MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION,

MUMBAI MAHARASHTRA (INDIA)

SMART CITY USING INTERNET OF THINGS

A

Capstone Project Report Submitted in partial fulfillment

For the award of the
Diploma in Engineering
Submitted by
ENROLLMENT NO. NAME OF STUDENT EXAM SEAT NO
1815520030 Vaishnavi Shankar Shinde. 221156
1815520025 Priti Tamma Randhir. 222235
1915520093 Komal Mahadev Patil. 221156
1915520087 Swapnil Sanjay Bubane. 222235
1515520120 Ajit Madhugonda Mhetre. 221156

Project Guide
Mr. T.H. Mohite

Shri Ambabai Talim Sanstha’s

Sanjay Bhokare Group Of Institutes
Faculty of Polytechnic, Miraj – 416410
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
ACADEMIC YEAR
2020-2021
1
 DECLARATION

We, hereby declare that the discussion entitled “Smart

City Using Internet of Things” being submitted by us towards the
partial fulfillment of the Diploma in Engineering, in the Department of
Electrical Engineering is a capstone project work carried by us under
the supervision of Mr. T.H. Mohite, and Co-Guide Mrs. Co-
guide_name and have not been submitted anywhere else.

We will be solely responsible if any kind of plagiarism is

found.

Enrollment No Name Of Student Signature

1815520030 Vaishnavi .S. Shinde.

1815520025 Priti .T. Randhir.

Komal .M. Patil.

1915520093

1915520087 Swapnil .S. Bubane.

1515520120 Ajit .M. Mhetre.

Place: ATS, SBGI, Miraj

Date: 10 June 2021

2
 Shri Ambabai Talim Sanstha’s

Sanjay Bhokare Group Of Institutes

Faculty of Polytechnic, Miraj – 416410
Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, DTE Mumbai and
Affiliated to MSBTE Mumbai

CERTIFICATE
We hereby certify that, the capstone project entitled “Smart City Using
Internet of Things” has been submitted to the Department of Electrical
Engineering, at ATS Sanjay Bhokare Group Of Institutes, Faculty of Polytechnic,
Miraj, for partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Diploma in
Engineering in the Department of Mechanical Engineering by following final
year student,
ENROLLMENT NO. NAME OF STUDENT
1815520030 Vaishnavi .S. Shinde.
1815520025 Priti .T. Randhir.
1915520093 Komal .M. Patil.
1915520087 Swapnil .S. Bubane.
1515520120 Ajit .M. Mhetre.
The matter presented in this capstone project report is an authentic
record of my / our own work carried out during an academic year 2020-2021, under
the supervision of Mr. T.H. Mohite Faculty / Head and Mr. / Mrs. Co-guide-name,
Faculty / Head of Electrical Engineering Department. Also it has not been submitted
by us for the award of any other diploma elsewhere.

Mr / Mrs. Co-Guide Name Mr. T. H. Mohite Mr. A. A. Sutar.

Project Co-Supervisor Project Supervisor Head Of Department
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Department Of Mechanical Engineering Department Of Mechanical Engineering
Faculty Of Polytechnic, Miraj Faculty Of Polytechnic, Miraj Faculty Of Polytechnic, Miraj

External-Examinar Dean Director

Department Of Mechanical Engineering Sanjay Bhokare Group Of Institutes Sanjay Bhokare Group Of Institutes
Appointed By MSBTE, Mumbai Faculty Of Polytechnic, Miraj Miraj
Place: ATS SBGI, Miraj Date: 10 June 2021

3
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We like to share our sincere gratitude to all those who help us in

completion of this project. During the work we faced many challenges due to our
lack of knowledge and experience but these people help us to get over from all the
difficulties and in final compilation of our idea to a shaped sculpture.

We are indeed grateful to Head of Department of Electrical Engineering

dept. Mr. A. A. Sutar for being an effective source of inspiration.

We would like to thank Mr. T.H. Mohite sir as well as Mr. / Mrs Co-
Guide-name sir / madam for his governance and guidance, because of which our
whole team was able to learn the minute aspects of a project work.

We would also like to show our gratitude to our department faculties Mr.
T.H. Mohite, Mr. A.A. Sutar, Mr. M.E. Melage, Mrs. S.M. Mestri of our Electrical
Engineering department for their continuous help and monitoring during the project
work. All of our team is thankful to supporting staff of Department, for their help
and support towards this project.

In the last we would like to thank the management of ATS, Sanjay Bhokare
Group Of Institutes, Miraj for providing us such an opportunity to learn from these
experiences. We are also thankful to our whole class and most of all to our parents
who have inspired us to face all the challenges and win all the hurdles in life. Thank
you All.

ENROLLMENT NO. NAME OF STUDENT

1815520030 Vaishnavi .S. Shinde.
1815520025 Priti .T. Randhir.
1915520093 Komal .M. Patil.
1915520087 Swapnil .S. Bubane.
1515520120 Ajit .M. Mhetre.
Place: ATS, SBGI, Miraj Date: 10 June 2021

* includes full content from Project Synopsis as per the format given separately.

4
 ABSTRACT

The aim of building a smart city is to civilize the definition life by using
technology to improve the capability of services and meet resident’s needs. In the
smart city, maximum use is made up of ICT(Information and Communication
Technology) to improve the functioning, management and supervision of variety of
systems and services with an emphasis on saving energy ,water, land and other natural
resources and we can also reduce noise pollution ,air pollution and water pollution. In
this project we implant combination of five new technologies like smart irrigation
system, smart parking, wind power system, automatic railway crossing gate, smart
home.

Our city needs “intelligence’’ to become smart cities, especially, as the bigger
part of the world population will live in cities by 2050. But how does this smart
intelligence come about? There are many issues a smart city has to deal with in respect
to its digitalization. There is need to the improve technology.

There are many advantages in promoting smart cities in terms of national

benefits: creating competitiveness, promoting the business sector, improvement of
living standards, proper utilization of resources, and the like. There are examples of
smart cities in the world, and a lot can be learned from their experience and
achievements.

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 Table of Contents
Project Group Photo with Guide and Faculty……………………... i.
Title Page…………………………………………………………... 1
Declaration of the Student…………………………………………. 2
Certificate of the Guide……………………………………………. 3
Acknowledgement ………………………………………………… 4
Abstract…………………………………………………………...... 5
Index…………………………………………………………........... 7
List of Figures……………………………………………………… 8
List of Tables ……………………………………………………… 9

Chapter 1………………………………………………………….. 10

INTRODUCTION* ………………………………………………. 10
1.1 Problem Definition……………………………………………... 11
1.2 Project Overview and historical work …………………………. 12
1.2.1 Historical working Systems……………………………
1.2.2 Present Working Systems……………………………… 12
1.3 Hardware Specification………………………………………. 14
1.4 Aims and objectives of the study……………………………….
1.5 Future Scope ……………………..…….…………………..... 15
16
17

Chapter 2………………………………………………………….. 18
LITERATURE SURVEY*……………………………………….. 18
2.1 Paper 1………………………………………………………….. 19
19
2.2 Paper 2…………………………………………………………..
2.3 Paper 3………………………………………………………….. 20
2.4 Paper 4………………………………………………………….. 20
2.5 paper 5………………………………………………….............. 21
2.6 paper 6………………………………………………………….
21
2.7 Comments on Literature Survey………………………………..
22

6
Chapter 3………………………………………………………….. 23
SYSTEM ANALYSIS & DESIGN………………………………. 23
3 Requirement Specification …………………………………… 24
3.1 Accumulating Tools Needed to Complete the Project …........ 29
3.2 Implementation of project Block Diagram…………………… 30
3.3 Design Steps………………………….………………………… 31

Chapter 4………………………………………………………….. 32
IMPLEMENTATION AND TESTING ...………………………. 32
4.1 Algorithms / Pseudo Code …………………………………….. 37
4.1.1 Smart Home………………………….…………………… 37
4.1.2 Smart irrigation system……………...…………………… 38
4.1.3 Automatic railway crossing system….…………………… 40
4.1.4 Smart Parking System……………….…………………… 42
4.2 Testing Process ……………………………………..…………. 43
4.2.1 Smart Home………………………………………………. 43
4.2.2 Smart Irrigation system.…………………………………. 44
4.2.3 Wind power plant ……………………………………. 45
4.2.4 Smart Parking system….………………………………… 46
4.2.5 Automatic railway crossing system………………………. 47
Chapter 5………………………………………………………….. 48
RESULTS / OUTPUTS ………………………………………….. 49
Chapter 6………………………………………………………….. 50
1.1 CONCLUSIONS …………………………………………... 51
1.2 RECOMMENDATIONS …………………………………. 51
1.3 FUTURE SCOPE ………………………………………….. 51
APPENDICES ……………………………………………………. 48
A. Literature Papers ……………………………………………... 48
A.1 Literature Paper 1………………………………………...
A.2 Literature Paper 2 ………………………………………..
A.3 Literature Paper 3………………………………………...
7
 B. Assignment No. 1 ……………………………………….......... 60
C. Design Assignment……………………………………….......... 70
D. Final Power point Presentations ……………………….......... 80
E. Paper Published ………………………………………..............
REFERENCES ……………………………………….................... 52

List of Figures

Figure 1. Arduino-Uno............................................................................................................25
Figure 2. Relay..................................................................................................................…..26
Figure 3. Bluetooth Module ............................................................................................……27
Figure 4. IR Sensor.........................................................................................................……27
Figure 5. Servomotor.......................................................................................................……28
Figure 6. LDR.........................................................................................................................28
Figure 7. Ultrasonic Distances Sensor.....................................................................................29
Figure 8. Block Diagram of smart city using IOT..................................................................30
Figure 9. Circuit Diagram of smart Home Automatic System ...............................................43
Figure 10. Circuit Diagram of smart irrigation system...........................................................44
Figure 11. Block diagram of Wind power plant......................................................................45
Figure 12. Circuit diagram of Smart parking System ...............................................46
Figure 13. Circuit diagram of automatic railway crossing Gate system..................................47

8
 List of Tables

Table 1. Hardware Specification………………………………………………………………15

Table 2. The steps needed to achieve the desired goal of the project and successfully
run it will be explained.........................................................................................................49

9
 Chapter: 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Problem Definition:

Investment in human and social capital and traditional (transport) and modern (ICT)
communication infrastructure fuel sustainable economic growth and a high quality of life,
with a wise management of natural resource, through participatory government. The most
common smart city projects include smart lighting, intelligent transport systems and

10
smart utility metering for electricity and water. These technologies and integrations are
based on sensor-centered collection and analysis of data. They offer cost-effective and
innovative solutions to the growing number of challenges faced by municipalities.
However, despite the countless benefits of smart city projects, many challenges remain
when it comes to deployment, due to unique city requirements and differing
interpretations of deployment concepts. These variations can be categorized into the
following dimensions:

 Technology challenges with coverage and capacity.

 Digital security.
 Legislation and policies.
 Lack of confidence or reluctance shown by citizens (lack of clarity around
benefits).
 Funding and business models.
 Interoperability.
 Existing infrastructure for energy, water and transportation systems.

As city populations grow and urban sprawl proliferates, issues with economic and
social progress are often magnified. These challenges not only affect a city’s quality of
life, but also put added stress on traditional infrastructure, increasing the need for energy-
efficiency austerity and resource conservation. Smart city technology can provide city
governments with a large infrastructure buffer that helps them endure and overcome these
issues in the future.

1.2 Project Overview and historical work

1.2.1 Historical working Systems:-

The journey to smart cities goes way back to the 1970s, when Los Angeles
created the first urban big data project: “A Cluster Analysis of Los Angeles”. The first
smart city was arguably Amsterdam with the creation of a virtual digital city in 1994.

11
Things then speeded up in mid-2000s when IBM and Cisco launched separate initiatives.
In 2011, the inaugural Smart City Expo World Congress was held in Barcelona, which
has now become an annual event charting smart cities’ development.

 The first city planner – Hippodamus of Miletus

Hippodamus of Miletus, ancient Greek architect, mathematician, philosopher, and

meteorologist, is also credited with being the first Greek city planner, and the "Father" of
urban planning. After centuries of war, destruction and occupation of his homeland, the
need to rebuild cities and surrounding areas was immense.  His vision was based on the
division of cities into areas for public, private and sacred use. Today, with larger
populations and transport needs, planners strive for mixed-use areas, rather than harsh
divisions. Miletus is responsible for devising the city planning grid system.  The broad
boulevards intersecting at right angles and city centers of today can be directly attributed
to his vision and structure implemented in the rebuilding of Ancient Greek cities.

 Jaipur – The first planned city in India

English scientist, architect and mathematician, Sir Christopher Wren, is credited with

designing many landmarks throughout London.  After the Great Fire of London in 1666,
Wren designed 51 new churches, including the great architectural achievement, St. Paul's
Cathedral.  At the same time, a continent away, Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II was
designing the new capital of Jaipur India, the first planned city of India.  Singh's vision
for Jaipur was realized in the development of a modern commercial hub based on ancient
Vedic architectural principles and practices.

 Skyscrapers and "City Beautiful" – From D.C. to Chandigarh

The adapted grid system of Washington DC was designed by President George

Washington's go-to city planner, Pierre Charles L'Enfant. A century later, Frederick Law
Olmsted Jr. brought landscape architecture to the forefront of city planning and worked to
develop the National Park Service.  Some of the world's first skyscrapers were designed

12
and built by Daniel Burnham as he developed urban plans for Cleveland, San Francisco,
Washington DC and Chicago.  Harland Bartholemew became the first full-time city
planner in the United States, working in Newark New Jersey and St. Louis Missouri as
well as over 500 other U.S. cities.

Sir Ebenezer Howard developed Garden City practices in London England that

incorporated residential properties, parks, shops, and other commercial buildings
surrounded by agricultural land as described in his 1902 book "Garden Cities of
Tomorrow."  In Paris France, Baron Georges-Eugene Haussmann was widening Parisian
streets to reduce congestion, while updating the city's sewer and water systems and
creating bountiful new parks.  Appointed by Napoleon III to modernize Paris, Baron
Georges-Eugene Haussmann created the layout and design of Paris' outlying districts
while highlighting monuments including the Arc de Triomphe.

Charles-Edouard Jeanneret, also known as Le Corbusier, was a prominent architect,

urban planner, and painter responsible for designing Chandigarh, India to include his
"City Beautiful" layout.  His principles were based on adding green space and gardens,
even in a city environment of raised multi-level structures.  Le Corbusier was
instrumental in the rethinking and design of modernist architectural principles that
incorporated battling the issues of inadequate urban housing for Chandigarh and beyond,
influencing urban residential design and city planning the world over.

1.2.2 Present Working Systems:-

National Smart Cities Mission is an urban renewal and retrofitting program by

the Government of India with the mission to develop smart cities across the country,
making them citizen friendly and sustainable. The Union Ministry of Urban
Development is responsible for implementing the mission in collaboration with the state

13
governments of the respective cities. The mission initially included 100 cities, with the
deadline for completion of the projects set between 2019 and 2023. The effective
combined completion of all projects is now at 11%. Smart Cities Mission envisions
developing an area within the cities in the country as model areas based on an area
development plan, which is expected to have a rub-off effect on other parts of the city,
and nearby cities and towns. Cities will be selected based on the Smart Cities challenge,
where cities will compete in a countrywide competition to obtain the benefits from this
mission. As of January 2018, 99 cities have been selected to be upgraded as part of the
Smart Cities Mission after they defeated other cities in the challenge.

It is a five-year program in which, except for West Bengal, all of the Indian states

and Union territories are participating by nominating at least one city for the Smart Cities
challenge. Financial aid will be given by the central and state governments between
2017–2022 to the cities, and the mission will start showing results from 2022 onwards.
Each city will create a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV), headed by a full-time CEO, to
implement the Smart Cities Mission. Centre and state government will provide ₹1,000
crore (US$140 million) funding to the company, as equal contribution of ₹500
crore (US$70 million) each. The company has to raise additional funds from the financial
market as a debt or equity.

The Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD) program used a competition-based

method as a means for selecting cities for funding, based on an area-based development
strategy. Cities competed at the state level with other cities within the state. Then the
state-level winner competed at the national level Smart City Challenge. Cities obtaining
the highest marks in a particular round were chosen to be part of the mission.

1.3 Hardware specification:

Sr. Name of
Specification Remark
No Resource/material

14
 Resistance:400ohm to
400kohm.Sensitivity:3msec
1. LDR Available
voltage ratings:3V,5V and
12V

ATmega328p-8bit AVR
Arduino NANO V3.0
2. family microcontroller. Available
Development board
flash memory 32KB

100 RMP single shaft BO

3. Size:55×48×23mm. shaft Available
motor-straight length: 7mm
4. HM-10 Bluetooth module Working frequency:
Available
2.4GHz ISM band.

5. IR sensor Module Wavelength (700nm-1mm) Available

6. Ultrasonic Distance sensor 5V power supply. effectual

Available
module HC-SR04 angle is 15

7. Soil moisture sensor Battery type CR2450×1.

Available
Module moisture 0-100%,8-bit

8. 16×2(1602) Character
Green Backlight LCD Standard 16-pin interface. Available
Display

9. Transistor 2222A, DC 547. Available

10. Arduino UNO ATmega328p-8bit AVR

family microcontroller. Available
flash memory 32KB

11. Relay 12V, 5V 2 Channel. Available

12. Node MCU ESP-8266 32- bit

Available
49mm×26mm

1.4 Amis and Objective:

1.4.1 Amis of the project:-

15
 Smart Cities Mission of the Government is a bold, new
initiative. It is meant to set examples that can be replicated both within and outside the
Smart City, catalyzing the creation of similar Smart Cities in various regions and parts of
the country. The core infrastructure elements in a smart city would include: adequate
water supply, assured electricity supply, sanitation, including solid waste management,
efficient urban mobility and public transport, affordable housing, especially for the poor,
robust IT connectivity and digitalization, good governance, especially e-Governance and
citizen participation, sustainable environment, safety and security of citizens, particularly
women, children and the elderly, health and education. As far as Smart Solutions are
concerned, an illustrative list is given below. This is not, however, an exhaustive list, and
cities are free to add more applications.

1.4.2 Objective:-

 Improving the governance in the city making governance citizen- friendly

and cost effective- increasingly rely on online services to bring about
accountability and transparency, especially using mobiles to reduce cost of
services and providing services without visiting offices.
 Improving the citizen services and infrastructure.
 Housing and basic sanitation facilities.
 Reduce congestion on roads air pollution and resource depletion, boost
local economy, promote interactions and ensure security.

1.5 Future Scope:-

16
 In future, smart city technologies are likely to expand in scope and revolutionize
areas such as healthcare, education and policing, while also supporting the growth and
development of engaged residents capable of understanding and utilizing digital solutions
and services smart citizens. A smart city uses the internet of things (IOT), data, and
technology to streamline services to make a city more connected, efficient, manageable,
and cost effective. Smart cities drive innovation, have connected residents, optimize
governance, and make better use of precious resources.

17
 Chapter: 2
LITERATURE SURVEY

2. Literature Survey

18
 2.1 Dr. K. S. Kennan, Dr. P. Devadalan and P. Deepa have proposed in (2017):-
A ‘SMART CITY’ is an urban district that is profoundly cutting-edge regarding
foundation, manageable land, correspondences and market reasonability. It is a city
where data innovation is the important framework and the reason for giving fundamental
administrations to occupants. There are numerous mechanical stages included, including
however not restricted to mechanized sensor systems and server farms. The idea of
shrewd urban communities started when the whole world was confronting one of the
most noticeably awful monetary emergencies. In 2008, IBM started chip away at a 'more
intelligent urban communities' idea as a feature of its Smarter Planet activity. Start of
2009, the idea had enthralled the creative ability of different countries over the globe.

2.2 YIN Chan Tao, XIONG Zhang, CEN Hui, WANG Jing Yuan, COOPER
Dave and DAVID Bertrand have proposed in (2015):- An understanding of the definition
of a smart city is vital to be able to understand its scope and content. As was
demonstrated in Section 1, a concrete definition of a smart city is still emerging, and
various definitions have been given by stakeholders from several different standpoints. It
is difficult to formalize the definition, because the smartness of a city can be as simple as
a single function provided to a certain group of citizens, or as complicated as an entire
administration processed presenting the restructuring efforts of a government procedure.

19
 2.3 Abdulrahman Alkandari and Meshal alnasheet have proposed in (2012):- A
smart city is one that uses a smart system characterized by the interaction between
infrastructure, capital, behaviors and cultures, achieved through their integration. From
our survey of the smart city concept by reading recent papers in this field, we found no
uniform concept of the smart city; some papers discussed it as a general case study, while
others dealt with specific parts. This paper is a survey of a number of articles, which we
divided into two categories. General case study, which covers the topic of smart city in a
general framework, and 2-Specific case study, which covers the topic of the smart city
from a specific detailed application, such as Traffic Management System, Smart Grid and
Wireless Technology. The results of our research show that the information of
communication technology (ICT) covers all areas on smart cities such as government
facilities, buildings, traffic, electricity, health, water, and transport. Until now there is no
unique definition for smart cities, most of researcher define the smart city form their
needs or prospective.

2.4 Prof. Rahul Wantmure and Dr. Murlidhar Dhanawade have proposed in
(2016):- Indian cities and cities around the world are gradually evolving. It is not a
sudden decision with planned infrastructure in advance. The concept of Smart City has
suggested in a planned city, with such impact that each activity carried out in the city is
supervised and controlled by technology. Internet of things is an emerging technology in
the IT world that can be explored to its zenith to achieve the goal of building a smart city.
Building alone is not enough, but to maintain and sustain their identity. The integrity and
authenticity is another task to be processed and implemented.

20
 2.5 Koushalya Bijjaragi and Poonam Tijare have proposed in (2016):- As the
volume of traffic is increasing day by day, it becomes difficult to store and process such
large data sets using traditional software. A set of storage devices for storing such vast
amounts of data and also a parallel computing model for the analysis of those huge data
entries is needed. Hardtop is one such framework that provides reliable cluster storage
facility, which stores large amounts of data in a distributed manner using a special file
system, called system distributed Hardtop files and provides functions for efficient
parallel processing through framework Map Reduce. In Map Reduce filtered data traffic
can be easily recovered, to provide end users with traffic analysis and provide useful
predictions.

2.6 R. D. Patil and Omprakash .S. Jadhav have proposed in (2016):- Big Data is a
popular topic in the research. Everyone is talking about large volumes of data, and it is
believed that science, business, industry, government, society, etc. will undergo a change
through the impact of big data. Big is used to refer to very large data set that is bigger,
more complex, hidden pattern, nature structured and unstructured data with difficulties in
collecting, storage, process analysis or result. This paper also presents a review of various
advanced statistical techniques for handling the key application of big data have large
data set. These advanced techniques handle structure as well as unstructured big data in
different area.

21
2.7 Comment on Literature Survey:-

The First journey to smart cities goes way back to the

1970s, when Los Angeles created the first urban big data project: “A Cluster Analysis of
Los Angeles”. The first smart city was arguably Amsterdam with the creation of a virtual
digital city in 1994. Things then speeded up in mid-2000s when IBM and Cisco launched
separate initiatives. In 2011, the inaugural Smart City Expo World Congress was held in
Barcelona, which has now become an annual event charting smart cities’ development.

The research had an architecture that consisted of six

main parts. First, a ‘SMART CITY’ is an urban district that is profoundly cutting-edge
regarding foundation, manageable land, correspondences and market reasonability.
Second, an understanding of the definition of a smart city is vital to be able to understand
its scope and content. Third, the results of our research show that the information of
communication technology (ICT) covers all areas on smart cities such as government.
Fourth, Indian cities and cities around the world are gradually evolving. Fifth, as the
volume of traffic is increasing day by day, it becomes difficult to store and process such
large data sets using traditional software. And last one is, Big Data is a popular topic in
the research. Everyone is talking about large volumes of data, and it is believed that
science, business, industry, government, society, etc. The major benefit of this project is
that it could be implemented at an inexpensive price in a short span of time.

22
 Chapter: 3
SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

23
3.1 Requirement Specification:

3.1.1 Accumulating Tools Needed to Complete the Project

1. Arduino-Uno
2. Relay
3. Bluetooth module (HC-06)
4. IR sensor
6. LED Bulbs
7. Jumper wires
8. Servo motor
9. LDR
10. Arduino NANO
11. Ultrasonic Distances Sensor Module.
12. Soil Moister Sensor.

24
1) Arduino-Uno:-

Fig.1 Arduino- Uno

Arduino is a tool for making computers that can sense and control more of the
physical world than your desktop computer. It's an open-source physical computing
platform based on a simple microcontroller board, and a development environment for
writing software for the board. Arduino can be used to develop interactive objects, taking
inputs from a variety of switches or sensors, and controlling a variety of lights, motors,
and other physical outputs.

Arduino projects can be stand-alone, or they can communicate with software

running on your computer (e.g. Flash, Processing.) The boards can be assembled by hand
or purchased preassembled; the open source IDE can be downloaded for free. The
Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328. It has 14 digital
input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz
ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It
contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a
computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.

25
2) Relay:-

Fig.2 Relay

Relay A relay is an electrical switch that uses an electromagnet to move the

switch from the off to on position instead of a person moving the switch. It takes a
relatively small amount of power to turn on a relay but the relay can control something
that draws much more power. A relay is used to control the air conditioner in your home.

A relay switch can be divided into two parts: input and output. The input section
has a coil which generates magnetic field when a small voltage from an electronic circuit
is applied to it. This voltage is called the operating voltage. Commonly used relays are
available in different configuration of operating voltages like 6V, 9V, 12V, 24V etc. The
output section consists of contactors which connect or disconnect mechanically. In a
basic relay there are three contactors: normally open (NO), normally closed (NC) and
common (COM). At no input state, the COM is connected to NC. When the operating
voltage is applied the relay coil gets energized and the COM changes contact to NO.
Different relay configurations are available like SPST, SPDT, DPDT etc, which have
different number of changeover contacts. By using proper combination of contactors, the
electrical circuit can be switched on and off.

26
3) Bluetooth Module:-

Fig. 3 Bluetooth Module

The Arduino Uno board does not have any features that make it communicate
with a Bluetooth on its own. The Arduino Uno cannot communicate with the Android
device on its own. Hence, a Bluetooth module HC-06 is implemented in this project. AT
commands are used to program a Bluetooth module HC-06 which is a user friendly
module. It only features one fixed module, either a master or a slave. In this project, the
slave module is used.

4) IR Sensor:-

Fig.4 IR Sensor

An infrared (IR) sensor is an electronic device that measures and detects infrared
radiation in its surrounding environment. Infrared radiation was accidentally discovered
by an astronomer named William Herchel in 1800. While measuring the temperature of
each color of light (separated by a prism), he noticed that the temperature just beyond the
red light was highest. IR is invisible to the human eye, as its wavelength is longer than
that of visible light (though it is still on the same electromagnetic spectrum). Anything
that emits heat (everything that has a temperature above around five degrees Kelvin)
gives off infrared radiation.
27
5) Servomotor:

Fig.5 Servomotor

A servomotor is a rotary actuator or linear actuator that allows for precise control
of angular or linear position, velocity and acceleration. It consists of a suitable motor
coupled to a sensor for position feedback. It also requires a relatively sophisticated
controller, often a dedicated module designed specifically for use with servomotors. A
servo motor is an electromechanical device that produces torque and velocity based on
the supplied current and voltage. A servo motor works as part of a closed loop system
providing torque and velocity as commanded from a servo controller utilizing a feedback
device to close the loop.

6) LDR:

Fig.6 LDR

A photoresistor (also known as a light-dependent resistor, LDR, or photo-

conductive cell) is a passive component that decreases resistance with respect to
receiving luminosity (light) on the component's sensitive surface. The resistance of a
photoresistor decreases with increase in incident light intensity; in other words, it exhibits
photoconductivity. A photoresistor can be applied in light-sensitive detector circuits and
light-activated and dark-activated switching circuits acting as a resistance semiconductor.
28
7) Ultrasonic Distances Sensor:

Fig.7 Ultrasonic Distances Sensor

Ultrasonic transducers and ultrasonic sensors are devices that generate or sense
ultrasound energy. They can be divided into three broad categories: transmitters,
receivers and transceivers. Transmitters convert electrical signals into ultrasound,
receivers convert ultrasound into electrical signals, and transceivers can both transmit and
receive ultrasound.

Ultrasound can be used for measuring wind speed and direction (anemometer),
tank or channel fluid level, and speed through air or water. For measuring speed or
direction, a device uses multiple detectors and calculates the speed from the relative
distances to particulates in the air or water. To measure tank or channel liquid level, and
also sea level (tide gauge), the sensor measures the distance (ranging) to the surface of
the fluid. Further applications include: humidifiers, sonar, medical ultrasonography,
burglar alarms, non-destructive testing and wireless charging.

29
3.2 Implementation of project Block diagram:-

City tower Smart home

Smart irrigation Smart parking

Wind power system Open space

Automatic railway crossing

Fig.8. Block Diagram of smart city using IOT

30
3.3 Design Steps

Step 1: Designing of block diagram of the system & selection of components.

Step 2: Interfacing of electronics method and sensors.
Step 3: Interfacing of Arduino board Wi-Fi module.
Step 4: Utilization of coding and IOT based sensor.
Step 5: Designing the overall smart city or model.
Step 6: System Implementation
1. Completion of the hardware part.
2. Coding.
3. Testing of an overall system.

31
 Chapter: 4
IMPLEMENTATION AND TESTING

32
4.1 Algorithms/ Pseudo code

4.1.1 Smart Home:-

String inputs;
#define relay1 2 //Connect relay1 to pin 9
#define relay2 3 //Connect relay2 to pin 8
#define relay3 4 //Connect relay3 to pin 7
#define relay4 5 //Connect relay4 to pin 6
#define relay5 6 //Connect relay5 to pin 5
#define relay6 7 //Connect relay6 to pin 4
#define relay7 8 //Connect relay7 to pin 3
#define relay8 9 //Connect relay8 to pin 2
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600); //Set rate for communicating with phone
pinMode(relay1, OUTPUT); //Set relay1 as an output
pinMode(relay2, OUTPUT); //Set relay2 as an output
pinMode(relay3, OUTPUT); //Set relay1 as an output
pinMode(relay4, OUTPUT); //Set relay2 as an output
pinMode(relay5, OUTPUT); //Set relay1 as an output
pinMode(relay6, OUTPUT); //Set relay2 as an output
pinMode(relay7, OUTPUT); //Set relay1 as an output
pinMode(relay8, OUTPUT); //Set relay2 as an output
digitalWrite(relay1, LOW); //Switch relay1 off
digitalWrite(relay2, LOW); //Swtich relay2 off
digitalWrite(relay3, LOW); //Switch relay1 off
digitalWrite(relay4, LOW); //Swtich relay2 off
digitalWrite(relay5, LOW); //Switch relay1 off

33
digitalWrite(relay6, LOW); //Swtich relay2 off
digitalWrite(relay7, LOW); //Switch relay1 off
digitalWrite(relay8, LOW); //Swtich relay2 off
}
void loop()
{
while(Serial.available()) //Check if there are available bytes to read
{
delay(10); //Delay to make it stable
char c = Serial.read(); //Conduct a serial read
if (c == '#'){
break; //Stop the loop once # is detected after a word
}
inputs += c; //Means inputs = inputs + c
}
if (inputs.length() >0)
{
Serial.println(inputs);

if(inputs == "A")
{
digitalWrite(relay1, LOW);
}
else if(inputs == "a")
{
digitalWrite(relay1, HIGH);
}
else if(inputs == "B")

34
{
digitalWrite(relay2, LOW);
}
else if(inputs == "b")
{
digitalWrite(relay2, HIGH);
}
else if(inputs == "C")
{
digitalWrite(relay3, LOW);
}
else if(inputs == "c")
{
digitalWrite(relay3, HIGH);
}
else if(inputs == "D")
{
digitalWrite(relay4, LOW);
}
else if(inputs == "d")
{
digitalWrite(relay4, HIGH);
}
else if(inputs == "E")
{
digitalWrite(relay5, LOW);
}
else if(inputs == "e")

35
{
digitalWrite(relay5, HIGH);
}
else if(inputs == "F")
{
digitalWrite(relay6, LOW);
}
else if(inputs == "f")
{
digitalWrite(relay6, HIGH);
}
else if(inputs == "G")
{
digitalWrite(relay7, LOW);
}
else if(inputs == "g")
{
digitalWrite(relay7, HIGH);
}
else if(inputs == "H")
{
digitalWrite(relay8, LOW);
}
else if(inputs == "h")
{
digitalWrite(relay8, HIGH);
}
inputs="";

36
4.1.2 Smart irrigation system:-

#define BLYNK_PRINT Serial

#include <ESP8266WiFi.h>
#include <BlynkSimpleEsp8266.h>

char auth[] = "Auth Code";  //code sent via email

const int sensorPin = 4; 
int sensorState = 0;
int lastState = 0;
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
  Blynk.begin(auth, "WiFi Name", "Password");  //wifi name and password
  pinMode(sensorPin, INPUT);
}
void loop()
{ 
  Blynk.run();
  sensorState = digitalRead(sensorPin);
Serial.println(sensorState);
if (sensorState == 1 && lastState == 0) {
  Serial.println("needs water, send notification");
  Blynk.notify("Time To Water The Plants");
  lastState = 1;
  delay(1000);
//send notification
    
37
  } 
  else if (sensorState == 1 && lastState == 1) {
    //do nothing, has not been watered yet
  Serial.println("has not been watered yet");
  delay(1000);
 }
  else {
    //st
    Serial.println("does not need water");
    lastState = 0;
    delay(1000);
 }
    delay(100);
}

4.1.3 Automatic Railway crossing:-

#define trigPin1 3
#define echoPin1 2
#define trigPin2 6
#define echoPin2 7
#define sound A0
#include <Servo.h>
Servo myservo; // create servo object to control a servo
Servo myservo1;
// twelve servo objects can be created on most boards
bool gateOpen = true; // to keep track of gate state
int pos = 0; // variable to store the servo position
void setup() {
myservo.attach(9); // attaches the servo on pin 9 to the servo object
38
myservo1.attach(8);
Serial.begin (9600);
pinMode(trigPin1, OUTPUT);
pinMode(echoPin1, INPUT);
pinMode(trigPin2, OUTPUT);
pinMode(echoPin2, INPUT);
pinMode(13, OUTPUT);
}
void loop() {
long duration, distance;
digitalWrite(trigPin1, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(trigPin1, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trigPin1, LOW);
duration = pulseIn(echoPin1, HIGH);
distance = (duration/2) / 29.1;
long duration2, distance2;
digitalWrite(trigPin2, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(trigPin2, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trigPin2, LOW);
duration2 = pulseIn(echoPin2, HIGH);
distance2 = (duration2/2) / 29.1;
digitalWrite(13,0);
if (distance<7 || distance2<7) {
if (!gateOpen) {

39
 gateOpen = true;
myservo1.write(135);
myservo.write(55);
digitalWrite(13,1);
delay(750);
} else {
gateOpen = false;
myservo1.write(55);
myservo.write(144);
digitalWrite(13,1);
delay(750);
}
}
}

4.1.4 Smart Parking System:-

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>// initialize the library with the numbers of the interface pins

LiquidCrystal lcd(A0, A1, A2, A3, A4, A5);

#include <Servo.h> //includes the servo library

Servo myservo1;

int ir_s1 = 2;

int ir_s2 = 4;

int Total = 5;

int Space;

int flag1 = 0;

int flag2 = 0;

void setup() {

pinMode(ir_s1, INPUT);
40
pinMode(ir_s2, INPUT);

myservo1.attach(3);

myservo1.write(100);

lcd.begin(16, 2);

lcd.setCursor (0,0);

lcd.print(" Car Parking ");

lcd.setCursor (0,1);

lcd.print(" System ");

delay (2000);

lcd.clear();

Space = Total;

void loop(){

if(digitalRead (ir_s1) == LOW && flag1==0){

if(Space>0){flag1=1;

if(flag2==0){myservo1.write(0); Space = Space-1;}

}else{

lcd.setCursor (0,0);

lcd.print(" Sorry not Space ");

lcd.setCursor (0,1);

lcd.print(" Available ");

delay (1000);

lcd.clear();

if(digitalRead (ir_s2) == LOW && flag2==0){flag2=1;

41
if(flag1==0){myservo1.write(0); Space = Space+1;}

if(flag1==1 && flag2==1){

delay (1000);

myservo1.write(100);

flag1=0, flag2=0;

lcd.setCursor (0,0);

lcd.print("Total Space: ");

lcd.print(Total);

lcd.setCursor (0,1);

lcd.print("Have Space: ");

lcd.print(Space);

42
4.2 Testing Process

4.2.1 Smart home:-

Fig 9 Circuit Diagram of Smart Home Automation System

Above fig shows the circuit diagram of smart home which are based on various
microcontrollers, arduino, raspberry pi, etc. Home automation is the automation process
of home appliances and other home functions so that they can be controlled with your
phone, computer or even remotely. The home automation circuit is built around an
Arduino Uno board, Bluetooth module HC-05 and a 3-channel relay board. The number
of channels depends on the number of appliances you wish to control. Arduino Uno is
powered with a 12V DC adaptor/power source. The relay module and Bluetooth module
can be, in turn, powered using a board power supply of Arduino Uno. 

43
4.2.2 Smart Irrigation system:-

Fig. 10 of Circuit Diagram of Smart Irrigation System

Above fig shows the circuit diagram of smart irrigation system we use to create
circuit Adriano UNO board, GSM module, Connecting Wires, Transistors, Power supply,
Relay, Pump, Soil moisture sensor, Resistors, Terminal connector, Voltage regulation,
16×2 LCD display, etc. There are two probes in the soil moisture sensor which is used to
measure the volumetric content of water in soil. These two probes allow the current to
pass through the soil and then it gets the moisture value present in the soil. We have used
GSM module in our irrigation system project and interfaced with the Adriano to send and
receive messages. A GSM module is basically a GSM modern. This device is connected
with PCB to take different types of output form the board. In our project, we have
interfaced the GSM module with Adriano and TTL output taken.

44
4.2.3 Wind Power System:-

Fig. 11 of Block Diagram of Wind Power System.

Above fig shows block diagram of wind power plant system in this system we use
Drive train, Generator, Controller, power grid, etc. wind energy is the use of wind to
provide mechanical power through wind turbines to turn electric generators for electrical
power. Wind power is a popular sustainable, renewable source of power that has a much
smaller impact on the environment compared to burning fossil fuels. Wind farms
connected to many individual wind turbines, which are connected to the electric power
transmission network. The wind is an intermittent energy source, which cannot be
dispatched on demand. Locally, it gives variable power, which is consistent form year to
year but varies greatly over shorter time scales.

There is an air turbine id large blade attached on the top of a supporting tower of
sufficient height. When wind strikes on the turbine blades, the turbine rotates due to rotor
blades. The shaft of the turbine is coupled with an electrical generator. The output of the
generator is collected through electric power cables.

45
4.2.4 Smart Parking:-

Fig. 12 Circuit Diagram of Smart Parking System

Above fig shows circuit diagram of the smart parking it involves two IR sensors,
two servos motor and one ultrasonic sensor, etc. Here the ESP8266 will control the
complete process and also send the parking availability information to Google firebase so
that it can be monitored form anywhere in the world over the internet. Two IR sensors are
used at entry and exit gate to detect the gate. IR sensor is used to detect any object by
sending and receiving the IR rays.

Two servos motor will act as entry and exit gate and they rotate to open or close
the gate. Finally an ultrasonic sensor is used to detect if the parking slot is available or
occupied and send the data to ESP8266 Accordingly.

46
4.2.5 Automatic Railway Crossing Gate:-

Fig. 13 Circuit Diagram of Automatic Railway Crossing Gate System

Above fig shows circuit diagram of automatic railway crossing gate it involves
two IR sensors, Buzzer, Arduino NANO V3, one switch, motor, etc. the two IR sensors
are placed at left and right side of the railway gate. The distance between the two IR
sensors is dependent on the length on the length of the train. In general we have to
consider the longest train in that route.

An Automatic railway gate control is implemented with very simple hardware and easy
control. Human intervention at level crossings can be removing with the help of this
project and many railway level crossing accidents can be prevented. Automatic gate
control system with high speed alerting system is an innovative circuit which
automatically controls the operation of railway gates detecting the arrival and departure
of trains at the gate.

47
Chapter 5
RESULTS / OUTPUTS

48
5.1 Methodologies and Results

The steps needed to achieve the desired goal of the project and successfully run it will be
explained.

Collection of parts needed for the Project

Design the primary Concept

Create the model

Bluetooth module, Arduino Uno, IR sensor, servo motor to be connected

The Arduino should be programmed Installation of the Arduino software

We implant the all sensors in the hardware

Project flow

Flow shows the steps needed to accomplish the goals of this project in a
sequential manner. First, all the parts needed to design the project are collected and a
primary concept is Collection of parts needed for the Project Design the primary Concept.
We create the model Bluetooth module, Arduino Uno, IR sensor to be connected. The
Arduino should be programmed Installation of the Arduino software. Next is the
connection between the Arduino Uno and the the Bluetooth module and IR sensor which
is the most important part of the project. After all the connection is being done, the
Arduino board needs to be programmed and the Arduino software has to be installed. At
the end, we implant the all sensors in the hardware.

49
Chapter 6

50
6.1 CONCLUSIONS:-

The smart cities concept has gained a lot of attention lately and it will most likely
continue to do so in the future. Cities are publishing smart plans; related conferences are
trending and more and more books are being written on the subject. Smart technologies
can provide solutions for cities by helping them save money, reduce carbon emissions
and manage traffic flows it need new business models and ways of working which are yet
to be developed and implemented.

6.2 RECOMMENDATIONS:-

Smart city project should be inclusive, participatory, and social. Launch digital
equality initiatives and organize end user education, let local participate in technology
and field trials, and get their feedback through frequent surveys and group sessions.
There are many drivers and many different definitions of a smart city, and no 2
implementations are the same. Clearly state your urbanism, social, economic, and/or
other objectives. Define your budget and plan your project. Resist the temptation to
compare brownfield and Greenfield scenarios.

6.3 FUTURE SCOPE:-

In future, smart city technologies are likely to expand in scope and revolutionize
areas such as healthcare, education and policing, while also supporting the growth and
development of engaged residents capable of understanding and utilizing digital solutions
and services smart citizens. A smart city uses the internet of things (IOT), data, and
technology to streamline services to make a city more connected, efficient, manageable,
and cost effective. Smart cities drive innovation, have connected residents, optimize
governance, and make better use of precious resources.

51
REFERENCES:-

[1]. Dr. K. S. Kennan, Dr. P. Devadalan and P. Deepa have proposed in (2017):- A
‘SMART CITY’ is a urban district that is profoundly cutting-edge regarding foundation,
manageable land, correspondences and market reasonability.
[2]. YIN Chan Tao, XIONG Zhang, CEN Hui, WANG Jing Yuan, COOPER Dave and
DAVID Bertrand have proposed in (2015):- An understanding of the definition of a smart
city is vital to be able to understand its scope and content.
[3]. Abdulrahman Alkandari and Meshal alnasheet have proposed in (2012):- A smart
city is one that uses a smart system characterized by the interaction between
infrastructure, capital, behaviors and cultures, achieved through their integration.
[4]. Prof. Rahul Wantmure and Dr. Murlidhar Dhanawade have proposed in (2016):-
Indian cities and cities around the world are gradually evolving. It is not a sudden
decision with planned infrastructure in advance.
[5]. Koushalya Bijjaragi and Poonam Tijare have proposed in (2016):- As the volume of
traffic is increasing day by day, it becomes difficult to store and process such large data
sets using traditional software.
[6].R. D. Patil and Omprakash S. Jadhav have proposed in (2016):- Big Data is a popular
topic in the research.
[7]. McLaren, Duncan; Agyeman, Julian (2015). Sharing Cities: A Case for Truly Smart
and Sustainable Cities. MIT Press. ISBN 9780262029728.
[8]Galford, Chris (8 September 2017). "AEP Ohio to build car charging stations as part
of Columbus Smart City initiative". Daily Energy Insider. Retrieved 25 September2017.
[9]. Gharaibeh, A.; Salahuddin, M. A.; Hussini, S. J.; Khreishah, A.; Khalil, I.; Guizani,
M.; Al-Fuqaha, A. (2017). "Smart Cities: A Survey on Data Management, Security, and
Enabling Technologies". IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials. 19(4): 2456–
2501. doi:10.1109/COMST.2017.2736886. S2CID 206578345.
[10]. Borda, Ann; Bowen, Jonathan P. (2019). "Chapter 27: Smart Cities and Digital
Culture: Models of Innovation". In Giannini, Tula; Bowen, Jonathan P. (eds). Museums
and Digital Culture: New Perspectives and Research. Series on Cultural
Computing. Springer. pp. 523–549. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-97457-6_27. ISBN 978-3-
319-97456-9. ISSN 2195-9064.

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53