Physic (sheet 1) Secondary 1

Unit two – Chapter three

Force and motion

Momentum :
Stopping bodies which are moving under the effect of inertia depends
on :
1) Mass (m) :
As the mass of the body increases, its inertia increases.
So, it is difficult to stop a heavy truck while it is easy to stop a small
car even if they have the same velocity.

2) Velocity (V) :
As the velocity of the body increases, its inertia increases.
So, it is difficult to stop a car that is moving with high velocity while
it is easy to stop it when it is moving with low velocity.

Momentum (p) = Mass (m) x Velocity (v)

The measuring unit of momentum is Kg.m/s

and its dimensional formula is M L T-1

The factors that affect momentum :

1- Mass :
P
The momentum is directly proportional
to the mass of the object at constant
velocity.
m
𝚫𝐏
Slope = = v
𝚫𝐦
 2- Velocity :
The momentum is directly proportional P

to the velocity of the object at constant

mass.

Slope =
𝚫𝐏
= m v
𝚫𝐯

- Notes :
1- Momentum is a vector quantity and its direction is in the same
direction of the velocity.
2- According to the relation (p = mv) :
a) Momentum of a static body equals zero regardless how great
its mass is.
Because the velocity of the static body equals zero.
P=mx0=0
b) Momentum of a moving body doesn't equal zero regardless
how small its mass is.
Because the velocity of the moving body doesn't equal zero,
so its momentum doesn't equal zero.

- Newton's second law of motion :

"The resultant (net) force affecting an object is equal to the rate of
change in the object's momentum".
Or
"When a resultant (net) force affects an object, the object acquires
an acceleration which is directly proportional to the affecting net
force and inversely proportional to the object's mass".
- The mathematical formula of Newton's second law :
𝚫𝐏 𝚫 (𝐦 𝐯) 𝐦 𝐯𝐟 − 𝐦 𝐯𝐢 (𝐯𝐟 − 𝐯𝐢 ) 𝚫𝐕
⸪F= = = = m = m
𝚫𝐭 𝚫𝐭 𝚫𝐭 𝚫𝐭 𝚫𝐭

⸫ F= ma
The measuring of unit force is kg.m/s2 that is equivalent to Newton (N)
and its dimensional formula is MLT-2

- The factors that affect acceleration of a body's motion:

1- The net force : a

The acceleration of a body's motion is
directly proportional to the net force
acting on the body at constant mass. F
𝚫𝐚 1
Slope = =
𝚫𝐅 m
2- The body's mass :
The acceleration of a body's motion is a

inversely proportional to the body's

mass at constant net force.
𝟏
𝐦
- Notes :
1- Force (F) is a vector quantity, because it is the product of a scalar
quantity (mass) times a vector quantity (acceleration).
2- The force can be measured by the spring balance.
3- The acceleration of a body is always in the direction of the net
force that acts on it, so if the net force is :
a) In the same direction as motion, velocity and momentum increase
with time.
b) In the same opposite as motion, velocity and momentum decrease
with time.
4- If a body moves in a straight line on a horizontal surface under the
effect of two forces which are a horizontal pushing force (Facting)
and a frictional force (Ffrictional) between the surface and the moving
body, the net force (Fmoving) that acts on the body is given by the
relation :
∑ F = m a = Fmoving = Facting - Ffrictional
The negative sign indicates that the frictional force acts in opposite
direction.
5- If a net constant force (F) acts on a body, it will move with a uniform
acceleration (a) and its motion is described by the three equations of
motion which were studied earlier :
Vf = Vi + a t
1
d = Vi t + a t2
2

Vf 2 = Vi 2 + 2 a d

- Life application of Newton's second law :

Δv
According to Newton's second law ( F = m ), when a moving body
Δt

collides with a static body, the force of collision (F) by which the body
affects or gets affected :
a) Increases by increasing the
mass of the moving body (m)
when the other factors
remain constant.
b) Increases by increasing the
change in the velocity of the
body (Δv) when the other
factors remain constant.
c) Decreases by increasing the time
of impact (the time interval of the
change in the momentum Δt) when
the other factors remain constant.

- Mass and Weight :

Mass (m) Weight (w)
The resistance of a The force of gravity
Definition body to change its acting on the body.
kinematic state.
Derived vector
Type of the Fundamental scalar quantity, whose
physical quantity quantity. direction is towards
the Earth's center.
The mathematical F
M = W=mg
formula a
Measuring unit Kilogram (kg) Newton (N)
Dimensional
ML0T0 MLT-2
formula
Changes by
changing the
Effect of position Constant everywhere acceleration due to
gravity from one
place to another.
 Unit three – Chapter one
Circular motion
- Laws of Circular Motion :
• If the direction of the acting net force is :
a) In the same direction of motion :
- The speed (magnitude of velocity) of
the moving object increases.
- The direction of motion does not change.
b) In the opposite direction of motion :
- The speed (magnitude of velocity) of
the moving object decreases.
- The direction of motion does not change.
c) Perpendicular to the direction of motion :
- The speed (magnitude of velocity) of
the moving object remains unchanged.
- The direction of motion does not change.

- Uniform circular motion :

It is the motion of a body in a circular path with a constant speed and
a changing direction.

- Centripetal force :
It is the force acting continuously in a direction
normal to the motion of a body, causing it to
move in a circular path.
- Laws of circular motion :
The change in the direction of velocity means
that the body has an acceleration called the
the centripetal acceleration (a) and it has the
same direction of the centripetal force.

Centripetal acceleration (ac ) :

It is the acceleration acquired by an object while moving in a circular
path due to the change in the direction of its velocity.
v2
ac =
r

Centripetal force (Fc ) :

m v2
Fc = m ac =
r

Factors affect centripetal force (Fc ) :

1- The object’s mass (m) :
(Fc ) is directly proportional to (m) [when (v) and (r) constant].
2- The tangential velocity (v) :
(Fc ) is directly proportional to (v2) [when (m) and (r) constant].
3- The radius of circular path (r) :
(Fc ) is directly proportional to (r) [when (m) and (v) constant].

- If the body completes one revolution in the same circular path through
an interval of time T which is called the periodic time, the velocity (v)
by which the body moves are called the tangential velocity and it is
given by the relation :
2πr
v =
T
And its direction is always in the direction of the tangent to
the circular path at the position of the moving body.

- If the body completes a number of N complete revolutions during

time t, then the periodic time of its motion is given by the relation :
t
T=
N
Periodic time (T) :
It is the time taken by a body to make one complete revolution.