Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications

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A compact high isolation wideband MIMO antenna

for multi-band applications

Abdullah Madni, Muhammad Rizwan Akram, Kashif Riaz, Hamood Ur

Rahman, Mutee Ur Rehman, Wasif Tanveer Khan & Muhammad Qasim
Mehmood

To cite this article: Abdullah Madni, Muhammad Rizwan Akram, Kashif Riaz, Hamood Ur Rahman,
Mutee Ur Rehman, Wasif Tanveer Khan & Muhammad Qasim Mehmood (2022): A compact high
isolation wideband MIMO antenna for multi-band applications, Journal of Electromagnetic Waves
and Applications, DOI: 10.1080/09205071.2022.2054730

To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/09205071.2022.2054730

Published online: 25 Mar 2022.

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JOURNAL OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES AND APPLICATIONS
https://doi.org/10.1080/09205071.2022.2054730

RESEARCH ARTICLE

A compact high isolation wideband MIMO antenna for

multi-band applications
Abdullah Madni a,d , Muhammad Rizwan Akramb , Kashif Riaza , Hamood Ur Rahmanc ,
Mutee Ur Rehmand , Wasif Tanveer Khand and Muhammad Qasim Mehmooda
a Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan;
b Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan; c National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad,

Pakistan; d Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan

ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY

Ultra-wideband (UWB) multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) Received 13 September 2021
antennas promise a wide range of interesting applications in vari- Accepted 14 March 2022
ous radio frequency (RF) systems. However, the prime challenges in KEYWORDS
realizing such systems include achieving a wider bandwidth, signifi- MIMO antenna; UWB
cant isolation between the antennas and compactness. This research antenna; isolation; diversity
demonstrates a compact MIMO antenna having a prominent iso- gain; total active reflection
lation level for portable UWB applications. The proposed antenna coefficient
comprises two modified rectangular radiating elements with narrow
slots in the ground plane, achieving an enhanced bandwidth from
2.1 to 16.9 GHz covering the S, C, X and Ku bands. Meanwhile, two
inverted L-shaped stubs are introduced into the ground structure to
obtain a higher isolation greater than 16 dB in the entire spectrum.
The proposed antenna is of compact size (36 × 38 mm2 ) and exhibits
excellent performance in terms of return loss, mutual coupling, enve-
lope correlation coefficient (ECC), diversity gain (DG) and total active
reflection coefficient (TARC).

Introduction
Since the endorsement for the utility of 3.1–10.6 GHz spectrum for UWB systems by the
Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in 2002, UWB technology has been expand-
ing rapidly [1]. UWB technology has numerous benefits such as high channel capacity,
operation at low power levels, less interference by noise and low cost [2]. Therefore, UWB
antennas have drawn considerable attention to the researchers in recent years. Like any
other wireless technology, UWB is also affected by dense multipath propagations especially
in indoor environments leading to poor link quality. In order to alleviate this bottleneck,
UWB technology can be united with Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) technol-
ogy. MIMO employs various antennas to exploit multipath for improving throughput,
channel capacity, performance and link reliability of the system [3–5]. Major design chal-
lenges related to the operation of UWB systems include wideband impedance matching,
radiation pattern stability, compact size and low cost [6]. For UWB – MIMO systems,

CONTACT Abdullah Madni [email protected] Room 9-229, School of Science and Engineering, Lahore
University of Management Sciences, Khyaban-e-Jinnah, opposite Sector U, Phase 5 D.H.A, Lahore, Punjab 54792, Pakistan
© 2022 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group
2 A. MADNI ET AL.

significant design challenges include mutual coupling reduction between the antenna
elements and maintaining the compactness of the device.
Recently, considerable research has been devoted to UWB-MIMO antennas and the
design challenges associated with them. Numerous designs have been reported for UWB-
MIMO systems that suggest different techniques to enhance isolation. As in [7], a tree-
shaped geometry of size 35 × 40 mm2 has been proposed within the ground plane to
enhance isolation. A bandwidth from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz and isolation above 16 dB was
achieved through this design. In [8], two rectangular antennas of size 26 × 40 mm2 are
arranged perpendicularly along with two stubs placed in the ground to achieve a mutual
coupling of -15 dB. Similarly, in [9], a slotted orthogonally placed UWB-MIMO antenna
has been proposed with isolation higher than 15 dB. In [10,11], inverted L-shaped stubs
and a complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) have been used in the ground plane to
minimize the mutual coupling. A neutralization line is proposed in [12] to obtain mutual
coupling below −22 dB, but the antenna covers only the 3.1–5 GHz spectrum. In [13], a
triangular UWB-MIMO antenna of dimensions 30 × 50 mm2 employing F-shaped stubs
for isolation enhancement has been reported. However, both the merits of UWB-MIMO
antennas i.e. wide band and higher isolation while maintaining the small antenna size still
require to be further explored. All these reported structures have comparatively large sizes
and some involve complex decoupling structures. Furthermore, some of these designs also
exhibit poor bandwidth despite having a good isolation level.
A compact MIMO antenna, with a modified ground plane, is introduced in this paper
for portable UWB applications. The proposed design provides significant improvements in
terms of size reduction and bandwidth enhancement over existing designs. The total size
of the antenna is merely 36 × 38 mm2 , while its bandwidth is 14.8 GHz (2.1–16.9 GHz).
The antenna has two rectangular radiators with slots in them for bandwidth enhancement.
To minimize mutual coupling, two L- shaped stubs are introduced in the ground plane. An
isolation level greater than 20 dB was observed for the proposed design in the major part of
the operating frequency spectrum. Owing to its low mutual coupling, compact size, simpler
geometry and low ECC, it is an excellent contender for use in portable UWB devices.

Antenna geometry
The geometry of the proposed MIMO antenna is shown in Figure 1. The antenna is pat-
terned on FR-4 substrate (ε r = 4.4) [14] which has two radiators on the front side and
a partially shared ground plane on the back side. Each radiator consists of a rectangu-
lar patch with round corners that ensure a wideband response. Two slots are also etched
in the ground plane to enhance wideband impedance matching and two thin inverted
L-shaped stubs are introduced in the ground plane to obtain a higher isolation level
between the radiators. The detailed optimized geometric parameters of the proposed
UWB-MIMO antenna are shown in Table 1.

Antenna design analysis

Initially, a rectangular patch antenna was designed for 6 GHz according to the antenna
theory presented in [15]. MIMO configuration of the antenna was obtained by placing
two rectangular patches separated by a small distance and fed by 50 Ω microstrip lines
 JOURNAL OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES AND APPLICATIONS 3

Figure 1. Proposed geometry for the UWB-MIMO antenna showing top and bottom layout.

Table 1. Dimensions of the proposed UWB-MIMO

antenna.
Parameter Value (mm) Parameter Value (mm)
Ws 38 a 25
Ls 36 b 2.85
Wp 15 c 7
Lp 11 d 1
Wf 2.85 e 1
Lf 12.5 f 2
D0 18.15 g 24
r 2.82 h 4.058
Lg 11 i 2

(Antenna 1). To increase the antenna bandwidth for UWB operation, circular slots of
radius r = 2.82 mm were cut from the corners of both rectangular patches (Antenna 2). To
further improve the impedance matching from 4 to 6 GHz and 10 to 10.6 GHz for complete
UWB functionality, rectangular slots were also cut in the ground (Antenna 3). This further
improved the return loss of the antenna in the lower end of the UWB spectrum from 3.1 to
6 GHz as compared to the previous two configurations without the slots. Finally, two stubs
were added to the ground plane to achieve a good isolation level (Antenna 4). The design
was simulated by using CST Microwave Studio [16]. Figure 2 illustrates the design process
of the front patch and the back plane of the presented UWB-MIMO antenna.
The return losses (S11 ) for these cases are illustrated in Figure 3. It is noticed that
Antenna 1 does not cover the whole UWB spectrum and exhibits a lower bandwidth of only
5.7 GHz from 2.3 to 8 GHz. Antenna 2 covers a spectrum from 3.2 to 10.4 GHz. Antenna
3, however, covers the entire UWB spectrum as compared to the previous configurations.
Antenna 4, having stubs in the ground plane for attaining isolation, exhibits even better per-
formance and covers not only the complete UWB spectrum from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz but also
the 2.4 GHz (ISM band) spectrum and has a bandwidth of 14.8 GHz with S11 < −10 dB
from 2.1 to 16.9 GHz. Its impedance response is also enhanced as compared to the previ-
ous configurations which exhibit lesser bandwidth and return loss at the higher and lower
ends of the frequency spectrum.
4 A. MADNI ET AL.

Figure 2. Different MIMO configurations used for the final design of the front and back layout for the
proposed antenna.

Figure 3. Simulated return loss (S11 ) for the four configurations of the presented antenna.

The antennas 1–3 (Figure 2) exhibit satisfactory return loss and cover the whole UWB
frequency span but poor mutual coupling (S21 ). To realize higher isolation amid the radi-
ating antennas, the ground was further modified by inserting inverted L-shaped stubs of
thickness 1 mm each (Antenna 4) as shown in Figure 2. It is important to note that we
have used a partial ground plane for achieving a wideband impedance response, however,
a partial ground plane causes a shift in the resonant frequency and slight distortion in the
radiation pattern which is tuned by adding slots and stubs in the ground plane (Figure 2)
such that a good impedance response and mutual coupling level is attained. Figure 4 shows
the effect of four design configurations on the isolation between the radiators. It can be
observed that for the first three antenna configurations the isolation is poor. For the fourth
antenna configuration i.e. Antenna 4, after the addition of stubs, isolation is improved for
the whole UWB band. Isolation greater than 20 dB is observed in major portion of the
spectrum from 2.9 to 7.2 GHz and from 9.6 to 12.7 GHz. Overall, from 2.1 to 16.9 GHz,
the mutual coupling is lower than −16 dB.
 JOURNAL OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES AND APPLICATIONS 5

Figure 4. Simulated S21 illustrating the effect of stubs on isolation enhancement for the proposed
antenna.

Figure 5. Simulated surface current distributions with and without the stubs for (a) 3 GHz, (b) 6 GHz, (c)
9 GHz, (d) 12 GHz.

In order to further investigate the effect of stubs on isolation enhancement, the current
distribution on the surface of the antenna for four different frequencies i.e. 3, 6, 9 and
12 GHz is presented in Figure 5(a–d) respectively. These frequencies are chosen to cover
most of the UWB spectrum and the bandwidth achieved. It can be observed that when port
1 is excited at 3 GHz without the stubs in the ground plane, the current remains intensely
linked to port 2 and higher mutual coupling can be seen between the radiating patches due
to the propagation of the surface current. When stubs are introduced in the ground plane,
current instead of flowing through the ground towards the second port flows into the stubs
thereby isolating the second patch. The same phenomenon is observed for the other three
frequencies i.e. 6, 9 and 12 GHz. The current is trapped by the stubs in the ground plane,
resulting in lower mutual coupling as the second radiating element connected to port 2 is
isolated. Owing to the symmetrical arrangement of the radiators, exciting port 2 generates
the similar effect on the propagation of surface current in the antenna.
6 A. MADNI ET AL.

Results and discussion

The proposed antenna was fabricated on a commercially available FR-4 substrate having
a thickness of 1.6 mm, a dielectric constant of 4.4 and a loss tangent of 0.02 using stan-
dard PCB fabrication techniques. The fabricated design is presented in Figure 6. Return
loss (S11 /S22 ), mutual coupling (S21 /S12 ), radiation pattern and gain are measured and a
comparison with simulated results is presented.
The S11 of the designed antenna was evaluated using a Rohde & Schwarz vector network
analyzer (VNA). The antenna covers 2.1–16.9 GHz bandwidth with S11 < −10 dB. Figure 7
presents the measured and simulated return loss.
The presented MIMO antenna not only covers the whole UWB spectrum but also occu-
pies the S (2–4 GHz), C (4–8 GHz), X (7–11.2 GHz) and some portion of Ku (12–18 GHz)
frequency bands. It fulfils the FCC condition for UWB operation and exhibits enhanced
bandwidth as compared to many other reported designs such as [8,10,12]. The measured
and simulated mutual coupling is presented in Figure 8. It is observed that the mutual
coupling is below −20 dB from 2.9 to 7.2 GHz and from 9.6 to 12.7 GHz. The maximum
isolation level achieved is 39 dB at 6.4 GHz. In the complete bandwidth commencing from
2.1 to 16.9 GHz mutual coupling is below −16.7 dB.

Figure 6. A fabricated model for the UWB-MIMO antenna presented in Figure 1 (a) Top View, (b) Bottom
View.

Figure 7. Simulated and measured return loss for the designed UWB-MIMO antenna.
 JOURNAL OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES AND APPLICATIONS 7

Figure 8. Simulated and measured mutual coupling for the designed UWB-MIMO antenna.

For MIMO antennas, mutual coupling below −15 dB is considered adequate for satisfac-
tory performance [7]. Our presented design shows better mutual coupling below −16.7 dB
which is better than the reported work in [9,17–19]. The slight disparity between the sim-
ulated and measured S-parameters is owing to the non-idealities in the fabrication process
and losses due to connectors and cables during the measurements.
A maximum gain of 4.5 dB was realized at 6.7 GHz for the proposed antenna. From 5
to 10.1 GHz, the gain was above 3 dB which occupied a major portion of the spectrum.
Antenna radiation pattern for the presented antenna was simulated and measured for 3, 6
and 9 GHz in x-z (H-plane) and y-z (E-plane). While measuring the radiation pattern, port
1 was excited and port 2 was connected by a 50 Ω load. Figure 9 shows these results.

MIMO performance analysis

The functioning of the presented UWB-MIMO antenna is assessed on the basis of the
Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC), Diversity Gain (DG) and total active correla-
tion coefficient (TARC). The effect of antenna modification for isolation and bandwidth
enhancement on these parameters is analyzed. The mutual coupling among the contigu-
ous antennas can be investigated by the ECC [11]. For a dual port lossless antenna, it is
calculated using the S-parameters from the relation derived in [20] and expressed as:

| S∗11 S12 + S∗21 S22 |2

ECC = (1)
(1 − |S11 |2 − |S21 |2 )(1 − |S22 |2 − |S12 |2 )

ECC for an uncorrelated antenna should ideally be zero but practically tolerable limit of
ECC for a good MIMO antenna is less than 0.5 [11]. Figure 10 illustrates the simulated
ECC for antennas 1 through 4.
It is clear from the above figure that Antenna 4 exhibits better ECC as compared to
Antenna 1, 2 and 3 in the whole UWB frequency span. It also illustrates that the improve-
ment of mutual coupling and bandwidth through ground plane and patch alteration did
not degrade the ECC.
8 A. MADNI ET AL.

Figure 9. Simulated and measured radiation pattern for the presented UWB-MIMO antenna at (a) 3 GHz,
(b) 6 GHz, (c) 9 GHz.

The diversity gain of a MIMO antenna is determined by means of the following

expression described in [11]:

DG = 10 (1 − ECC2 ) (2)

where, ECC represents the envelope correlation coefficient. Equation (2) illustrates that
smaller ECC will result in a greater diversity gain. DG for the four antenna configurations
(Antenna 1, Antenna 2, Antenna 3 and Antenna 4) was simulated and compared. It was
found that the simulated diversity gain for the four designs was consistently above 9 dB
throughout the complete UWB spectrum, thus proving that the antenna modification is
 JOURNAL OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES AND APPLICATIONS 9

Figure 10. Simulated ECC for the Antenna 1, Antenna 2, Antenna 3 and Antenna 4.

Figure 11. Simulated diversity gain for Antenna1, Antenna 2, Antenna 3 and Antenna 4.

not done at the cost of DG degradation. It is also observed that Antenna 4 shows bet-
ter DG response as compared to the other three designs (Antennas 1, 2 and 3). Figure 11
demonstrates the simulated DG for the four MIMO configurations.
The above simulated results verify that Antenna 4 is our finalized design and it exhibits
excellent features in terms of ECC and DG. However, in order to further authenticate the
performance of our antenna, measured values of ECC and DG were calculated for the
fabricated model (Figure 6) and compared with the simulated results. The simulated and
measured ECC was found to be below 0.001 in the whole spectrum. DG was observed to be
greater than 9.997 dB in the entire UWB frequency band. Figure 12 illustrates these results.
It is important to note that Equation (1) is used to evaluate ECC for a lossless antenna
only [21]. However, a lossless antenna cannot be realized practically; therefore, ECC can
also be calculated from the far-field radiation patterns. For a two-port antenna, ECC can
be found from the far-field patterns from the relation derived in [22] and expressed as:
 2
 
4π [E1 (θ , ) ∗ E2 (θ , )d]
2
|ρ12 | = ρe (ECC) =   (3)
4π |E1 (θ , )| d 4π |E1 (θ , )| d
2 2
10 A. MADNI ET AL.

Figure 12. Simulated and measured ECC and DG of the proposed MIMO antenna.

Figure 13. Simulated ECC of the proposed antenna (Antenna 4) from far-field radiation pattern.

The simulated value of ECC using far-field pattern of our proposed antenna i.e.
Antenna 4 is shown in Figure 13.
As shown in Figure 13, the value of ECC in the operating bandwidth (2.1–16.9 GHz)
is less than 0.018 which is very less than the threshold value of 0.5 for good MIMO
performance.
The diversity gain can also be expressed in terms of the ECC calculated by far-field
patterns. It can be calculated by using the following expression [23]

DG = 10 (1 − |ρ|2 ) (4)

where ρ is the complex correlation co-efficient, with |ρ|2 ≈ ECC.

Figure 14 shows the DG calculated by far-field pattern for the proposed MIMO antenna.
It is more than 9.996 dB in the entire operating spectrum.
Table 2 summarizes the MIMO performance of the proposed MIMO antenna on the
basis of ECC and DG. Here, the simulated results of ECC and DG are in terms of the 3D
radiation pattern while the measured ones are found using the S-parameters.
In MIMO systems, multiple antennas when functioning concurrently impact each other.
Thus, relying only on ECC and DG is not adequate enough to predict the MIMO per-
formance of the antenna. Hence, a new parameter known as Total Active Correlation
 JOURNAL OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES AND APPLICATIONS 11

Figure 14. Simulated DG of the proposed antenna from far-field radiation pattern.

Table 2. Results of the MIMO performance parameters.

Results of MIMO Performance Parameters ECC DG (dB)
Measured from S-parameters < 0.001 > 9.997
Simulated from Far-Field Pattern < 0.018 > 9.996

Figure 15. Simulated TARC for Antenna1, Antenna 2, Antenna 3 and Antenna 4.

Coefficient (TARC) is defined [11]. It not only considers the mutual coupling but also takes
random signal combination in to account [3]. Therefore, it offers a more expressive por-
trayal of MIMO performance. It is defined as the square root of the ratio of the complete
reflected power to the total incident power [17]. For a dual port MIMO network, TARC is
evaluated by the expression described in [17]

(S11 + S12 )2 + (S21 + S22 )2
TARC = (5)
2

For an ideal MIMO antenna, TARC should be lower than 0 dB [11,17]. Figure 15
illustrates the simulated TARC for the four MIMO antennas.
12 A. MADNI ET AL.

Figure 16. Simulated and measured TARC for the proposed MIMO antenna.

It is apparent form the above figure that Antenna 4 provides a better TARC as compared
to the previous configurations in the entire UWB spectrum. As mentioned earlier, modi-
fying the patch for bandwidth enhancement and the ground plane for attaining isolation
is not done at the expense of TARC degradation. Figure 16 shows the simulated and mea-
sured TARC of the fabricated prototype (Antenna 4) which is lower than −3.8 dB in the
entire operating bandwidth.
The sole purpose of the above discussion is to examine the effects of antenna and ground
plane modifications on the mentioned MIMO performance parameters. The slots etched in
the rectangular patch for bandwidth elevation and the stubs introduced in the ground plane
for attaining low mutual coupling amid the radiating patches did not comprise or degrade
the MIMO performance parameters. The results indicate that our finalized design i.e.
Antenna 4 shows excellent and uniform performance characteristics in the entire UWB fre-
quency domain with reference to ECC, DG and TARC. Due to its compact size, enhanced
bandwidth, good isolation and consistent MIMO performance, it is a suitable choice for
portable UWB applications.
The measured and simulated results imply that the presented antenna is an ideal choice
for portable UWB applications. It exhibits better bandwidth than [7,9,12,13,17–19,24]. It

Table 3. Comparison of the proposed MIMO antenna with the previously reported work.
Ref # Size (mm x mm) Bandwidth (GHz) Mutual Coupling (dB) ECC
[7] 35 × 40 3.1–10.6 < −16 < 0.01
[9] 32 × 32 2.9–12 < −15 < 0.04
[12] 16 × 35 3.1–5 < −22 N. R
[13] 30 × 50 2.5–14.5 < −20 < 0.04
[17] 38 × 40 3.1–10.6 < −15 < 0.1
[18] 40 × 50 2.5–11 < −15 < 0.02
[19] 30 × 40 2.4,3.1–10.6 < −11.5 < 0.15
[24] 22 × 32 3.1–14.9 & 5.4–5.62 < −15 < 0.07
[25] 28 × 55 2.35–2.5 & 3.2–3.85 < −15 < 0.01
[26] 55 × 110 2.2–2.7 & 4.98–6.44 < −10 N. R
[27] 45 × 58 3.1–11 < −15 < 0.01
[28] 55 × 64 2.3–2.4 & 3.3–3.7 < −15 < 0.001
This Work 36 × 38 2.1–16.9 < −16.7 < 0.018
 JOURNAL OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES AND APPLICATIONS 13

has mutual coupling lower than reported in [7,9,17–19,24–28]. In addition to this, most of
the reported works like [7,9,13,17,18] have evaluated ECC using the S-parameters method
which is only valid for a lossless antenna. However, we have reported the ECC using the
3D radiation patterns as well. Table 3 shows a comparison of the presented UWB-MIMO
antenna with other published designs.

Conclusion
This research presents a simple modified rectangular UWB-MIMO antenna. The antenna
is only 36 × 38 mm2 and attains an enhanced bandwidth from 2.1 to 16.9 GHz with
S11 < −10 dB covering the S, C, X and Ku frequency bands. The mutual coupling of the
proposed MIMO antenna is below −16 dB, which is achieved by means of two simple stubs
and a fair agreement is found between the measured and simulated results. The MIMO per-
formance parameters such as ECC, diversity gain and TARC are simulated and measured.
The simulated and measured results (S21 < −16 dB, ECC < 0.018, DG > 9.996 dB and
TARC < −3.8 dB) demonstrate that the presented antenna is an excellent choice for use
in portable UWB-MIMO and multi-band applications.

Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

ORCID
Abdullah Madni http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3998-3660

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