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Machine Learning and Web Scraping Lecture 01

This document provides an introduction to machine learning and web scraping. It defines machine learning as programming computers to optimize performance using example data or past experience. Various applications of machine learning are discussed, including classification, regression, clustering, and reinforcement learning. Supervised learning uses labeled training data while unsupervised learning finds patterns without labeled outputs. The document lists resources for machine learning datasets, journals, and conferences.

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patrice mvogo
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© © All Rights Reserved
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63 views

Machine Learning and Web Scraping Lecture 01

This document provides an introduction to machine learning and web scraping. It defines machine learning as programming computers to optimize performance using example data or past experience. Various applications of machine learning are discussed, including classification, regression, clustering, and reinforcement learning. Supervised learning uses labeled training data while unsupervised learning finds patterns without labeled outputs. The document lists resources for machine learning datasets, journals, and conferences.

Uploaded by

patrice mvogo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture Slides for

Machine Learning and


Web Scraping
LP BDB
April 2023
CHAPTER 1:

Introduction to Machine
Learning
Definition

• Machine learning is programming computers to optimize a


performance criterion using example data or past experience.
• There is no need to “learn” to calculate payroll
• Learning is used when:
• Human expertise does not exist (navigating on Mars),
• Humans are unable to explain their expertise (speech recognition)
• Solution changes in time (routing on a computer network)
• Solution needs to be adapted to particular cases (user biometrics)

3
Learning

• Learning general models from a data of particular examples


• Data is cheap and abundant (data warehouses, data marts);
knowledge is expensive and scarce.
• Example in retail: Customer transactions to consumer behavior:
People who bought “Da Vinci Code” also bought “The Five People You Meet in
Heaven” (www.amazon.com)
• Build a model that is a good and useful approximation to the data.

4
Data Mining
 The process of sorting through large data sets to identify patterns and
relationships that can help solve business problems through data
analysis.
 key part of data analytics overall and one of the core disciplines in data
science, which uses advanced analytics techniques to find useful
information in data sets.
• Retail: Market basket analysis, Customer relationship management
(CRM)
• Finance: Credit scoring, fraud detection
• Manufacturing: Optimization, troubleshooting
• Medicine: Medical diagnosis
• Telecommunications: Quality of service optimization
• Bioinformatics: Motifs, alignment
• Web mining: Search engines
• ...
5
Machine Learning…

• Optimize a performance criterion using example data or past


experience.
• Role of Statistics: Inference from a sample
• Role of Computer science: Efficient algorithms to
• Solve the optimization problem
• Representing and evaluating the model for inference

6
Applications

• Association
• Supervised Learning
• Classification
• Regression
• Unsupervised Learning
• Reinforcement Learning

7
Learning Associations

• Basket analysis:
P (Y | X ) probability that somebody who buys X also buys Y where X
and Y are products/services.

Example: P ( chips | beer ) = 0.7

8
Classification

• Example: Credit scoring


• Differentiating between
low-risk and high-risk
customers from their
income and savings

Discriminant: IF income > θ1 AND savings > θ2


THEN low-risk ELSE high-risk

9
Classification: Applications

• Aka Pattern recognition


• Face recognition: Pose, lighting, occlusion (glasses, beard), make-up,
hair style
• Character recognition: Different handwriting styles.
• Speech recognition: Temporal dependency.
• Use of a dictionary or the syntax of the language.
• Sensor fusion: Combine multiple modalities; eg, visual (lip image) and
acoustic for speech
• Medical diagnosis: From symptoms to illnesses
• ...

10
Face Recognition

Training examples of a person

Test images

AT&T Laboratories, Cambridge UK


http://www.uk.research.att.com/facedatabase.html
11
Regression
Technique for investigating the relationship between independent
variables or features and a dependent variable or outcome.

• Example: Price of a used car


• x : car attributes y = wx+w0
y : price
y = g (x | θ )
g ( ) model,
θ parameters

12
Regression Applications

• Navigating a car: Angle of the steering wheel (CMU NavLab)


• Kinematics of a robot arm

(x,y) α1= g1(x,y)


α2= g2(x,y)
α2

α1

 Response surface design


13
Supervised Learning: Uses
Supervised machine learning is often used for:
 Classifying different file types such as images, documents, or
written words.
 Forecasting future trends and outcomes through learning
patterns in training data.
• Prediction of future cases: Use the rule to predict the output for future
inputs
• Knowledge extraction: The rule is easy to understand
• Compression: The rule is simpler than the data it explains
• Outlier detection: Exceptions that are not covered by the rule, e.g., fraud

14
Unsupervised Learning
Unsupervised machine learning is mainly used to:
 Cluster datasets on similarities between features or
segment data
 Understand relationship between different data point such
as automated music recommendations
 Perform initial data analysis
• Learning “what normally happens”
• No output
• Clustering: Grouping similar instances
• Example applications
• Customer segmentation in CRM
• Image compression: Color quantization
• Bioinformatics: Learning motifs
15
Reinforcement Learning
 Reinforcement Learning is a feedback-based Machine learning technique in
which an agent learns to behave in an environment by performing the actions
and seeing the results of actions. For each good action, the agent gets positive
feedback, and for each bad action, the agent gets negative feedback or penalty.
 In Reinforcement Learning, the agent learns automatically using feedbacks
without any labeled data, unlike supervised learning.

• Learning a policy: A sequence of outputs


• No supervised output but delayed reward
• Credit assignment problem
• Game playing
• Robot in a maze
• Multiple agents, partial observability, ...
16
Resources: Datasets

• UCI Repository: http://www.ics.uci.edu/~mlearn/MLRepository.html


• UCI KDD Archive: http://kdd.ics.uci.edu/summary.data.application.html
• Statlib: http://lib.stat.cmu.edu/
• Delve: http://www.cs.utoronto.ca/~delve/

17
Resources: Journals

• Journal of Machine Learning Research www.jmlr.org


• Machine Learning
• Neural Computation
• Neural Networks
• IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks
• IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
• Annals of Statistics
• Journal of the American Statistical Association
• ...

18
Resources: Conferences

• International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML)


• ICML05: http://icml.ais.fraunhofer.de/
• European Conference on Machine Learning (ECML)
• ECML05: http://ecmlpkdd05.liacc.up.pt/
• Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS)
• NIPS05: http://nips.cc/
• Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence (UAI)
• UAI05: http://www.cs.toronto.edu/uai2005/
• Computational Learning Theory (COLT)
• COLT05: http://learningtheory.org/colt2005/
• International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI)
• IJCAI05: http://ijcai05.csd.abdn.ac.uk/
• International Conference on Neural Networks (Europe)
• ICANN05: http://www.ibspan.waw.pl/ICANN-2005/
• ...

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