KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN

ZONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION AND TRAIING, MYSORE

Study Material

PHYSICS(042) for Class XII

for the
Academic year 2015-2016

Prepared/Revised by

Mr. K ARUMUGAM
PGT (PHYSICS), Faculty, KVS ZIET Mysore

2
OUR PATRONS

R
PATRPATRPAPATRON
श्री संतोष कुमार मल्ल,आईएएस
SPATRONSwledgemen
t आयुक्त
Shri.ShriSantosh Kumar Mall, IAS
Commissioner, KVS

श्री जी. के. श्रीवास्तव, आईएएस

अपर आयुक्त (प्रशासन)
G.K. Srivastava, IAS
Additional Commissioner (Administration)
श्रीयू एनखवारे
अपर आयुक्त (शैक्षिक)
Mr. U N Khaware
Additional Commissioner (Academics)

डॉ. शचीकाांत
सांयुक्त आयुक्त (प्रशशिण)
Dr. Shachi Kant
Joint Commissioner (Training)

श्री ए. अरूमग
ु म
सांयक्
ु त आयक्ु त (ववत्त)
Shri M Arumugam
Joint Commissioner (Finance)

डा वी. ववजयलक्ष्मी
संयुक्त आयुक्त (शिक्षा)
Dr. V. Vijayalakshmi
Joint Commissioner (Academics)

डॉ. ई. प्रभाकर
सांयुक्त आयुक्त (काशमिक)
Dr. E. Prabhakar
Joint Commissioner (Personnel)

श्री.एस.ववजयकुमार
सांयक्
ु तआयक्
ु त(प्रशासन)
Shri S Vijayakumar
Joint Commissioner (Admn)
3
 FOREWORD

The seven PGTs working as members of faculty at KVS,ZIET Mysore- Mr K

Arumugam(Physics), Mr. KaluSivalingam (Maths), Mr. M Reddenna (Geo.), Mr.
Murugan (History), Mr. Hari Shankar (Hindi),Mr. Joseph Paul (Econ.) and Mr. U.P
Binoy (English) prepared Study Materials for Class XII for the academic year 2015-
2016 in their respective subjects.

All these study materials focus on some select aspects , namely;

 Gist of lessons/chapter
 Marking scheme (CBSE)
 Important questions
 Solved Question papers with value point.
 Tips for scoring well in the examination.

The above mentioned seven members of faculty at ZIET Mysore have put in a lot
of efforts and prepared the materials in a period of two months. They deserve
commendations for their single-minded pursuit in bringing out these materials.

The teachers of these subjects namely, Physics, Mathematics, Geography, History,

INDEX
Hindi, Economics and English may use the materials in the month of January&
February 2016 for Pre-Board Examination, revision and practice purposes. It is
hoped that these materials will help the students perform better in the
forthcoming Board Examinations.

The teachers are requested to go through the materials thoroughly, and feel free
to send their opinions and suggestions for the improvement of these materials to
[email protected].

Dr. E.T ARASU

Deputy Commissioner/ Director
KVS, ZIET, Mysore

4
 PREFACE

It is a matter of great pleasure that after receiving encouragement from our Deputy
commissioner DR. E.T Arasu I now present the thoroughly revised latest edition of STUDY
MATERIAL OF CLASS XII PHYSICS based on the latest syllabus and revised question paper pattern
to be followed from 2015 onwards.

In this booklet according to the latest syllabus of CBSE for class XII materials were prepared.

THE SALIENT FEATURES OF THIS STUDY MATERIAL ARE AS FOLLOWS;

 It covers the syllabus given by CBSE for the class XII Physics
 Gist of each chapter
 Concept map of each chapter
 Questions and answers of 1,2 and 3 marks of each chapter
 Value Based questions – Chapter wise
 Frequently asked Board examination questions-Chapter wise
 Marking scheme given by CBSE ( 2015)
 Sample Question papers for 2016
 Sample Question paper with value points- 5 Question paper
 Tips for scoring well
 Remedial teaching for slow learners
 Learning style of students
 Reference books and websites
 The material can be used for the purpose of revision
 All the concepts of the subject have been included in the material

This material can be used to (i) revise the syllabus (ii) to workout practice Question Papers
(iii) gain conceptual clarity and (iv) know the value points for answers, besides serving as a pre –
exam, eleventh hour reference material.

Place: Mysore K ARUMUGAM

Date: 18/12/2015 Faculty ZIET Mysore

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 INDEX

S.NO TOPIC PAGE NUMBER

1 ELECTROSTATICS-GIST OF THE LESSON, CONCEPT MAP, 7-24
QUESTION AND ANSWERS, VALUE BASED QUESTIONS
2 CURRENT ELECTRICITY- GIST OF THE LESSON, CONCEPT MAP, 25-40
QUESTION AND ANSWERS, VALUE BASED QUESTIONS
3 MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT AND MAGNETISM- GIST OF 40-56
THE LESSON, CONCEPT MAP, QUESTION AND ANSWERS, VALUE
BASED QUESTIONS
4 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ALTERNATING CURRENT- 56-73
GIST OF THE LESSON, CONCEPT MAP, QUESTION AND
ANSWERS, VALUE BASED QUESTIONS
5 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES- GIST OF THE LESSON, CONCEPT 74-79
MAP, QUESTION AND ANSWERS, VALUE BASED QUESTIONS
6 OPTICS- GIST OF THE LESSON, CONCEPT MAP, QUESTION AND 80-110
ANSWERS, VALUE BASED QUESTIONS
7 DUAL NATURE OF MATTER AND RADIATION- GIST OF THE 111-118
LESSON, CONCEPT MAP, QUESTION AND ANSWERS, VALUE
BASED QUESTIONS
8 ATOMS NUCLEI- GIST OF THE LESSON, CONCEPT MAP, 119-129
QUESTION AND ANSWERS, VALUE BASED QUESTIONS
9 SOLIDS AND SEMICONDUCTORS- GIST OF THE LESSON, 130-152
CONCEPT MAP, QUESTION AND ANSWERS, VALUE BASED
QUESTIONS
10 COMMUNICATIONS GIST OF THE LESSON, CONCEPT MAP, 153-165
QUESTION AND ANSWERS, VALUE BASED QUESTIONS -
11 FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS- CHAPTERWISE 166-187
12 MARKING SCHEME 188-198
11 SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER FOR MARCH 2016& MODEL 199-216
QUESTION PAPER WITH VALUE POINTS (4 SETS)
12 TIPS FOR SCORING WELL IN THE EXAMINATION 217-221
13 REMEDIAL TEACHING 221-224
14 LEARNING STYLE OF STUDENTS 225-226
15 LIST OF REFERENCE BOOKS AND WEBSITES 227

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 1. ELECTROSTATICS
GIST
 Electrostatics is the study of charges at rest.
 Charging a body can be done by friction, induction and conduction.
 Properties of charges:
o Like charges repel and unlike charges attract.
o Charges are additive in nature i.e., Q= 𝑛𝑖=1 𝑞𝑖
o Charges are quantized. i.e., Q= ± ne [n=1,2,3,… & e=1.602 X10-19 C]
o Charge in a body is independent of its velocity.
o Charge is conserved.
 To measure charge electroscopes are used. The sensitive device which is
used to identify whether the body is charged or not is called electroscope.
𝑘𝑞 1 𝑞 2 1
 Coulomb’s law: 𝐹 = 𝑟; k= = 9 x 109 Nm2C-2
𝑟2 4𝜋𝜀 0
Where, 𝜀0 = absolute permittivity of free space 1/r2 Q1Q2>0
Q1Q2<0

 Principle of superposition: 𝐹𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑛

𝑖=1 𝐹𝑖 [vector
sum of individual forces]
F
qq  qq 
 1 122 r12  1 123 r13  ....
4 r12 4 r13

1/r
2
F

E Q
E

Note: In the above triangle the quantity shown at the vertex, could be arrived by
multiplying the quantities shown at the base, ie F=E X Q.
Any one of the quantity shown at the base is given by the ratio of the quantities
shown at vertex & the other quantity shown at the base, ie E=F/Q or Q= F/E.
 Electric field: Force experienced by a unit positive (or test) charge. It is a
vector. SI unit is NC-1. E

2
r
7
Applications of Gauss’ theorem for uniform charge distribution:

Expression Infinite Infinite plane Thin spherical shell

for Linear sheet
Flux ∅ 𝜆𝑙 𝜎𝑠 𝜎4𝜋𝑟 2
𝜀0 𝜀0 𝜀 0
𝜆 𝑄
Magnitude of [for points on/outside the
𝜎 4𝜋𝑟 2 𝜀0
Field E 2𝜋𝑟𝜀0
𝜀0 shell]

ZERO [for points inside the shell]

Charge ∆𝑞 ∆𝑞 𝜎
𝜆= 𝜎= 4𝜋𝑟 2
density ∆𝑙 ∆𝑆

 Properties of electric field lines:

 Arbitrarily starts from +ve charge and end at –ve charge
 Continuous, but never form closed loops
 Never intersect
 Relative closeness of the field lines represents the magnitude of the field
strength.
 For a set of two like charges – lateral pressure in between
 For a set of two unlike charges – longitudinal contraction in between.
 Electrostatic Potential: Work done per unit positive Test charge to move it
from infinity to that point in an electric field. It is a scalar. SI unit: J/C or V
V = W / qo
𝑘𝑞
Electric potential for a point charge: 𝑉 =
𝑟

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 Electric field is conservative. This means that the work done is
independent of the path followed and the total work done in a closed path is zero.
 Potential due to a system of charges: v   in1 kqi
total ri
 Potential due to a dipole at a point
𝑘|𝑝| 𝑘|𝑝|
 on its axial line: 𝑉𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 = [or] 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑟2 𝑟2
 on its equatorial line:𝑉𝑒𝑞 = 0
1 1
 Potential difference 𝑉𝐴 − 𝑉𝐵 = 𝑘𝑞 [ − ]
𝑟𝐴 𝑟𝐵
𝑘𝑞1 𝑞2
 Potential energy of two charges: U=
𝑟
 Potential energy of a dipole : U = 𝑝. 𝐸 = p E [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃0 -𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃1 ]
 Electrostatics of conductors
(i) Inside a conductor Electrostatic field is zero
(ii) On the surface E is always Normal
(iii) No charge inside the conductor but gets distributed on the surface
(iv) Charge distribution on the surface is uniform if the surface is smooth
(v) Charge distribution is inversely proportional to ‘r’ if the surface is uneven
(vi) Potential is constant inside and on the surface
 Equipotential surfaces: The surfaces on which the potential is same
everywhere.
 Work done in moving a charge over an equipotential surface is zero.
 No two equipotential surfaces intersect.
 Electric field lines are always perpendicular to the equipotential surfaces.

𝑑𝑉 1
As E= - If Vis constant, E∝ and if E is constant, V∝ 𝑟
𝑑𝑟 𝑟
 Capacitor: A device to store charges and electrostatic potential energy.
9
 Q
 Capacitance: C  , Ratio of charge and potential difference. Scalar,
V
 SI unit: farad [F]

𝜀0 × 𝐴
 Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor: 𝐶 =
𝑑
 Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with a dielectric medium in
between:
𝜖𝑜 𝐴
 Cm = 𝑡
(𝑑−𝑡+𝑘)
𝜖𝑜 𝐴
 If t=0 =>C0 = (𝑑)
𝜖𝑜 𝐴
 If t=d =>C0 =k (𝑑)
=>Cm = k C0

Cm

Co k
 Combination of capacitors:
n
1 1
Capacitors in series:  
c i 1 ci

n
Capacitors in parallel : c   ci
i 1

1 1 1 Q2
 Energy stored in capacitors: U  CV 2  QV  V
2 2 2 C
1
 Area shaded in the graph = U = 𝑄𝑉
2
1 𝜎2
 Energy density :𝑈𝑑 = 𝜀0 𝐸 2 =
2 2𝜀0 Q
 Introducing dielectric slab between the plates of the charged
capacitor with:

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 Property Battery connected Battery disconnected
Charge K Q0 Q0
Potential
V0 V0/K
difference
Electric
E0 E0/K
field
Capacitance KC0 KC0
1 1
K times 𝜀0 𝐸 2 [Energy is 1/K times 𝜀0 𝐸 2 [Energy
2 2
Energy supplied used for
By battery] Polarization]

 On connecting two charged capacitors:

𝐶1 𝑉1 +𝐶2 𝑉2
 Common Potential: 𝑉=
𝑉1 +𝑉2
1 𝐶1 ×𝐶2
 Loss of energy: ∆𝑈 = (𝑉1 − 𝑉2 )2
2 𝐶1 +𝐶2

 Van de Graff generator:-

 isan electrostatic machine to build very high voltages.

1 1
 works on the Principle𝑉(𝑟) − 𝑉(𝑅) = 𝑘𝑞 ( − )
𝑟 𝑅
 Corona discharge is the electrical discharge through the defected part of the
spherical conductor, where the surface is not smooth. Hence, the hollow
spherical conductor in the Van de Graff generator should have a smooth
outer surface.

CONCEPT MAP

Electric Force/Field/Potential/P.E.

11
 (Unit : N) (Unit N/C or V/m)

𝑞1 𝑞2 𝑞1
𝐹=𝑘 𝐸=𝑘
𝑟2 𝑟2

𝑞1 𝑞2 𝑞1
𝑈=𝑘 𝑉=𝑘
𝑟 𝑟

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