ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 23.

1-2010

Methods of Testing
for Rating the Performance of
Positive Displacement Refrigerant
Compressors and
Condensing Units that Operate at
Subcritical Temperatures
of the Refrigerant
Approved by the ASHRAE Standards Committee on January 23, 2010; by the ASHRAE Board of Directors on January 27, 2010;
and by the American National Standards Institute on January 28, 2010.

ASHRAE Standards are scheduled to be updated on a five-year cycle; the date following the standard number is the year of
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© 2010 ASHRAE ISSN 1041-2336

 © ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution,
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ASHRAE Standard Project Committee 23.1

Cognizant TC: TC 8.1, Positive Displacement Compressors
SPLS Liaison: Kenneth W. Cooper

Richard L. Hall, Chair* John P. Scott*

James L. Douglas* Curtis R. Slayton*
Matthew T. Irons* Michael A. Wegenka*
Alexander D. Leyderman*

*Denotes members of voting status when the document was approved for publication

ASHRAE STANDARDS COMMITTEE 2009–2010

Steven T. Bushby, Chair Merle F. McBride
H. Michael Newman, Vice-Chair Frank Myers
Robert G. Baker Janice C. Peterson
Michael F. Beda Douglas T. Reindl
Hoy R. Bohanon, Jr. Lawrence J. Schoen
Kenneth W. Cooper Boggarm S. Setty
K. William Dean Bodh R. Subherwal
Martin Dieryckx James R. Tauby
Allan B. Fraser James K. Vallort
Katherine G. Hammack William F. Walter
Nadar R. Jayaraman Michael W. Woodford
Byron W. Jones Craig P. Wray
Jay A. Kohler Wayne R. Reedy, BOD ExO
Carol E. Marriott Thomas E. Watson, CO
Stephanie Reiniche, Manager of Standards

SPECIAL NOTE
This American National Standard (ANS) is a national voluntary consensus standard developed under the auspices of ASHRAE.
Consensus is defined by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), of which ASHRAE is a member and which has approved this
standard as an ANS, as “substantial agreement reached by directly and materially affected interest categories. This signifies the concurrence
of more than a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that an
effort be made toward their resolution.” Compliance with this standard is voluntary until and unless a legal jurisdiction makes compliance
mandatory through legislation.
ASHRAE obtains consensus through participation of its national and international members, associated societies, and public review.
ASHRAE Standards are prepared by a Project Committee appointed specifically for the purpose of writing the Standard. The Project
Committee Chair and Vice-Chair must be members of ASHRAE; while other committee members may or may not be ASHRAE members, all
must be technically qualified in the subject area of the Standard. Every effort is made to balance the concerned interests on all Project
Committees.
The Manager of Standards of ASHRAE should be contacted for:
a. interpretation of the contents of this Standard,
b. participation in the next review of the Standard,
c. offering constructive criticism for improving the Standard, or
d. permission to reprint portions of the Standard.

DISCLAIMER
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accepted industry practices. However, ASHRAE does not guarantee, certify, or assure the safety or performance of any products, components,
or systems tested, installed, or operated in accordance with ASHRAE’s Standards or Guidelines or that any tests conducted under its
Standards or Guidelines will be nonhazardous or free from risk.

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that the product has been approved by ASHRAE.
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CONTENTS
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 23.1-2010
Methods of Testing for Rating the Performance of Positive Displacement
Refrigerant Compressors and Condensing Units that Operate at
Subcritical Temperatures of the Refrigerant
SECTION PAGE
Foreword ................................................................................................................................................................... 2
1 Purpose .......................................................................................................................................................... 2
2 Scope ............................................................................................................................................................. 2
3 Definitions....................................................................................................................................................... 2
4 Classifications................................................................................................................................................. 4
5 Requirements ................................................................................................................................................. 4
6 Instruments..................................................................................................................................................... 7
7 Methods of Testing ......................................................................................................................................... 8
8 Compressor Testing ....................................................................................................................................... 8
9 Condensing Unit Testing ................................................................................................................................ 9
10 References ................................................................................................................................................... 10

NOTE

Approved addenda, errata, or interpretations for this standard can be downloaded free of charge from the ASHRAE
Web site at www.ashrae.org/technology.

© 2010 ASHRAE
1791 Tullie Circle NE · Atlanta, GA 30329 · www.ashrae.org · All rights reserved.
ASHRAE is a registered trademark of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.
ANSI is a registered trademark of the American National Standards Institute.
 © ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution,
or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE's prior written permission.
(This foreword is not part of this standard. It is merely 2.2 This standard applies to all of the refrigerants listed in
informative and does not contain requirements necessary ASHRAE Standard 34,1 Designation and Safety Classification
for conformance to the standard. It has not been pro- of Refrigerants, that fall within the scope defined in Section 2.1.
cessed according to the ANSI requirements for a stan-
dard and may contain material that has not been subject 3. DEFINITIONS
to public review or a consensus process. Unresolved
objectors on informative material are not offered the The following definitions apply to the terms used in this
right to appeal at ASHRAE or ANSI.) standard. Additional definitions that might be helpful are
given in ASHRAE Terminology of Heating, Ventilation, Air
Conditioning, & Refrigeration.2
FOREWORD

Despite the change in its title and designation, this “new” azeotropic refrigerant: a blend that contains two or more
standard is actually a revision of ASHRAE Standard 23-2005, refrigerants whose equilibrium vapor-phase and liquid-phase
Methods of Testing for Rating Positive Displacement Refriger- compositions are the same at a given pressure. The tempera-
ant Compressors and Condensing Units. Standard 23 has ture of an azeotropic refrigerant remains constant as it evapo-
been revised, renumbered, and given a new scope because rates or condenses at constant pressure (compare to zeotropic
ASHRAE is in the process of developing a companion stan- refrigerant).
dard, Standard 23.2, that will address the testing of positive
displacement compressors and condensers using refrigerants bubble-point temperature: a liquid-vapor equilibrium point
like CO2 that operate at supercritical temperatures. Accord- for a volatile pure liquid or for a multi-component mixture of
ingly, the title and scope of Standard 23 has been revised in miscible, volatile pure component liquids, in the absence of
this standard to clarify the fact that it is restricted to the test- noncondensables, where the temperature of the mixture at a
ing of such equipment using refrigerants that operate at sub- defined pressure is the minimum temperature required for a
critical temperatures. Standard 23.1 also clarifies some of the vapor bubble to form in the liquid.
procedures of Standard 23-2005 and updates its references.
calorimeter: a thermally insulated apparatus containing a heat
Standard 23.1 retains all of the improvements that were exchanger in which the mass flow rate of a volatile refrigerant
made when the 2005 edition of Standard 23 was published. is determined by measuring the heat input/output that will
In addition to the azeotropic refrigerants that were the focus result in a corresponding enthalpy change for the volatile
of the 1993 edition, it covers zeotropic alternative refriger- refrigerant.
ants as well. It provides the choice of six different test meth-
ods for determining refrigerant mass flow rates, and it capacity: the rate of heat removal by the refrigerant used in the
allows the same test to be used for the primary and confirm- compressor or condensing unit in a refrigerating system. This
ing tests—provided that the primary and confirming tests are rate equals the product of the refrigerant mass flow rate and the
simultaneous and completely independent. It includes test difference in the specific enthalpies of the refrigerant vapor at
methods that properly account for the effects of liquid refrig- its thermodynamic state entering the compressor or condens-
erant injection within the scope of the standard, and it ing unit and refrigerant liquid at the thermodynamic state
includes computations of compressor efficiencies that har- entering the mass flow control device.
monize the standard with relevant standards promulgated by
ARI, ISO, and other entities. compressor or condensing unit efficiency (isentropic effi-
It is intended that, after Standards 23.1 and 23.2 have been ciency): the ratio of the work absorbed for compressing a unit
published, ASHRAE Standard 23-2005 will be withdrawn. mass of refrigerant in a compressor or condensing unit to the
work absorbed for compressing the same unit mass of refrig-
erant in an isentropic compressor or condensing unit.
1. PURPOSE
condensing unit: a machine designed to condense refrigerant
The purpose of this standard is to provide methods of test- vapor to a liquid by compressing the vapor in a positive
ing for rating the thermodynamic performance of positive displacement compressor and rejecting heat to a cooling
displacement refrigerant compressors and condensing units medium. A condensing unit usually consists of one or more
that operate at subcritical temperatures of the refrigerant. positive displacement compressors and motors, condensing
coils, liquid receivers, and other devices mounted on a
2. SCOPE common base.

2.1 This standard applies to the methods of testing for rat- condenser liquid flow rate: the mass flow rate of liquid
ing the thermodynamic performance of single-stage posi- through the condensing unit under the conditions specified.
tive-displacement refrigerant compressors and condensing
units that operate at subcritical temperatures of the refriger- confirming test: a completely independent and simultaneous
ant which either (a) do not have liquid injection or (b) incor- test conducted to verify the accuracy of the primary test
porate liquid injection that is achieved by compressor motor (compare to primary test). Compressor or condensing unit
power. ratings are determined from the primary test results.

2 ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 23.1-2010

 © ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution,
or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE's prior written permission.
cooling liquid flow rate: the total amount of liquid required for motor-compressor: a motor and an open compressor mounted
all cooling purposes in a compressor or condensing unit. onto a common base but not integrated into a gas-tight housing
(compare to semi-hermetic compressor).
dew-point temperature: a vapor-liquid equilibrium point for a
volatile pure liquid or for a multi-component mixture of misci- near-azeotropic: a zeotropic refrigerant blend with a temper-
ble, volatile pure components, in the absence of noncondens- ature glide sufficiently small that it may be disregarded with-
ables, where the temperature of the mixture at a defined out consequential error in analysis for a given application.
pressure is the maximum temperature required for a liquid
drop to form in the vapor. nonazeotropic: a synonym for zeotropic (zeotropic is the
preferred term).
energy efficiency ratio (EER): a dimensional ratio of the
cooling capacity (Btu/h) to the power input (W). open compressor: a refrigerant compressor with a shaft or
other moving part extending through its casing to be driven by
enthalpy: a thermodynamic parameter equal to the sum of the an external source of power.
internal energy of a system and the product of its pressure and
volume at the same thermodynamic condition (compare to performance factor: the ratio of capacity to power input at
specific enthalpy). specified operating conditions. Using consistent units, the
performance factor may be expressed in dimensionless form
error: the difference between the true value of the quantity as a coefficient of performance (COP), as the energy efficiency
measured and the observed value. All errors in experimental ratio (EER), or as the ratio of brake horsepower to cooling
data can be classified as one of two types: systematic (fixed) capacity measured in tons (bhp/ton).
errors or random (precision) errors. The terms accuracy and
precision are often used to distinguish between systematic and positive displacement refrigerant compressor: a machine that
random errors. A measurement with small systematic errors is increases the pressure of a refrigerant vapor by reducing the
said to be unbiased. A measurement with small random errors compression chamber volume.
is said to have high precision. A measurement that is unbiased
power input: a term used to refer to the power input to the shaft
and precise is said to be accurate.
of open compressors; the power input at the motor terminals
for hermetic compressors, semi-hermetic compressors, or
fixed error: a term that has the same meaning as systematic error.
motor-compressors; or to refer to the power absorbed by all
ancillaries that are necessary to sustain the operation of the
flowmeter: a device employing a detecting element that deter-
compressor or condensing unit (e.g., lubricant pump, fan
mines the flow rate of a volatile refrigerant in the gaseous or
motors, controls components, and circulating pumps).
liquid phase within a closed conduit by measuring a suitable
response of the detecting element.
precision error: a term that has the same meaning as random
error.
fractionation: a change in composition of a refrigerant blend
by preferential evaporation of the more volatile component(s) primary test: a test performed to determine the ratings of a
or condensation of the less volatile component(s). compressor or condensing unit (compare to confirming test).
glide: the difference between the dew-point temperature and random error: an error that causes readings to take random
the bubble-point temperature at a constant pressure. values on either side of a mean value. The random error is
quantified based on how well an instrument can reproduce
hermetic compressor: a motor-compressor assembly subsequent readings for an unchanging input. Random errors
contained within a gas-tight housing that is permanently cannot be corrected through calibration.
sealed by welding or brazing with no access for servicing
internal parts in the field. refrigerant blend (or mixture): a refrigerant composed of two
or more different chemical compounds, compounds that are
liquid refrigerant injection: a method of internally cooling often used individually as refrigerants for other applications.
the compressor mechanism or lubricant, or the reduction of
discharge temperature by introducing saturated or subcooled refrigerant compressor: the mechanical component that
discharge-side liquid refrigerant into the compressor or increases the pressure of the refrigerant and moves it through
condensing unit. Liquid refrigerant injection mass flow rate is the system.
not taken into account when calculating compressor or
condensing unit efficiency, capacity, or volumetric efficiency. refrigerant mass flow rate: the mass flow rate of the volatile
refrigerant, which is potentially mixed with lubricant.
lubricant circulation rate: the ratio of the mass of lubricant
circulating through a refrigerant system to the total mass of saturation temperature: the equilibrium temperature of a
refrigerant and lubricant flowing through the system at a spec- pure refrigerant or an azeotropic refrigerant in a two-phase
ified set of operating conditions. mixture of a vapor and liquid at a given absolute pressure.

ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 23.1-2010 3

 © ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution,
or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE's prior written permission.
semi-hermetic compressor: a motor-compressor assembly 4.2.2 Air-cooled condensing unit.
contained within a gas-tight housing that is sealed by gasketed 4.2.3 Evaporatively cooled condensing unit.
joints to provide access for servicing internal parts (compare
to motor-compressor). 4.3 Calorimeter Types. Calorimeters that are within the
scope of this standard are classified either as evaporator calo-
single-stage compressor: a compressor that has a single rimeters or as condenser calorimeters.
compression chamber or a compressor with two or more 4.3.1 Evaporator calorimeters:
compression chambers connected in parallel. (a) Secondary refrigerant calorimeter.
(b) Secondary fluid calorimeter.
specific enthalpy: enthalpy per unit mass of substance. (c) Primary refrigerant calorimeter.
subcooling: the difference between the liquid temperature and 4.3.2 Condenser calorimeters.
the bubble-point temperature at a defined pressure. 4.4 Flowmeter Types. Flowmeters that are within the
scope of this standard are classified as one of the following
suction vapor temperature: the temperature of the refrigerant types:
vapor returning to the compressor or condensing unit.
4.4.1 Gaseous refrigerant flowmeter.
superheat: the difference between the vapor temperature and 4.4.2 Liquid refrigerant flowmeter.
the dew-point temperature at a defined pressure.
5. REQUIREMENTS
systematic error: an error that persists and cannot be consid-
ered as due entirely to chance. Systematic error can be 5.1 Test Requirements.
corrected through calibration. 5.1.1 Compressor or Condensing Unit Ratings. Each
test data point used for rating a compressor or condensing unit
temperature glide: a term that means the same as glide. shall consist of a primary test and a simultaneous, indepen-
dent confirming test at a specified set of operating conditions.
test article: a single-stage positive-displacement compressor Compressor or condensing unit ratings shall be determined
or condensing unit. from refrigerant mass flow rates obtained by the primary
method of test. However, each refrigerant mass flow rate
uncertainty: an estimated value for the error in a measure- obtained from the primary test (a time-averaged flow rate for
ment, which may be the result of both systematic and random a specific test data point) shall be considered to be valid only
error. Because only random errors can be treated by statistical if the measured refrigerant mass flow rate from the corre-
methods, and only systematic errors can be corrected through sponding confirming test (a time-averaged flow rate for the
calibration, uncertainty computed using this standard would same test data point over the same time span) is within 3% of
result from random errors. the primary test measurement.
For the purpose of ratings, the refrigerant mass flow rate
volumetric efficiency: the ratio of the actual volumetric flow
(used in Equations 5-1 through 5-5) is defined as being the
to the ideal volumetric flow (i.e., the volumetric flow that
compressor or condensing unit suction mass flow rate.
would correspond to the geometric compressor displacement).
If a liquid refrigerant injection scheme is included in the
zeotropic refrigerant: a refrigerant that contains two or more test article, the liquid refrigerant injection shall be performed
components whose equilibrium vapor-phase and liquid-phase according to the manufacturer’s instructions with respect to
compositions differ. The temperature of zeotropic refrigerant pressure, temperature, quality, and refrigerant mass flow rate
changes as it evaporates or condenses at constant pressure at the injection location.
(compare to azeotropic refrigerant). For example, when testing compressors or condensing
units that use liquid refrigerant injection for cooling and that
4. CLASSIFICATIONS include a test method that measures total refrigerant mass flow
rate on the discharge side of the test article, the liquid refrig-
4.1 Compressor Types. Single-stage positive-displace- erant injection mass flow rate shall be measured by one of the
ment compressors (which may or may not include an integral methods listed in Table 1 and shall be subtracted from the total
lubricant separator) that are within the scope of this standard refrigerant mass flow rate to determine the compressor or
are classified as one of the following types: condensing unit refrigerant mass flow rate. The resulting value
4.1.1 Open compressor. for refrigerant mass flow rate shall be used in Equations 5-1
4.1.2 Hermetic compressor. through 5-5.
4.1.3 Semi-hermetic compressor. 5.1.2 Refrigerant Mass Flow Rate. Table 1 lists the test
4.1.4 Motor compressor. methods that can be used to determine mass flow rates. It
includes the four calorimeter methods described in Section
4.2 Condensing Unit Types. Single-stage positive-dis- 7.1.1 and the two flowmeter methods described in Section
placement condensing units that are within the scope of this 7.1.2. The user shall designate any one of these six methods to
standard are classified as one of the following types: be the primary text method and any one of them to be the con-
4.2.1 Liquid-cooled condensing unit. firming test method. Note that this permits the method

4 ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 23.1-2010

 © ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution,
or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE's prior written permission.
TABLE 1 Refrigerant Mass Flow Rate Test Methods
List of Test Methods Primary Test Method Confirming Test Method
(Column A) (Column B) (Column C)

Secondary refrigerant calorimeter Select any one test method listed in Select any test method from Column A pro-
Column A. vided that the primary and confirming test
Secondary fluid calorimeter methods are simultaneous and completely
Primary refrigerant calorimeter independent.

Condenser calorimeter

Gaseous refrigerant flowmeter

Liquid refrigerant flowmeter

selected for the primary and confirming tests to be the same.

But whether the user selects the same or different test meth-
ods, the primary and confirming tests shall be simultaneous
and completely independent.
5.1.3 Power Input. Power input to the compressor or con-
densing unit shall be determined using the test methods
described in Section 7.2. This includes the power input to the
shaft of open compressors, the power input at the motor ter-
minals for hermetic compressors, semi-hermetic compres-
sors, or motor-compressors, and the power absorbed by all
ancillaries that are necessary to sustain the operation of the
compressor or condensing unit (e.g., lubricant pump, fan
motors, controls components, and circulating pumps).
5.1.4 Measurement Uncertainty. The uncertainty in
each refrigerant mass flow rate measurement and power input Figure 1a Refrigeration cycle schematic with
measurement shall be estimated using the methods prescribed thermodynamic state point numbers.
in ASHRAE Standard 41.93 or ASHRAE 41.10.4 Alterna-
tively, the worst-case uncertainty for all test data points may
be estimated and reported for every test data point.
5.1.5 Thermodynamic State Points. The thermody-
namic state points illustrated in Figures 1a and 1b apply to the
calculations described below. Specifically, Figure 1b shows
the pressure-versus-enthalpy cycle for the refrigerant system
illustrated in Figure 1a. Heat transfer into the evaporator (q)
transforms the refrigerant into a superheated vapor between
state points 1 and 2. The compressor increases the refrigerant
pressure between state points 2 and 3. State point 3s illustrates
the compressor discharge condition that would correspond to
an isentropic compression process. Heat transfer out from the
condenser (qc) transforms the refrigerant into a subcooled liq-
uid at state point 4. The remaining step in the cycle between
state points 4 and 1 is an isenthalpic pressure decrease through
a metering device to transform the refrigerant to the condi-
tions at the evaporator inlet. Figure 1b Pressure-versus-enthalpy diagram for the
refrigeration cycle shown in Figure 1a.
5.1.6 Efficiency. The compressor efficiency, condensing
unit efficiency, or performance factor shall be computed as
described in the paragraphs below.
5.1.6.1 Compressor efficiency or condensing unit effi- where
ciency shall be computed as shown in Equation 5-1.  = compressor or condensing unit efficiency, %
m = refrigerant mass flow rate, kg/s (lb/h)
m  h 3s – h 2   C h2 = specific enthalpy of refrigerant vapor entering the
 = ------------------------------------
-  100 (5-1) compressor or condensing unit, kJ/kg (Btu/lb)
P

ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 23.1-2010 5

 © ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution,
or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE's prior written permission.
h3s = specific enthalpy of refrigerant vapor at discharge 5.1.9 Liquid Subcooling. Liquid subcooling—the differ-
pressure, kJ/kg (Btu/lb), where s is the specific entropy ence between the refrigerant liquid temperature and the bub-
of refrigerant vapor entering the compressor or ble-point temperature at the pressure of the refrigerant
condensing unit, kJ/kg K (Btu/lb °F) entering the metering device—shall be determined for each
C = l.0 (0.2931 W/Btu/h) test condition.
P = power input, kW (W) 5.1.10 Capacity. Capacity (if required) shall be computed
5.1.6.2 The performance factor shall be computed as a as follows:
ratio of capacity to power input at specified operating condi- q = m  h2 – h1  (5-4)
tions. When consistent units are used, the performance factor
may be expressed in dimensionless form as a coefficient of where
performance (COP). A parameter called the energy efficiency
q = evaporator capacity at the specified operating
ratio (EER) can be used to express the ratio of capacity (Btu/
conditions, W (Btu/h)
h) to the power input (W). The performance factor may also
be expressed as the ratio of power input to capacity (e.g., as in m = refrigerant mass flow rate, kg/s (lb/h)
Equation 5-3). h1 = specific enthalpy of refrigerant entering the evaporator,
kJ/kg (Btu/lb)
Evaporator Capacity, W
COP = --------------------------------------------------------------- (5-2a) h2 = specific enthalpy of refrigerant entering the
Power Input, W
compressor or condensing unit, kJ/kg (Btu/lb)
Evaporator Capacity, Btu  h 5.1.11 Volumetric Efficiency. Volumetric efficiency (if
EER = -------------------------------------------------------------------------- (5-2b)
Power Input, W required) shall be computed as follows:
bhp Brake Horsepower, hp m
--------- = ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (5-3)  v = -------------  C  100 (5-5)
ton Evaporator Capacity, tons VN
5.1.7 Lubricant Circulation Rates. Lubricant circula- where
tion rates through a calorimeter or liquid flowmeter shall not v = volumetric efficiency, percent
exceed 2%. Lubricant circulation rates through a gaseous
m = refrigerant mass flow rate, kg/s (lb/h)
flowmeter shall not exceed 1%.
 = specific volume entering the compressor or
5.1.7.1 If the compressor or condensing unit is designed
condensing unit, m3/kg (ft3/lb)
to be used only in applications that include an efficient lubri-
cant separator (i.e., lubricant circulation is less than 1,000 V = compressor displacement at the compressor inlet, m3/
ppm), then a lubricant separator that meets this requirement rev (in.3/rev)
should be included in the test setup and lubricant circulation N = compressor shaft rotational speed, Hz (rpm)
measurement is not required. C = 1.0 [28.8 (in.3 h)/ft3 min)]
5.1.7.2 If the compressor or condensing unit is designed 5.1.12 Refrigerant Numbers. Refrigerant numbers for
to be applied without an efficient lubricant separator, the the refrigerants used during these tests shall be obtained from
lubricant circulation must be measured as prescribed in ASHRAE Standard 34.1
ASHRAE Standard 41.93 or in ASHRAE 41.10.4 If measure- 5.1.13 Refrigerant Data. The source from which refrig-
ments show that the lubricant circulation rate will exceed 2% erant thermodynamic properties are obtained shall be stated in
(1% for a gaseous flowmeter method), then an auxiliary lubri- the test report. The preferred source is NIST Thermodynamic
cant separator capable of reducing the lubricant circulation Properties of Refrigerants and Refrigerant Mixtures Data-
rates to meet the requirements must be used. base (REFPROP).5 Other acceptable sources include Ther-
5.1.7.3 Any lubricant removed from the refrigerant by a modynamic Properties of Selected HFC Refrigerants6 and
lubricant separator must be returned to the refrigerant circuit publications distributed by refrigerant manufacturers.
in a manner that does not affect the refrigerant mass flow mea-
5.1.14 Safety. All calorimeters and flowmeters used for
surement as described below:
these rating tests shall meet design requirements for safety as
(a) If the lubricant separator is normally applied with the defined in ASHRAE Standard 15, Safety Standard for Refrig-
compressor or condensing unit as defined in ASHRAE eration Systems.7
Standard 41.93 or in ASHRAE 41.10,4 the lubricant
from the separator should be returned in the normal way 5.2 Specified Test Conditions. Rating tests on a compres-
the equipment is applied. sor or condensing unit shall be performed at one or more sets
(b) If an auxiliary lubricant separator is required, the lubri- of steady-state operating test conditions. Each set of speci-
cant from the auxiliary separator should be returned to the fied test conditions shall include the parameters described in
refrigerant circuit at a location downstream of the calo- Sections 5.2.1 through 5.2.8 with acceptable tolerance limits
rimeter outlet or flowmeter outlet. provided for each parameter.
5.1.8 Suction Superheat. Suction superheat—the differ- 5.2.1 Electrical conditions for hermetic compressor, semi-
ence between the refrigerant vapor temperature and the dew- hermetic compressor, motor-compressor, or condensing unit:
point temperature at the pressure of the refrigerant entering (a) Voltage for each phase, V
the compressor—shall be determined for each test condition. (b) Line frequency, Hz

6 ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 23.1-2010

 © ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution,
or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE's prior written permission.
5.2.2 Shaft rotational speed, Hz (rpm), if the compressor Standards and Technology (NIST) or a similar organization.
is an open type. The indicated corrections shall be applied to meet the required
5.2.3 Ambient air temperature, °C (°F). error limits given in the following sections. Instruments shall
5.2.4 Refrigerant pressure, kPa (psia), entering the com- be recalibrated on a regular schedule appropriate for each
pressor. instrument, and calibration records must be maintained. All
instruments shall be applied in a manner that ensures compli-
5.2.5 Refrigerant temperature, °C (°F), entering the com-
ance with the specified error limits.
pressor.
6.1.3 Instruments shall be applied and used in accordance
5.2.6 Refrigerant pressure, kPa (psia), leaving the com-
with the following standards and codes:
pressor.
(a) Instrument requirements as specified in ASHRAE Stan-
5.2.7 Suction superheat—the difference between the
dard 41.93 or in ASHRAE Standard 41.104 as appropriate
refrigerant vapor temperature and the dew-point temperature at
to the application of this standard
the pressure of the refrigerant entering the compressor, K (°R).
(b) Temperature: ASHRAE Standard 41.18 and ASME PTC 19.39
5.2.8 Liquid subcooling—the difference between the (c) Pressure: ASHRAE Standard 41.310 and ASME PTC
refrigerant liquid temperature and the bubble-point tempera- 19.211
ture at the pressure of the refrigerant entering the metering
(d) Electrical: IEEE 12012
device, K (°R).
(e) Water and brine flow: ASME PTC 19.513
5.3 Values to be Determined.
6.2 Temperature Measurements
5.3.1 Values that shall be determined at each test condi-
Temperature measurement errors shall be within the
tion are:
following limits:
5.3.1.1 Refrigerant mass flow rate, kg/s (lb/h), obtained (a) Temperature sensors within ±0.3 K (±0.5°R).
from both the primary and confirming test methods. (b) Temperature difference sensors within ±l% of the temper-
5.3.1.2 Power input, W (hp). ature difference being measured.
5.3.1.3 Efficiency (at least one of the following):
(a) Compressor efficiency, W/W 6.3 Pressure Measurements
(b) Condensing unit efficiency, W/W Pressure measurement errors shall be less than ±1.0%. If
(c) Performance factor absolute pressure sensors are not used, ensure that the pressure
measurement uncertainty calculations include the barometric
5.3.1.4 Lubricant circulation rate (percent by mass) if
pressure correction in order to obtain absolute pressure values.
required by Section 5.1.7.
5.3.1.5 Suction superheat—the difference between the 6.4 Refrigerant Mass Flow Rate Measurements
refrigerant vapor temperature and the dew-point temperature at If a flowmeter method is used, refrigerant mass flow rate
the pressure of the refrigerant entering the compressor, K (R). errors shall not exceed ±1.0% of the quantity measured.
5.3.1.6 Liquid subcooling—the difference between the 6.5 Coolant Liquid Flow Rate Measurements
refrigerant liquid temperature and the bubble-point tempera-
Coolant liquid flow rates shall be measured within ±1.0%
ture at the pressure of the refrigerant entering the metering
of the quantity measured.
device, K (°R).
5.3.1.7 Ambient air temperature, °C (°F). 6.6 Electrical Power Measurements
5.3.1.8 Barometric pressure (required whenever a pres- Electrical power input measurement errors shall be within
sure-sensing device is referenced to atmospheric pressure). ±1.0% of the quantity measured. Electrical power measure-
5.3.2 Additional values that may also be determined ments shall be made at such a location that the instrumentation
include the following: can accurately measure the power input. For example, volt-
ages and frequencies shall be measured for each phase at the
5.3.2.1 Capacity, W (Btu/h).
equipment terminals for constant speed compressors or at the
5.3.2.2 Volumetric efficiency, percent. input terminals to the power converter for variable speed
5.3.2.3 Current, A. compressors. Test articles that utilize power-altering equip-
5.3.2.4 Compressor shaft rotational speed, Hz (rpm). ment may require appropriate isolation and precautions to
5.3.2.5 Compressor torque, Nm (ft-lbf). ensure that accurate power measurements are obtained. Test
5.3.2.6 Air circulation rate, L/s (ft3/min), air speed, m/s articles that utilize power-altering equipment may require the
(ft/min), and/or airflow direction. use of instrumentation that is capable of accurately measuring
signals containing high frequency and/or high crest factors.
6. INSTRUMENTS For example, voltages and currents measured at the input to the
power converter of variable speed compressors may contain
6.1 General significant levels of high frequency energy. In these cases the
6.1.1 Instruments and data acquisition systems shall be instrumentation used shall have adequate bandwidth and/or
selected to meet the error limits specified in the sections below. crest factor specifications to ensure that the electrical power
6.1.2 Instrument calibration shall be traceable to primary input measurement errors are within ±1.0% of the quantity
or secondary standards calibrated by the National Institute of measured.

ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 23.1-2010 7

 © ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution,
or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE's prior written permission.
6.7 Shaft Power Measurements 8. COMPRESSOR TESTING
Shaft power input measurements shall be within ±1.0% of
8.1 Preparations
the absolute shaft power.
8.1.1 Leak-test the refrigerant system to ensure that no
6.8 Shaft Rotational Speed Measurements refrigerant leaves the system during the test.
Compressor shaft rotational speed measurements shall be 8.1.2 Install the correct lubricant charge and evacuate the
within ±1.0% of the true reading. system to achieve a static vacuum of 13.3 Pa (100 microns) or
less. Then charge the system with the correct type and amount
6.9 Compressor Torque Measurements
of refrigerant.
Compressor torque measurements shall be within ±1.0%
of the true reading. 8.1.3 Provide a means for measuring air circulation (if
required) in terms of quantity, velocity, temperature, and ori-
6.10 Time Measurements entation with respect to the compressor.
Time measurements shall be within ±0.5% of the elapsed 8.1.4 Provide a means for collecting refrigerant liquid/
time measured. This accuracy shall include any uncertainty lubricant samples for lubricant circulation rate measurements
errors associated with starting and stopping the measurement. if required by Section 5.1.7.
6.11 Weight Measurements 8.1.5 Insulate temperature sensors as required to ensure
Weight measurements shall be within ±0.2% of the proper measurement.
weight measured. 8.1.6 Insulate liquid and suction lines to minimize heat
transfer between the refrigerant system and the ambient air
7. METHODS OF TESTING unless insulation is not needed to achieve the required mea-
surement accuracy.
7.1 Refrigerant Mass Flow Rate Measurement
8.2 Operating Conditions and Limits
7.1.1 Calorimeter Methods. Four calorimeter test meth-
8.2.1 When power input is determined by electrical power
ods for measuring refrigerant mass flow rate, described in
measurement, regulate the voltage for each phase at the motor
ASHRAE 41.9,3 are covered by this standard: terminal to within ±1% of the voltage specified.
(a) Secondary refrigerant calorimeter
8.2.2 When power input is determined by shaft power
(b) Secondary fluid calorimeter
measurement, regulate the shaft speed to within ±1% of the
(c) Primary refrigerant calorimeter speed specified.
(d) Condenser calorimeter
8.2.3 Adjust and maintain the compressor ambient tem-
7.1.2 Flowmeter Methods. In addition to the four calo- perature to within ±4 K (±7°R) of the specified value.
rimeter test methods, two flowmeter test methods for measur-
8.2.4 If required for rating, adjust and maintain the air cir-
ing refrigerant mass flow rate are covered by this standard. If culation surrounding the compressor within the limits speci-
a flowmeter test method is selected, the flowmeter shall be fied in the test plan. This may include volumetric airflow rate,
installed in a closed-circuit system consisting of the test arti- speed, temperature, and/or orientation with respect to the
cle, a means to reduce refrigerant pressures from discharge to compressor.
suction pressure, and a means to remove excess superheat so 8.2.5 Adjust and maintain the compressor suction pres-
that the conditioned refrigerant vapor can be returned to the sure to within ±1% of the absolute pressure specified.
compressor suction port at controllable steady-state condi-
8.2.6 Adjust and maintain the compressor suction vapor
tions. Adequate mixing shall be performed to ensure single-
temperature to within ±1 K (±2°R) of the temperature speci-
phase fluid flow through a gaseous refrigerant flowmeter.
fied.
Adequate subcooling shall be provided upstream of a liquid
8.2.7 Adjust and maintain the pressure leaving the com-
refrigerant flowmeter to ensure single-phase fluid flow
pressor to within ±1% of the absolute pressure corresponding
through the flowmeter. The two flowmeter test methods for
to the specified discharge dew-point temperature.
measuring refrigerant mass flow rate, described in ASHRAE
41.10,4 are as follows: 8.2.8 A minimum of three trial sets of refrigerant mass
flow rate measurements shall be made at stable test condi-
(a) Gaseous refrigerant flowmeter
tions. The average of all data values shall be used as the
(b) Liquid refrigerant flowmeter
reported test measurement value. The variation of each indi-
7.2 Power Input Measurement vidual value shall not differ from the averaged value by more
7.2.1 Electrical Power Input. Electrical power input than ±2%.
shall be measured at the motor terminals for hermetic com- 8.2.9 Compressor mechanical equilibrium (“break-in”),
pressors, semi-hermetic compressors, or motor-compressors as evidenced by steady-state values of power or current and
and shall include the power input absorbed by all ancillaries capacity readings, is required. The manufacturer's recommen-
that are necessary to sustain the operation of the compressor dations for the break-in procedure and the period required
(e.g., lubricant pump, fan motors, controls components, and should be followed.
circulating pumps). Electrical power input shall be measured 8.3 Compressor Test Report
using instrumentation in accordance with Section 6.6. 8.3.1 Test Identification
7.2.2 Shaft Power Input. Shaft power input shall be mea- (a) Date, place, time, and duration of test
sured using instrumentation in accordance with Section 6.7. (b) Operator’s name

8 ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 23.1-2010

 © ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution,
or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE's prior written permission.
8.3.2 Test Article Description (j) Electrical data – voltage, phase, frequency, and/or current
(a) Test article description (e.g., model number, serial number) (if required)
(b) Refrigerant number (according to ASHRAE Standard 341) (k) Compressor shaft rotational speed, Hz (rpm), for open
(c) Source of refrigerant thermodynamic property data compressors or (if required) for hermetic compressors,
(d) Lubricant identification semi-hermetic compressors, or motor-compressors
8.3.3 Primary Method Equipment Description (l) Compressor torque, Nm (ft lbf) (if required)
(a) Calorimeter or flowmeter test method selected
(b) Test apparatus description, model number, and serial 9. CONDENSING UNIT TESTING
number 9.1 Preparations
8.3.4 Confirming Method Equipment Description 9.1.1 Leak-test the refrigerant system to ensure that no
(a) Calorimeter or flowmeter test method selected refrigerant leaves the system during the test.
(b) Test apparatus description, model number, and serial 9.1.2 Install the correct lubricant charge and evacuate the
number system to achieve a static vacuum of 13.3 Pa (100 microns) or
8.3.5 Measured Operating Conditions less. Then charge the system with the correct type and amount
(a) Ambient air temperature, K (°R) of refrigerant. If the condensing unit has a liquid receiver,
(b) Ambient airflow conditions—temperature, circulation maintain the normal operating level.
rate, speed, and/or direction (if required) 9.1.3 Provide a means for measuring air circulation (if
(c) Barometric pressure (required whenever a pressure-sensing required) in terms of quantity, velocity, temperature, and ori-
device is referenced to atmospheric pressure) entation with respect to the compressor.
(d) Electrical conditions for hermetic compressors, semi- 9.1.4 Provide a means for collecting refrigerant liquid/
hermetic compressors, or motor-compressors for each lubricant samples for lubricant circulation rate measurements
phase: if required by Section 5.1.7.
• Voltage, V.
9.1.5 Insulate temperature sensors as required to ensure
• Frequency, Hz. proper measurement.
• Current, A (if required).
(e) Shaft rotational speed, Hz (rpm), for open shaft compres- 9.2 Operating Conditions and Limits
sors 9.2.1 If power input is to be determined by electrical
(f) Refrigerant pressure, kPa (psia), entering the compressor power measurement, regulate the voltage for each phase at the
(g) Refrigerant temperature, °C (°F), entering the compressor motor terminal to within ±1% of the voltage specified.
(h) Refrigerant pressure, kPa (psia), leaving the compressor 9.2.2 When power input is to be determined by shaft
(i) Refrigerant temperature, °C (°F), leaving the compressor power measurement, regulate the shaft speed to within ±1%
(j) Refrigerant pressure, kPa (psia), entering the calorimeter of the speed specified.
or flowmeter for both the primary and confirming test 9.2.3 Adjust and maintain the compressor suction pres-
methods sure to within ±1% of the absolute pressure specified.
(k) Refrigerant temperature, °C (°F), entering the calorimeter 9.2.4 Adjust and maintain the compressor suction vapor
or flowmeter for both the primary and confirming test temperature to within ±1 K (±2°R) of the temperature specified.
methods
9.2.5 Adjust and maintain the pressure leaving the com-
(l) Refrigerant pressure, kPa (psia), leaving the calorimeter pressor to within ±1% of the absolute pressure corresponding
or flowmeter for both the primary and confirming test to the specified discharge dew-point temperature.
methods
9.2.6 Liquid-Cooled Condensing Units. Adjust and main-
(m) Refrigerant temperature, °C (°F), leaving the calorimeter
tain the temperature of the inlet liquid flowing to the condensing
or flowmeter for both the primary and confirming test
unit to the specified value ±0.3 K (±0.5°R) and adjust the cooling
methods
liquid flow rate to maintain an outlet temperature within ±0.3 K
(n) Suction superheat as described in Section 5.1.8, K (°R)
(±0.5°R) of that specified. The ambient temperature at the con-
(o) Liquid subcooling as described in Section 5.1.9, K (°R)
densing unit shall be taken as the average reading of four temper-
8.3.6 Compressor Test Results ature sensors placed in a horizontal plane midway of the height of
(a) Refrigerant mass flow rate, kg/s (lb/h), from the primary the condensing unit and 450 mm (18 in.) from each side of the
test unit. The average ambient temperature shall be 32°C±1°C
(b) Refrigerant mass flow rate, kg/s (lb/h), from the confirm- (90°F±2°F). No abnormal airflow shall be created over the con-
ing test (for reference only) densing unit. Supplementary compressor cooling means, if used,
(c) Power input, W (hp) shall have reached stabilized operating conditions.
(d) Uncertainty in refrigerant mass flow rate, kg/s (lb/h) 9.2.7 Air-Cooled Condensing Units. The temperature of
(e) Uncertainty in power input, W (hp) the air flowing to the condensing unit shall be taken as the
(f) Compressor efficiency, W/W, or performance factor average reading of at least four temperature sensors suitably
(g) Lubricant circulation rate, percent by mass (if required) located to indicate the average air temperature. Each temper-
(h) Capacity, W (Btu/h) (if required) ature sensor shall be protected against radiant energy such
(i) Volumetric efficiency, percent (if required) that true dry-bulb temperatures are obtained. The temperature

ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 23.1-2010 9

 © ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution,
or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE's prior written permission.
of the air flowing to the condensing unit shall be adjusted to (c) Barometric pressure (required whenever a pressure-sens-
that specified within ±0.5 K (±1.0°R). No abnormal airflow ing device is referenced to atmospheric pressure)
shall be created over the condensing unit. Supplementary (d) Electrical conditions for hermetic compressors, semi-her-
compressor cooling means, if used, shall have reached stabi- metic compressors, or motor-compressors for each phase:
lized operating conditions. • Voltage, V
9.2.8 Evaporatively-Cooled Condensing Units. The • Frequency, Hz
wet-bulb temperature of the air entering the evaporative con- • Current, A (if required)
denser of the condensing unit shall be within ±0.3 K (±0.5°R) (e) Shaft rotational speed, Hz (rpm), for open shaft compres-
of that specified. The measurement of wet-bulb temperature sors
shall be made with an aspirating psychrometer unless the inlet (f) Refrigerant pressure, kPa (psia), entering the compressor
air velocity exceeds 5.0 m/s (1,000 fpm), in which case (g) Refrigerant temperature, °C (°F), entering the compressor
wet-bulb temperature sensors may be located at the center of (h) Refrigerant pressure, kPa (psia), leaving the compressor
equal areas of 0.1 m2 (1 ft2). These sensors shall be shielded (i) Refrigerant temperature, °C (°F), leaving the compressor
if exposed to radiant heat. The aspirating psychrometer shall (j) Refrigerant pressure, kPa (psia), entering the calorimeter
be used in such a manner that the temperature readings repre- or flowmeter for both the primary and confirming test
sent the average values of the samples of the entering air. The methods
ambient temperature at the condensing unit shall be taken as (k) Refrigerant temperature, °C (°F), entering the calorimeter
the average reading of four temperature-measuring sensors or flowmeter for both the primary and confirming test
placed in a horizontal plane midway of the height of the con- methods
densing unit and 450 mm (18 in.) from each side of the unit. (l) Refrigerant pressure, kPa (psia), leaving the calorimeter
The average ambient temperature shall be within ±1 K (±2°R) or flowmeter for both the primary and confirming test
of that specified. No abnormal airflow shall be created over methods
the condensing unit. Supplementary compressor cooling (m) Refrigerant temperature, °C (°F), leaving the calorimeter
means, if used, shall have reached stabilized operating condi- or flowmeter for both the primary and confirming test
tions. methods
9.2.9 A minimum of three refrigerant mass flow rate mea- (n) Suction superheat as described in Section 5.1.8, K (°R)
surements shall be made at stable test conditions. The average (o) Liquid subcooling as described in Section 5.1.9, K (°R)
of all data values shall be used as the reported test measure-
9.3.6 Condensing Unit Test Results
ment value. The variation of each individual value shall not
(a) Refrigerant mass flow rate, kg/s (lb/h), from the pri-
differ from the averaged value by more than ±2%.
mary test
9.2.10 Compressor mechanical equilibrium (“break-in”),
(b) Refrigerant mass flow rate, kg/s (lb/h), from the confirm-
as evidenced by steady-state values of power or current and
ing test (for reference only)
capacity readings, is required. The manufacturer's recommen-
(c) Power input, W (hp)
dations for the break-in procedure and the period required
(d) Uncertainty in refrigerant mass flow rate, kg/s (lb/h)
should be followed.
(e) Uncertainty in power input, W (hp)
9.3 Condensing Unit Test Report (f) Compressor efficiency, W/W, or performance factor
9.3.1 Test Identification (g) Lubricant circulation rate, percent by mass (if required)
(a) Date, place, time and duration of test (h) Capacity, W (Btu/h) (if required)
(b) Operator’s name (i) Volumetric efficiency, percent (if required)
9.3.2 Test Article Description (j) Electrical data—voltage, phase, frequency, and/or current
(a) Test article description (e.g., model number, serial number) (if required)
(b) Refrigerant number (according to ASHRAE Standard (k) Compressor shaft rotational speed, Hz (rpm), for open
341) compressors or (if required) for hermetic or semi-her-
(c) Source of refrigerant thermodynamic property data metic compressors
(d) Lubricant identification (l) Compressor torque, Nm (ft lbf) (if required)
9.3.3 Primary Method Equipment Description
(a) Calorimeter or flowmeter test method selected 10. REFERENCES
(b) Test apparatus description, model number, and serial 1ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-2007, Designation and Safety
number Classification of Refrigerants.
9.3.4 Confirming Method Equipment Description 2ASHRAE Terminology of Heating, Ventilation, Air Condi-
(a) Calorimeter or flowmeter test method selected tioning, & Refrigeration, 2nd Edition, 1991.
(b) Test apparatus description, model number, and serial 3ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 41.9-2000 (RA06), Calorimeter
number Test Methods for Mass Flow Measurements of Volatile
9.3.5 Measured Operating Conditions Refrigerants.
(a) Ambient air temperature, °C (°F) 4ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 41.10-2008, Standard Methods for

(b) Ambient airflow conditions—temperature, circulation Volatile-Refrigerant Mass Flow Measurement Using
rate, velocity, and/or direction (if required) Flowmeters.

10 ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 23.1-2010

 © ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution,
or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE's prior written permission.
5NIST Thermodynamic Properties of Refrigerants and 9
ASME/ANSI Power Test Code PTC 19.3-1974 (RA2004),
Refrigerant Mixtures Database (REFPROP), NIST Part 3—Temperature Measurement, American Society
Standard Reference Database 23, Version 8.0, National of Mechanical Engineers, New York.
10
Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, ASHRAE Standard 41.3-1989, Standard Method for Pres-
MD. sure Measurement.
11
6Smith, N.D., and M.W. Tufts. Thermodynamic properties of ASME/ANSI Power Test Code PTC 19.2-1987 (RA98),
selected HFC refrigerants. International Journal of Part 2—Pressure Measurement, American Society of
Heating, Ventilating, Air-Conditioning, and Refrigera- Mechanical Engineers, New York.
12
tion Research, Volume 2, Number 3, July, 1996. IEEE 120-1989 (RA97), Master Test Guide for Electrical
7 Measurements in Power Circuits, Institute of Electrical
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 15-2007, Safety Standard for and Electronic Engineers.
Refrigeration Systems. 13ASME Power Test Code PTC 19.5-2004, Part 5, Flow
8ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 41.1-1986 (RA2006), Standard Measurement, American Society of Mechanical Engi-
Method for Temperature Measurement. neers, New York.

ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 23.1-2010 11

 © ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution,
or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE's prior written permission.
 © ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution,
or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE's prior written permission.
POLICY STATEMENT DEFINING ASHRAE’S CONCERN
FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ITS ACTIVITIES

ASHRAE is concerned with the impact of its members’ activities on both the indoor and outdoor environment. ASHRAE’s
members will strive to minimize any possible deleterious effect on the indoor and outdoor environment of the systems and
components in their responsibility while maximizing the beneficial effects these systems provide, consistent with accepted
standards and the practical state of the art.
ASHRAE’s short-range goal is to ensure that the systems and components within its scope do not impact the indoor and
outdoor environment to a greater extent than specified by the standards and guidelines as established by itself and other
responsible bodies.
As an ongoing goal, ASHRAE will, through its Standards Committee and extensive technical committee structure,
continue to generate up-to-date standards and guidelines where appropriate and adopt, recommend, and promote those new
and revised standards developed by other responsible organizations.
Through its Handbook, appropriate chapters will contain up-to-date standards and design considerations as the material is
systematically revised.
ASHRAE will take the lead with respect to dissemination of environmental information of its primary interest and will seek
out and disseminate information from other responsible organizations that is pertinent, as guides to updating standards and
guidelines.
The effects of the design and selection of equipment and systems will be considered within the scope of the system’s
intended use and expected misuse. The disposal of hazardous materials, if any, will also be considered.
ASHRAE’s primary concern for environmental impact will be at the site where equipment within ASHRAE’s scope
operates. However, energy source selection and the possible environmental impact due to the energy source and energy
transportation will be considered where possible. Recommendations concerning energy source selection should be made by
its members.
 ASHRAE · 1791 Tullie Circle NE · Atlanta, GA 30329 · www.ashrae.org

About ASHRAE

ASHRAE, founded in 1894, is an international organization of some 50,000 members. ASHRAE fulfills its mission of
advancing heating, ventilation, air conditioning, and refrigeration to serve humanity and promote a sustainable world
through research, standards writing, publishing, and continuing education.

For more information or to become a member of ASHRAE, visit www.ashrae.org.

To stay current with this and other ASHRAE standards and guidelines, visit www.ashrae.org/standards.
—·—
ASHRAE also offers its standards and guidelines on CD-ROM or via an online-access subscription that provides
automatic updates as well as historical versions of these publications. For more information, visit the Standards and
Guidelines section of the ASHRAE Online Store at www.ashrae.org/bookstore.

IMPORTANT NOTICES ABOUT THIS STANDARD

To ensure that you have all of the approved addenda, errata, and interpretations for this
standard, visit www.ashrae.org/standards to download them free of charge.

Addenda, errata, and interpretations for ASHRAE standards and guidelines will no
longer be distributed with copies of the standards and guidelines. ASHRAE provides
these addenda, errata, and interpretations only in electronic form in order to promote
more sustainable use of resources.

Product code: 86051 2/13