems(Ministry of Urban
Development and Housing, 2015), the role of green infrastructure to address these challenges is
still largely unknown. For example, planning document for the city of Addis Ababa propose
development of a green infrastructure based on principles such as integration and multi
functionality; but, the proposal is rarely implemented (Herslund et al., 2017).
In addition, literature on green space planning in Ethiopia is quite scarce. Available literature is
focused on issues such as adaptation to climate change (Lindley et al., 2015) and conditions and
opportunities of green infrastructure in relation to water resilient cities (Herslund et al., 2017).
Nekemte Town, a small urban center in Ethiopia's western Wollega zone, requires more facility
as it rapidly urbanizes. Green infrastructure has once again not been given the proper
consideration, which is unfortunate because urban green space growth and planning are a
problem for the community. Nekemte, like many other towns all over the country, is having a
difficult time creating and planning for green spaces. The town's recent rapid urbanization has
resulted in the conversion of green spaces into land used for residential, commercial, and
industrial purposes. Since the loss of green open spaces in the town has a negative effect on the
environment, public health, and quality of life, there is growing concern about it.

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1.2.STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Urban green spaces are expected to face greater pressure as urbanisation continues to grow. The
anticipated rise in the percentage of people living in urban areas from 54% in 2014 to 70% by
2050 will have an impact on the conversion of greenspaces to other urban land uses (Hernandez
et al. 2018).

But Now a days in world wide More focus has been placed on green infrastructure planning
principles and methodologies, and green infrastructure is viewed as crucial urban infrastructure.
According to an analysis of current planning and best practices in world urban centers,
developed nations have created a fertile environment for the application of urban green
infrastructure planning principles and for further extending the use of green infrastructure to
benefit the entire world.
The term "urban green infrastructure(space)" is rarely used in African city planning. This is
partially because there is no appropriate green infrastructure approach that integrates well with
the planning and governance system of the cities. Because of this, the advantages that come from
using green infrastructure resources are still largely ignored. According to the Ministry of Urban
Development and Housing (2015), Ethiopia is one of the sub-Saharan African nations that is
urbanizing the fastest. Unplanned urban growth is the main driver of this urbanization, which
exacerbates environmental issues. Green infrastructure's potential to help address these issues is
still largely unexplored. conducted a study on the variables influencing the planning of green
spaces in major metropolitan areas under the dynamics of urban land use and discovered that
communal green spaces were being used as landfills, that open spaces were being left untouched
without any management activities, that trees and shrubs had been planted without proper care,
such as weeding, that species suitability had not been taken into consideration, and that structures,
such as walkways and driveways, had been neglected.Green infrastructure provision and
planning of Oromo regional state town and found that, there was unfair distribution of green
infrastructure provision. conducted so far in relation to this topic and even the above mentioned
ones are missing about challenges and planning of Green space.
Green space allocation is a common problem across urban centers: it must be accessible by all
social groups without segregation.The urban green space in Nekemte town faces several
challenges. One of the main problems is the lack of planned and well developed green space in
the town,this make the town unattractive and left the town unsuitable.Another challenge is the
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lack of coordination between stakeholders involved in green space development and planning,
which can result in inefficient use of resources and missed opportunities for creating new green
spaces. Additionally, there is a lack of adequate funding for green space development and
maintenance, which can impact the quality and availability of green spaces in the town. Finally,
there is a lack of public awareness about the benefits of green spaces, which can result in low
community participation and support for green space development initiatives.so the study will be
performed in three subcity from the town which this problem is more exist which is university
area.
1.2.1Research gap
The research gap was that constructed on challenge and opportunities of urban green open space
development and management previously, with the challenge and strategies of urban green open
space development and planning lies in the lack of understanding of how to effectively
implement and maintain green spaces in urban areas. While there is a growing awareness of the
benefits of urban green spaces, including improved health and well-being, increased social
cohesion, and environmental sustainability, there remains a gap in understanding how to
effectively plan, design, and manage these spaces in a way that maximizes their benefits for all
residents. Additionally, there is a lack of research on how to effectively prioritize green space
development in areas with the greatest need, especially in low-income communities and
communities of color that often lack access to green spaces. Without effective prioritization
strategies, it is difficult to ensure that green spaces are developed in areas where they can have
the greatest impact on improving health outcomes and reducing health disparities. Therefore,
there is a need for further research on how to effectively implement and maintain urban green
spaces in a way that maximizes their benefits for all residents, especially those in underserved
communities. This research should focus on effective strategies for prioritizing green space
development, innovative funding mechanisms to support green space development and
maintenance, and effective stakeholder engagement strategies to ensure that green spaces are
developed in a way that meets the needs of diverse communities.

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 Figure 1.1:kebele subdivision of nekemte town

1.3.OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1.3.1.General Objective
To assess the challenges and strategies of urban green areas development and planning in
nekemte town, wollega zone, western Ethiopia
1.3..2.Specific Objectives
In line with the above general objective, this study focuses on the following specific objectives.
 To assess the existing condition of the green space development and planning in the
nekemte town
 Identify challenges to urban green space development and planning in Nekemte Town.
 Evaluate current strategies for urban green space development and planning in Nekemte
Town.
 Develop recommendations to improve urban green space development and planning in
Nekemte Town
1.3.3.Research question
 How is the current situation of green space development and planning in the town?

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 What are the the challenge of urban green space development and planning in the town?
 What are the current strategies for urban green space development and planning in Nekemte
Town?
 How to Develop the best solution to improve urban green space development and planning
in Nekemte Town?
1.4.SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
1.4.1.Scope of the Study
The study on the challenge and strategies of urban green open space development and planning
is significant for several reasons. Firstly, it can help to identify the main challenges and
opportunities for green space development in urban areas, including Nekemte town. This
information can be used to inform policy and decision-making at the local level, and to help
stakeholders prioritize their efforts and resources. Secondly, the study can help to raise public
awareness about the importance of green spaces in urban areas, and the benefits they provide for
social, health, economic, and environmental outcomes. This can help to build community support
for green space development initiatives, and to increase public participation in the planning
process. Thirdly, the study can contribute to the broader field of urban planning and design, by
providing insights and recommendations for how to create more sustainable and livable urban
environments. Finally, the study can serve as a basis for further research and analysis in this area,
and can help to build a knowledge base that can inform future policy and decision-making
related to green space development and planning. Overall, the study on the challenge and
strategies of urban green open space development and planning is important for improving the
quality of life and well being of urban residents, and for creating more sustainable and resilient
cities

Geographically, this research is limited to the settlements, the Wollega university area,in the
western Wollega zone of Nekemte Town.These locations were chosen because this are the areas
in which recently developing urban areas and found pherphery of the town to the addis abeba
outlet the urban expansion to this are is high,in case of people who caome to this area doesnot
give attention for existing green area they remove it and use the area for construction facilities.
The study's main theme is finding the obstacles to and solutions for nekemte town's university
area,for growth of green space.

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1.3.2.Limitation of the Study
The study on the challenge and strategies of urban green open space development and planning
may have some limitations that should be acknowledged. Firstly, the study may be limited by the
availability and quality of data on green space development and planning in Nekemte town.
Some data may not be readily available or may be incomplete, which can impact the accuracy
and reliability of the findings. Secondly, the study may be limited by the scope and focus of the
research, which may not capture all relevant factors and perspectives related to green space
development and planning. For example, the study may not fully address the cultural or historical
context of green space development in Nekemte town, which can influence stakeholder attitudes
and behaviors. Thirdly, the study may be limited by the methodology used for data collection
and analysis. For example, if the study relies on self-reported data from stakeholders, there may
be issues with bias or social desirability effects that can impact the validity of the findings.
Finally, the study may be limited by the generalization of the findings to other contexts or
locations. The challenges and strategies identified in Nekemte town may not be applicable to
other urban areas, which may have different social, economic, and environmental conditions.
Overall, it is important to acknowledge the limitations of the study and to interpret the findings
within the context of these limitations.

1.5.DEFINITION OF TERMINOLOGIES
Urban Green Space: Refers to any area of land within an urban area that is covered in natural
or artificial greenery, such as parks, gardens, forests, and sports fields(Mehhdi et al., 2017).
Planning: The process of determining the goals, objectives, and strategies for a particular project
or initiative, and developing a roadmap for achieving them(Cooper & Edgett, 2010).
Stakeholders: Refers to any individuals, groups, or organizations that have a vested interest in a
particular project or initiative, and may be impacted by or have an impact on the outcome.
Sustainability: The ability of a system or process to be maintained over time, without degrading
the natural or human resources that support it(Brown et al., 1987).
Livability: Refers to the quality of life and wellbeing of individuals living in a particular area,
which can be influenced by factors such as access to green spaces, transportation, and social
amenities(El Din et al., 2013).
Resilience: The ability of a system or community to recover quickly from shocks or disruptions,
and to adapt to changing conditions over time(El Din et al., 2013).
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Policy: A set of guidelines or principles that guide decision-making and action within a
particular organization or community, usually with the goal of achieving specific
objectives(Lynam et al., 2007).
Urban Forestry: -is the careful care and management of urban forests, i.e., tree populations in
urban settings for the purpose of improving the urban environment (Foster Research, 2010).
Recreational location: it is a site which is means for enjoyable relaxation e.g. parks, green areas
(Ethiopian Urban Green Infrastructure Standard, 2015).

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CHAPTER TWO

2.REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1.INTRODUCTION
In terms of Land cover types, urban areas may be characterized as dynamic entities that lack
homogeneity. The urban land cover types vary from the most contending (densifying and
sprawling) built up areas to vegetated and non-vegetated natural environment. Among the natural
environments, urban green spaces are one of the most preeminent in degree of importance. So
far, there is no a standard conventional definition on green spaces. In most scientific literatures,
the terms green infrastructure, green space and open space sometimes have been loosely defined
and interchangeably used that stems from consideration of as if they are synonymous.

According to Mensah, the term ‘green space’ most scholars interchangeably use green spaces
with terms like ‘open space’ and ‘public open spaces’. These terms are loosely defined. The
terminological usage of urban green space has subtle difference and he explains that “green
spaces in urban areas cover all areas that to some extent have some vegetation either natural or
artificial. It is not only limited to urban parks and gardens. It covers land that is made up mainly
of unsealed, permeable ‘soft’ surfaces such as soil, grass, shrubs and trees which are privately or
publicly accessible or managed” (Mensah, 2014, p, 2).

Ecologists, economists, social scientists, and planners all agree on the definition of urban green
spaces as "public and private open spaces in urban areas, primarily covered by vegetation, which
are directly (for active or passive recreation, for example) or indirectly (for a positive impact on
the urban environment) available for the users." It also denotes the term for all urban land
covered in grass, trees, or vegetation, which includes all parkland, playgrounds, and other green
spaces created specifically for recreational purposes, in addition to other green spaces with
different historical origins. (Kumar, 2015).

Green space has become a popular term, widely used in recent years to describe any piece of
urban land colonized by plants and/or composed of natural rock outcrops or water. The term

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originates from the environmental sector to distinguish open spaces with potential wildlife value.
Definitions tend to include all types of land regardless of ownership or access rights., define
"natural green space" as: Land, water and geological features, which have been naturally,
colonized by plants and animals as well as which are accessible on foot to large numbers of
residents."(Ratcliffe, 1984).
2.1.5 Institutional greenspaces
Institutional forest includes forests that are found within the compounds of governmental and
non-governmental institutions. Institutional greenspace is a greenspace in an institutional area,
including schools and institutional units (Zhao et al. 2010). Institutional greenspaces play an
important role in biodiversity conservation and supporting habitat for birds and wild animals
(Pauleit et al. 2017). Greenspaces in school yards, churches and other institutions are considered
to be institutional greenspaces which are public greenspaces (Zhao et al. 2010). Institutional
forests provide different ecosystem services such as; provision of food in the case of greenspaces
in institutional backyard used for urban agriculture practice, regulation of climate and water, and
conserve cultural and historical sites (Pauleit et al. 2017).

2.1.1.Green Infrastructure
It is a network of open spaces that is carefully maintained to preserve ecosystems and help
human communities. This network contains public domain infrastructure for supporting healthy
lives, such as parks, walkways, paths, and street trees, as well as animal habitat, water
management, air and water quality, climate mitigation, urban forestry, and urban farmland. With
this concept, various environmental and societal issues can be handled systemically. It fosters the
idea that environmental interests in protecting animal habitat, water management, water quality,
air quality, reduced energy usage, and climate mitigation can be leveraged with social interests in
sidewalks, trails, parks, and access to green space (Merriam, 2010).
2.1.2 Neighborhood green spaces
Communal open spaces are smaller version of public green spaces vacant residential open spaces
are potential neighborhood green spaces. These open spaces help build and strengthen ties within
communities by bringing people together, including those who may otherwise be separated by
ethnic or social background. The spaces are open to all and, when properly designed and cared
for can provide meeting places and foster social ties. These open spaces shape the cultural

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identity of an area, are part of its unique character and provide a sense of place for local
communities.
Communally managed open space can provide social benefits as well, encouraging interaction
between residents. The presence of open space can increase community-wide quality of life, lead
to increased property values, and foster a sense of responsibility for and connection to local
natural resources (Wald & Hostetler 2010). Community gardens have a variety of purposes for
the people they serve; they unite residents of all ages in fun and productive outdoor activities and
facilitate the growth of community solidarity and neighborhood revitalization (Olmos 2008).
2.4 The Benefits of Green Spaces
2.4.1 The Environmental Benefits of Green Spaces
A. Buffering Urban Heat Island Effect

Fam’s scientific discourse shows that, there are two ways by which green spaces can neutralize
the urban heat island effect. Forest canopies modify air temperature. Their canopies have a shade
effect by preventing solar influx heating the surface. The second is cooling of the air through
evapo-transpiration. Fam states that, “a single tree behaves as a perfect air conditioner” (Fam,
2008).

Studies carried out by Tibbatti show that the role of green spaces in carbon sequestering is
significant. Urban green vegetation act as a sink by sequestering carbon dioxide in their biomass.
According to Tibbatti, “large trees can reduce carbon dioxide emission by 2-3% and the shaded
soil below the canopy also sequesters carbon dioxide. The combined effects can offset carbon
dioxide emission in cities, thus eventually mitigates the heat island effect in the urban core”
(Tibbatti, 2002).
Legesse from his practical research done on 21 parks in the city of Addis Ababa testifies the role
of urban green spaces in the reduction of heat island effects. Legesse also cites from other studies
like Shashua-Bar, that were carried out applying ground-based air temperature measurement and
which ascertained that parks impart cooling effect in the range of 1ºC to 7 ºC, (Shashua-Bar et al,
2009). A research carried out in 2010 in 21 medium parks in Addis Ababa using thermal infrared
remote sensing, Legesse has confirmed that “Parks Cooling Intensity (PCI) and Park Cooling
Distance (PCD) showed variation in shape and size. Elongated parks did exhibit lower PCI and
PCD than compact and large parks” (Legesse, 2014).

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Asmelash discusses on the negative impacts of urban green spaces on urban temperature.
Asmelash scientific discourse shows that some forest species types are causative agents for the
formation of O3 which is toxic and a GHG emitter. Volatile Organic Compounds that emit
chemicals like resins, oil and monoterpens are used by the plants to attract pollinating and repel
predating insects. However, these compounds are the main causes of photochemical smog and
O3 formation (Asmelash, 2012). Even though green spaces do have a buffering effect on urban
heat island, however, well thought generalization is imperative. The heat buffering effect is a
function of forest species types, morphology, size and density of the green spaces. Green spaces
having large, dense, circular, broad leafed canopy are efficient coolants by avoiding heat stresses
to maintain the well being of urban inhabitants (Asmelash, 2012).
B) Water Pollution Purification and Flood Management
Asmelash states that green infrastructure as interceptors of storm water act as ‘surface detention’
by retarding the surging overland flow (runoff) and facilitate pollutants percolation through soil
pores. The subsequent decomposition and uptake by plant roots makes them as natural filters.
Asmelash states that well thought and properly designed vegetal bio-retention sites sometimes
called as ‘rain gardens’ can sieve and trap nearly 99% of common pollutants (Asmelash, 2012).
Asmelash also narrates that during wet seasons, green spaces to the greatest extent impede the
combined sewage overflow i.e., the industrial waste, the untreated human waste in mix up with
storm water in a pulsating flow. Therefore, green spaces impede combined sewage overflow
from polluting urban streets, residential quarters and commercial centres.Asmelash studies also
show that, owing to vegetal clearance, which could have possibly served as natural filters,
instead the streams in Addis Ababa are grossly polluted. Point sources or areas abutting
industries, the Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) 4 047 mg/l while the Chemical Oxygen
Demand (COD) is 14 702 mg/l Vis avis the permissible level of 80 mg/l. The amount of
Suspended Solids (SS) in the streams of Addis Ababa on the average is 1563 mg/l Visavis the
permissible amount of 100 mg/l. Owing to vegetal clearance which
could have filtered out pollutants, instead the rivers of Addis Ababa are grossly contaminated
with microbial life forms like virus (hepatitis) and bacteria like (E-coli). Asmelash indicates
that the E-coli contamination is beyond the permissible dose reached from 30 to 100 000 000
mpn2 / 100 ml, Vis avis a clean water of 1 to 2 mpn (Asmelash, 2012).

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2.2.2 Social Benefits
A. Socialization and Cognitive Development

Coombses on the social significance of green spaces, his studies shows that play grounds within
green spaces enhances children’s cognitive capacities, emotional resilience and socialization.
The availability of green spaces enhances social interactions. Tracing back the studies done by
Kim and Kaplan in 2004, Coombses states that, the availability of green spaces in residential
areas strengthens community bondage (Coombses, 2010).

B. Health Benefits

Coombses regarding the health benefits of green spaces discusses that urban air quality is usually
poor. This is ascribed to the increased number of motorized vehicles, industrial chimneys, septic
tank vents, dusts, domestic, commercial waste pump solid and liquid particulate matter (aerosol)
and microbial pathogens in to the atmosphere. Noxious gases likeCO, O3, CO2, SO2, and solid
particulates like Pb, formation of photochemical smog make urban inhabitants vulnerable to
allergens, respiratory diseases like asthma and bronchitis. According to Tibbatti, urban
woodlands can scale down the amount of SO2 and NO2 by 4 to 5 % (Tibabati, 2002). Particulate
Matter both solid and liquid commonly called as PM 10 and PM 2.5 (10 and 2, 5 μm) if inhaled,
would cause serious respiratory problems. Tree canopies as natural filters sieve and sift
particulate matter from urban air, thus maintain air quality

C. Educational Benefits

O’Conner underscores green space for instance like parks have education benefits. Green spaces
can serve as open door laboratories for students practically to learn the social, economical and
environmental services that they render to the society. Green spaces can serve as an object of
study for researchers (O’Conner, 2005).

D. Heritages of Culture

Conner’s observation indicates that green spaces like parks cater to community’s vantages
through the maintenance of heritage of a specific culture by keeping the pristine status of the
environment and letting the communities meet and carry out their cultural practices. Parks also
serve as nodal junctions of different cultural backgrounds. Thus, green spaces give the

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opportunity to people of diverse culture to know each other. Therefore, green spaces like parks
serve as heritages of culture (O’Conner, 2005).

2.4.3 Economic Benefits

B. Tourism Promotion

Cicea, affirms that green spaces play important role in tourism, in the meantime increase Gross
Value Added taxes that green spaces influence through urban tourism, shopping, generation of
public services, selling of cultural artefacts and traditional clothes, hotelcatering. Thus, tourism
boosts hard currency income from international tourists and income from in (home) tourists.
Therefore, green spaces boost revenues for state budget.

By and large, green spaces do have environmental, social and economic benefits, which we call
ecological service. On the other hand degradation of green spaces means losing those services in
which some of them are very critical for life. Man’s existential angst resulted from the
destruction of vegetal cover leading in him to an unsafe environment. In view of this, studying
green economy, green spaces have been a research and policy agenda.

A. Land and Immovable property values Elevation

According to Macer and Fawcett, the economic vantages of green spaces are secondary (derived)
vantages from the direct social and environmental benefits that are monetized to estimate and
express the opportunity cost in monetary forms. Residents in urban areas usually exhibit a
willingness to pay even a premium for immovable properties abutting green spaces. This is
ascribed to the higher hedonic prices associated with green spaces. Macer also cites an elevated
property values that reach nearly 3% to 5% within the vicinity of high quality park (Macer, G.
and Fawcett, G., 2012).

2.5.The challenge of urban green space development and planning

Even though metropolitan green spaces offer numerous advantages in both established and
developing countries, there are numerous challenges to their growth and administration,
according to (Nilsson & Randrup, 1997).Greater environmental issues are caused by urban than
rural activities (industries, transportation, high resource consumption, etc.), where urban regions
also experience a decrease in green space (which typically worsens environmental problems) and

14 | P a g e
other activities. Many times, the region lost much of its leisure appeal. Green space in towns has
suffered from urbanization and continues to do so.

2.5.1.Pressure of urbanization
It was discovered that the fast urbanization of Africa had caused excessive devastation of the
urban natural environment, such as green spaces.In order to accommodate the large urban
population, this resulted in the growth of numerous irregular communities (slums) and urban
sprawl on places intended for green spaces (such as urban forests, parks, gardens, and outdoor
recreation areas).With 200 million slum residents, Sub-Saharan Africa has the largest slum
population worldwide(C. A. Mensah, 2014).
Urban green space is being reduced and destroyed in emerging nations as a result of the high rate
of urbanization(C. Mensah et al., 2015).(Amare, 2008)drew attention to the city's bad
administration of urban area. Between 1986 and 2006, the region's land use, cover, and change
were identified using image segmentation methods. Remote sensing is being used more and more
to monitor how people use the land and how the ecosystem is changing, including to analyze
how metropolitan green space is changing. (Shine & Carr, 2002). This study's spatial-temporal
analysis was founded on the supervised versus unregulated categories thesis. These analyses
offer data that city managers can use to more accurately forecast and control changes in in-
migration that could affect green areas(C. Mensah et al., 2015).
2.5.2.Institutional constraints
One significant obstacle to the development of urban green space that is frequently and widely
acknowledged is institutional restraints. The fact that green space provision is not always
required by law is crucial. A significant issue is the dearth of comprehensive green space
planning that considers urban green spaces and their development from a strategic, long-term
perspective. Another is failing to carry out current green space strategies Illegal construction on
green space is another issue that isn't always stopped. Mention the lack of information and
knowledge on existing green because it makes it difficult to make well-informed decisions and
prioritise objectives and resources. This may be the result of a lack of policy or interest, or it may
be brought on by weak political motivation in addition to scarce resources. How green space
planning is done (Haaland & van den Bosch, 2015a).

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2.5.3.Development/investment related challenges
Greater conflicts between metropolitan natural spaces and other land uses for various reasons
exist here. The need for investment and growth for commercial operations is one of these land
uses that interferes with natural spaces. There were strong views in favor of development given
precedence over preservation of green areas for economic growth. These and other views had an
impact on the networks of green spaces and underestimated their multipurpose advantages for
long-term neighborhood development.In England out of 131 towns green areas found in 75
towns, were exposed by development of various 15 kinds. Public green areas with in urban areas
had been lost to influencing development and too much of what is left has been neglected and
poorly maintained.
2.5.4.Poor involvement and lack of knowledge.
The local community views the planning and protection of urban green space as the sole
province of the government as a result of its poor participation and low awareness of the
advantages of green infrastructure(Eshetu et al., 2021).
2.5.5.Absence of committed and skillful professionals
The creation of a healthy society was made possible by green spaces that served multiple
purposes. Because of its multifunctional character, it requires multidisciplinary professionals for
administration and growth. As a result, local governments require these experts for their natural
spaces. However, there is a severe lack of experts, and those that are there are hesitant to work in
parks and green spaces. For example, as CABE space/The Commission for Architecture and
Built Environments in England report in 2005/ indicated, the principal obstacles in recruiting
skilled and young staffs are feeling as they are lower in status and no recognition by the society,
poor profession development prospects and bureaucratic difficulties with recruitment procedures.
At the management level, there is a definite need for training in strategic thinking, vision, and
leadership across the sector due to low compensation in the industry, especially at beginning
level.
However, local authorities are either unaware or involuntary to do towards this scenario of
reducing climatic and environmental problems; because their priority for local environment in
budgeting and recruiting professionals is very limited, it is only for the matter of
report(SINSHAW, 2009).

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2.5.6.Community participation problem
Heck (2003) identified several major problem in the process of community participation such as
administrative structures and procedures; institutional factors such as lack of participatory
organizations; political factors related to ownership of power and resource by small number of
people that move against those efforts intended to empower the community; problems within the
community such as lack of appropriate community organizations, organizational skills,
communication facility, interest and integration of the poor; low level of awareness, and
experience about participation and its relevance that arises from lack of adequate information;
wide spread mentality of dependence, sense of frustration, distrust on officials, ignorance of their
rights on organizing themselves and know how to move in this direction(Eshetu et al., 2021).
2.5.7.Financial challenges
For expansion and management, green spaces require significant expenditure. Even though
financial constraints are prevalent across all industries, in Ethiopia metropolitan environmental
activities have been particularly restricted by this problem. In order to plan and enforce the
authority for the development and beautifying of parks in Addis Abeba, there is a sufficient
funding and the required qualified professionals, as described by Derese (2008) in his paper
titled "A Tragedy of the Urban Commons".(SINSHAW, 2009).
2.5.8.Planning-Related Issues
Here, the lack of preparation and implementation (participatory planning) is implied by the
planning issue. According to Belachew (2001), the preparing and implementing bodies are
different in the implementation process, and as a result, they have different perceptions of the
green areas for urban society and the environment.
The majority of planning authorities, including the Regional Urban Planning Institutes (RUPI)
and National Urban Planning Institutes of Ethiopia (NUPI), lack community involvement in the
planning process(SINSHAW, 2009).

2.8.Strategies for green space development in small town environments

Saving and providing green space of high quality Suggestions
Quality Suggestions how to facilitate green space provision in developed town environments
include:
•Preserving green space;

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•enhancing quality of existing green space;
•providing green space on redeveloped sites;
•greening difficult sites lacking green space (narrow streets);
•smart allocation to increase visibility and visual quality
For efficient green space planning, particularly in already-constrained cities, saving existing
urban green space is frequently recommended as the first choice. This is especially true of
remaining semi-natural vegetation, which frequently has a greater species diversity and richness
than cultivated vegetation.. Sites lacking natural space, such as small streets, can be landscaped if
the required work is put into it. Smart allocation can improve open area visibility and aesthetic
quality. The writers claim that, based on experiences from Singapore, perceptions of a green city
are influenced by both the amount and distribution of natural space within the city. Singapore is
therefore viewed as a green metropolis despite having limited room for greenery(Haaland & van
den Bosch, 2015a).
2.8.1.Using standards
One method to guarantee there is enough green space in cities has been the application of green
space guidelines. Standards, however, appear to be contentious and challenging to implement.
The quality and accessibility of natural spaces should be prioritized over their number, according
to critics. High accessibility of public urban green space is already one of the main objectives of
urban green space planning, as well as in dense communities. but as shown, is still a long way off.
One important question is whether the implementation of urban green space standards—which
include access, quantitative, and qualitative elements—could enhance the supply of high quality
green space. Standards for natural green space area and accessibility already exist in some
countries, such as the U.K. (Accessible Natural Green space Standards; Natural England, 2010),
and could serve as a guide. (Haaland & van den Bosch, 2015a)
2.8.2.Landscape-based ecosystem strategy
Applying landscape ecological principles when creating or preparing for green space in dense
towns is encouraged by a number of writers. Applying landscape ecological principles may entail
network planning or improving green space geometry, for instance, by boosting connectedness
(Jim, 2013). Working with central areas, buffer zones, and linking pathways between green areas,
such as green ways, is part of the latter(Wang et al., 2022). The use of landscape ecological
principles takes into account disconnectedness, dynamics for example, variety, substance context.

18 | P a g e
2.8.3.Improving green space planning processes
organizing methods Several authors underline the crucial importance of effective green space
planning, especially in already compact cities, due to the many constraints and particularly the
scarcity of space and the need for strategic and holistic plans that comprise the entire. In a small
metropolis like Hong Kong, there is a significant opportunity for the creation of a much greater
number of sky gardens, claim. To improve this, propose a number of tax-exemption plans. In
Syracuse, New York, USA, beauty and environmental understanding also influence whether or
not people are ready to adopt greening methods (for storm water management(Haaland & van
den Bosch, 2015a).
2.8.4.Public participation
Participation Planning for green space in accordance with user and resident standards is seen as
requiring the engagement of stakeholders and promoting public participation. expand on a needs-
based strategy, which differs from the supply of green space in accordance with quantitative
standards and includes substantial work on residents' preferences. In order to meet the
requirements specified by the locals, such as places for children, playgrounds, barbecue pits, etc.,
the existing green space would be modified. Such need-based methods would have to be applied
repeatedly as required(Haaland & van den Bosch, 2015a).
2.8.4.Greening strategies for buildings and private properties
Other greening strategies, such as green rooftops and vertical green infrastructure, such as green
facades, are suggested as a solution for greening compact city settings when there is not enough
room to provide greenery on the ground. Additionally, natural flora can aid in structure greening.
Green facades and rooftops can serve a variety of purposes, including ventilation (comfort and
food production(Haaland & van den Bosch, 2015b).
2.7.Urban green space policies and implementation in ethiopia
The purview of metropolitan Planning Proclamation No. 547/2008 includes all metropolitan
areas in Ethiopia. This proclamation aimed to create a legislative structure that supports well-
planned and developed metropolitan areas. The structural plan is one of the plans that is
acknowledged by this decree. Principal land use groups and an environmental concern are among
the problems that the building plan must handle, and these two topics can be used to address
natural areas.The structural plan (2017–2027) also developed a description of the current open
areas and makes suggestions for their expansion as well as the creation of new parks. However,

19 | P a g e
some initiatives to create urban natural spaces that are not part of the 2017–2027 design are
currently being carried out.

2.9.CONCEPTUAL FRAME WORK OF THE STUDY

Based on the above review literature the following conceptual frame work was developed to
conduct and examine the present research. Well developed green area provides social,
economical, and ecological benefits in urban centers. Increasing the awareness of the society in
general. Contrary, as stated in the above literature, there are different challenging factors for the
urban green space development in the study area. These are Lack of awareness and community
participation, planning related problems, financial problems, investment related problems, and
lack of skilled and professional’s man power that leads to the poor green space development.
There is also alternative strategies like,Using standards Landscape based strategies, Improving
green space planning process, Public participation Greening strategies for buildings and private
properties.Therefore, the study focused on the challenges and strategies of urban green space
development in Nekemte town university area to achieve the stated objectives.

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Figure 2.1:conceptual frame work o f green infrastructure
Figure2.1:Conceptual framework of green infrastructure

Source: review literature

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CHAPTER THREE
3.1.RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research design must be precise and pertinent to meet the requirements of reality, objectivity,
and validity. Mouton (2011) maintains that research methodology explains the technique,
method, and process as well as the kinds of research instruments and measures to be used to
achieve the study's objective. Therefore, this chapter began with describing the study area and
focusing on research methodology such as research design, Sources of data, sample size and
sampling techniques, data collecting instruments, analysis methods, and research ethics in order
to achieve the intended objectives of the study. The development and management of green areas
in Nekemte town western ,Wollega zone has been evaluated, examined, and discussed using a
descriptive and mixed method approach.
3.1.1.Description of the Study Area
The town of Nekemte is 328 kilometers west of Addis Abeba. It serves as the administrative
center for Ethiopia's Oromia Regional State's East Wollega Zone. Government in the city is
divided into two levels: the city government and sub-city administrations. Although the city's
total demarcated area is approximately 5380 hectares, this research concentrated on the 1732.5
hectares of land that are currently under construction. The study location is between 2044 and
2168 meters above sea level(Sado & Gedif, 2014).
3.1.2.Geographic location
Nekemte is located in Western parts of the Oromia National Regional State at earth distance of
331 km South West of Addis Ababa and 250 km North West of Jimma. Its astronomical location
is 9o 46o N and 36o 310 E, whilst its elevation is 2088 meters above sea level (NEKEMTE
SP2020).

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 Figure 3.1:location map of the study area

3.1.3.Population Dynamics
The three population and housing censuses conducted at national level in 1984, 2005and 2012
have resulted in population size of 28703, 84506 and 110688, respectively. The current (2017)
population projection of the town is calculated to be 125077. During 1984_2005 the growth rate
has Increase to 5.07 percent population growth rate. This rate later decreased to 4.2 percent
growth rate during 2005_2012 and the recent growth rate of population decreased to 2.7 (CSA,
2015).

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 Table3. 1:trend of population size and growth rate of the study area

Figure 4
year Population size Growth rate%
1984 28703 5.07
2005 84506 4.2
2012 110688 2.7
2017 125077

Source: Projection CSA, 1984; 2005; 2012

Table 2.2:population distribution by administrative units,2017

No Sub -city population House hold Area in Density per

km2 km2
1 Sorga 10040 2008 11.81 850
2 Bake jama 12479 2495 5.37 2323
3 Darge 19662 3932 6.30 3120
4 Keso 18512 3702 3.96 4674
5 Bekenisa kese 20595 4119 2.91 7077
6 Burka jato 16746 3349 6.48 2592
7 Cheleleki 17478 3495 6.13 2851
8 University area 9556 1911 10.72 891

Source: projection from CSA, 2012

3.2.RESEARCH DESIGN
The study used a descriptive survey method after adopting a cross-sectional research design.
asserts that descriptive research is used to learn more about the current state of a phenomenon

24 | P a g e
and to describe what is present in relation to variables or conditions in a situation(Asenahabi,
2019). From this point of view, descriptive survey design is more appropriate to describe the
existing challenges and startegies of urban green space development and planning of nekemte
town by direct observation of the researcher and through grasping respondents‟ responses,
opinions and perceptions about green space development and planning
3.3.TYPES AND SOURCES OF DATA
Both primary and secondary sources of data were used to carry out this study. Primary data was
obtained through key informant interview, Field observation, house hold survey questionnaire
and focus group discussion on the bases of green spaces development and management. The
secondary data was collected from different resources like published and unpublished materials,
books, journals, articles, reports from municipal sanitation beautification and green areas
development and management office at different time.

3.4.RESEARCH APPROACH
Both qualitative and quantitative research methods are employed. The attitudes of the informant
toward the current state of green spaces, challenges, and opportunities of urban green area
development and management are evaluated using a qualitative approach. This could be
accomplished through in-depth interviews, focus groups, observation, and questionnaires with
the mentioned people in order to collect all the necessary information. Utilizing a quantitative
approach, numerical values and figures are generated from the sample respondents, allowing for
the conversion of reality into numbers. In order to respond to the question regarding numbers,
quantitative data was gathered.
3.5.SAMPLING DESIGN AND TECHNIQUES
Hence, sampling techniques was used both systematic random sampling have been employed. In
Nekemte town, there are eight sub-towns i.e.sorga, Bakanisa Kese, Chalalaki, Burqa Jato,
Darge ,Bake Jama and university area. 3 kebele are selected to analyze spatio –temporal
variation of water distribution. We take 1.8 percent of household from existed house hold in each
kebele.
3.5.1.Sample size determination

25 | P a g e
Deciding the sufficient sample is the most essential plan decision that is required from the
investigator. So that, factors playing very important role in shaping the sample size are: level of
confidence, rank of accuracy and sample design.
According to nekemte town municipality report, (2017) the total population household heads in
the three „Villages‟ is 125077.

Table 3.3:sample size

No Name of sub city Study household Sample size

Male female Total
1 University area 1911 37 47 84
2 darge 3932 34 23 57
3 Burka jato 3349 63 56 119

3.5.2.Sampling Technique
To get relevant and correct information, respondents should be selected using appropriate
technique for their fair representation and for generalization after the study was completed For
three subcity in the town there is different green open space are needed and also depending on
standard and guideline. From each green area 13 households were taken as a sample for the
study. Therefore, from the 8 green areas 104 households were taken. The total households
surrounding the green areas were the sampling frame of the study.

3.6. data collection methods

The researcher used enumerators to gather data from residents, while the researcher himself
conducted interviews with municipal officials. Three focus group discussions with eight
participants in each village were used by the researcher. Field observations were conducted to
characterize and comprehend the spatial or physical condition of the study area, as well as to
cross-reference and supplement the data obtained through other methods of data collection. This

26 | P a g e
approach was used to observe the various obstacles and opportunities for the development and
management of urban green areas in the study.
3.6.1.Key informant Interview:was other important data gathering technique in this study. It is
a particular form of communication among people for a detailed point and vital to find
appropriate information from the officials and expert‟s to attain the research objectives by telling,
predicting, and explaining the phenomenon based on feelings, and experiences. Interview may
serve as a rich source for exploring people‟s inner feelings and attitudes (Karim, 2013). For this
study, the researcher was used semi-structured interview to obtain data from different officials
and experts about the overall institutional situation, capacity and constraints of beautification and
parks development department.
3.5.2.Questionnaires: In order to assess information regarding the challenge and starategies of
developing and planning green space in the town, structured questionnaires were used. Both
closed- and open-ended questionnaires were used to gather data related to the study's goals. To
make the questionnaires simple to understand for the population chosen for the sample, they
were first written in English and then translated into Amharic, the national tongue.
3.5.3.Focus group discussion:
The aim of focus group discussions held in this research was to distinguish participant‟s attitudes
and experiences about the urban green areas development and planning challenges regarding to
the town of Nekemte. The three group that consisted residents of the town and it was including
participants who have been visiting green areas and participating in green areas planning by
considering different age and sex group (to maintain age and gender balance). FGDs guide line
was used to guide the focus group discussions. The researcher`s role here was to facilitate the
discussion and to motivate the participants to express their ideas, perceptions and experiences
freely regarding the issues under study. Participants explained the challenges of greenery
development and management of green areas in the study areas.
3.6.METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS
Both quantitative and qualitative techniques were used to analyze the data. In the quantitative
method, after checking all the collected data from the sampled households, and the data matrix
was` prepared, coded, cleaned and entered into statistical software using SPSS version 20 and
excel that described by tables, figures, percentages, frequencies, and related photographs in order

27 | P a g e
to analyze quantitative information. The qualitative data was analyzed by collecting raw data into
text, categorizing interpretation and qualitatively by narration.
3.6.1.Data Presentation:
The results of data analysis was presented by using percentages, whereas a summary of
questionnaires and observation were processed and described using tables, graphs and pie chart.
3.6.2.Ethical considerations
The researcher was took an official letter from the university so as to help him interviewing
officials and obtaining documentary data. Besides, the researcher asked permission before
interviewing. Politeness and good manners in gathering the required data was the ethical guides
for the researcher. Moreover, the study was free of academic theft and use of unacceptable words.
All referenced materials were sited and appraised.
3.7. Work Plan and Budgeting
3.7.1. Work Plan
The total available time for the all work before submission of the final thesis is around 13 weeks
and the thesis will be finalized according to the table scheduling.

Table 3.4:work break down structure

Table 3.4:work break dow structure

Months
NO Activities Jan Feb. march April may June jolly Aug
1 Selecting topic
2 Writing proposal

3 Editing proposal
4. Review literature
5 Data collection

6 Data analysis and

presentation
7 Writing report

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 Finalizing report
8
9 Final defense
10 For rewriting
commenting paper

Cost breakdown structure

Table 3.5:budget break down

Table3. 5: budget break down

Unit price

No Activity/Item Unit Quantity (ETB) Total Remark

1 Transport - - - 3000

2 Camera Pcs 1 70 4300

3 Black pen ‘’ 40 10 400

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4 Red pen ‘’ 12 10 120

Thesis photo

5 Copy ‘’ 10 100 1000

6 Ruler ‘’ 1 84 84

7 Paper (A4) ‘’ 8 180 1440

8 Camera stone ‘’ 20 10 200

9 Note ‘’ 10 30 300

10 Hard Disc ‘’ 1 2000 2000

11 Flesh Gb 32 ‘’ 1 600 600

12 Rewritable Cd ‘’ 1 42 42

13 Daily laborer for data ‘’ 42 200 8400

collection

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J. (2022). Delimitation of ecological corridors in a highly urbanizing region based on circuit
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appendixs
Annex 1:

Questionnaires for the households.

This questionnaire is for the purpose of academic interest to get information about the
development & management of green areas in nekemte town. Therefore, nothing is
behind it, so I appreciate your collaboration for filling the questionnaire giving your
limited time for my study at urban planning and design at Wollega university.

No need of writing name

1. Age: less than 25 years
Between 25 – 40 years
Between 40 – 55 years
Greater than 55 years
2. Sex: Male Female
3. Occupation: Entrepreneur Group Employee Other Specify
4. Income: Less than 1500.00 birr 15000 - 25000 birr >25000 birr
5. Education: Illiterate 12th complete Diploma 12+4 and above
6. Kebele of Residence: ___________________________________________

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7. Are there any Green areas around your dwelling? YES No
8. If your answer in Q #7 is yes, what is the purpose/ existing of the green area?________
9. By whom the green area was developed and managed now?_____________________
10. How frequently is the green area maintained?________________________________
11. Is there a Millennium park in your Kebele? YES NO
12. If your response for Q #11 is YES, Who Develop and manage?_________________
13. Is there a community park developed and managed by the community itself? YES NO
14. If your respond is YES for Q #13, express the function and state of being at this time?
15. What do you think about the values of green area in the urban environment?
And list the functions_________________________________________________
16. What is expected from you for the protecting and made sustainable the value of green
area in your locality? _________________________________________________
17. Who do you think is the main responsible body for the development and
management? _______________________________________________________
18. How do you evaluate the municipality for developing and managing green
areas?______________________________________________________________
19. Is the municipality allocate sufficient budget and recruit essential professionals?
20. Tick the one which you feel better

no Item/ case Responses

Always Sometimes Not at all
1 Do you attend meetings
concerning green area
development &
planning
2 I contributes money and labor for
the development and planning
3 I report for Police when Green
areas are used for other purposes

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 illegally
4 I define the officials when they
are changed the GA areas in to
other
development purposes
5 I have discussed with my
neighbors how to keep, develop
and plan
the green areas
6 I have been participating in
planting and gardening of in the
green area
7 I have been asked the
municipality green areas for
community school
building site
8 I would like used the green areas
for grazing than recreation
9 I would like see the Green areas
for storing & selling building
materials
like sand, stone and etc…

21. Do you have trees in your compound? Yes No

22. If you say Yes in Q no 21, what type of tree species and where do you get the
seedlings?
___________
23. had you ever participating in planting and gardening campaign in the city? Yes No
24. If you say yes, Q No 23 where did your planted it?____________________________
Annex 2
Questionnaires for officials

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This questionnaire is for the purpose of academic interest to get information about the
development & management of green areas in nekemte town. Therefore, nothing is
behind it, so I appreciate your collaboration for filling the questionnaire giving your
limited time for my study at the Ethiopian Civil Service College in the Masters of Art
[MA] in urban management.
No need of writing name
1. What are the values of Green areas in the City? ______________________________
2. Who is responsible for development, management, maintenance and protection of
green areas in the city?
3. What is the main roll of city administration in green areas development and
Managements? ________________________________________________________
4. Who many experts are there in the city administration concerning green areas?

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