Scribd
Upload
61 views

Unit-II-Data Limits

The document discusses key concepts related to data rate limits in communication systems including bandwidth, throughput, data rate, Nyquist rate, and Shannon capacity. It provides examples to calculate the maximum bit rate for a noiseless channel and the theoretical channel capacity for a noisy channel given the bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratio. The key findings are that the Nyquist formula can be used to determine the maximum bit rate for a noiseless channel based on the bandwidth and number of signal levels, while the Shannon capacity formula provides the theoretical upper limit for the maximum achievable data rate of a noisy channel.

Uploaded by

Mohd Shifan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
61 views

Unit-II-Data Limits

The document discusses key concepts related to data rate limits in communication systems including bandwidth, throughput, data rate, Nyquist rate, and Shannon capacity. It provides examples to calculate the maximum bit rate for a noiseless channel and the theoretical channel capacity for a noisy channel given the bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratio. The key findings are that the Nyquist formula can be used to determine the maximum bit rate for a noiseless channel based on the bandwidth and number of signal levels, while the Shannon capacity formula provides the theoretical upper limit for the maximum achievable data rate of a noisy channel.

Uploaded by

Mohd Shifan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 10

Data Rate Limits

• Bandwidth
• Data Rate/ Channel
Capacity
• Throughput
• Speed
(L = 2n)

Data Communications and Networking by Forouzan Reference: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/


Data Rate Limits
• What is Bandwidth? Bandwidth is the measurement of the ability of
an electronic communications device or system to send and receive
information (maximum amount of data that can be transferred per
second on a link)
• What is Throughput? Throughput is the amount of data that enters
and goes through a system
• What is Data Rate? Data rate is the speed at which data is transferred
between two devices, measured in mega bits per second (Mbps or
mbps)

Data Communications and Networking by Forouzan https://www.avalan.com/blog/bandwidth.-data-rate.-throughput.-whats-the-difference


Nyquist Bit Rate (Noiseless Channel)

(L = 2n)

Data Communications and Networking by Forouzan Reference: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/


Nyquist Bit Rate (Noiseless Channel)
Examples:

Exmp-1 : Consider a noiseless channel with a bandwidth of 3000 Hz transmitting a signal


with two signal levels. What can be the maximum bit rate?

BitRate = 2 * Bandwidth * log2(L)


BitRate = 2 * 3000 * log2(2) = 6000bps
(L = 2n)
Exmp-2 : Consider a noiseless channel with a bandwidth of 3000 Hz transmitting a signal
with eight signal levels. What can be the maximum bit rate?

BitRate = 2 * 3000 * log2(8) = 18 kbps

Data Communications and Networking by Forouzan Reference: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/


Nyquist Bit Rate (Noiseless Channel)
Exp-3 : We need to send 265 kbps over a noiseless channel BitRate = 2 * Bandwidth * log2(L)
with a bandwidth of 20 kHz. How many signal levels do we
need? (L = 2n)

Sol-2 : 265000 = 2 * 20000 * log2(L)

log2(L) = 6.625

L = 26.625 = 98.7 levels

Data Communications and Networking by Forouzan Reference: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/


Shannon Capacity (Noisy Channel)
• In reality, we cannot have a noiseless channel; the channel is always
noisy.
• Shannon capacity is used, to determine the theoretical highest data
rate for a noisy channel:
Signal Power
Capacity = bandwidth * log (1 + SNR)2
SNR= Noise Power

• In the above equation, bandwidth is the bandwidth of the channel,


SNR is the signal-to-noise ratio, and capacity is the capacity of the
channel in bits per second.

• The signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) is usually expressed in decibels (dB) given


by the formula:

SNR(dB) = 10 * log10(S/N)

In Shannon formula, there is no indication of signal Levels, which means no matter how many
levels we have, we can not achieve the data rate higher than the maximum capacity of the
channel
Data Communications and Networking by Forouzan Reference: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/
Shannon Capacity (Noisy Channel)

Data Communications and Networking by Forouzan


Shannon Capacity (Noisy Channel)
Examples:
Exp-2 : The SNR is often given in decibels. Assume that SNR(dB) is 36 and the channel
bandwidth is 2 MHz. Calculate the theoretical channel capacity.

Capacity = bandwidth * log2(1 + SNR)


Sol-1 :

SNR(dB) = 10 * log10(SNR) SNR(dB) = 10 * log10(SNR)


SNR = 10(SNR(dB)/10)
SNR = 103.6 = 3981
C = 2 * 106 * log2(1+3981)
= 2 * 106 * log2(3982)
= 24 Mbps

Data Communications and Networking by Forouzan Reference: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/


Shannon Capacity (Noisy Channel)
Exp-3 : We have a channel with 1 MHz bandwidth. The SNR for this channel is 63. what are the
appropriate bit rate and signal level ?

Sol-3:
Capacity = bandwidth * log2(1 + SNR)
Bandwidth – 1 MHz = 106 Hz

C = 106 log2 (1+63)


= 106 log2 64 = 106 log2 26 = 106 *6 = 6Mbps

According to Shannon, 6Mbps will be the maximum capacity. We can


choose a lower signal level for better performance.
• The Shannon capacity gives us the upper limit
C = 2 * B * log2L (Nyquist Formula) • Nyquist formula tells us how many signal levels
4Mbps= 2 * 106 * log2 L we need
log2 L = 2
L=4

Data Communications and Networking by Forouzan


Shannon Capacity (Noisy Channel)
Exp-4 : We have a channel witch is operating in frequency range of 3 MHz to 5 MHz. The SNR for
this channel is 3 dB. Calculate the maximum channel capacity and signal level ?

Sol-4:
Capacity = bandwidth * log2(1 + SNR)
Bandwidth = 5 MHz – 3 MHz = 2 MHz

3 dB = 10 * log10(SNR) SNR(dB) = 10 * log10(SNR)


10 3dB = 10 log10(SNR) (raising both side to power of 10)
SNR = 1000

C = B * log2(1+SNR) = 2MHz * log2(1001) = 19.934 Mbps


• The Shannon capacity gives us the upper limit
• Nyquist formula tells us how many signal levels
C = 2 * B * log2L (Nyquist Formula) we need
19.934 Mbps= 2 * 2 Mbps * log2 L
log2 L = 4.9835
L = 2 4.9835
L = 32

Data Communications and Networking by Forouzan

You might also like