“UNIT=1 + oveavieu: sexily auacks sens, " yechanisms, Nekwoak . secuity, Syromebsic phos ‘model. a cassia ical esyption_ echnigues: _slbsstulion Thiges, ‘ranepo A Heel ‘fos sition Tadnigue winks 9 f Theosy.: Péime oumbess, feamars teasem, Euless sheodem, | The chinese Remainded theotem. | Thtsolucin: - OS at, palguepatay ie i madi We aie Wing in the eda hed we’ reed to keep 08 ' “On afe. 7 be secured, the ifaion cog t0 be hidden Fam. Maultorined aes [onfeneianiy) , He infssmolion neces to be Poolatas foo uutrosied change [anbepsy) ihe “Wbsmiatlin needs to. bE... qWoileble tp te auttosned useas| entities” shen ik JS needed [8 vailabisig] In puevious decades «te iMfosmation is stot) in Physical fies and be coofidenbinnity i§ Achieved by sestaicting the acess to fou) authosized ox lasted People in, the ~01g an} sakioN , the intepsiey is achieved by allosing any authosived people can change the contents. of. He file thd the availabinity # athieved by designating “"aHeast. one Ppedson upuid have bo. acess ail ARS aE all Himes. . vith Bo aherk of nptens, ‘ofosnalion "ose bee! Saectsonic 1 -databiofssmation OS sted in compubeds. Bathes than ysica) Pies. By using computes newwbiks He ‘bssmabion “ig « Yiseaibuked - Theie’ 1 <0 Paobien. unk) Infosrmation 4 sinaed in one, compuces _ be be Psoblem avses whe te infyamation 15 J @ scanned with OKEN Scanner© tanswittes) soo one conpules to Obed Gmputes. 50 are main S\ is to provide seautity the ofodmacion tansmitted oles he” netuiook by mainéaining see secupity foals aonfdenvanity , mmiopsily, Availabe J yo use of caplag try. Coyplogaaphy Hea Dell: Oypagephy 6 an Gk wd hich means eras ws lie + ‘gay tee - ra defy’ corplopsaphy 15.0, tes nm wD 0S "xience ne eee immune abtecs:. . Availability ) conan hens only aired WSs can Se ie eet _., Jofoémation. 3) clei: wears only nua sess “can maKe charges. ‘be ‘nfoémation as . 3) uciinbiity: Hoons’ making’ a!” Be Soe aupiash fo wished sexs. ene @ scanned with OKEN ScannerLf Geaudi Alacks atkacks coyphogiaphic_Atacs tod :* @ “ay allompt 4 gain, Unavbtovined ates to ifosnaion [sso sesvices 08 tm case tno darge © the iofémakion ystems 1s ailed as —seaysity aback... Secusi auiace ig an Akt00 that Gipdomises — the sect “Of noma? steve ate 60 wipes. of Seciily abacs - ey ase: - _ | passive ateack a nee attack. tesugrm ong yn which , be. geal IE mci the I passive attack ; passive altock ‘i5° an abtack © cohesion alates: i5- just > . oblain infesmation buf doesn data ob caue any basm to the, system. Tseals | ase the ape of passive attacks. These, aie, & types © of poesive auacs. They ase: SARI pay . 7 i Hese the abiacbes a) snooping (os) selease oF entenks: just Seefevesddop the inPosmation ea fom Sendes *0 sercives. fended gp Received ' 8) Hofic_mnlysts‘ Hee the ablaces' dase ses. the aye paitesn's taansfesing fom .sendes to: deceives 05 the isarehain dag iS encaypted cata. eae ce 4 @ scanned with OKEN Scannersendes Reeves a paive allock: ane abock 15 an OHA. 19,, Which te goal oF and make Hen auodes i to muy fe ree fo onabn snausbe “b euthosined useds.--nceve aHack iS a badmful altae. » Tents & pity and Theos '> puaiiabiity ase the types of aceve abeacks. tebe ase * 5 *ypeg of ackive abbacks: They Ore: a) Hodifi cation + ” puracies DoE only * $EE5 « changes bo oxsigina) message. the. meseye but a60 make oe ak Received 3 | sent pening 06. be a used te wices et whe -beceives.. . | Ee a Fae ca a : a Scanned with OKEN Scanner_/® relying: Ne alloctes obtains er apy of the cbipinal mecqe & sok by gendes and ales “taieS bo tplay ik. Gerdes i (iesregnd | faa ) Reptliauion: This altock 8 done..’oj elthes serdee bee oo’, ftese is 0 attodes. Te attack done by sended . "© ant i weceves IS eides site repudiation ard. whe ° aback done 4 called 0S seceies side” tepudiakion. }) sendeh_p. dintion: Sendes denies tha ~-he .doespok.. Send. any “ messages t teceiver: on wat be decenoe veceive 1) Receives sepudiokion: —péceivies denies any messages fom sendes. 8) weigh of seavieps): The Alackes might end” So mary tte sepuesis to a Seed 50 Hak He serves ..coashes.4. leads to ceashing hese (os) : The attacked might inteacept . and delete eithed client's weguest to a Sedves 08 Samed seSponse tp a Chen » bus mmnking he Client to believe at the Seevex '6¢ noe wesponding. @ scanned with OKEN ScannerSaal : vnsquesaling| ; i rep ing “Tonk: 40 availbity puetiay ‘|S of -pepudiakion |. “pacat bo inte epsity © 84 Tyoony’ Be obbaks With elation Te. wens y Sas & seusity Senvices * a TIV-1 [aolesnational’' “Tele communication, Union.- -releconmyoicalion Standardization sectod) defines secusity sevice as q seavice © Hak enhances , the lal of dala pioce.s6ing systems and « infos maion wangfess. A Secus ity SeOVICe _ Uses secuty mechavins to pooide me seavice [secwsity. Tw-T bas,,.deFined five — Seeudity services telabed cay” abtaes, and. Secuaity foals. They ate @ scanned with OKEN Scannereect IAEQ fiom § mai cotientiatity : Ths ewvice 1S designed % Pe cafe? unauthosised acess ob disclose altack. This péovide: “to elite message os fasts’ Of the = messaye . -@) connection _confiden biatity: P Poodles photeckion to all lke Users, .00La. on a connection, i »& conesess_ankekaty: Rolides ‘Pootedon t aN the ues data, 0, a _comectionless ebansfes. «\ \ s “auectve Q selective - fod anf iy ‘povided * prolection to. the, 3 @nnectiontess wtonshes. pasts of weed daka on connection o d) Téaffic - —fow confident: Phovides péoteckion ‘én all. the useds dake. by eet nee Kgs ee 2) ma D polly: Ths sesvice is desi¢ned to ‘péotéck * data ‘fsom. modification ( insest, delete , updace] and aeplaxyiog - Tk by" Poobeck whole Gest od pasts of the mebsoje Q) pki change : ries poten ae modification of _¥%C% data. yar 6) nti ply: “Pividos ection sting zephaying — aneack. to Pini ,Pre “arvenication 1g we, one dnb ie” 3) puttenbicasion: This Bowie i aged eomnunicantiop cnkity Ce asartance Hab We ai “he ovis" onl of BENE chins to be) oF Ye Poy 4) pect entity) osigin : zn comection osiented —commynjcabi “ik péovides authenticabion of Sended| deceives aureing the — @nneckion * establish ment! @ scanned with OKEN Scanner9 osigin’ mm @omection . ess @mmun! Calon , iG OUchentidakes SI y Suse of daa 4) non -sepudioion : his seavice against sepudiatlon. 4) picof_of_onigin: with Whe proof of i ig designed to, Poovide “pobtection : igi we teceves of te data can tales » phove the identity of te sendes 'F denied, 8) proof _of delivedy: with the paook of delivesy the sodes of - He id to He intende: dala an ‘lated péove Wak dake wese derivese ecipient. : }) Acess anisol: wig. seavice 15 ebsigned. bo poovide — pootecki ins Unultodied acess cgainse. « . ungulthosinee) aes of rely, wsiting | “Wooing execubing Psopsams. t diia.. 12 080 piovides paobeciion connecian Configeniantty connectionlesS @ scanned with OKEN ScannerDe! tf ¥ Geluibiy_Hechaniéms : ae : mechanism asa mechanion tha IS Iw-T defines secvaily designed to obleck, Plane , secores from a Seayaily attack. Thete oe secinity mechanisms which, weae povided by ry-T. They ae Specific _seursity Mechanisms + ¥ eciphesment: Erciphesment ‘means * hiding avesing of data. 46109 rcayption techniques 4 Piovide Goficentiaiily. coyplogsaphy and ' Sepanogiaphy —U6e6 enciphesing —bechnigue., & bua inbegsity Te appends Shos check Sum value te dala by ~ Using SpeciPic psocess. The Sended Send5 anig + de sum tb we somes, Hen He sereived ain Fenesabes check sum. value fos te deceived das end inter compass ban checksum alle, it both Ade. same ten data is not modified. 3+ pigital signawoe: 1n Digital Sifndlae mechanism we Sended * dectéonically aign the daka and the secoives can éleckéonianlly vesiby thesign » vege sendes can Use hisfhes Poivade Key to ced the ! mescaye’ ond we vecenes es Sndews public Key . 1 PROVE that the signed 4 te Stndes. , gy this mechanism two @tities (serdee 4 rece) idenity each obhes tales aD message ig Indeed y. putbenbiankion echange : exchange sme messapes t paove Heid they can Bod mescages B me Molher. 5. Taappic_mdding: Teafic Padding means ingesting Some bogus ale. inp We dain Wappic to” Poovenk Péom sapere anayysis aeack. 6 pouting ona: pouting nto) mang cainwously Omrpf toutes 4 i teuleon sendes and sexeives to Poevent Poon — eve Sddoppin? d @ scanned with OKEN Scanneros eushog a teuske, 8] Gs. i2abie jeation means — Selecki Nogsizabion: Nola! ing as aioe ak i thibd pay * conkiol ' He’ communicabion* Sending Keys : f= % Access conkiol: a * conto) mechanism wae | ues have’ > poove Hak Hey, ase authendicated | a ji S510 iP nok acess 1G denied: Examples of pocohs ase Pas \ yges methods $0 tak. the USES, ag + Pins: Seovi oon aatainigoi] gikal [athe if raphe Teausing [aces | yotao' zak CIVIC: ade Phat ale Plea faing bana | oni) Coofidertiaily! ., v : ae y mia . ae zohepaity vs “ , ee v v ae | Non-aepudiation} i asinthonw atest ie y { es cael} ; We Kah nace | Gu cat a iB ifs £9] Relotoosbip betmens geamsly senvices aad Hechanisms. Pesvasive secs Mechanisms: ‘ I. “sted _fucionaiy We aan: aaa twhelhes , Some | eeoviees me eauseuBlby 08 Ok: Bi 8. Sealy: Label Hasing 08 ging tate! websesvices] « . 3. event detection : -teeeation of Security 4. eecurity © Audit “réai) + Whi an indepensent. Yevew Ood lamination aa eS to sesoustes [ intexnek: 08 Selle. owls. @ scanned with OKEN Scannerge sent ey: Tk sequels te dala Uheneves — secivily attacks @ occused. Enciphesmenk .. , oo eheea: [use iopay | ini vigital signabuses 1 7 eae réafhic padding + [+ eth Sr al ead Notai2aLion i Access conkbo) iby HechanismS 4 @ scanned with OKEN Scanneraeons Oy A Hide] 18° “tik secuity a é A Netuook Soctrsity node! exbibits how te cecypsily ae has teen ebsiqned owes the néudoak © poevene « the opponent fiom causing @ wreak = bo the conficlontiaity of authenticity of He | Infomation Uae 16 being’ txansmibted tdough the CLL 208K - They | ate 3 main Conpondnts 10 peoiing sexily. \. Seanity ‘elated tangfesmalim; The ‘Mfstmation to Wansfosmed aS Secsek Mecbafe. = ' . cea ae Cat SecbeE * ae hed using, gecoek infpsmajon - iofesmabion is’ Shaeed anong tuo paincipals [ sondey-4 secened], 3. Tusted thysd pasty: A TéUSLed — thidd pasty” may be needed .to eo) atbiove Sease. § HONSMIssioN of data ob in Tousted thitd Paoly he te sent‘ ave ig tennsfoomed in z, & his xCbCE Sendeb sec sok infosmazion opponenk ' secsel Fig ode! fot Netweodk Security @ scanned with OKEN Scanner“tis grok) “mide! shows Hie Weoe ade: us bMsic tats In 6. designing d padticulas Secuaity Seavices « » | 1 pesign [develop 0” agBithm fos resisming the seartity —selaked bsansfosmalion. The abgbrithm ” Should be such Yak an opponent moot defeat its pudpose. “a Genesale the. seciet infbtmakion to be used Uwith we Alz6itn, $ evelop metils’ #65 He detvidubion and sleuth oe Sxaet Jnfebmabiod. Ua 4 SpeaiPy a Pootaco) ip te Used by tuo principals [sendes + veccives] Hak mates use of te seasily algByitbm. and he SeCOL het, to othive a » Padbicules ae SEBVILR» “The othes SCAUBNY -selabed Stiuations eat doesnot fit in tbls model ase sepecented usiog othes , Nétad00K “Ades ecusit Hode! - This mode! of seavily 15 "used. ogning the unWlanted acess ok eploits the vulnedabhities in Ye gsien” ‘and Ya: a, offeck “_ Gpiication puofaaMS and Ulty “PuDpKAMS [ édieoks 4 compileds]. These ade 0. kinds of a8e0'5 1. infodmabion 060255 tweak: cokescepe 0b oe) data on tebalP of autpotized used. 9's ot 0 g. Seavice Uxleak: eiploik -seavice Flows . 1, computes b inhibit use by “Wepibimnbe UBC ge Fe pedalon sie opponent => hinan (atiaces} : ~y eopavate (vit, wBw) "snip tise one queer a ah AY NobuBk Aeless Seausity ° Hodel' pen @ scanned with OKEN Scanner® vexsbe acess seat ode! ses 2 nines, of seein defeose. Sf 1 Gaieteeped func: 2 tndudes ‘mucsuBel ~based 170 piowediies te esimed to deny . altees of - unautbotized USCIS - ze cludes Soteeting pic oceae thal a6, designed to dekeck and oe viuseS and Wwosme. : 4 4 2. Tnfotmation ggsteme | inten) contaols! ‘once an Unwanted: Uses o¥-Unliandad Psnde guns aitess: , the Second . tne OP deP ena? OVBIELS OF 8. Vasiely of inkesoa) cEnESO}G tha ©monieps and annlyze atoted infesmazion 40. detect. He Plesenae of unwanted — intsudeds. | J f. ‘ + * + Symmebsic ciphed Node t : vey ohided . ceciet spased : eat a ‘arcon ve nazives “Planted: gpean ag > TR et Plt » fag. 065, AE) = -. Chevedse oF ) fy Sepiiied Hose! g Syomersic Sycaypkion | A Gyrnmebsic —énasyption scheme has five inguedkents. . ee) ploinkeat his he osigion) inkelipble wessage o8 human wadable Woke. a) scmyplion algo; rcaption nigBichn. Uses encayFion paocess to cont pingené nla” b(e-3) wed ele $$ plaingett p = bai : : cpbestert =, @(b+3)mod26 =7 TH3moda6 =y 0 moda6 710 => K pe sE(a43) mod 26 > O13 modal -y 3moda6-=73 7 d ‘ Ee : €(i43) mad ag Sy 843 modaG > Ip mid 26 711 4 | "cipheatext ¢ Soede plain dit = (k-3) madag =y 10-3moda6 = rmod ab 77 =h ae d(4-3) mod 26 = 3-3 mOdae ay OME A670. =F & | 2 : oft-2) iat 1S mod ag 76 mod 26-76 Si ploiniert p = hai wn, disadvantages : )) baube fusce attack @ scanned with OKEN ScannerHono alphabetic ciphed: To ovescome the dsawback In cacsat ciphes the | wrono aphobalic ciphed wos used with venirble Key value» The Plain lee 1 added t Particulas key tb get ciphes kerk and wheneves Hat plainer: encountesed we aie to place Heat Ciphesteat only . ) Ciphestett c= €(p,k) > ¢(ptk) Plainter: =P = D(C,X) = D(C-k) Plain tert p= bai Key Ke a ciphes tere = €(b42) HRT ai e(ata) 7 ot’ V2 aye e(ita) 7 Ha yo =k Ciphed tere C = Jck plain tert = D(J-a) 79-777 ah D(c-a) FRR FO FA o(k-a) 7 R78 ai plaintext p = hai — then use ciphes : ; i ett , VOU > if while calculating Ciphes EEL ae vert volue-g6- eg e(tta) 797 4 ep! 9 negabive then use p eceeds a6 > if while calaJatiog plainert , Value is | | ploinest value tag €} 0(a-a) 74> 7 85 LE | rsod anlage )) Béute fice aliack ‘ 3) Te 16 cosy to beak because Hey vefieck the Flequency dala. ob the oxgpinal @ scanned with OKEN Scannereo} S] « on the Simple Monoalp, ~ 3) payayhately: cpheo! prbltes “uny » bo fimpsoe e monoa “tic edge” ig to ue aiffesent: monoalphabelic subetitueions 48 Ore ~ Péoeceds wsoti¢h the Plaintert: The Gere) rane, f6 this ares is polyayphabetic substitution ciphes. The Best -krou” rowyaphabelic Plaintexe = Ciphes tea = (pre) > e(hiy 4299 73 (es) 7 FR Wis 33 (ue) Fai TP eft) > WET TM e(ots) =F N48 7 32-a6 3674 helrlo C75.6.0°5. cipertet c = jUPNG : Plaintert = d(p-k) > e(i-c) 7422 A ah. d(w-s) Fen ay ee (pe) ez is-y. ai) at 0-9.3 en SN Fe 4-3) 7 6-16 a=W S1y FO * Alain ter: p= bellO— : asa @ scanned with OKEN Scanner= pisad' Si a 5S, sadvanbages he eee @ 1 Repeating oause of 15 tys. ) Ply fait_ciphes: The best: -knou? myjeiple- letted Sctyption . ciphes 15 He Poy ais - The plays alpbivom is based! on the vee of SKS mboit of Wetter conattueled Using & Heyurdd. The mast 15 conseoutted bY filing in the teltess _ of the Heywodd (minus cupicates) fom wht: t ght and. om top to toltom and Hen filing in the Sonaides of te felted s i'n Ophabelic Obdes. The lees I tyo Jess at a time, mast with the weimnining abt count a5 one lebtes: plainkert i¢ @Cypeed Acotding - eo Whe flowing Hues: @) repeating lointext'etess nt aie in He same pan ase Spetatl with a Files leHes, such as X- ey bello > - te| | 00 8) Wo floinbert tebteds tak fall in the Same sow aah icplacd by Leheb to the ight. ©) Wo plajntere lettess tak fall in Ye same column oF the ase each seploccd by the wetkes beneath [down]. of He matsil ase matsiL a) otbeswise [ fesms diagonal | secconple], cach plaintert letkey in a Pils is seplaced by He jettey tak lies i its own tow ard Be Olumo ) Occupied by the obbes Plain teat lettes. key = ECS5C piaintert = Secusiely 8m dectption follow the eiace opposite of abwe bid points. Tt tomes ‘undes polyalphabetic aiphed technique. ; G scanned with OKEN ScannerShS Mati \® Le (ae a bla lf h ifil k | & o lp |4 viwiid cphestett = Se 3f cu > | Bi om': by ev i \ Cphestere C= Fy ap om ev Painter: = fy > se ap 7 cv elle |s tele om > tii bp ET ev ay ey : k inert = se cu ti EY ~~ : Wh wit ge cu Bj ty nsadvantages | fk N@ cank Use it to Lanai massive data . &. only a5 chadacteés [aphabees] ave suppotted, + do26no- Suppodt umenic chasackess -. : 5) Hill cipbes: Ain ciphes 1S the multilettes ciphes , Hillcihes 'S based 09 viens algebéa., rhe Sophistianted Use of Mmasices in genesal ( matsit muleiplication and maker invesses), as well ag sules fos Moallo arithmetic. To eresypt a neseaye using de Hi) ciphes we must foe urby crs Key wig Into wey nbn [a axa mobs fos woosting with digsaph @ scanned with OKEN Scanner8 318 matt, fos Wotking with eiiphs 0)! We al- 460 the. plaintert ned arycph of insoph ard end) of ese inka a colinn veclss. He then pebfosm mast muyuipication moat]. 86 on atch vector. These vetlots ate then cniested . tack into ieueis % Poodue whe GE] cphestale = Al an Hod 265 $e A @ scanned with OKEN Scanneraa 7 FAK 3+0 3 @ 2a ‘} 19k7 +240 18 ise» [ 4 1 m7 att F UXO modeé =y | ia6to aa Pao = [ee] »[s| mem: : 6\ [a = [itr], [6 iste) 4 f \ (i (sho Hodes 336 0d26 =Y) 9 c Ciphes tele C = Ig] Pecoyption: plointre = Kixc Nod 16 bisad vantages |. 3 tales sqpalles sige of blacks. a, The key mabait should be invesible. 2 oT Lone ime mad] phos: a5 He name suggests, Kty is Used me fecal ony and reves Used again fy ary oltey mescage fo be eniphel, tte key_i6 emacHy Same as the Uength of message which 15 enceypted. | the key 18 made up of tandom Symbols. | Painter = hai OF Length 3 | | | | | oy = tse of Ung 3 only. Ciphes teu " CP tk) mod a6 = elbte) mod a6 = (Ha) Hodag 74 N02 7 F oe = €a48) mod 26 7 (o+ 19) mod26 =F 1% mod26 71% = ete nie (BHU) modes =y 12 Mod26 =7I2. =7 ™ Fe Nanton ecru nse seme mer nnn i @ scanned with OKEN ScannerCphes tert C= jsm @ laintert = d(c-k) mod 26 ~ i = d(j-c) mod26 7 (q-a)modee f (5-5) mod 6 = (19-4) mode 70 a d(1-¢) mod 26 > (1a-Y) modiG 3% TV! u Plainteye p= hai bigadvan Eages * iat | The 1} woth should be equa) > messape oth. E_“Taanspositiod rechoigues : A exaneposition technique doesnot substitute — one symto) FEL anothes, “ipseead it changes te location of te Symbols. A ESansposition technique — eban5p05e5 (seosdess) HE Symbols. |: Rail fence & column tansposition. 1 pil fence eechniwe: re is also called 45 zigzag ciphew. 2 ‘tail fence the plainteit is weitten dow) a5 a sopulence of diagonals baed 00 ‘ey value and Hen send off as a Sequence OF ws. plainer: = Welcome 2-8 a i ta8Co fnctiption: an this we have tp take column division of Plainteze 0 ky =a. Wot 30 Fe 1K ciohenter: C= wlocecme [vad off Bow Wise only J @ scanned with OKEN Scanner@ vecsxption: mm decyption we Aaxe to place —OPhestewk in wwurce nt Wadoff Plaineeak in ai - fh ing ophessert 0 Mwwise we unr: + divide the foe. based we ive bec Ol tee =4y y — lake cphestert oP 4 wersess in cach zow. unl) all the ciphestert wese Placed '° 40s . Ciphestelt CL = ueoclecm We 30, e Mn pinto: p = wel come x” [tend off ripag uy] Disadvantages: : Is ae iS easily bioKen aE Simply allow$ mtg up of chasackess 10 phintert to tim be Giphes text. 3. lun Haneposition: re wives painter in tous and bn saad off Cphestert in column wise. Hese vey i Used esangpose the plaintert and fobm Clphestert and vicevedsa. Plain tex = bello key = C5@ Epctyption: we have t fit He det to the key and based on He He tead off plaintext in columnwise to frm cipheotert. - obded j divide the plaintext based on key Length and arsborge in tow wi Se @ scanned with OKEN Scannerme £3 2 panesaed bY Enkin osdes : ‘genesabed tay Gphestert = hL tt €0 ee i as ‘i alumo wise and weite] sead ofp a5 wow wise] Bned on the key otdes Cis a] ve have to place ciphestett in como wise and veadoPf as vowwise wp Gee fst plaintexe. c 5 rey a “ ¢ 13 2 Ves cphettelt +! ee Lor fowmed by taking ty osded i0 OP Ranker: = heLtox fiat in lumnwise and tad OFF a8 sowwise t0 §ek plaintett] . dsadvankages: 1 x ap easily decphaed Jf it wos a small message. @ scanned with OKEN Scanner¥ Pine Numbess \ hing ouniess ase Wed 1 coyptogéaphy tequise ty WE * dine 0 Bevtine is means Hee" is ampeut DP He prime faoss “OF a Composite numecs wiehowe —nolving the fackoss ty teqio with re motes ie oifficule fy someone tw ntedepe % mesg a a fad it with Ue Pdped ey. poime_numbed roe neil A Péine. oumbed I a” inteqes bak @ Oly. BE wn HOU dempindes > positive and —oagakive values of ibselF and '(one). Defa: an, infos pri 18 a Pame numbed F ard OY if ies only givigoss ase +1 and tp. péime numiesS lay & coitiqgh tole both in numbeo beovy ad in chyptogaaphy co-Poimes « ‘wo positve inteyeys A and b ase sid to be copsimes o% selqbively — Poimes if and ony iP fed (ab) <1. TH PIS a poime Hen all inkegens lb pl ate OPsimes to P. Hodulo opedatby: The Modulo opetatos, denoked by % 08 Mod, 15 @ @itbwetic one The modulo division opesaton mspaces the temaindesd oF a inten division . ee amd 3 = 2whese Y 1S quolicn: 5) n i5 — inteped [rodulis) . % 15 semainder ae Yxn tt Congavence : ‘TR a and b ate both have te wane semaindes uloe 4 ig soraindes inodulus of angsuence aid to be cangoyent modilo ey when divided ae oe > = b mod MN =% 0 is then 2b modn Hodulo opedatos —_Paopedties : ip oleae) — C Reflerive property] ) asb Non , a) if az b Mod, (opmmedvic Peapesty) za Hod n aec Hod n [rsarcitive Paty) ten b becHod ? then ) if azb Nod, riodulo _ AbiEbmetic pesopedties : [a moan + modn } Mod 9 b mod] Hod 9 dp] Hod) ) (a+b) Mod 9 a) (0-) "od 9 ) (ab) Nod 9 Adartional Péopesties: (a+b) moan = (24a) Hod }) — @mmveative Laws (ays) mad = (b#0) HOdo [a modn - [a nodn # > te uM Ny[(ave) +] Nod 9 = (a + (bic)] vod 9 )) Nod n x 3) Associative lauls (Cov) #4] nod n = [ax (d*C 3) distoibutive Laws [a Cove] nod 0 2 (rs) #019) nod 0 (a4b) oan + (ate) od [axr(o4)] wod 9 = [Caxb) + (axc)] Hodn Teen fax) Hodn + (@C) Hod 1) a) sey Unie o+W Hod 0 a ) ( lew Hod 9 =W % Alled’s phi function | Euless _tebient function : aile’s phi -Funcion hich © Sometimes called | aS finction plays a veby —impootat sole In ChYptn gaaphy. The fuled's phi function’ is denoted — by B00). The Gen) Finds he numbes oP” inbeness — thak ave —Sinalled tha) 0° and delabively pime tp n- The funceion tn) calculakes he AUumbew of Clements ly using flowing: ) ga) = 0 a) pO=P1, 3} lyn) = Gn) # ln) = auled’s ene 8 ¢ whese 9=1 uhese p musk be prime whes 1 and 9 MUSE (n-) # (0-1), be aistinck psimes - ) g0°°) = pep, whede p musk be Pome.ny irtegeo JB ie 15 pbime Yen Use a4 fami, if fe inigges ig mE Prime ten use 3° of y” drsmula. and male te inkeged aS Paime. erampes ) po) =0 3) aiulote 94) gt) = 1 7 & oi ae pe vege is 6 ineepeds Wak a0 sojakive Pome . aa(ui) =| 7) ealaee fe fy | PA numba ve gaat) =| 7 bap 6 with 7 i fitd @Pomes. oea(3.9) =) = Ged (yt) =) = Gd (511) =| 7 acd(61) =) — 3) alalate po) gin) = sagt) > B)F(4) 24 yor 1b is moe pine s> wite as 9H with dighince Péimes. ) alate 3) wie % aS P d= eels eka sy 7 y © je g? and Pp muse be PAMe we use gin) in _aules’s — theovem.3 Fedmat’s lite Theosem | feamat’s _Theonee : resoats tHe Theosem —sometines —cilled aS Fesmaes Theose, used in coyptogdaphy ad skates He ‘flowing 2 vessions , ession}: Tf P iS psime oumbes and a 15 @ positive Inbe7es , Which 15 MoE divisible by P (0) panda ave co-piines , hen P8OOf -) @ngided the Sck of posite inkegess ess tap p, i which the wt P= J 1a,3,.+ Ph a) mney each eonen in see PY 8 and Hod po gob seb A ie {12 nodp, aarodp, ---- (P-)a vod} 3 Sek Xx elements abe same & both Set —elemenES and tating in Sk; 3) The sernaindess fi 5g erements in SCEP )) 60 woite X=p by SUIEPIYIO) te woul Hod p yields Ia Hodp A AaHodpx ---- *(P-)aHodp = (ixax3x x (p-)] tndp 5 the Same sesyie 4S sek p $0 Hose (mansx--- x(p-)nodp $e Now the both seks yields p see with Mod P- Substiwite =p with : (of so we man use conpsuence Sane sesulis he {1 23, between them. fia xaaxaan~ x (p-Da] = [1x2733 -- x¢pal] tod P£ (p-)! ‘are (PI)! @mmon Foon both sides w & Pl _ (eyla = (Bay) Nod p “we con canon bth sides 19 the Congeuence same 4% oat” Pel Q = I Modp tce pipved gl = | Hod p \eésion a: Pp is psime cumbes ad @ 18 4 pesieve ‘ineeqea, hich 'S divisible by p (os) Pad a 9% no @-Poimes, the | Examples jg tae | ot: cheer if Reamat’s —e08em bo 7 -poimes $0 we cap use wre Pa ae © deosen te az Hod P e 3 =| Hod 8 gla 1 wod8 Ayodg =| Hod a) nods 2 | Hod 4 ee ee d a3 febmak’s weosem holds oue f8) pes OM ip fFeomaks heovem — holds vaiel 00 veosion 2 OF check By ee me @-péimes, 90 we aD US Hee Pp, a aoe feta theoiem ve ah = a Mod P5 jo = Jo Hod & oS Hods = 10 Hod 5 oz0~” fh pes, azio Febmat's —theodem Alas Eaue- 3) vse feunnt’s theowm w find @ numbos ‘a’ belumed 0 and 72 With ‘a’ angoyen & 9790 Mod 13. a od 18 = nod 13 q Nod 133 = Ie assime a= 1a Féom ot Ta 1 NOd 733 = 1Q ik iS in he Fos. a2 a Hod P euled’s Theosem. used 19 ctyptogaaphy states §=2 vessi0ns. vedsion |: TE a and 0 ase both positive integers that ane elabivly minesos co-ptimes, then vession a: fkoa ad 9 Ge both positive integeas Yat ave not delabiey Phimes 0d Ne OPbines, then :qo a 2a Hodn 8 ponies: ) if 023, n-10 holds uled's Ureosem | 0k 910) ‘N, a = 1 Modn adn ase Copsimes s use vession | $lo) a]. G00) > O(a) #9) (ay +5) above equation. a> 74 co subsituke lio) in the se) Nod Jo gl = 1 Hd 10 q) NodJo = | Hod 10 Lp ae 50 az3 + nzlo holds eujeds Heosem ae a) fas, 06 holds ules’ theosem| nok . n ase O0E Co-pimeS 60 Use vedsi oe ab ‘Pai in & A = 4 Hod n 6+ 3 23 Mod 6 $0 > $2) +90) 7 a-) + (a-) > RFR sm aboke a in ls) in above Sfuiakon . ee 3 Mod 6 gz 3 Hodé a1 Hodé = 3 HOd 65=3 7 sy a=3 4 °6 eajes's treosem olds te. y yy 2) use aijer's theotem to Fid @ mumbes “8” between 0 Gd AS With 65 1 consent 0 6 mado 35: 4S x = 6 Mod 35 45 6 = 6 Mod 35" FF upd 36 = 6 Hod 35 626 2. sm t vue 19 & chineze Remnindes Theover. i used sole a SE OF diffesen: congpltent ofiations with one Vesiable bue dif feaene radu ubich ade selakively Poimes X= a) HOd ™, X= 4 Hod ma X= An ‘nod Ms chinese Reminded Theos stakes the Bhove Syuatons hale & unique olution , if He modu’ ave selatively Pormes Me anptes "hen a : y= PasnitsTt apt t + ao My Ha’ ] Hod H, of SNe He . : cer yf fing cmation Wing XZ Q H0d3 YS3 NOS Y= Q Hod] fice check 1 3,51 ane different and Ae selabvely Poimes tw one anoles if yes, ten Paceee! using CRT. [ 4 Given find -| a) =a m =3 Hye os | Hilea - a mas Mg = al Hgl= t He asa m3 =7 Mg 2 15 ase , Hz m, xmgxmz = 3#5%7 =} 105 105 Het a © 235 ! m) 7 3 Ha = Hw WS =a) ma 5 the eS cis m3 7 nile Hyxty le tod 1, 7 Hod 3 LE t eA 908554, = 35x@ 2 | Hod 3 = Torods = | “le wad mn i Hy! = ty XH = 1 MOd 14 mish gjmods 2 iHods = 12! = ax 2 1 Hods 7 4 a6 Hy = Hy xt, 2 1 Hod 3 ed ee 115 M3 161M = | mod 1 = WHodT = 1 MOdT a z)7 $l!rae ee agics calauaton of H, Mi,4a,¥3, Hr, Hg! ns! ony fod te 2 of YX X= = [aha Fa Hy Hg agigtis!] Hod H =[ax3sna 4 3xa)s) t gyox)) Hod 195 933 Mod 10S X = a3