(MATHEMATICS) QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

KEY CONCEPTS
The general form of a quadratic equation in x is, ax 2 + bx + c = 0, where a, b, c ∈ R&a ≠ 0.
RESULTS:
−b±√b2 −4ac
1. The solution of the quadratic equation, ax 2 + bx + c = 0 is given by x =
2a
The expression b2 − 4ac = D is called the discriminant of the quadratic equation.
2. If α&β are the roots of the quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0, then;
(i) α + β = −b/a (ii) αβ = c/a (iii) α − β = √D/a.
3. NATURE OF ROOTS:
(A) Consider the quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 where a, b, c ∈ R&a ≠ 0 then ;
(i) D > 0 ⇔ roots are real & distinct (unequal).
(ii) D = 0 ⇔ roots are real & coincident (equal).
(iii) D < 0 ⇔ roots are imaginary .
(iv) If p + iq is one root of a quadratic equation, then the other must be the conjugate p − iq
& vice versa. (p, q ∈ R&i = √−1).
(B) Consider the quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 where a, b, c ∈ Q&a ≠ 0 then;
(i) If D > 0& is a perfect square, then roots are rational & unequal.
(ii) If α = p + √q is one root in this case, (where p is rational & √q is a surd) then the other

root must be the conjugate of it i.e. β = p − √q & vice versa.

4. A quadratic equation whose roots are α&β is (x − α)(x − β) = 0 i.e.
x 2 − (α + β)x + αβ = 0 i.e. x 2 − (sum of roots) x + product of roots = 0.
5. Remember that a quadratic equation cannot have three different roots & if it has, it becomes an
identity.
6. Consider the quadratic expression, y = ax 2 + bx + c, a ≠ 0& a, b, c ∈ R then ;
(i) The graph between x, y is always a parabola. If a > 0 then the shape of the parabola is
concave upwards & if a < 0 then the shape of the parabola is concave downwards.
(ii) ∀x ∈ R, y > 0 only if a > 0&b2 − 4ac < 0 (figure 3 ).
(iii) ∀x ∈ R, y < 0 only if a < 0&b2 − 4ac < 0 (figure 6 ).
Carefully go through the 6 different shapes of the parabola given below.
Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3

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(MATHEMATICS) QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

Fig. 4 Fig. 5 Fig. 6

7. SOLUTION OF QUADRATIC INEQUALITIES:

ax 2 + bx + c > 0(a ≠ 0)
(i) If D > 0, then the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 has two different roots x1 < x2 .
Then a > 0 ⇒ x ∈ (−∞, x1 ) ∪ (x2 , ∞)
a < 0 ⇒ x ∈ (x1 , x2 )
(ii) If D = 0, then roots are equal, i.e. x1 = x2 .

In that case a > 0 ⇒ x ∈ (−∞, x1 ) ∪ (x1 , ∞)

a<0⇒x∈ϕ
P(x)
(iii) Inequalities of the form ≶ 0 can be quickly solved using the method of intervals.
Q(x)

8. MAXIMUM & MINIMUM VALUE of y = ax 2 + bx + c occurs at x = −(b/2a) according as ;

4ac−b2 4ac−b2
a < 0 or a > 0. y ∈ [ , ∞) if a > 0&y ∈ (−∞, ] if a < 0.
4a 4a

9. COMMON ROOTS OF 2 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS [ONLY ONE COMMON ROOT] :

Let α be the common root of ax 2 + bx + c = 0 & a′ x 2 + b′ x + c ′ = 0. Therefore
α2 α 1
aα2 + bα + c = 0; a′ α2 + b′ α + c ′ = 0. By Cramer's Rule = =
bc′ −b′ c a′ c−ac′ ab′ −a′ b
ca′ −c′ a bc′ −b′ c
Therefore, α = = .
ab′ −a′ b a′ c−ac′

So the condition for a common root is (ca′ − c ′ a)2 = (ab′ − a′ b)(bc ′ − b′ c).
10. The condition that a quadratic function f(x, y) = ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c may
be resolved into two linear factors is that ;

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(MATHEMATICS) QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
a h g
abc + 2fgh − af − bg − ch = 0 OR |h
2 2 2
b f| = 0
g f c
11. THEORY OF EQUATIONS :
If α1 , α2 , α3 , … … αn are the roots of the equation;
f(x) = a0 x n + a1 x n−1 + a2 x n−2 + ⋯ + an−1 x + an = 0 where a0 , a1 , … . an are all real &a0 ≠
0 then,
a1 a2 a3 an
∑ α1 = − , ∑ α1 α2 = + , ∑ α1 α2 α3 = − , … . , α1 α2 α3 … … . . αn = (−1)n
a0 a0 a0 a0
Note: (i) If α is a root of the equation f(x) = 0, then the polynomial f(x) is exactly divisible by
(x − α) or (x − α) is a factor of f(x) and conversely .
(ii) Every equation of nth degree (n ≥ 1) has exactly n roots & if the equation has more than
n roots, it is an identity.
(iii) If the coefficients of the equation f(x) = 0 are all real and α + iβ is its root, then α − iβ is
also a root. i.e. imaginary roots occur in conjugate pairs.
(iv) If the coefficients in the equation are all rational & α + √β is one of its roots, then α − √β
is also a root where α, β ∈ Q & β is not a perfect square.
(v) If there be any two real numbers ' a ' & 'b' such that f(a)&f(b) are of opposite signs, then
f(x) = 0 must have atleast one real root between ' a ' and ' b ' .
(vi) Every equation f(x) = 0 of degree odd has atleast one real root of a sign opposite to that
of its last term.
12. LOCATION OF ROOTS:
Let f(x) = ax 2 + bx + c, where a > 0 & a, b, c ∈ R.
(i) Conditions for both the roots of f(x) = 0 to be greater than a specified number 'd' are
b2 − 4ac ≥ 0 ; f(d) > 0 & (−b/2a) > d.

(ii) Conditions for both roots of f(x) = 0 to lie on either side of the number ' d ' (in other
words the number ' d ' lies between the roots of f(x) = 0) is f(d) < 0.
(ii) Conditions for exactly one root of f(x) = 0 to lie in the interval (d, e) i.e. d < x < e are

b2 − 4ac > 0 & f(d) ⋅ f(e) < 0.

(iii) Conditions that both roots of f(x) = 0 to be confined between the numbers p & q are

(p < q). b2 − 4ac ≥ 0; f(p) > 0; f(q) > 0&p < (−b/2a) < q
13. LOGARITHMIC INEQUALITIES
(i) For a > 1 the inequality 0 < x < y & log a x < log a y are equivalent.

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(MATHEMATICS) QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
(ii) For 0 < a < 1 the inequality 0 < x < y & log a x > log a y are equivalent.
(iii) If a > 1 then log a x < p ⇒ 0 < x < ap
(iv) If a > 1 then log a x > p ⇒ x > ap
(v) If 0 < a < 1 then log a x < p ⇒ x > ap
(vi) If 0 < a < 1 then log a x > p ⇒ 0 < x < ap

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(MATHEMATICS) QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
PROFICIENCY TEST-01
1. If α and β are the roots of equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0, find the value of following expressions.

(i) α2 + β2 (ii) α3 + β3 (iii) α4 + β4 (iv) (α − β)2 (v) α4 − β4

2. If α and β are the roots of equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0, form an equation whose roots are :
1 1 1 1 1
(i) α + , β + (ii) , +
β α α+β α β

3. What can you say about the roots of the following equations?
(i) x 2 + 2(3a + 5)x + 2(9a2 + 25) = 0
(ii) (y − a)(y − b) + (y − b)(y − c) + (y − c)(y − a) = 0
4. In copying a quadratic equation of the form x 2 + px + q = 0, the coefficient of x was wrongly
written as -10 in place of -11 and the roots were found to be 4 and 6 . Find the roots of the
correct equation.
5. If the sum of the roots of quadratic equation (a + 1)x 2 + (2a + 3)x + (3a + 4) = 0 is -1 ,
then find the product of the roots.
6. Find the roots of the equation (b − c)x 2 + (c − a)x + (a − b) = 0.

7. If α and β are the roots of the equation 2x 2 + 2(a + b)x + a2 + b2 = 0, then find the
equation whose roots are (α + β)2 and (α − β)2
8. Find the values of m, for which the equation 5x 2 − 24x + 2 + m(4x 2 − 2x − 1) = 0 has
(a) equal roots (b) the product of the roots is 2 (c) the sum of the roots is 6
9. For what value of a is the difference between the roots of the equation
(a − 2)x 2 − (a − 4)x − 2 = 0 equal to 3 ?
10. If the difference of roots of the equation 2x 2 − (a + 1)x + a − 1 = 0 is equal to their product,
then prove that a = 2.

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PROFICIENCY TEST-02
1. If α, β are roots of x 2 − px + q = 0 and α − 2, β + 2 are roots of x 2 − px + r = 0, then prove
that 16q + (r + 4 − q)2 = 4p2
2. Show that if roots of equation (a2 − bc)x 2 + 2(b2 − ac)x + c 2 − ab = 0 are equal then
either b = 0 or a3 + b3 + c 3 = 3abc
3. Show that the graph of the polynomial : y = x 2 + kx − x + 9 is above X-axis, if and only if
−5 < k < 7.
4. The least integral value of ' k ' for which (k − 2)x 2 + 8x + k + 4 > 0 for all x ∈ R, is :
(A) 5 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) None of these
5. If the quadratic polynomials defined on real coefficients P(x) = a1 x 2 + 2b1 x + c1 and Q(x) =
a2 x 2 + 2b2 x + c2 take positive values ∀x ∈ R, then prove that g(x) = a1 a2 x 2 + b1 b2 x + c1 c2
attains only positive values.
6. Find all values of a for which the inequality (a − 1)x 2 − (a + 1)x + a + 1 > 0 is satisfied for
all real x.
7. Find all values of ' a ' for which the inequality (a + 4)x 2 − 2ax + 2a − 6 < 0 is satisfied for all
x ∈ R.
8. Solve the equation
(x 2 − 3x)2 + 3x 2 − 9x − 28 = 0 for real roots.
9. Solve the equation
x−1 2 x−1
( ) − 3( )−4=0
x x
10. For what integral k is the inequality x 2 − 2(4k − 1)x + 15k 2 − 2k − 7 > 0 valid for any real
x?

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PROFICIENCY TEST-03
1. If ax 2 + bx + c = 0 has imaginary roots and a + c < b, then prove that 4a + c < 2b.
(where a, b, c ∈ R)
1 1 1
2. If a, b, c ∈ R, then prove that the roots of the equation + + = 0 are always real and
x−a x−b x−c
cannot have roots if a = b = c.
3. For what values of k the expression kx 2 + (k + 1)x + 2 will be a perfect square of a linear
polynomial.
4. If 2 + i√3 is a root of the equation x 2 + px + q = 0, where p, q ∈ R, then find the ordered pair
(p, q).
5. If one root of the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 is equal to nth power of the other root, show that

(ac n )1/(n+1) + (an c)1/(n+1) + b = 0

a2 (x−b)(x−c) b2 (x−c)(x−a)
6. Solve the equation + = x2
(a−b)(a−c) (b−c)(b−a)

7. If the roots of the equation x 2 − bx + c = 0 be two consecutive integers, then find the value of
b2 − 4c.
8. If the roots of the equation 12x 2 − mx + 5 = 0 are in the ratio 2: 3, then find the value of m.
(x+b)(x+c) (x+c)(x+a) (x+a)(x+b)
9. Show that + + = 1, is an identity.
(b−a)(c−a) (c−b)(a−b) (a−c)(b−c)

10. If the ratio of roots of the equation x 2 + px + q = 0 be equal to the ratio of roots of the equation
x 2 + bx + c = 0, then prove that p2 c = b2 q.

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PROFICIENCY TEST-04
1. If tan θ and sec θ are the roots of ax 2 + bx + c = 0, then prove that a4 = b2 (b2 − 4ac).
(x−1)4 (x−3)3
2. Solve the inequality ≥ 0.
(x−5)2
(2x+1)(x−1)
3. Find interval of x satisfying the inequality given by ≥ 0.
(x3 −3x2 +2x)

(x2 −3x+2)(x2 +2x+2)

4. Solve the inequality ≥ 0.
(x−3)(x−1−2x2 )

5. Find the value of a for which the sum of the squares of the roots of the equation
x 2 − (a − 2)x − a − 1 = 0 assumes the least value.
6. If x1 and x2 are the roots of x 2 + (sin θ − 1)x − 1/2cos 2 θ = 0, then find the maximum
value of x12 + x22 .
7. Find the range of f(x) = 2x 2 − 3x + 2 in [0,2].
8. Find the difference between the least and greatest values of y = −2x 2 + 3x − 2 for x ∈ [0,2].
9. Solve the inequality x 3 − 3x 2 − x + 3 > 0.
10. Solve the inequality (x 2 − 3x + 2)(x 3 − 3x 2 )(4 − x 2 ) ≥ 0.

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PROFICIENCY TEST-05
1. Solve the equation 2|x − 2| − 3|x + 4| = 1.
2. Solve the equation |x − |4 − x|| − 2x = 4.
3. Solve |x 2 + x| < 2.
x−1
4. Solve | | ≥ 2.
x+2
x2 −8x+12 x2 −8x+12
5. Solve the equation | |=− .
x2 −10x+21 x2 −10x+21

6. Solve the equation |x 2 − 1| + |2 − x 2 | = 1.

7. Solve |2x + 3| = |3x + 2| + |x − 1|.
3|x|−2
8. Find the solution set of the inequality | | ≥ 2.
|x|−1

9. Solve |x 2 − 2x| + |x| ≤ 2.

10. Solve |x 2 − 1| + √x 2 − 3x + 2 = 0.

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PROFICIENCY TEST-06
1. Find the value of k, so that the equations 2x 2 + kx − 5 = 0 and x 2 − 3x − 4 = 0 may have
one root in common.
2. Find the value of ' a ' so that x 2 − 11x + a = 0 and x 2 − 14x + 2a = 0 have a common root.
3. If a, b, c, ∈ R and equations ax 2 + bx + c = 0 and x 2 + 2x + 9 = 0 have a common root, then
find a:b:c.
4. Find the condition on a, b, c, d such that equations 2ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d = 0 and 2ax 2 +
3bx + 4c = 0 have a common root.
5. If the equations 3x 2 + px + 1 = 0 and 2x 2 + qx + 1 = 0 have a common root, show that
2p2 + 3q2 − 5pq + 1 = 0
6. If the equations x 2 + abx + c = 0 and x 2 + acx + b = 0 have a common root, prove that their
other roots satisfy the equation x 2 − a(b + c)x + a2 bc = 0.
7. If the equation x 2 − px + q = 0 and x 2 − ax + b = 0 have a common root and the other root
of the second equation is the reciprocal of the first, then prove that (q − b)2 − bq(p − a)2 = 0.
8. If the equations x 2 − ax + b = 0 and x 2 − cx + d = 0 have one root in common and second
equation has equal roots, prove that ac = 2(b + d).
9. If α, β and γ are the roots of x 3 + 8 = 0, then find the equation whose roots are α2 , β2 and γ2 .
10. If α, β, γ are the roots of the equation x 3 − px + q = 0, then find the cubic equation whose
roots are α/(1 + α), β/(1 + β), γ/(1 + γ).

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PROFICIENCY TEST-07
x2 +x+2
1. Determine the values of k for which the equation = k has both roots real.
3x+1
2. Find the range of
x2 +34x−71 x2 −x+1
(i) f(x) = (ii) f(x) =
x2 +2x−7 x2 +x+1
11x2 +12x+6
3. For real values of x, prove that cannot lie between -5 and 3.
x2 +4x+2
4x2 +36x+9
4. If x is real, show that the expression can have any real value.
12x2 +8x+1
x2 +2x−11
5. If x be real, show that the expression can take all values which do not lie in the open
x−3
interval (4,12).
tan2 θ−2tan θ−8
6. Find the range of the expression y = , for all permissible values of θ.
tan2 θ−4tan θ−5
7. If x is real and 4y 2 + 4xy + x + 6 = 0, then find the complete set of values of x for which y is
real.
8. Find the range of real values of x&y satisfying the relation, x 2 + y 2 = 6x − 8y.
9. If x, y be real and 9x 2 + 2xy + y 2 − 92x − 20y + 244 = 0, show that x ∈ [3,6], y ∈ [1,10].
10. If x, y and z are three real numbers such that x + y + z = 4 and x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 6, then show
2
that each of x, y and z lie in the closed interval [3 , 2]

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PROFICIENCY TEST-08
1. Find the values of a if x 2 − 2(a − 1)x + (2a + 1) = 0 has positive roots.
2. If the equation (a − 5)x 2 + 2(a − 10)x + a + 10 = 0 has roots of opposite sign, then find the
values of a.
3. If both the roots of x 2 − ax + a = 0 are greater than 2 , then find the values of a.
4. If both the roots of ax 2 + ax + 1 = 0 are less than 1 , then find exhaustive range of values of a.
5. If both the roots of x 2 + ax + 2 = 0 lies in the interval (0,3), then find exhaustive range of
values of a.
6. If α, β are the roots of x 2 − 3x + a = 0, a ∈ R and α < 1 < β, then find the values of a.
7. Match the conditions in Column-I with the intervals in Column-II.
Let f(x) = x 2 − 2px + p2 − 1, then
Column-I Column-II.
(A) both the roots of f(x) = 0 are less than 4 , if p ∈ (P) (−1, ∞)
(B) both the roots of f(x) = 0 are greater than -2 if p ∈ (Q) (−∞, 3)
(C) exactly one root of f(x) = 0 lie in (−2,4), if p ∈ (R) (0,2)
(D) 1 lies between the roots of f(x) = 0, if p ∈ (S) (−3, −1] ∪ [3,5)

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PROFICIENCY TEST-09
1. Solve the equation √3x + 4 + √x − 4 = 2√x.
2. Solve the equation 3√(2x − 1) + 3√(x − 1) = 1.

3. Solve √x 2 + 4x − 5 > x − 3.
4. Solve the inequality √x 2 + 3x + 2 < 1 + √x 2 − x + 1.
5. Solve the inequality 2x+2 − 2x+3 − 2x+4 > 5x+1 − 5x+2 .
6. Solve 22x − 4.9x ≤ 3.6x
7. Solve log 2 (x 2 − 1) < 1.
2
8. Solve log 1 (2 − x) > log 1 ( ).
4 4 x+1

9. Solve log 1 (log 4 (x 2 − 5)) > 0.

3

10. Solve log x (2x − 3/4) < 2.

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(MATHEMATICS) QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
EXERCISE- I
4+3√3
Q.1 A quadratic polynomial f(x) = x 2 + ax + b is formed with one of its zeros being where a
2+√3

and b are integers. Also g(x) = x 4 + 2x 3 − 10x 2 + 4x − 10 is a biquadratic polynomial such that
4+3√3
g( ) = c√3 + d where c and d are also integers. Find the values of a, b, c and d.
2+√3

Q.2 Solve the inequality.

2
x5
(log 2 x )4 − (log 1 ) − 20log 2 x + 148 < 0
2 4

Q.3 α, β are the roots of the equation K(x 2 − x) + x + 5 = 0. If K1 &K 2 are the two values of K for
which the roots α, β are connected by the relation (α/β) + (β/α) = 4/5. Find the value of
(K1 /K 2 ) + (K 2 /K1 )
Q.4 If one root of the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 be the square of the other, prove that
b3 + a2 c + ac 2 = 3abc
Q.5 If ax 2 + bx + c = 0 and bx 2 + cx + a = 0 have a common root and a, b, c are non-zero real
a3 +b3 +c3
numbers, then find the value of
abc
Q.6 Find a quadratic equation whose sum and product of the roots are the values of the expressions
(cosec 10∘ − √3sec 10∘ ) and (0.5cosec 10∘ − 2sin 70∘ ) respectively. Also express the roots of
this quadratic in terms of tangent of an angle lying in (0, π/2).
Q.7 If α be a root of the equation 4x 2 + 2x − 1 = 0 then prove that 4α3 − 3α is the other root.
Q.8 (a) If α, β are the roots of the quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 then which of the following
expressions in α, β will denote the symmetric functions of roots. Give proper reasoning.
(i) 𝐟(α, β) = α2 − β (ii) f(α, β) = α2 β + αβ2
α
(iii) f(α, β) = ln (iv) f(α, β) = cos (α − β)
β

(b) If α, β are the roots of the equation x 2 − px + q = 0, then find the quadratic equation the
roots of which are (α2 − β2 )(α3 − β3 ) & α3 β2 + α2 β3.
πx 99x
Q.9. Find the number of solutions of the equation sin ( ) = 500
2

Q.10 If α, β are the roots of x 2 − px + 1 = 0 & γ, δ are the roots of x 2 + qx + 1 = 0, show that
(α − γ)(β − γ)(α + δ)(β + δ) = q2 − p2
Q.11. Find all cubic polynomials p(x) such that (x − 1)2 is a factor of p(x) + 2 and (x + 1)2 is a factor
of p(x) − 2.
Q.12 If the roots of x 2 − ax + b = 0 are real & differ by a quantity which is less than c(c > 0), prove
that b lies between (1/4)(a2 − c 2 )&(1/4)a2 .
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(MATHEMATICS) QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
f(x+1)−f(x−1) 2
Q.13 A quadratic polynomial y = f(x) satisfies f(x) = [ ] for all real x. Find the leading
2

coefficient of the quadratic polynomial and hence find the value of [f(0) − f(−1)] + [f(0) −
f(1)].
Q.14 If the quadratic equations x 2 + bx + ca = 0 & x 2 + cx + ab = 0 have a common root, prove
that the equation containing their other root is x 2 + ax + bc = 0.
Q.15 If ax 2 + bx + c = 0 and bx 2 + cx + a = 0 have a root in common, find the relation between a, b
and c.
Q.16 Find the value of m for which the quadratic equations x 2 − 11x + m = 0 and
x 2 − 14x + 2m = 0 may have common root.
Q.17 Prove that f(x) = x12 − x 9 + x 4 − x + 1 is positive for all x.
Q.18 Find the values of ' a ' for which −3 < [(x 2 + ax − 2)/(x 2 + x + 1)] < 2 is valid for all real x.
1 6 1
(x+ ) −(x6 + 6 )−2
x x
Q.19 Find the minimum value of 1 3 1
for x > 0.
(x+ ) +x3 + 3
x x

Q.20 Find the product of the real roots of the equation,

x 2 + 18x + 30 = 2√x 2 + 18x + 45

Q.21 Find the set of values of ' y ' for which the inequality, 2log 0.5 y 2 − 3 + 2xlog 0.5 y 2 − x 2 > 0 is
valid for atleast one real value of ' x '.
Q.22 If λ be the smallest integral value of parameters 'a' for which the inequality
1 + log 5 (x 2 + 1) ≤ log 5 (ax 2 + 4x + a) is true for all x ∈ R. Find the value of 8λ.
Paragraph for Question Nos. 23 to 25
A polynomial p(x) satisfies the relation (x − 16)p(2x) = 16(x − 1)p(x)∀x ∈ R.
Let p(7) = 135 then
Q.23 The value of p(11) equals to
(A) -1145 (B) -1040 (C) -945 (D) -1045
Q.24 The sum of its roots equals to
(A) 10 (B) 20 (C) 30 (D) 40
Q.25 The product of its roots equals to
(A) 45 (B) 47 (C) 43 (D) 44

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(MATHEMATICS) QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
EXERCISE- II
2x2 +2x+3
Q.1 We call ' p ' a good number if the inequality ≤ p is satisfied for any real x. Find the
x2 +x+1
smallest integral good number.
Q.2 Let a, b, c, d be distinct real numbers and a and b are the roots of quadratic equation
x 2 − 2cx − 5d = 0. If c and d are the roots of the quadratic equation x 2 − 2ax − 5b = 0 then find
the numerical value of a + b + c + d
α β
Q.3 Let α, β and γ are the roots of the cubic x 3 − 3x 2 + 1 = 0. Find a cubic whose roots are ,
α−2 β−2
γ
and . Hence or otherwise find the value of (α − 2)(β − 2)(γ − 2).
γ−2

Q.4 If α, β are the roots of the equation, x 2 − 2x − a2 + 1 = 0 and γ, δ are the roots of the equation,
x 2 − 2(a + 1)x + a(a − 1) = 0 such that α, β ∈ (γ, δ) then find the values of 'a'.
Q.5 Two roots of a biquadratic x 4 − 18x 3 + kx 2 + 200x − 1984 = 0 have their product equal to
(−32). Find the value of k.
Q.6 At what values of 'a' do all the zeroes of the function,
f(x) = (a − 2)x 2 + 2ax + a + 3 lie on the interval (−2,1)?
Q.7 Suppose a cubic polynomial f(x) = x 3 + px 2 + qx + 72 is divisible by both x 2 + ax + b and
x 2 + bx + a (where a, b, p, q are constants and a ≠ b ). Find the sum of the squares of the roots of
the cubic polynomial.
Q.8 Find the values of K so that the quadratic equation x 2 + 2(K − 1)x + K + 5 = 0 has atleast one
positive root.
Q.9 Find all the values of the parameter 'a' for which both roots of the quadratic equation
x 2 − ax + 2 = 0 belong to the interval (0,3).
Q.10 Solve the inequality(log |x+6| 2) ⋅ log 2 (x 2 − x − 2) ≥ 1
Q.11 Find all the values of the parameter 'a' for which the inequality
a. 9x + 4(a − 1)3x + a − 1 > 0 is satisfied for all real values of x.
Q.12 Find the complete set of real values of ' a ' for which both roots of the quadratic equation
(a2 − 6a + 5)x 2 − √a2 + 2a x + (6a − a2 − 8) = 0 lie on either side of the origin.
x2 +y2
Q.13 Given x, y ∈ R, x 2 + y 2 > 0. If the maximum and minimum value of the expression E =
x2 +xy+4y2

are M and m, and A denotes the average value of M and m, compute (2007)A.
Q.14 Let P(x) = x 2 + bx + c, where b and c are integer. If P(x) is a factor of both x 4 + 6x 2 + 25 and
3x 4 + 4x 2 + 28x + 5, find the value of P(1)

APNI KAKSHA 16
(MATHEMATICS) QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
Q.15 Given the cubic equation x 3 − 2kx 2 − 4kx + k 2 = 0. If one root of the equation is less than 1 ,
other root is in the interval (1,4) and the 3rd root is greater than 4 , then the value of k lies in the
interval (a + √b, b(a + √b)) where a, b ∈ N. Find the value of (a + b)3 + (ab + 2)2
Q.16 If a < b < c < d, then show that the quadratic equation μ(x − a)(x − c) + λ(x − b)(x − d) = 0
has real roots for all real μ and λ.
Q.17 The polynomial p(x) has integral coefficients and p(x) = 7 for four different integral values of x.
Show that p(x) never equals 14 , for integral values of x.
Q.18 Show that if p, q, r & s are real numbers & pr = 2(q + s), then at least one of the equations
x 2 + px + q = 0, x 2 + rx + s = 0 has real roots.
log3 (x2 −3x+7)
Q.19 Find out the values of 'a' for which any solution of the inequality, < 1 is also a
log3 (3x+2)

solution of the inequality, x 2 + (5 − 2a)x ≤ 10a

1 1
1 2 1 2
Q.20 Find all real numbers x such that, (x − ) + (1 − ) = x.
x x

APNI KAKSHA 17
(MATHEMATICS) QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
EXERCISE-III
JEE Main / AIEEE Questions :
Q.1 If α ≠ β but α2 = 5α − 3 and β2 = 5β − 3 then the equation having α/β and β/α as its roots is
(A) 3x 2 − 19x + 3 = 0 (B) 3x 2 + 19x − 3 = 0 [AIEEE 2002]
(C) 3x 2 − 19x − 3 = 0 (D) x 2 − 5x + 3 = 0
Q.2 Difference between the corresponding roots of x 2 + ax + b = 0 and x 2 + bx + a = 0 is same
and a ≠ b, then [AIEEE 2002]
(A) a + b + 4 = 0 (B) a + b − 4 = 0
(C) a − b − 4 = 0 (D) a − b + 4 = 0
Q.3 If p and q are the roots of the equation x 2 + px + q = 0, then [AIEEE 2002]
(A) p = 1, q = −2 (B) p = 0, q = 1
(C) p = −2, q = 0 (D) p = −2, q = 1
Q.4 If a, b, c are distinct +ve real numbers and a2 + b2 + c 2 = 1 then ab + bc + ca is [AIEEE 2002]
(A) less than 1 (B) equal to 1
(C) greater than 1 (D) any real no.
Q.5 The value of ' a ' for which one root of the quadratic equation
(a2 − 5a + 3)x 2 + (3a − 1)x + 2 = 0 is twice as large as the other is [AIEEE 2003]
1 2 2 1
(A) − 3 (B) 3 (C) − 3 (D) 3

Q.6 The real positive number x when added to its inverse gives the minimum value of the sum at x
equal to [AIEEE2003]
(A) -2 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) -1
Q.7 If (1 − p) is a root of quadratic equation x 2 + px + (1 − p) = 0 then its root are[AIEEE 2004]
(A) −1,2 (B) −1,1 (C) 0, −1 (D) 0,1
Q.8 If one root of the equation x 2 + px + 12 = 0 is 4 , while the equation x 2 + px + q = 0 has equal
roots, then the value of ' q ' is [AIEEE 2004]
49
(A) 4 (B) 12 (C) 3 (D)
4
π P Q
Q.9 In a triangle PQR, ∠R = 2. If tan (2) and tan ( 2 ) are the roots of ax 2 + bx + c = 0, a ≠ 0 then

(A) a = b + c (B) c = a + b [AIEEE 2005]

(C) b = c (D) b = a + c
Q.10 If both the roots of the quadratic equation x 2 − 2kx + k 2 + k − 5 = 0 are less than 5 , then k
lies in the interval [AIEEE 2005]
(A) (5,6] (B) (6, ∞) (C) (−∞, 4) (D) [4,5]

APNI KAKSHA 18
(MATHEMATICS) QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
Q.11 If the roots of the quadratic equation x 2 + px + q = 0 are tan 30∘ and tan 15∘ , respectively,
then the value of 2 + q − p is [AIEEE 2006]
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 0 (D) 1
Q.12 All the values of m for which both roots of the equation x 2 − 2mx + m2 − 1 = 0 are greater
than -2 but less than 4, lie in the interval [AIEEE 2006]
(A) −2 < m < 0 (B) m > 3 (C) −1 < m < 3 (D) 1 < m < 4
3x2 +9x+17
Q.13 If x is real, the maximum value of is [AIEEE 2006]
3x2 +9x+7
1 17
(A) 4 (B) 41 (C) 1 (D) 7

Q.14 If the difference between the roots of the equation x 2 + ax + 1 = 0 is less than √5, then the set
of possible values of a is [AIEEE 2007]
(A) (3, ∞) (B) (−∞, −3) (C) (−3,3) (D) (−3, ∞)
Q.15 The quadratic equations x 2 − 6x + a = 0 and x 2 − cx + 6 = 0 have one root in common. The
other roots of the first and second equations are integers in the ratio 4: 3. Then the common root
is [AIEEE 2009]
(A) 1 (B) 4 (C) 3 (D) 2
Q.16 If the roots of the equation bx 2 + cx + a = 0 be imaginary, then for all real values of x, the
expression 3b2 x 2 + 6bcx + 2c 2 is [AIEEE 2009]
(A) less than 4ab (B) greater than -4ab (C) less than -4ab (D) greater than 4ab
Q.17 The equation esin x − e−sin x − 4 = 0 has [AIEEE 2012]
(A) infinite number of real roots (B) no real roots
(C) exactly one real root (D) exactly four real roots
Q.18 If the equations x 2 + 2x + 3 = 0 and ax 2 + bx + c = 0, a, b, c ∈ R, have a common root, then
a: b: c is : [IIT Mains - 2013]
(A) 3: 1: 2 (B) 1: 2: 3 (C) 3: 2: 1 (D) 1: 3: 2
Q.19 The real number k for which the equation, 2x 3 + 3x + k = 0 has two distinct real roots in [0,1]
(A) does not exist (B) lies between 1 and 2 [IIT Mains - 2013]
(C) lies between 2 and 3 (D) lies between -1 and 0
Q.20 Let α and β be the roots of equation x 2 − 6x − 2 = 0. If an = αn − βn , for n ≥ 1, then the value of
a10 −2a8
is equal to : [IIT Mains - 2015]
2a9

(A) -3 (B) 6 (C) -6 (D) 3

21. Let S = {x ∈ R: x ≥ 0 and 2|√x − 3| + √x(√x − 6) + 6 = 0}. Then S [IIT Mains - 2018]
(A) contains exactly four elements (B) is an empty set
(C) contains exactly one element (D) contains exactly two elements

APNI KAKSHA 19
(MATHEMATICS) QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
EXERCISE- IV
Q.1 Find the values of α & β, 0 < α , β < π/2, satisfying the following equation, [REE '99, 6]
cosα . cosβ cos (α + β) = −1/8.
Q.2 If the roots of the equation x 2 − 2ax + a2 + a − 3 = 0 are real & less than 3 then[𝐉𝐄𝐄′ 𝟗𝟗, 𝟐 + 𝟐]
(A) a < 2 (B) 2 ≤ a ≤ 3 (C) 3 < a ≤ 4 (D) a > 4
Q.3 If α, β are the roots of the equation, (x − a)(x − b) + c = 0, find the roots of the equation,
(x − α)(x − β) = c. [REE 2000 (Mains), 3]
Q.4 (a) For the equation, 3x 2 + px + 3 = 0, p > 0 if one of the roots is square of the other, then p is
equal to:
(A) 1/3 (B) 1 (C) 3 (D) 2/3
(b) If α & β(α < β), are the roots of the equation, x 2 + bx + c = 0, where c < 0 < b, then
(A) 0 < α < β (B) α < 0 < β < |α|
(C) α < β < 0 (D) α < 0 < |α| < β
(c) If b > a, then the equation, (x − a)(x − b) − 1 = 0, has: [JEE 2000 Screening, 𝟏 + 𝟏 + 𝟏 out of 35]
(A) both roots in [a, b] (B) both roots in (−∞, a)
(C) both roots in [b, ∞) (D) one root in (−∞, a) & other in (b, +∞)
(d) If α , β are the roots of ax 2 + bx + c = 0, (a ≠ 0) and α + δ, β + δ, are the roots of,
Ax 2 + Bx + C = 0, (A ≠ 0) for some constant δ, then prove that, [JEE 2000, Mains, 4 out of 100]
b2 − 4ac B2 − 4AC
=
a2 A2
Q.5 Let a, b, c be real numbers with a ≠ 0 and let α, β be the roots of the equation
ax 2 + bx + c = 0. Express the roots of a3 x 2 + abcx + c 3 = 0 in terms of α, β.
[JEE 2001, Mains, 5 out of 100]
Q.6 The set of all real numbers x for which x 2 − |x + 2| + x > 0, is [JEE 2002 (screening), 3]
(A) (−∞, −2) ∪ (2, ∞) (B) (−∞, −√2) ∪ (√2, ∞)
(C) (−∞, −1) ∪ (1, ∞) (D) (√2, ∞)
Q.7 If x 2 + (a − b)x + (1 − a − b) = 0 where a, b ∈ R then find the values of ' a ' for which equation
has unequal real roots for all values of ' b '. [JEE 2003, Mains-4 out of 60]
Q.8 (a) If one root of the equation x 2 + px + q = 0 is the square of the other, then
(A) p3 + q2 − q(3p + 1) = 0 (B) p3 + q2 + q(1 + 3p) = 0
(C) p3 + q2 + q(3p − 1) = 0 (D) p3 + q2 + q(1 − 3p) = 0
(b) If x 2 + 2ax + 10 − 3a > 0 for all x ∈ R, then [JEE 2004 (Screening)]
(A) −5 < a < 2 (B) a < −5
(C) a > 5 (D) 2 < a < 5

APNI KAKSHA 20
(MATHEMATICS) QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
1−2x+5x2 π π
Q.9 Find the range of values of t for which 2sin t = , t ∈ [− , ].
3x2 −2x−1 2 2

[JEE 2005(Mains), 2]
Q.10 (a)Let a, b, c be the sides of a triangle. No two of them are equal and λ ∈ R. If the roots of the
equation x 2 + 2(a + b + c)x + 3λ(ab + bc + ca) = 0 are real, then [JEE 2006, 3]
4 5 1 5 4 5
(A) λ < 3 (B) λ > 3 (C) λ ∈ (3 , 3) (D) λ ∈ (3 , 3)

(b) If roots of the equation x 2 − 10cx − 11d = 0 are a, b and those of x 2 − 10ax − 11b = 0 are c, d,
then find the value of a + b + c + d. (a, b, c and d are distinct numbers) [JEE 2006, 6]
Q.11 (a) Let α, β be the roots of the equation x 2 − px + r = 0 and α/2 , 2β be the roots of the equation
x 2 − qx + r = 0. Then the value of ' r ' is
2 2
(A) 9 (p − q)(2q − p) (B) 9 (q − p)(2p − q)
2 2
(C) 9 (q − 2p)(2q − p) (D) (2p − q)(2q − p)
9

MATCH THE COLUMN:

x2 −6x+5
(b) Let f(x) =
x2 −5x+6
Match the expressions / statements in Column I with expressions / statements in Column II.
Column I Column II
(A) If −1 < x < 1, then f(x) satisfies (P) 0 < f(x) < 1
(B) If 1 < x < 2, the f(x) satisfies (Q) f(x) < 0
(C) If 3 < x < 5, then f(x) satisfies (R) f(x) > 0
(D) If x > 5, then f(x) satisfies (S) f(x) < 1
Q.12 The smallest value of k, for which both the roots of the equation x 2 − 8kx + 16(k 2 − k + 1) = 0
are real, distinct and have values at least 4 , is [JEE 2009]
Q.13 Let p and q be real numbers such that p ≠ 0, p3 ≠ q and p3 ≠ −q. If α and β are nonzero
α
complex numbers satisfying α + β = −p and α3 + β3 = q, then a quadratic equation having β
β
and α as its roots is [JEE 2010]

(A) (p3 + q)x 2 − (p3 + 2q)x + (p3 + q) = 0 (B) (p3 + q)x 2 − (p3 − 2q)x + (p3 + q) = 0
(C) (p3 − q)x 2 − (5p3 − 2q)x + (p3 − q) = 0 (D) (p3 − q)x 2 − (5p3 + 2q)x + (p3 − q) = 0
Q.14 A value of b for which the equations
x 2 + bx − 1 = 0 [JEE 2011]
x 2 + x + b = 0,
have one root in common is
(A) −√2 (B) −i√3 (C) i√5 (D) √2

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(MATHEMATICS) QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
Q.15 Let S be the set of all non-zero real numbers α such that the quadratic equation αx 2 − x + α = 0
has two distinct real roots x1 and x2 satisfying the inequality |x1 − x2 | < 1. Which of the
following intervals is(are) a subset(s) of S? [IIT Advance - 2015]
1 1 1 1 1 1
(A) (− 2 , − ) (B) (− , 0) (C) (0, ) (D) ( , 2)
√5 √5 √5 √5
π π
Q.16. Let − 6 < θ < − 12. Suppose α1 and β1 are the roots of the equation x 2 − 2xsec θ + 1 = 0 and

α2 and β2 are the roots of the equation x 2 + 2xtan θ − 1 = 0. If α1 > β1 and α2 > β2 , then α1 +
β2 equals [IIT Advance - 2016]
(A) 2(sec θ − tan θ) (B) 2sec θ (C) −2tan θ (D) 0
PARAGRAPH (Q.17 TO Q.18) [IIT Advanced - 2017]
Let p, q be integers and let α, β be the roots of the equation, x 2 − x − 1 = 0, where α ≠ β. For n =
0,1,2 … …, let an = pαn + qβn.
Fact : If a and b are rational numbers and a + b√5 = 0, then a = 0 = b.
Q.17 If a4 = 28, then p + 2q =
(A) 14 (B) 7 (C) 12 (D) 21
Q.18 a12 =
(A) 2a11 + a10 (B) a11 − a10 (C) a11 + a10 (D) a11 + 2a10
Q.19 Suppose a, b denote the distinct real roots of the quadratic polynomial x 2 + 20x − 2020 and
suppose c, d denote the distinct complex roots of the quadratic polynomial x 2 − 20x + 2020.
Then the value of ac(a − c) + ad(a − d) + bc(b − c) + bd(b − d) [IIT Advanced - 2020]
(A) 0 (B) 8000 (C) 8080 (D) 16000

APNI KAKSHA 22
(MATHEMATICS) QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
ANSWNER KEY
PROFICIENCY TEST-01
(b2 −2ac) 3abc−b3 (b2 −2ac)2 −2c2 a2 b2 −4ac ±b
1. (i) , (ii) , (iii) , (iv) , (v) (b2 − 2ac)√b 2 − 4ac
a2 a3 a4 a2 a4
2. (i) ac ⋅ x 2 + b(c + a)x + (c + a)2 = 0 (ii) bcx 2 + (ac + b2 )x + ab = 0
3. (i) roots are non-real if a ≠ 5/3, and real iff a = 5/3, (ii) roots are real
a−b
4. 8,3 5. 2 6. 1, 7. x 2 − 4abx − (a2 − b2 )2 = 0
b−c
8 −3
8. (a) ϕ(b) − (c) 9. a = 3/2,3
9 11
PROFICIENCY TEST-02
5
4. A 6. a ∈ ( , ∞) 7. a ∈ (−∞, −6)
3

8. −1,4 9. −1/3,1/2 10. 3

PROFICIENCY TEST-03

3. 3 ± 2√2 4. (−4,7) 6. {a, b} 7. 1 8.

±5√10
PROFICIENCY TEST-04
1
2. x ∈ {1} ∪ [3,5) ∪ (5, ∞) 3. x ∈ [− , 0) ∪ (2, ∞) 4. x ∈ (−∞, 1] ∪ [2,3)
2
7 25
5. 1 6. 4 7. [8 , 4] 8. 8

9. x ∈ (−1,1) ∪ (3, ∞) 10. x ∈ (−∞, −2] ∪ {0} ∪ [1,3]

PROFICIENCY TEST-05
9
1. x = −15, − 5 2. x=0 3. x ∈ (−2,1)

4. x ∈ [−5, −1] − {−2} 5. x ∈ [2,3) ∪ [6,7) 6. x ∈ [−√2, −1] ∪ [1, √2]

2 −4 4
7. x ∈ [− , 1] 8. x ∈ (−∞, −1) ∪ (−1, ] ∪ {0} ∪ [ , 1) ∪ (1, ∞)
3 5 5

3−√17
9. x∈[ , 1] ∪ {2} 10. x=1
2

PROFICIENCY TEST-06
27
1. k = −3, − 2. a = 0,24 3. 1: 2: 9
4
9
4. (ad + 4bc)2 = (bd + 4c 2 )(b2 − ac) 9. y 3 − 64 = 0
2

10. (p + q − 1)x 3 − (2p + 3q)x 2 + (p + 3q)x − q = 0

APNI KAKSHA 23
(MATHEMATICS) QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
PROFICIENCY TEST-07
1
1. k ≤ −7/9, k ≥ 1 2. (i) R − (5,9)(ii) [ , 3] 6. y ∈ (−∞, ∞)
3

7. (−∞, −2] ∪ [3, ∞) 8. x ∈ [−2,8], y ∈ [−9,1]

PROFICIENCY TEST-08
1
1. a≥4 2. (−10,5) 3. a∈ϕ 4. (−∞, − 2) ∪ [4, ∞)
11
5. (− , −2√2] 6. a<2 7. (A) Q, R;(B) P, R; (C) S; (D) R
3

PROFICIENCY TEST-09
1. 4 2. 1 3. x ∈ (−∞, −5] ∪ [1, ∞)
−1+√13
4. x ∈ (−∞, −2] ∪ [−1, ) 5. x ∈ (0, ∞) 6. x ∈ [log 2 4 , ∞)
6 3

7. x ∈ (−√3, −1) ∪ (1, √3) 8. x ∈ (−1,0) ∪ (1,2) 9. x ∈ (−3, −√6) ∪ (√6, 3)

1 3
10. x ∈ (2 , 1) ∪ (2 , ∞)

EXERCISE-I
1 1
1. a = 2, b = −11, c = 4, d = −1 2. x ∈ ( , ) ∪ (8,16) 3. 254 5. 3
16 8
π 5π
6. x 2 − 4x + 1 = 0; α = tan ( ) ; β = tan ( )
12 12

8. (a) (ii) and (iv); (b) x 2 − p(p4 − 5p2 q + 5q2 )x + p2 q2 (p2 − 4q)(p2 − q) = 0
9. 7 11. x 3 − 3x
1 1
13. a= and [f(0) − f(−1)] + [f(0) − f(1)] = −
4 2

15. a = 0 or a3 + b3 + c 3 = 3abc
16. 0 or 24 18. −2<a<1 19. ymin = 6
1 1
20. 20 21. (−∞, −2√2) ∪ (− , 0) ∪ (0, ) ∪ (2√2, ∞)
√2 √2

22. 56 23. C 24. C 25. A

EXERCISE-II
1. 4 2. 30 3. 3y 3 − 9y 2 − 3y + 1 = 0; (α − 2)(β − 2)(γ − 2) = 3
1 1
4. a ∈ (− 4 , 1) 5. k = 86 6. (−∞, − 4) ∪ {2} ∪ (5,6]
11
7. 146 8. K ≤ −1 9. 2√2 ≤ a < 3

10. x < −7, −5 < x ≤ −2, x ≥ 4

11 [1, ∞) 12. (−∞, −2] ∪ [0,1) ∪ (2,4) ∪ (5, ∞) 13. 1338
5 √5+1
13. 1338 14. P(1) = 4 15. 2007 19. a ≥ 2 20. x= 2

APNI KAKSHA 24
(MATHEMATICS) QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
EXERCISE-III
1. A 2. A 3. A 4. A 5. B 6. C 7. C
8. D 9. B 10. C 11. B 12. C 13. B 14. C
15. D 16. B 17. B 18. B 19. A 20 D
EXERCISE-IV
1. α = β = π/3, 2. A 3. (a, b) 4. (a) C, (b) B, (c) D
5. γ = α2 β and δ = αβ2 or γ = αβ2 and δ = α2 β
π π 3π π
6. B 7. a > 1 8. (a) D;; (b)A 9. [− , − ] ∪ [ , ]
2 10 10 2

10. (a) A, (b) 1210 11. (a) D, (b) (A) P, R, S; (B) Q, S; (C) Q, S; (D) P, R, S
12. k=2 13. B 14. B
15. A.D 16 C 17. C
18. C 19. D

APNI KAKSHA 25