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Anatomic Landmarks

This document defines and describes 13 anatomical landmarks and 5 derived landmarks used as reference points in constructing lines and angles for craniofacial analysis. The anatomical landmarks include points on the skull, maxilla, mandible and chin. The derived landmarks are points constructed secondarily based on anatomical structures. Key anatomical landmarks include nasion, orbitale, anterior nasal spine, subspinale, superior prosthion, inferior prosthion, menton and gonion.

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ERIKA MARIZ DELOS SANTOS
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30 views

Anatomic Landmarks

This document defines and describes 13 anatomical landmarks and 5 derived landmarks used as reference points in constructing lines and angles for craniofacial analysis. The anatomical landmarks include points on the skull, maxilla, mandible and chin. The derived landmarks are points constructed secondarily based on anatomical structures. Key anatomical landmarks include nasion, orbitale, anterior nasal spine, subspinale, superior prosthion, inferior prosthion, menton and gonion.

Uploaded by

ERIKA MARIZ DELOS SANTOS
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Landmarks

- Specific point used as reference guide in the construction of lines and angles
2 kinds
1. Anatomic landmarks
- Point reference actual anatomic structures in skull
2. Derived landmarks
- Points constructed secondarily

ANATOMIC LANDMARKS
1-5 UPPER ANATOMICAL LANDMARKS
6-10- LOWER ANATOMICAL LANDMARKS
1. Nasion (Na) - Junction of the frontonasal suture
- Most superior point of the curvature at the bridge of the nose
2. Orbitale (Or) - Lowest point of the bony orbit
3. Anterior nasal spine (ANS) - Most anterior point of the maxilla at the level of the palate
4. Subspinale (point A) - Most posterior point of the curve between anterior nasal spine and superior
prosthion
5. Superior prosthion (SPr) - Most anterior- inferior point in maxillary process
6. Inferior prosthion (IPr) - Most anterior-superior point in mandibular process
7. Supramentale (point B) - Below IPr in deepest concavity point
8. Pogonion (Pog) - Most anterior-superior point of the chin
9. Menton (Me) - Lowest point of chin along symphyseal outline
10. Gnathion (Gn) - Midway between pognion and menton
- Most anterior-inferior point of chin
11. Condylion (Co) (Cd) - Most superior margin in condylar head
12. Basion (Ba) - Most anterior margin of foramen magnum
- Between superior border of cranial base and its inferior border
13. Posterior nasal spine (PNS) - Most posterior point of hard palate
- Lined with ANS
14. Gonion (Go) - Most posterior- inferior outward point of jaw angle
- Point between posterior and inferior border of the ramus

DERIVED LANDMARKS

1. Pterygomaxillary - Tear-drop shape


fissure (PTM) - Posterior part of maxillary tuberosity and pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone
2. Key Ridge (KR) - Lowest point of zygoma
3. Sella (S) - Center of hypophyseal fossa
4. Porion (Po) - Most superior point in external auditory meatus

2 parts
a. Mechanical- most superior point of ear rod shadow
b. Anatomics- most important point; outline of EAM
5. Articulare (Ar) - Between inferior border of cranial base and posterior border of condylar head
6. Bolton (Bo) - Highest point on retrocondylar fossa

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