ENGLISH

MODUL XII SEMESTER 1

say
Yes!
 CONTENTS
REPORT TEXT............................................................................... 1
Exercise.................................................................... 2
Is it hands up for more ‘cyber’ school days?.............................. 8
Exercise.................................................................. 12
READING COMPREHENSION.................................................... 20
Exercise.................................................................. 28
GERUND ................................................................................ 32
Exercise.................................................................. 37
JAKARTA ISLAMIC SCHOOL ENGLISH MODUL XII SEMESTER 1

REPORT TEXT

A. Definition of Report text.

The term report text is often also known as informational report. The Report, in Concise
Oxford Dictionary 10th Edition, is defined as 1) an account given of a matter after
investigation or consideration. 2) a piece of information about an event or situation. It can be
concluded, in term of language, the report text is a text that function to provide information
about an event or situation, after holding investigation and through various considerations.
The definition of report text is also almost similar to what is often mentioned in some English
books at high school level, “Reports text is a text which is the result of systematic
observation and analyzes.”
Thus, actually Report Text and Descriptive Text have a fairly clear distinction, although it
appears that the both text are said to be “twin siblings”.
In conclusion, in the report text it usually contains facts that can be proven scientifically.

B. Generic Structure of Report text

As descriptive text, Report text also has only two generic structures:
- General Classification ; Stating classification of general aspect of thing; animal, public
place, plant, etc which will be discussed in general
- Description : tells what the phenomenon under discussion ; in terms of parts, qualities,
habits or behaviors.

C. Purpose of Report text

Every text must have the purpose why it was written. So do this. Some experts mention that
the purpose of the report text is:
1. presenting information about something.
2. They generally describe an entire class of things, whether natural or made: mammals,
the planets, rocks, plants, countries of region, culture, transportation, and so on.
It can be concluded, the purpose of report text is to convey information of observation
through systematic analysis. The information described in the report text is usually general,
whether natural or artificial like mammals, planets, rocks, plants, states, culture,
transportation, and so forth.
In high school level books, it is mentioned that the purpose of report text are :
– To describe something in general.
– To presenting information about (something), as it is.
– To describe the way things are..

Language Feature of Report text

– Use of general nouns, eg hunting dogs, rather than particular nouns, eg our dog;
– Use of relating verbs to describe features, eg Molecules are tiny particles;
– Some use of action verbs when describing behavior, eg Emus cannot fly;
– Use of timeless present tense to indicate usualness, eg Tropical cyclones always begin over
the sea;
– Use of technical terms, eg Isobars are lines drawn on a weather map;
– Use of paragraphs with topic sentences to organize bundles of information; repeated
naming of the topic as the beginning focus of the clause.

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JAKARTA ISLAMIC SCHOOL ENGLISH MODUL XII SEMESTER 1

D. EXERCISE

The Animal Kingdom

There are many different types of animals in the world. When we think of an animal,
we usually think of something like a cat, a dog, a mouse, or a tiger. They live on land and in
water. All these different animals belong to a group called the animal kingdom. Around
800,000 species have been identified in the animal kingdom – most of them are in the
Arthropod phylum.
Many animals are quite similar to each other. Some others are quite different.
Animals can be classified based on their similarities. The animal kingdom can be split up into
two main groups, vertebrates (with a backbone) and invertebrates (without a backbone).
Some scientists believe that if they were to identify all species in the tropical
rainforest, they would find that there are more than ten thousand species of arthropoda. Many
people do not think that clams, jellyfish, or earthworms are animals. Yet, all of them belong
to the kingdom of animals.

1. The main idea of the first paragraph is . . . .

A. Most animals live in water
B. Arthropod phylum are species of animals
C. There are many kinds of animals in the world
D. The animal kingdom comprises 800,000 species
E. The animals in the animal kingdom have been identified

2. From paragraph 3 we can conclude that . . .

A. There are more than 10 thousand species of Arthropoda
B. The number of Arthropoda would enlarge than 10 million species
C. The scientists were unable to identify all species in the tropical rain forests
D. All species in the tropical rain forests have been identified by the scientists
E. The scientist were competent to identify all species in the tropical rain forests

Dragon fruit is a cactus plant that produces an edible red-colored fruit. The exact origin of the
plant is unknown, but it is thought to come from South and Central America. The plants is
also called pitaya (or pitahaya) and strawberry pear with the fragrant flowers referred to as
Queen of the Night or Moonflower.

Dragon fruit is a vining cactus plant from the genus Hylocereus. The dragon fruit plant
produces a scaly red colored fruit approximately four to six times a year. The plant is
considered epiphytic, meaning it is usually found growing on top of another plant and gets its
nutrients from the sun and rain. The plant vines look similar to the common Christmas cactus
houseplant with the branches reaching up to 20 feet in length.

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JAKARTA ISLAMIC SCHOOL ENGLISH MODUL XII SEMESTER 1

3. Why is dragon fruit considered epiphytic?

A. It is usually found growing under another plant and gets its nutrients from the sun and
rain.
B. It is usually found growing on top of another plant and gets its food from the sun and
rain.
C. It is usually found growing on top of another plant and gets its nutrients from the root.
D. It is usually found growing on top of another plant and gets its nutrients from its
leaves.
E. It is never found growing beside of another plant and gets its power from the sun and
rain.

4. Dragon fruit is a cactus plant that produces an edible red-colored fruit. It is thought to
come from South and Central America. The bold sentence means....
A. The exact origin of the plant is unknown.
B. The exact origin of the plant is familiar.
C. The exact origin of the plant is well-known.
D. The dragon fruit plant produces a scaly red colored fruit.
E. The plant is also called Pitaya (or pitahaya).

5. The main idea of the second paragraph is ... .

A. The plant is considered powerful.
B. The plant vines look similar to the common Christmas cactus.
C. The fruits look similar to the common Christmas cactus.
D. The plant is considered epiphytic
E. The branches reaching up to 20 feet in length.

Giraffe is the highest animal in the world. Its height can reach 4.8 to 5.5 meters and its
weight about 1360 pounds. Giraffe has a unique characteristic. They have a very long neck
and two small horns on its head. Giraffes have big brown eyes and protected by thick and
long eyebrows. Her body is covered with a unique pattern that is attached by brown spots all
over their body. Just like camels, giraffes can survive without drinking for long time because
giraffes can rely on the water contained in leaves they eat.
Giraffes are very selective in choosing food. They always eat young leaves that grow in
the tree tops. Their tongue that is shaped like a knife helps them to cut branches which are
very hard. Female giraffes can start to be pregnant at the age of five years, with a gestation
period of 15 months. Commonly a female giraffe bears one baby, but sometimes two babies
at once. Giraffes bear their baby with a standing position. When the baby is about to be born,
they just drop it to the ground from a 1.5 meter of height. A baby giraffe can stand about20
minutes since being born, and begin breastfeeding within an hour of birth.

6. What is the text about?

A. The description of the giraffe in general
B. The characteristic of the giraffe
C. The habitat of the giraffe
D. The weight of the giraffe
E. The female giraffe

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JAKARTA ISLAMIC SCHOOL ENGLISH MODUL XII SEMESTER 1

7. The unique characteristic of the giraffe is ….

A. two horns on their head
B. their long neck
C. brown spot
D. their food
E. their life

8. “With a gestation period of 15 months. Commonly a female giraffe bears one baby”.
(Par 2)
The underlined word is closest in meaning to ….
A. engagement
B. pregnancy
C. marriage
D. pathetic
E. thorny

Have you ever wondered about butterflies? Despite their small size, butterflies are some of
the world’s most wondrous animals. Their beauty, seemingly miraculous metamorphosis, and
apparently carefree flight all spark our imaginations.

As advanced insects, butterflies and moths have a “complete” life cycle. This means that
there are four separate stages, each of which looks completely different and serves a different
purpose in the life of the insect. They are eggs, caterpillars, chrysalises, and colorful
butterflies.

Butterflies and moths are found on all continents except Antarctica, and scientists estimate
that
there are approximately 12-15,000 species of butterflies. In the United States and Canada,
more than 750 species of butterflies have been recorded. Many species of a few kinds of
butterflies are still being discovered.

There are still thousands of butterfly species that have not been found or described by
scientists. There is much to be learned. Who are the next scientists?

9. Why is butterfly’s life cycle called as “complete” life cycle?

A. The life begins from the eggs.
B. The life cycle of butterflies are similar to the moths.
C. There are four stages of life which are the same.
D. The life begins from the eggs and ends by the butterflies.
E. The life cycle of butterflies consists of four different stages.

10. The main idea of paragraph 3 is that

A. butterflies are found in Antarctica
B. almost all species of butterflies and moths will be extinct
C. butterflies and moths are found in many continents
D. there are a lot of scientists who have discovered kinds of butterflies
E. there are many kinds of butterflies which are found in USA and Canada

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JAKARTA ISLAMIC SCHOOL ENGLISH MODUL XII SEMESTER 1

“Despite their small size, butterflies are some of the world’s most wondrous animals.” (Par 1)
11. The underlined word has the same meaning as
A. rare
B. unusual
C. fabulous
D. hideous
E. dangerous

A termite is much like an ant in its communal habits, although physically the two insects are
distinct.

Like those of ants, termite colonies consist of different classes, each with its own particular
job. The most perfectly formed termites, both male and female, make up the reproductive
class. They have eyes, hard body walls and fully developed wings. A pair of reproductive
termites founds the colony. When new reproductive termites develop, they leave to form
another colony. They use their wings only this on time and then break them off.

The worker termites are small, blind, and wingless, with soft bodies. They make up the
majority of the colony and do all the work. Soldiers are eyeless and wingless but are larger
than the workers and have hard heads and strong jaws and legs. They defend the colony and
are cared for by the workers.

The male and female of the reproductive class remain of eggs. The workers place eggs in
cells and care for them. Even if one colony is treated with poison, if a male and female of the
reproductive class escape, they can form a new colony.

Pest control companies can inspect a house for infestation of termites. Often, a lay person
cannot spot professional. Treatments vary depending upon the type of termite

12. Which of the following would be the best title for this text?
A. Termites and Ants
B. Termites destroy houses
C. Termites work well together
D. The relationship of soldier and worker termites
E. The habits and physical characteristics of termites

13. How are termites like ants?

A. Their bodies are the same shape
B. The king and queen are imprisoned
C. They make up the majority of the colony
D. The females’ reproductive capacities are the same
E. They live in communities, and each class has a specific duty

14. The word communal in line 1 is closest in meaning to….

A. eating
B. mutual
C. reproducing
D. organizational
E. communication

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JAKARTA ISLAMIC SCHOOL ENGLISH MODUL XII SEMESTER 1

Lichens, of which more than twenty thousand species have been named, are complex
associations between certain fungi and certain algae. The lichen itself is not an organism;
rather it is the morphological and biochemical product of the association. Neither a fungus
nor an alga alone can produce a lichen.

The intimate relationship between these two living components of lichen was once
erroneously thought to represent mutualism. In mutual relationship, both participants benefit.
With lichen, however, it appears the fungus actually parasitizes the algae. This is one of the
conclusions drawn from experiments in which the two components of lichens were separated
and grown apart.

In nature, lichen fungi may encounter and grow around several kinds of algae. Some types of
algae may kill the fungi; other types may reject it. Lichen algae are autotrophic, meaning they
make their own food through photosynthesis. Lichen fungi are heterotrophic, meaning they
depend upon the algae within the lichen to supply their food. Up to ninety percent of the food
made by the green algae cell is transferred to the fungus. What, if anything, the fungus
contributes to the association is not well understood.

Lichens are hardy. They grow in many habitats and are often pioneers in hostile
environments where few other organisms can flourish. They have been known to grow
endolithic ally, having been discovered thriving inside of rocks in Antarctica. Lichens help
reduce erosion by stabilizing soil. Several kinds of insects glue lichens to their exoskeletons
for camouflage. Many species of birds use lichens as building materials for nests. Human
have used lichens for dyes and antibiotics.

15. Which of the following best describes lichen association?

A. They grow in many habitats
B. A mutual association between a fungus and an alga
C. Simple plants made of two different autotrophic organisms
D. A union between a parasitic fungus and an autotrophic alga
E. A parasitic association between two fungi, one autotrophic, the second heterotrophic

16. Many lichens contribute at the communities they inhabit by….

A. Removing pollutants from the air
B. Controlling wood-rotting fungi
C. Reducing soil erosion
D. Slowing the spread
E. Kill the fungi

17. In line 5, the word “intimate” is nearest in meaning to....

A. next
B. close
C. living
D. biological
E. extraordinary

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JAKARTA ISLAMIC SCHOOL ENGLISH MODUL XII SEMESTER 1

Many people call platypus duckbill because this animal has a bill like a duck's bill.
Platypus is an indigenous of Tasmania and southern and eastern Australia. Although it lays
eggs instead of bearing its young alive, the platypus is a true mammal, not a reptile. It nurses
its young with milk as do other mammals. Platypus has a flat tail and webbed feet. Its body
length is 30 to 45 cm covered with a thick and woolly layer of fur. Its bill is detecting prey
and stirring up mud. Platypus' eyes and head are small. It has no ears but has ability to sense
sound and light. The male platypus has a hollow claw, or spur, on each hind leg. The spurs
are connected with poison glands. The platypus poisons its enemies with the spurs.
Platypus lives in steams, rivers, and lakes. Female platypus usually digs burrows in the
streams or river banks. The burrows are blocked with soil to protect it from intruders and
flooding. On the other hand, male platypus does not need any burrow to stay.

18. The text describes … of platypus.

A. the origin, physical features and habitat
B. the physical features, food and habitat
C. the physical features and habitat
D. the physical features
E. the habitat

19. Platypus protects itself from its enemy by … .

A. hitting with its head
B. flapping with its feet
C. attacking with its claws
D. poisoning with its spurs
E. kicking with its hind legs

“It nurses its young with milk as do other mammals.” (Paragraph 1)

20. The word “nurses” is synonymous with … .
A. looks at
B. cares for
C. looks for
D. prepares
E. provides

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JAKARTA ISLAMIC SCHOOL ENGLISH MODUL XII SEMESTER 1

Is it hands up for more 'cyber' school days?

6.50 pm Anna has set the alarm for tomorrow morning and bearing up for school as usual No
need to pack her bag tonight though because this time tomorrow Anna wave had her first of
four virtual school disys planned for this school year.

Anna’s day will begin as usual as she joins her slightly irritating younger siblings for
breakfast then she'll retreat to her room, possibly in her pyjamas where she log on, check her
timetable and get going on the days lessons. Maybe she’ll start with maths. Who knows? For
one day, the choice will be hers. What is more she'll be able to enjoy the found of freedom
from the comfort of her own home - knowing that school will remain open for teachers to be
on hand for online support.

So, is this paving in the way for full-time cyber school? Not at all! This pilot scheme starts at
9 am tomorrow. However it will only after students a small number of planned virtual study
days during the academic year. The idea is becoming a hot topic amongst teachers and
students following the success of a trial at a neighbouring school. A bout of extremely bad
weather resulted in some schools closing for several days, or 'snow days' as they are known.
Poor attendance on snow days means that teachers often have to adapt the syllabus, so that
students can catch up on missed lessons - all very stressful when exams loom. When one
neighbouring school offered its students the chance to study at home the results were
surprising, with a 90% online attendance.

The results caught the attention of other head teachers on the look out for suggestions on how
to motivate teachers and students alike and ultimately, improve grades. They believe that a
few days of virtual school is going to offer an exciting change to the usual routine - and who
doesn't want some time out? More progresive teachers, Konto make the most of this scheme
say they will be able to be more creative in their planning. As well as that they insist the
online collaboration between students and teachers is preparing them for the future. By the
time they get to university, they'll have been colaborating online for a few years It's a win-
win situation

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JAKARTA ISLAMIC SCHOOL ENGLISH MODUL XII SEMESTER 1

However not everyone is sold on the idea. Far from it being an easy option for teachers who
won't have to be in class. Some teachers worry that the scheme is likely to put them under
increasing pressure to plan even more than they already do. They'll also have the added
responsibility of being on call for feedback at any time during the school day.

Opinions are also divided as to how it will work for Anna's favorite subjects, science and
sport. Her science teacher says she'll have access to the best science experiments online.
Think of it as a front row view with no distractions! As for sport, however, the school won't
be including it for the time being although Anna and her friends have already decided that
they could take selfies at basketball training and send them into school.

Possibly the biggest drawback for students like Anna is that her younger brothers will
probably be a bit of a pain when she's trying to concentrate, but it will only be for a few odd
days each year. And anyway, what are headphones for? For the time being, she's glad she's
going to have more control over her time and be her own boss for the day. Will she miss
being in class with her friends? 'Yeah, kind of but we'll be doing stuff online together so I
think it'll be OK.

A. Read the title of the article. What do you think 'cyber school days' are?
B. Read the article quickly. Were you right?
C. According to the article, what are the advantages and disadvantages of having a few
virtual school days each year? Which argument do you think is the most convincing?

D. Read the rest of the text. Choose the correct answer, A, B, C, or D

1. In the opening paragraph, what is the writer trying to do?
A. give details of virtual schooling
B. explain that Anna's about to try something new
C. give information about Anna's school
D. describe how Anna gets ready for school

2. Why is the choice of lessons important for Anna?

A. Without the teachers present, she can study anything.
B. She can decide for herself which subjects she does when.
C. She can just do the subjects she likes.
D. The right choice leaves her free to do other things.

3. The results of a one-day trial of cyber school

A. were unexpectedly good
B. paved the way for full-time virtual school.
C. proved unsuccessful.
D. showed that teachers found it stressful.

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JAKARTA ISLAMIC SCHOOL ENGLISH MODUL XII SEMESTER 1

4. What was the main reason that head teachers liked the idea of virtual school days?
A. Students would work better from home.
B. It would make students and teachers want to achieve more.
C. Teachers would be able to show their creativity.
D. Everybody would get more holiday time.

5. Why do virtual school days cause concern for some teachers?

A. They don't like giving feedback online.
B. They don't think the idea helps students get better grades.
C. They don't want to have an increased workload.
D. They aren't sure students really benefit from them.

6. What may be the main problem for Anna of studying at home?

A. not being able to do sport
B. not being in class with her friends
C. having to help out with her siblings
D. being distracted while she's working

E. Find words or phrases in the text that mean the following:

 getting ready (para 1)
 brothers and sisters (para 2)
 encouragement and help (para 2)
 a short test or study to see if an idea works (para 3)
 a solution that is good for everyone (para 4)
 when you work together with another person or group (para 4)
 things that stop you from paying attention to what you're doing (para 6)
 a disadvantage (para 7)


SPEAKING ASSIGNMENTS

Please make a short talk in a video, sharing your own opinion about the following questions:

1. What subjects do you think you would enjoy learning online?

2. Do you think you would be more or less motivated by a virtual school day? What things
might distract you?
3. How would you organise your day if you could study classes online? Think of what you
might do first/last.

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JAKARTA ISLAMIC SCHOOL ENGLISH MODUL XII SEMESTER 1

GRAMMAR SECTION

A. Underline the future forms in the sentences below. What time expressions are
used?
1. This time tomorrow Anna will have had her first of four virtual school days planned
for this school year.

2. By the time they get to university, they'll have been collaborating online for a few
years.

3. The scheme is likely to put them under increasing pressure.

4. As for sport, however, the school won't be including it for the time being.

B. Read the grammar box. Complete the examples with the verbs.

‘ll have been studying ‘ll have finished

Will be revising to be

FUTURE FORMS

1. Present continuous for planned future events.

The students are having their first online class tomorrow.
2. Will for predictions and decisions made at the time of speaking.
In five years' time you'll probably be at university
3. Present simple for timetables.
The school bus leaves at 7.30 a.m.
4. Be going to for intentions and predictions based on current knowledge.
The school is going to offer more classes after school.
5. Future continuous for actions that will be in progress in the future
Most students…………… (1) for exams next week.
6. Future perfect for actions completed before a particular time in the future
I .................... (2) this exercise by the time the bell goes.
7. Future perfect continuous for actions happening during a period up to a
specified time in the future
By next year, I……………… English for ten years.

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JAKARTA ISLAMIC SCHOOL ENGLISH MODUL XII SEMESTER 1

EXERCISE

A. Complete the sentences with the correct future form

1. As soon as the teacher comes, he (explain) what we've got to do

2. (you/do) anything exciting this weekend? We (have) a party if you want to come.

3. Look at this essay title! It (be) really difficult to write

4. can't believe it. In a few hours time! (celebrate the end of exams

5. By the time I start university, you (work) for two years.

6. My new job (start) at 8 a.m. so I think (go) to bed early

7. Can you finish that at home? The bell (be) about to go

B. Complete the text with these words.

will be will have been studying won’t have earned

will begin is going to ‘ll be learning starts ‘m doing

won't be 'll have gained

I've got plans too!

Soon, most of my friends ……….. (1) their university courses but I've got other plans.
I ……………(2) an apprenticeship! It's basically a training scheme with a local company
and it
................ (3) in December. I'm really excited because the company …………. (4) design
the new football kit for my favourite team. At first I …………. (5) basic office skills. That
…………… (6) too difficult for me because I'm quite confident with the computer and
answering the phone. What ………….. (7) more challenging is meeting the customers face to
face. At the end lots of newof the apprenticeship I ……………. (8) lots of new skills. In the
meantime, my friends …………… (9) for two years but they …………….. (10) anything!

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JAKARTA ISLAMIC SCHOOL ENGLISH MODUL XII SEMESTER 1

WRITING

Write down the first three celebrities you can think of. Work in pairs and compare your
answers.
1. Did you choose any of the same celebrities?
2. Which of the celebrities you chose are popular with young people?
3. What is the reason for their popularity?

How do you think these celebrities influence the kinds of decisions young people make?
Read the task and find the key information in the essay task.
Now, write an essay using all the notes and giving reasons for your point of view.

“Celebrities have a big influence on the decisions teenagers make. Is it a good or a bad
thing?”
Write about:
1. behaviour
2. hobbies and interests
3. ………………… (your own idea)
You must answer this question.
Write your answer in 140-190 words in an appropriate style.

Writing Tips

Plan your essay. Use the following tips to help you.

1. Plan your paragraphs by writing down some ideas for each of the points (behaviour,
hobbies and interest, and your own idea).
2. Make sure you include an introduction and a conclusion
3. Use referencing words to avoid repetition.
4. Make sure you use a good range of vocabulary and tenses.
5. Check you are using an appropriately formal register
6. Remember to include arguments and examples to support your opinion.

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JAKARTA ISLAMIC SCHOOL ENGLISH MODUL XII SEMESTER 1

Read the Julia’s essay. What is her third point?

Undoubtedly, celebrities are extremely influential in

teenagers' lives. Whether they have a positive or negative influence
remains a matter of opinion.
Certainly the behaviour of teens can be influenced by their idols.
This can be positive as in the case of a film star whose support of
environmental issues leads to their fans being greener. However, it can
also be negative. For instance, a footballer who's famous for their
rebellious behaviour may encourage their supporters to act in a similar
way.
Well-known personalities can also have a positive effect on how
young people spend their free time. For instance, followers of a
musician may develop an interest in playing music themselves. In
addition to that, reading about a celebrity's hobbies may encourage
them to pursue a new activity.
Finally, I think celebrities have a considerable impact on how

teenagers look. Fans enjoy adopting fashion trends started by their

favourite idols. While this is generally positive, it can also result in

teens wearing clothes that do not suit them at all.

In conclusion, I think that in general, celebrities have a more

positive than negative influence on the decisions young people make.

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JAKARTA ISLAMIC SCHOOL ENGLISH MODUL XII SEMESTER 1

Using referencing words

In order to avoid repetition in your writing, it is a good idea to use referencing words. We use
'it', 'they', 'that' and 'this' to refer to things we've already mentioned.
Read the language box and read the highlighted words in Julia's essay. What do they refer to?
Complete these opinions with an appropriate referencing word
('it', 'they', 'that', 'this'). In some cases, there is more than one possible answer.

1. Some celebrities influence their fans' dress sense. In addition to (1)................,

(2)………… often have an effect on their fans behavior.
2. Designers love celebrities wearing their label as (3)……….. usually leads to an increase
in sales.
3. Some celebrities don't realise the influence they have (4)…….... is a shame as (5)………..
could be used in a positive way
4. Many people criticise the effect celebrities have on young people's lives. However, in
spite of (6)………, most people enjoy reading about celebrities in magazines.

Writing Practice

Underline the key information and think of a possible third point for the essay
Write an essay using all the notes and giving reasons for your point of view.

“Some people think that advertising has the greatest influence on the
decisions teenagers make about style. Do you agree?”
Write about:
1. parents
2. music
3. ………….. (your own idea)
 Read your essay again. How many times have you repeated key words such as style
teenagers and influence ? Could you replace any of these words with other similar
words or phrases. Have you used any referencing words in your essay such as it:
'they: 'that' and this? Could you add any more to your essay to avoid repetition?
 Read your essay again and correct any grammar or vocabulary mistakes.

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JAKARTA ISLAMIC SCHOOL ENGLISH MODUL XII SEMESTER 1

LISTENING SECTION

Section One - Questions 1-10

Questions 1-5 Write NO MORE THAN ONE WORD
VIDEO LIBRARY APPLICATION FORM
EXAMPLE ANSWER
Surname Jones
First names: Louise Cynthia
Address: Apartment 1, 72 (1) .............................. Street Highbridge
Postcode: (2) ............................
Telephone: 9835 6712 (home) (3) ................................ (work)
Driver's licence number: (4) .................................
DOB: 25th Month: (5) .................................. Year: 1977

Questions 6-8 Write THREE letters A-F.

What types of films does Louise like?
A. Action
B. Comedies
C. Musicals
D. Romance
E. Westerns
F. Wildlife

Questions 9 and 10. Write NO MORE THAN 3 WORDS.

9. How much does it cost to join the library?

10. When will Louise's card be ready?

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JAKARTA ISLAMIC SCHOOL ENGLISH MODUL XII SEMESTER 1

SECTION 2 Section Two - Questions 11-20

Questions 11-13
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
Expedition Across Attora Mountains
Leader: Charles Owen
Prepared a (11) ........................................... for the trip
Total length of trip (12) ................................
Climbed the highest peak in (13) ...................................

Questions 14 and 15. Circle the correct letters A-C.

14. What took the group by surprise?

A. the amount of rain
B. the number of possible routes
C. the length of the journey
15. How did Charles feel about having to change routes?
A. He reluctantly accepted it.
B. He was irritated by the diversion.
C. It made no difference to enjoyment.

Questions 16—18 Write THREE letters A-F.

What does Charles say about his friends?

A. He met them at one stage on the trip.
B. They kept all their meeting arrangements.
C. One of them helped arrange the transport.
D. One of them owned the hotel they stayed in.
E. Some of them travelled with him.
F. Only one group lasted the 96 days.

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JAKARTA ISLAMIC SCHOOL ENGLISH MODUL XII SEMESTER 1

Questions 19 and 20 Write TWO letters, A-E.

What does Charles say about the donkeys?
A He rode them when he was tired.
B He named them after places.
C One of them died.
D They behaved unpredictably.
E They were very small.

SECTION 3 Section Three - Questions 21-30

Questions 21-25
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.

Tim Jane
Day of arrival Sunday (21) ……………………..
Subject History (22) ……………………..
Number of books to read (23) ……………………… (24) ……………………..
Day of the first lecture Tuesday (25) ……………………..

Questions 26-30
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.

26. What is Jane's study strategy in lectures?

27. What’s Tim's study strategy for reading?
28. What is the subject of Tim's first lecture?
29. What’s the title of Tim's first essay?
30. What is the subject of Jane's first essay?

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JAKARTA ISLAMIC SCHOOL ENGLISH MODUL XII SEMESTER 1

SECTION 4
Section Four - Questions 31-40
Questions 31-35
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
Course Type of course: duration & level Entry requirements
Physical Fitness Instructor Six-month certificate None
Sports Administrator (32) ............................... in
(31) ............................... sports administration
Sports Psychologist (33) ............................... Degree in psychology
Physical Education Teacher 4 years degree in education (34) ...............................
Recreation officer (35) ............................... None

Questions 36-40
Write the appropriate letters A-G against question 36-40.
MAIN ROLES
Job Main Role
Physical Fitness Instructor (36) ………
Sports Administrator (37) ………
Sports Psychologist (38) ………
Physical Education Teacher (39) ………
Recreation Officer (40) ………

A the coaching of teams

B the support of elite athletes
C guidance of ordinary individuals
D community health
E the treatment of injuries
F arranging matches and venues
G the rounded development of children

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JAKARTA ISLAMIC SCHOOL ENGLISH MODUL XII SEMESTER 1

READING COMPREHENSION
ْ ‫َي ٍء َو ُهدًى َو َر ْح َمةً َوبُش َْرى ِل ْل ُم‬
َ‫س ِل ِمين‬ َ ‫… َونَ َّز ْلنَا َع َل ْي َك ا ْل ِكت‬.
ْ ‫َاب ِت ْب َيانًا لِّ ُك ِّل ش‬
Artinya:

Dan Kami turunkan kepadamu Al-Kitab (Al-Quran) untuk menjelaskan segala sesuatu dan
petunjuk serta rahmat dan kabar gembira bagi orang-orang yang berserah diri. (An Nahl : 89)

1. EXPLANATION TEXT

• Explanation is a text which tells processes relating to forming of natural, social, scientific
and cultural phenomena. Explanation text is to say ‘why’ and ‘how’ of the forming of the
phenomena. It is often found in science, geography and history text books.

• Purpose of Explanation Text

– tells processes relating to forming of natural, social, scientific, and cultural
phenomena.
– To explain how or why something happens.

• Generic Structure of Explanation Text

– General statement
General statement; stating the phenomenon issues which are to be explained.
– Sequenced of explanation
Sequenced explanation; stating a series of steps which explain the phenomena.
-- Closing

• Language Features of Explanation Text

In an explanation text, there are linguistic features as below :
– Using simple present tense
– Using abstract noun (no visible noun)
– Using Passive voice
– Using Action verbs
– Containing explanation of the process .

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JAKARTA ISLAMIC SCHOOL ENGLISH MODUL XII SEMESTER 1

Example of Explanation Text

How Does Rain Happen

We all know that rain is the primary source of fresh water for most areas of the world,
providing suitable conditions for diverse ecosystems. Rain is water that descends from the
sky through several processes until the rain occurs. Do you know how does rain happens?

The phenomenon of rain is actually a water circle. The concept of a water circle
includes the sun heating the Earth’s water surface and causing the water surface to evaporate.
Earth’s water includes water from lakes, rivers, and oceans. Then, the water vapor
experiences condensation and becomes condensed vapor. Condensed vapor is formed from
droplets so that when the air temperature is higher, it makes the droplets gather, condensed,
and formed into clouds. The presence of winds helps clouds move and gather in other places
that have lower temperatures. At that time, the droplets become heavier and unstoppable and
cause the droplets to fall so that there is rain.

If the droplets drop in an area with very cold temperatures, the droplets will drop as
snow. However, not all rain reaches the surface. Some evaporate while falling through dry
air. This is called Virga, a phenomenon that is often seen in hot, dry desert regions.

EXERCISE:

TEXT 1
Recycling is a collection, processing, and reuse of materials that would otherwise be thrown
away. Materials ranging from precious metals to broken glass, from old newspapers to plastic
spoons, can be recycled. The recycling process reclaims the original material and uses it in
new products.

In general, using recycled materials to make new products costs less and requires less energy
than using new materials. Recycling can also reduce pollution, either by reducing the demand
for high-pollution alternatives or by minimizing the amount of pollution produced during the
manufacturing process.

Paper products that can be recycled include cardboard containers, wrapping paper, and office
paper. The most commonly recycled paper product is newsprint. In newspaper recycling, old
newspapers are collected and searched for contaminants such as plastic bags and aluminum
foil. The paper goes to a processing plant where it is mixed with hot water and turned into
pulp in a machine that works much like a big kitchen blender. The pulp is screened and
filtered to remove smaller contaminants. The pulp then goes to a large vat where the ink
separates from the paper fibers and fl oats to the surface. The ink is skimmed off, dried and
reused as ink or burned as boiler fuel. The cleaned pulp is mixed with new wood fibers to be
made into paper again.

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JAKARTA ISLAMIC SCHOOL ENGLISH MODUL XII SEMESTER 1

Experts estimate the average office worker generates about 5 kg of wastepaper per month.
Every ton of paper that is recycled saves about 1.4 cu m (about 50 cu ft) of landfill space.
One ton of recycled paper saves 17 pulpwood trees (trees used to produce paper).

1. The following things can be recycled, EXCEPT….

A. Precious metals
B. Broken glass
C. Old newspapers
D. Plastic spoons
E. Fresh vegetables and fruits

2. Which of the following is NOT the benefit of recycling?

A. It costs much money for the process of recycling
B. It costs less to make new products
C. It requires less energy
D. It can reduce pollution
E. It reduces the demand for high-pollution alternatives

3. What is the third step of recycling paper products?

A. Collect and search for contaminants such as plastic bags and aluminium foil
B. Mix the paper with hot water in a blender which turns it into pulp
C. Screen and filter the pulp to remove smaller contaminants
D. Put the pulp to a large vat to separate the ink from the paper fibres
E. Mix the pulp with new wood fibres to be made into paper again

4. We can make use of the ink after being separated from the paper fibres by doing the
followings, EXCEPT….
A. Skim it off
B. Dry it
C. Reuse as ink
D. Burn as boiler fuel
E. Mix it with the pulp
TEXT 2

Human body is made up of countless millions of cells. Food is needed to built up new cells
and replace the worn out cells. However, the food that we take must be changed into
substances that can be carried in the blood to the places where they are needed. This process
is called digestion.

The first digestive process takes place in the mouth. The food we eat is broken up into small
pieces by the action of teeth, mixed with saliva, a juice secreted by glands in the mouth.
Saliva contains digestive juice which moisten the food, so it can be swallowed easily.

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JAKARTA ISLAMIC SCHOOL ENGLISH MODUL XII SEMESTER 1

From the mouth, food passes through the esophagus (the food passage) into the stomach.
Here, the food is mixed with the juices secreted by the cells in the stomach for several hours.
Then the food enters the small intestine. All the time the muscular walls of the intestine are
squeezing, mixing and moving the food onwards.

In a few hours, the food changes into acids. These are soon absorbed by the villi (microscopic
branch projections from the intestine walls) and passed into the bloodstream.

5. What is the text about?

A. The digestive system

B. The digestive juice
C. The method of the digestive system
D. The process of intestine work
E. The food substances

6. How can we swallow the food easily?

A. The food changes into acids absorbed by the villi.
B. The food must be digested first through the process.
C. The food is directly swallowed through esophagus into the stomach.
D. The food is mixed with the juices secreted by the cells in the stomach.
E. The food we take must be changed into substances carried in the blood to the places.

7. From the text above, we imply that ….

A. a good process of digestive system will help our body becoming healthier.
B. no one concerned with the process of digestive system for their health.
C. the digestive system is needed if we are eating the food instantly.
D. every body must conduct the processes of digestive system well.
E. the better we digest the food we eat, the healthier we will be.

8. “Human body is made up of countless millions of cells.” (Paragraph 1) The phrase “made
up” means ….
A. produced
B. managed
C. arranged
D. completed
E. constructed

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JAKARTA ISLAMIC SCHOOL ENGLISH MODUL XII SEMESTER 1

TEXT 3

Have you ever wondered how people get chocolate from? In this article we’ll enter the
amazing world of chocolate so you can understand exactly what you’re eating.

Chocolate starts with a tree called the cacao tree. This tree grows in equatorial regions,
especially in places such as South America, Africa, and Indonesia. The cacao tree produces a
fruit about the size of a small pine apple. Inside the fruit are the tree’s seeds, also known as
cocoa beans.

The beans are fermented for about a week, dried in the sun and then shipped to the chocolate
maker. The chocolate maker starts by roasting the beans to bring out the flavour. Different
beans from different places have different qualities and flavor, so they are often sorted and
blended to produce a distinctive mix. Next, the roasted beans are winnowed. Winnowing
removes the meat nib of the cacao bean from its shell. Then, the nibs are blended. The
blended nibs are ground to make it a liquid. The liquid is called chocolate liquor. It tastes
bitter. All seeds contain some amount of fat, and cacao beans are not different. However,
cacao beans are half fat, which is why the ground nibs form liquid. It’s pure bitter chocolate.

9. The text is about …

A. the cacao tree
B. the cacao beans
C. the raw chocolate
D. the making of chocolate
E. the flavour of chocolate

10. The third paragraph focuses on …

A. the process of producing chocolate
B. how to produce the cocoa flavour
C. where chocolate comes from
D. the chocolate liquor
E. the cacao fruit

11. ” …, so they are often sorted and blended to produce …” (Paragraph 3.) The word “sorted
“is close in meaning to …
A. arranged
B. combined
C. separated
D. distributed
E. organized

12. How does the chocolate maker start to make chocolate?

A. By fermenting the beans.
B. By roasting the beans
C. By blending the beans.
D. By sorting the beans.
E. By drying the beans

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JAKARTA ISLAMIC SCHOOL ENGLISH MODUL XII SEMESTER 1

TEXT 4

What is photosynthesis? Photosynthesis is a food-making process that occurs in green plants.

It is the chief function of leaves. The word photosynthesis means putting together with light.
Green plants use energy from light to combine carbon dioxide and water to make sugar and
other chemical compounds.

How is the light used in photosynthesis?

The light used in photosynthesis is absorbed by a green pigment called chlorophyll. Each
food-making cell in a plant leaf contains chlorophyll in small bodies called chloroplasts. In
chloroplast, light energy causes water drawn form the soil to split into hydrogen and oxygen.

What are the steps of photosynthesis process? Let me tell you the process of photosynthesis,
in a series of complicated steps, the hydrogen combines with carbon dioxide from the air,
forming a simple sugar. Oxygen from the water molecules is given off in the process. From
sugar together with nitrogen, sulphur, and phosporus from the soil-green plants can make
starch, fat, protein, vitamins, and other complex compounds essential for life. Photosynthesis
provides the chemical energy that is needed to produced these compounds.

13. What step after the hydrogen combines with carbon dioxide from the air …
A. Photosynthesis provides the chemical energy that is needed to produced these compounds.
B. Water drawn form the soil to split into hydrogen and oxygen.
C. Food-making process that occurs in green plants.
D. Phosporus from the soil-green plants can make starch, fat, protein, vitamins, and other
complex compounds essential for life.
E. Oxygen from the water molecules is given off in the process.

14. What are photosynthesis need …

A. Water, light, oxygen, worm
B. Soil, chlorophyll, sun, human
C. Bug, air, oxigen, food
D. Light, Carbon dioxide, humus
E. Candle, vitamins, hydrogen

15. What the product of photosynthesis …

A. Sugar
B. Food and O2
C. Root
D. Food
E. Branch

16. What kind of the text …

A. Narrative text
B. Hortatory text
C. Descussion text
D. Explanation text
E. Descriptive text

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JAKARTA ISLAMIC SCHOOL ENGLISH MODUL XII SEMESTER 1

TEXT 5
Biodiesel is a clean burning substitute for petroleum based diesel fuel. Biodiesel is made of
vegetable oil.
To make or manufacture Biodiesel, you must first start with raw materials. The raw materials
needed in the production of Biodiesel are a small amount of methanol and a ready supply of
vegetable product. One of the most common vegetables used in the production of Biodiesel is
corn, although depending on the geographic location of the manufacturing facility many other
plants are used as well (rapeseed, soybeans, flaxseed, etc.). The first step is to use the raw
vegetable product to make vegetable oil. Vegetable oil by itself will not be what you need to
power a car, from here it has to be processed into Biodiesel.
The process for converting vegetable oil into Biodiesel is sometimes called ester interchange.
To complete this process the vegetable oil has to be combined with a smaller amount of
methanol and then put in the presence of a small quantity of an alkaline catalyst (for example,
5% to 1% sodium hydroxide). Vegetable oil is made up of so-called triglycerides, which is a
compound of the trivalent alcohol glycerin with three fatty acids. The goal of ester
interchange is to separate the glycerin molecule from the three fatty acids and replace it with
three methanol molecules. This process then yields roughly 90% Biodiesel and 10% of a
glycerin byproduct. The glycerin byproduct can be used in a number of other chemical
processes for different industries.
17. What is the text about?
A. The process of making Biodiesel
B. The use of the Biodiesel.
C. The advantage of using the Biodiesel
D. The benefit of producing the Biodiesel.
E. The development of the Biodiesel product.

18. What are interchanged in the process of ester interchange?

A. The three fatty acids with the glycerin molecules.
B. The glycerin molecule with three methanol molecules
C. Methanol with the three fatty acids.
D. Vegetable oil with methanol
E. Methanol and alkaline catalyst.

19. According to the text, one of the advantages in using biodiesel is…
A. it is cheap.
B. it only uses vegetable oil.
C. it uses replaceable materials.
D. it can be done in small industry.
E. it gives less pollution than petroleum

20. “The process for converting vegetable oil…”(Paragraph 3). The word “converting” is
closest in meaning to…
A. Producing
B. Separating
C. Attaching
D. Processing
E. Changing

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JAKARTA ISLAMIC SCHOOL ENGLISH MODUL XII SEMESTER 1

2.DISCUSSION TEXT

• Discussion text is a text which presents a problematic discourse. This problem will be
discussed from different viewpoints. Discussion is commonly found in philosophical,
historic, and social text. In other word, Discussion text is a kind of genre used to present (at
least) two points of view about an issue.

• General structure of Discussion Text

– Issue : stating the issue which is to be discussed
– Argument pro : presenting the point in in supporting the presented issue
– Argument cons : presenting other points which disagree to the supporting point
– Conclusion / recommendation : stating the writer’ recommendation of the discourse
• Purpose of Discussion text
– To present two points of view about issue or problem.
– To present arguments from differing points of view about issue or problem..
• Language feature of Discussion text
– Introducing category or generic participant
– Using thinking verb; feel, hope, believe, etc
– Using contrastive conjunction; however, on the other hand, but, in other side, although, etc
– Using modalities; must, should, could, may, etc
– Using adverbial of manner; deliberately, hopefully, etc
– Simple present

The Example of Discussion Text:

There are a lot of discussions as to whether children should be given homework or not.
Some people claim that children do enough work in school already. They also argue that
children have hobbies that they want to do after school, such, as sports or music. A further
point they make is that a lot of homework is pointless and doesn’t help the child learn at all.
However, there are also strong arguments against this point of view. Parents and teachers
argue that it is important to find out whether children can work on their own without the
support from the teacher. They say that the evening is a good time for children to sit down
and think about what they have learned in school. Furthermore they claim that the school day
is too short to get anything done that needs doing and it makes sense to send home tasks like
independent reading or further writing tasks that don’t need teacher’s support.
On balance, I think that some homework is a good idea but that it should only given at the
weekend when children have more time.

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JAKARTA ISLAMIC SCHOOL ENGLISH MODUL XII SEMESTER 1

EXERCISE
TEXT 1
The government has decided to submit the draft of the bill against pornography and
pornographic acts. The bill states that anyone engaging in pornography is punishable by law.
This includes public acts such as spouses kissing and people sunbathing in bikini or
swimwear. As a consequence, the bill causes controversy.

The government argues that the bill is made to protect women’s right. Women have so far
been the object of exploitation in mass media and this only gives more benefits to the owner
of the business.

Woman activists, on the other hand, argue that the bill will limit women’s freedom. They
believe the bill will dictate what women should wear and on how to dress and behave. If they
fail following the rule they will get penalties between Rp50 million and Rp1 billion.
Nevertheless, I do support the bill against pornography and pornographic acts. I believe that
the bill can decrease the rampant pornography shown or written in mass media that gives bad
effects on young generations.

1. What is the purpose of the text?

A. To persuade people that the bill against pornography is necessary
B. To describe the bill against pornography and pornographic
C. To present two points on of view about the bill against pornography
D. To explain the process involved in the draft-making of the bill against pornography
E. To inform the reader about the bill against pornography

2. Why did woman activists object to the bill?

A. Because it protects women from exploitation
B. Because the freedom of women will be limited
C. Because women will get more benefits
D. Because women cannot wear sexy clothes
E. Because the bill will give bad effect on young generation

3. What is the first paragraph called?

A. Issue
B. Orientation
C. Argument
D. Preview
E. Conclusion

4. “I believe that the bill can decrease the rampant pornography…”

The synonym of the underlined word is …..
A. Dangerous
B. Irritating
C. Circulating
D. Uncontrolled
E. Few

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JAKARTA ISLAMIC SCHOOL ENGLISH MODUL XII SEMESTER 1

TEXT 2

Two students were discussing the school’s new rule that all students must wear a cap and a
tie. One of them showed her annoyance. She said that wearing a cap and a tie was only
suitable for a flag rising ceremony. So, she was against the rule.
Contrary to the girl’s opinion, the other students was glad with it. The boy said that he didn’t
mind with the new rule because wearing a cap and a tie will make the students look great and
like real educated persons. The first student gave the reasons that they would feel
uncomfortable and hot. Moreover, the classrooms were not air conditioned. The second said
it wasn’t a big problem. He was sure that the students would wear them proudly. They would
surely be used to it any way.

5. The two students are discussing ……….

A. The facilities in school
B. Their uniform
C. Their family
D. Their homework
E. Their friends

6. The boy said that he agreed with the new rule in his school.
Which statement shows his agreement?
A. He was not annoyed
B. He didn’t like wearing a cap and a tie
C. He would not obey the rule
D. He didn’t mind wearing a cap and a tie
E. He didn’t care about the rule

7. The boy believed that all students would …..

A. Have a high spirit to study
B. Follow the new rule
C. Solve their own problem
D. Feel comfortable
E. Care for their environment

8. One of them showed her annoyance. (Paragraph 1).

The underlined word has the closest meaning to …….
A. Responsibility
B. Agreement
C. Response
D. Displeasure
E. Applause

9. The communicative purposes of the text is …

A. To analyze something worthy in an issue
B. To describe that something should or should not be in the case
C. To persuade the readers by presenting arguments
D. To explain the readers by persuading
E. To present information and opinions about more than one side of an issue

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JAKARTA ISLAMIC SCHOOL ENGLISH MODUL XII SEMESTER 1

TEXT 3
Television has certainly changed our lives. Today, most people prefer watching TV to going
to the cinema. Without it, nobody would have paid much attention to national or international
– historical, political, sport, etc – events. Even, television proved that pictures of suffering
can move a nation to pity. Besides, many things can be learnt from TV

Are there any advantages of TV? Many parents admitted that they found difficulties to stop
their children’s bad habit, for example, they spend their leisure time for watching TV more
than reading. Children become very lazy and irresponsible for their tasks. This is of course
denied by TV producers or people whose works is related to TV.

They are very sure that there are a lot of benefits of TV for viewers, especially children or
students. On the other hand, they honestly admit that TV programs can endanger children’s
mental. They regret because parents sometimes don’t have much time to watch TV together
with their children. They suggest parents to have more discussion with their children on any
programs they have seen.

10. What kind of the text above?

A. News Item
B. Descriptive
C. Narrative
D. Discussion
E. Report

11. What does paragraph 2 tell us about TV?

A. The benefit of TV for viewers, especially for parents
B. The difficulties of students in stopping their bad habit
C. The disadvantage of TV programs to children and students
D. The contrary of producer to people who work for TV
E. The different point of views between many parents and children

12. “On the other hand, they honestly admit that TV programs…” (Paragrap-3)
The word “they” refers to ….
A. TV programs.
B. TV producers
C. Benefits of TV
D. Many parents
E. Children

TEXT 4
Most people agree that some form of family limitation or spacing is desirable for the good of
the family and society. But individuals and groups– especially religious groups–differ sharply
on the methods of birth control that they consider moral and acceptable.
Couples that practice birth control do so for various reasons. They may want to limit or space
their children or to have no children at all. Young couples often postpone having children so
that both partners can work full-time. Other couples space their children so they can give

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JAKARTA ISLAMIC SCHOOL ENGLISH MODUL XII SEMESTER 1

each child as much attention as possible. Some women are advised by their doctors to avoid
pregnancy for health reasons. In many countries with rapidly growing populations, the
government encourages couples to limit the size of their families.

Even though birth control has gained in acceptance, opposition to the practice is continuous.
Some people fear that birth control encourages sexual relations outside marriage or that
government might impose birth control. Some religious groups oppose birth control on moral
grounds.
Some religious groups teach that artificial methods of birth control are immoral because they
separate the two purposes of intercourse in marriage–conjugal love and the procreation of
children. Although they oppose all artificial birth control, they consider natural family
planning acceptable.

13. What does the text discuss about?

A. Family planning.
B. The disagreement with birth control
C. Reason to support family limitation
D. The two different opinion on birth control
E. The religious group which disagrees with birth control

14. Which of the following reason do not support birth control?

A. To limit the family size
B. To space the children birth.
C. To avoid high family budget.
D. To avoid a risk-health pregnancy.
E. To share much attention with the children.

15. Some women should prevent pregnancy because of … reason.

A. Unacceptable
B. Immoral
C. Artificial
D. Limited
E. Health

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JAKARTA ISLAMIC SCHOOL ENGLISH MODUL XII SEMESTER 1

GRAMMAR
GERUND

Gerunds and Infinitives

Gerunds and infinitives are sometimes referred to as verb complements. They may function
as subjects or objects in a sentence.

What are Gerunds?

A gerund is a verb in its ing (present participle) form that functions as a noun that names an
activity rather than a person or thing. Any action verb can be made into a gerund.

Add ing to most verbs.

Ex.
play --- playing
cry --- crying
bark --- barking

For verbs that end in ‘e’, remove the e and add ing. Ex: slide -- sliding, ride -- riding
For verbs that end in ‘ie’, change the’ie’ to ‘y’ and add ing. Ex: die -- dying, tie -- tying
For a verb whose last syllable is written with a consonant – vowel - consonant and is stressed,
double the last letter before adding ing. Ex: beg – begging, begin -- beginning.
However: enter --entering (last syllable is not stressed)

Gerund Examples
Gerunds can appear at the beginning of a sentence when used as a subject:

Jogging is a hobby of mine.

Gerunds can act as an object following the verb:

John quit smoking a year ago.

Gerunds can serve as an object after a preposition:

I look forward to helping you paint the house.

Note: The same spelling rules that apply to the progressive tenses also apply to gerunds.

Some verbs and verb phrases are directly followed a gerund:

Ahmad avoids using chemicals on the vegetables he grows.

Some verbs can be followed by a gerund or an infinitive without causing a change in
meaning:

Some people prefer getting up early in the morning.

Some people prefer to get up early in the morning

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JAKARTA ISLAMIC SCHOOL ENGLISH MODUL XII SEMESTER 1

Some verbs can be followed by a gerund or infinitive but with a change in meaning:
He remembered sending the fax. (He remembered the act of send the fax)
He remembered to send the fax. (He remembered the fax and sent it.)

What are Infinitives?

An infinitive is a verb form that acts as other parts of speech in a sentence.
It is formed with to + base form of the verb. Ex: to buy, to work.

Infinitive Examples
Infinitives can be used as
1. an object following the verb,
ex: Faiz always forgets to eat
2. a subject at the beginning of a sentence:
Ex: To travel around the world requires a lot of time and money.
3. an adverb modifying a verb:
Ex:You promised to buy me a diamond ring.
4. an adjective modifying a noun:
Ex: Aisyah has the ability to succeed.

 Some verbs are directly followed by an infinitive:

Ex: Do you want to call your family now?

 Some verbs are directly followed by a noun or pronoun and then by an infinitive:
Ex: I convinced Catherine to become vegetarian.
He advised me to sell all my shares of stock.

 Some verbs can be followed by an infinitive or a gerund without causing a change in

meaning:

Example:
Will you continue working after you give birth?
Will you continue to work after you give birth?

 Some verbs can be followed by an infinitive or a gerund but with a change in

meaning:

Example:
He stopped drinking coffee. (He never drank coffee again.)
He stopped to drink coffee. (He stopped what he was doing and drank some coffee.)

Exercises – Gerunds and Infinitives

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JAKARTA ISLAMIC SCHOOL ENGLISH MODUL XII SEMESTER 1

Choose the correct gerund or infinitive from the parenthesis at the end of the sentence.

1. Alan can’t stand _________ on trains. (riding/ to ride)

2. Mr. Harris enjoys _________ people out to dinner. (inviting / to invite)
3. In the old days, gentlemen challenged their rivals _______. (fighting / to fight)
4. As the famous saying goes, there’s no use ______ over spilt milk. (crying / to cry)
5. Jim stopped _________ his shoelace. Wait for him. (tying / to tie)
6. My wife always volunteers ___________ cakes PTA meetings. (baking / to bake)
7. Don’t waste my time ___________ about your salary. (complaining/ to complain)
8. Eva is having trouble _________ on the exam. (concentrating / to concentrate)
9. Please allow me ____________ your Facebook page. (joining / to join)
10. You won’t forget _________milk on your way home, will you? (picking up /to
pick up)

Riding inviting to fight crying to tie to bake complaining concentrating to join to

pick up

Reference Lists – Gerunds and Infinitives

 Common verbs and phrases that are followed by a gerund
admit have problems
advise have trouble
avoid imagine
be used to it’s no use
can’t help it’s worthwhile
can’t stand keep
consider look forward to
deny mention
discuss mind
dislike miss
end up recommend
enjoy remember
feel like quit
finish spend time
forget stop
get used to suggest
give up understand
go on waste time
have difficulty work at

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JAKARTA ISLAMIC SCHOOL ENGLISH MODUL XII SEMESTER 1

 Common verbs that can be followed by either a gerund or an infinitive without

causing a change in meaning
begin
continue
hate
intend
like
love
prefer
start

 Common verbs that can be followed by a gerund or infinitive but with a change
in meaning
forget
remember
stop

 Common verbs that are followed by an infinitive

afford mean
agree offer
appear plan
arrange prepare
ask pretend
care promise
decide refuse
demand remember
expect seem
fail stop
forget volunteer
hope wait
learn want
manage wish

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JAKARTA ISLAMIC SCHOOL ENGLISH MODUL XII SEMESTER 1

 Common verbs that are directly followed by a noun or pronoun and then by an
infinitive
advise
allow
ask
cause
challenge
command
convince
expect
forbid
force
hire
instruct
invite
order
pay
permit
program
remind
teach
tell
urge
want
warn

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JAKARTA ISLAMIC SCHOOL ENGLISH MODUL XII SEMESTER 1

EXERCISE:
A. Circle the correct words in each sentence.
1. Stefan promised (to break down/ breaking down) the results of the experiment in the
morning.
2. He denies (to find out/ finding out) the secret information.
3. Let's not just wait (to run out / running out) of materials; let's order some more!
4. Chen chose (to conduct / conducting) the investigation a week later than we had
planned.
5. I remember (to see / seeing) the report on my desk.
6. Maria didn't remember (to buy/ buying) the chemical we needed. She should have
made a shopping list.
7. Amani stopped (to rest / resting) because he was tired.
8. Zalfaa stopped (to rest/ resting) when her break ended.
9. You suggested( to make / making) a change to our investigation procedure, didn't
you?
10. Jiao and Liang hope (to publish/ publishing) their results next month.

B. Fill in the gaps in each sentence using the verbs given in brackets. Write each
verb in the correct form (gerund or infinitive).
Five tips to become a better scientist
1. Preparation. We suggest (write) every detail of your planned experiment in advance,
so that you remember (complete) each part of the process and don't forget (carry out)
an important step.
2. Try out new things - you can't hope (discover) something new if you don't
experiment with new ideas.
3. Have an open mind. You can't anticipate (get) all the results that you will need, so
you should plan (adapt) when it's necessary.
4. Be careful. We recommend (take) regular breaks and checking all of your results
carefully.
5. Love your work! If you don't genuinely enjoy (perform) science experiments, you
can't expect (be) a very good scientist. It's important to appreciate your own work -
and look forward to the results.

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JAKARTA ISLAMIC SCHOOL ENGLISH MODUL XII SEMESTER 1

ADVERB CLAUSE
What is an adverb clause?
An adverb clause is a group of words that is used to change or qualify the meaning of an
adjective, a verb, a clause, another adverb, or any other type of word or phrase with the
exception of determiners and adjectives that directly modify nouns.

Adverb clauses always meet three requirements:

1. An adverb clause always contains a subject and a verb.
2. Adverb clauses contain subordinate conjunctions that prevent them from containing
complete thoughts and becoming full sentences.
3. All adverb clauses answer one of the classic “adverb questions:” When? Why? How?
Where?
Examples of Adverb Clauses
As you read the following adverb clause examples, you’ll notice how these useful phrases
modify other words and phrases by providing interesting information about the place, time,
manner, certainty, frequency, or other circumstances of activity denoted by the verbs or verb
phrases in the sentences. While adverb clauses are slightly more complicated than simple
adverbs, they are worth learning about.

The adverb clauses in these examples are italicized for easy identification.
1. Nabila scrubbed the bathtub until her arms ached.
(This adverb clause describes how Nabila scrubbed.)
2. The dogs started chasing my car once they saw it turn the corner.
(This adverb clause describes when the dogs started chasing my car.)
3. After having my wisdom teeth out, I had a milkshake for dinner because I couldn’t
chew anything. (This adverb clause describes why I had a milkshake for dinner.)

Exercises
The following exercises will help you gain greater understanding about how adverb clauses
work. Choose the best answer to complete each sentence.
1. The women took notes ________________________.
a. While being taught to cook
b. Steadily
c. Noisily
d. For their children

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JAKARTA ISLAMIC SCHOOL ENGLISH MODUL XII SEMESTER 1

2. We will go to the game __________________.

a. Friday
b. Even if it rains
c. Saturday
d. Sometime

3. You can put the package ____________________.

a. Outside
b. Inside
c. Wherever you like
d. Somewhere
4. ___________________, you will not be punished.
a. Since you have apologized
b. We decided
c. He told me
d. You are lucky

5. She was so tired _____________________.

a. She left
b. She cried
c. Today
d. That she could not stand

Adverb Clauses List

When creating adverb clauses, feel free to be creative. The following examples will help you
get started:
- Even when I’m sick
- When you have finished working
- Whenever you like
- Wherever we prefer
- Since I returned from vacation
- As she was not there
- Since you always do well
- Before entering high school
- After I return
- So that he would understand

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JAKARTA ISLAMIC SCHOOL ENGLISH MODUL XII SEMESTER 1

Complete the sentences with the given adverbial clauses. "before, after, whenever, while,
until and as soon as".

1. I went up to my room to drop off my bags ______________ I checked in.

2. I saw a stranded dolphin _______________ I was walking down the beach.

3. We had better wait here under the tree ________________ the rain slows down a bit.

4. I promise, I will call you soon __________________ we get there.

5. We'd better start our hike back to camp _________________ it gets dark.

6. Don't forget to brush your teeth ___________________ you go to sleep.

7. I will let you know ____________________ I get any information about your promotion.

8. Don't bother to call me ___________________ you have any problem.

9. You should pick up Daniel from work __________________ you finish your dinner.

10. I prefer to drive ____________________ I have a chance to travel.

11. You can't go anywhere _________________ you finish your assignments.

12. I didn't know about the accident ________________I talked to Sam.

13. I called the firefighters ___________________ I saw the smoke coming from the forest.

14. I feel homesick ___________________ I eat a homemade cake.

15. My hands begin to shake nervously ___________________ I am angry.

16. Finish your homework _________________ dinner is ready.

17. I feel much better ___________________ taking a shower.

18. Finish your homework ____________________ going to bed.

19. The lights went out ___________________ I was trying to fix the computer.

20. We are not leaving anywhere ____________________everything is sorted out.

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