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6-Surface and Subsurface Flow

The document discusses considerations for surface and subsurface flow design of hydraulic structures. It covers 1) surface flow topics like discharge characteristics, energy dissipation, and water surface profiles, and 2) subsurface flow topics like seepage theory, uplift pressure, and exit gradients. Theories discussed for subsurface flow include Bligh's creep theory, Lane's weighted creep theory, and Khosla's theory, which considers factors like horizontal and vertical creep lengths.

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ANGAD SHAH
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50 views

6-Surface and Subsurface Flow

The document discusses considerations for surface and subsurface flow design of hydraulic structures. It covers 1) surface flow topics like discharge characteristics, energy dissipation, and water surface profiles, and 2) subsurface flow topics like seepage theory, uplift pressure, and exit gradients. Theories discussed for subsurface flow include Bligh's creep theory, Lane's weighted creep theory, and Khosla's theory, which considers factors like horizontal and vertical creep lengths.

Uploaded by

ANGAD SHAH
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE

SURFACE AND SUB-SURFACE FLOW CONSIDERATIONS


FOR DESIGN OF HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES.

By
Zulfequar Ahmad, Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
IIT Roorkee, India
OUTLINES

1. Surface flow
a) Discharge characteristics
b) Energy dissipation
c) Water surface profile
d) Cavitation

2. Sub-surface flow
a) Seepage theory (Bligh’s, Lane’s and Khosla’s theory)
b) Uplift pressure
c) Exit gradient

2
1. SURFACE FLOW
DISCHARGE COMPUTATION

2
Q= C d 1 2 g Bh 3 / 2 +C d 2 2 gh Bh1
3
Cd1= 0.577
Cd2 =0.80
B = clear waterway
IS 6966:1989
The discharge shall be obtained from the following formula

Q = CLH 3 / 2
C = coefficient of discharge
L = clear waterway of the barrage or weir and
H = total head causing the flow
IS 6531:1994 (For free flow)

Q = CLe H e 3 / 2
Le = L − 2(NK p + K a )H e

N is the number of piers and Kp and Ka are the pier and abutment
contraction coefficients.

Ka =0.20

6
Sub-Surface Flow

1. Introduction

2. Bligh Creep Theory (1910)

3. Lane’s Weighted Creep Theory (1932)

4. Khosla Theory (1936)

5. Exit gradient

6. Uplift force

7
1. Introduction

▪ In 19th century, the hydraulic structures were designed on experience and


intuition – no rational theory was available.

▪ Failure of Khanki weir in 1895 due to piping action invites attention of


researcher to work on sub-surface flow. Khanki weir was constructed in 1889
across Chenab river in Gujranwala dist. of Punjab.

▪ Experiments were carried out at Thomason College Roorkee by Principal Lt.


Col. Clibborn in 1896-97.

▪ Seepage endanger the structure by

a) Piping/Undermining

b) Uplift pressure

8
2. Bligh Creep Theory

Bligh assumed that the water which percolates into the foundation creeps
through the joint between the profile of the base of weir and the subsoil.

Creep length L = b+2(d1+d2+d3)

Bligh’s creep coefficient C =L/HL

For safety against piping

Fine sand C = 15
Coarse sand C = 12
Sand mixed with boulder and gravel C= 5 to 9

9
Bligh Creep Theory

Limitations
▪ No distinction between horizontal and vertical creep lengths.
▪ The idea of exit gradient has not been considered.
▪ The effect of varying lengths of sheet piles not considered.
▪ No distinction is made between inner or outer faces of the sheet piles.

h h’
gh’= gGt t

t=h/(G-1)

10
3. Lane’s Weighted Creep Theory

Weightage for vertical creep unity and horizontal creep 1/3.

Creep length L = b/3+2(d1+d2+d3)

Bligh’s creep coefficient C =L/HL

For safety against piping

Silt C = 8.5
Fine sand C=7
Coarse sand C=5
Gravel and sand C= 3.5 to 3.0

11
4. Khosla Theory

▪ A.N. Kholsa – Punjab Irrigation Research Institute


▪ “Design of weir on permeable foundations” A N Kholsa, N K Bose, McKenzi Taylor,
CBIP, 1936
▪ Passed out as Civil Engineer in 1916 from Thomason College of Civil Eng.

12
Khosla’s method of independent variables

1. Horizontal floor of negligible thickness with upstream pile


2. Horizontal floor of negligible thickness with downstream pile
3. Depressed floor with no pile
4. Horizontal floor of negligible thickness with intermediate pile

13
CORRECTIONS
Interference Correction at point C1 (positive)
a) For mutual interference
Dd +D
b) For thickness C = 19  
c) For slope of floor b1  b 

Slope (H:V) Correction factor


Slope Correction at point E2 (positive-flow is 1:1 11.2
downward) 2:1 6.5
3:1 3.3
4:1 2.8
bs 5:1 2.5
C=  correction factor
b1 6:1 2.3
7:1 2.0
Thickness Correction

E’2 C’2

E2 C2

Pressures at E2’, D2
and C2’ are known,
calculate at E2 & C2 by
linear interpolation D2
Exit Gradient
Exit Gradient (Khosla)

18

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