GENERAL PHYSICS 2

--- ELECTRIC CHARGES AND ELECTRIC FIELDS ---

ELECTRIC CHARGES CHARGES OF THE THREE FUNDAMENTAL ATOMIC
EARLY CONCEPTS PARTICLES
 THALES OF MILETUS [600 BC] PARTICLE SYMBOL CHARGE
 He discovered static electricity. Electron e or e- -e
 He observed that amber attracted tiny particles Proton p +e
of wood when rubbed with wool. Neutron n 0
 WILLIAM GILBERT [15TH CENTURY]
 He conducted further studies in static  ATOM
electricity, and reported his findings in his  The smallest constituent unit of matter that
book “De Magneto” (1600) showcase the properties of a given chemical
 CHINESE statement.
 Documents suggest that magnetism was  It composed of:
observed as early as 2000 BC.  ELECTRON [negatively-charged particles]
 GREEKS  PROTONS [positively-charged particles]
 Electrical and magnetic phenomena as early  NEUTRONS [neutrally-charged particles]
as 700 BC. - Protons and neutron are enclosed in the atoms
 Experiments with amber and magnetite nucleus and are collectively called “nucleons”.
 1600 - While electrons are move freely around the
 William Gilbert showed electrification effects nucleus.
were not confined to just amber. - Because of the attraction between the
 The electrification effects were a general electrons and protons inside the nucleus, it
phenomenon. holds the atom together. “The closer the
 1785 distance, the stronger the attraction.”
 Charles Coulomb confirmed inverse square  VALENCE ELECTRON OR FREE ELECTRON
law form for electric force. - When the attraction in the nucleus is
 1819 weak and loosely bound to the atom.
 Hans Oersted found a compass needle - It has the tendency to move from
deflected when near a wire carrying an atom to atom.
electric current.  ELECTRIC CURRENT
 1831 - The flow of electric charge per time.
 Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry showed - Measured in Ampere (A)
that when a wire is moved near a magnet, an - The net flow through an object.
electric current is produced in the wire. - When the external force is applied,
 1873 the behavior of the electrons (free
 James Clerk Maxwell used observations and electrons) changes.
other experimental facts as a basis for  CONDUCTORS
formulating the laws of electromagnetism. - Materials that allow the movement of
 United electricity and magnetism. electrons from one atom to another.
- Allow the flow of electric current.
ELECTROSTATICS - Some of the electrons are “free
 The interactions between electric charges that are electrons”.
at rest (or nearly so).  Free Electrons
 Involves electric charges, the forces between them, - Are not bound to the atoms.
the aura that surrounds them, and their behavior in - Can move relatively freely.
materials.  INSULATORS / DIELECTRICS
- An objects with great resistance to the
ELECTRIC CHARGES movement of electrons.
 A property that causes matter to experience a force - Prevent charges from flowing from
when a placed in an electromagnetic field. one conductor to another.
 An attribute that is as fundamental as mass, electric - Materials that are bound to atom.
current, and amount of substance. - Cannot move relatively freely.
 Measured in Coulomb [C] - When a good conductor is charged in
 BENJAMIN FRANKLIN [1706-1790] a small region, the charge readily
 He suggested calling these two kinds of  SEMICONDUCTORS
charge “negative” and “positive”. - Materials with electrical conductivity
 Two positive charges or two negative values that are between those of an
charges repel each other. A positive charge insulator and of a conductor.
and negative charge attract each other.  q [ ELECTRIC CHARGE]
 “The Electron Theory” is also called “The Atomic - Said to be quantized.
Model” - The standard symbol used for charge as a
 When two materials are rubbed together, variable
the electrons are the ones transferred from - Electric Charge exist as “discrete pockets”
substance to the other.
 The substance from where the electrons are
removed becomes positive, and the
substances from where electrons are
transferred become negative.

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GENERAL PHYSICS 2

 q = ±Ne 2
N∙m 9 1
 N – integer  k =8.9876 x 10 = or
 e – the fundamental unit of charge
C
2
( 4 π e∘ )
 │e│ = 1.6 x 10-19 C N ⋅ m2
k =9.0 x 10 9
 Electron: q = -e C2
 Proton: q = +e
CHARGES AND MASS OF THE ELECTRON, PROTON, AND
NEUTRON
PARTICLES CHARGE (C) MASS (kg)
Electron (e) -1.6 x 10-19 9.11 x 10-31
Proton (p) +1.6 x 10-19 1.67 x 10-27
Neutron (n) 0 1.67 x 10-27

 ELECTROSCOPE
 A simple device that can detect the presence
of electric charges
 The first telescope was invented by Abraham  e ∘ - The permittivity of free space.
Bennett. 2
COULOMB’S LAW −12 C
 e ∘=8.8542 x 10 2
COULOMB’S LAW N ∙m
 CHARLES COULOMB SOLUTION:
 Charles-Agustin de Coulomb  Given:
 1736 – 1806 or 18th Century 9 N ⋅ m2
 Major contributions were in areas of  k =9.0 x 10
electrostatics and magnetism.
C2
 Also investigated in areas of:  q1 and q2 = 1.0 km and -1.0 km
 Strength of materials  r = 1.0 km or 1m
 Structural mechanics K q1 q2
 Ergonomics
F=
r2
 He measured the magnitudes of electric forces 2
9 N ⋅m
between two small charged spheres. (9.0 x 10 2
)(1.0C )(1.0C )
 The force is inversely proportional to the square of C
F=
the separation “r” between the charges and directed ¿¿¿
along the line joining them. F = 9.0 x 103 N
 The force is proportional to the product of the
charges, q1 and q2, on the two particles.
 The electrical force between two stationary point
charges is given by Coulomb’s Law.
 COULOMB
 Defined as the amount of charge that moves past
in one second when the current is one ampere.
 It means that the total charge (Q) in Coulomb,
transferred by a current (I), in ampere, during (t)
seconds can be calculated using the equation.
 Q = It
 POINT CHARGE
 Refers to a particle of zero size that carries an
electric charge.
 The electrical behavior of electrons and protons
is well described by modeling them as point
charges. FORMULA:
 The magnitude of the electric force between  REPULSIVE ACTION FORCE
two point charges is directly proportional to the k q1 q2 2
q
product of the charges and inversely  F= or F=k
proportional to the square of the distance r2 r
2

between them.  GRAVITATIONAL FORCE

FORMULA: m1 m2 m2
 F=G ∨F=G
k q1q2 q2 r2 r2
 F= 2
∨F=k 2
r r −11 m2
 Coulomb (C) – the SI unit of charge.  G=6.67 4 x 10 N⋅
kg2
 F – Newton  r – meter
 r – meter 2
Fe k q
 q1 and q2 – the two charges in Coulomb.  =
 k – Coulomb constant. Fg Gm2

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GENERAL PHYSICS 2

SOLUTION:
 Given:
2
9 m
 k =9.0 x 10 N ⋅ 2
C
 q2 = 3.2 x 10-19 C CHARGE AND MASS OF THE ELECTRON, PROTON, AND
2
−11 m NEUTRON
 G=6.67 x 10 N ⋅ 2
kg PARTICLES CHARGE (C) MASS (kg)
 m2=6.64 x 10−27 kg Electron (e) -1.6 x 10-19 9.11 x 10-31
2 Proton (p) +1.6 x 10-19 1.67 x 10-27
Fe k q
= Neutron (n) 0 1.67 x 10-27
Fg Gm2
Fe
Fg ( m2
= 9.0 x 109 N ⋅ 2 ¿ ¿
C ) SOLUTION:
 Given:
COULOMB’S LAW
2
m 9
 k =9.0 x 10 N ⋅
C2
−19 −19
 q 1∧q 2=1.6 x 10 C∧1.6 x 10
 r =5.3 x 10−11 m
 COULOMB’S LAW [ELECTRIC FORCE]
q1 q 2
F e =k 2
r
2
m −19 −19
(9.0 x 10 ¿ ¿ 9 N ⋅ 2
)(1.6 x 10 C )(1.6 x 10 C)
C
F e= ¿¿ ¿
Fe = 8.2 x 10-8 N
 Given:
NEWTON’S LAW
−11 m2
 G=6.67 4 x 10 N ⋅
kg2
−31 −27
 q 1∧q 2=9.11 x 10 kg∧1.67 x 1 0 kg
 r =5.3 x 10−11 m
 NEWTON’S LAW [UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION]
m1 m2
Fe 35 F g=G
=3.1 x 10 r
2
Fg 2
SOLUTION: m
( 6.674 x 10 ¿ ¿−11 N ⋅ 2 )(9.11 x 10−31 kg)(1.67 x 1
 Given: kg
F g= ¿¿
9 m2
 k =9.0 x 10 N ⋅ Fg = 3.6 x 10-27 N
C2
 q 1∧q 2=( q 1) + 25 nC∧( q2 ) −75 nC
 r = 3.0 cm or 0.030 m
K q1 q 2
F= 2
r
a)
2
m
(9.0 x 109 N ⋅ 2
)(25 x 10−9 C)(−75 x 10−9 C)
C
F 1on 2=
¿¿
F1 on 2 = 0.019 N
b)
2
m9 −9 −9 DESCRIPTION SYMBOL VALUE
(9.0 x 10 N ⋅ 2 )(25 x 10 C)(−75 x 10 C)
C Electron Charge -e -1.60 x 10-19 C
F 2 on1= Electron Mass m 9.11 x 10-31 kg
¿¿
F2 on 1 = 0.019 N Proton Charge +e +1.60 x 10-19 C
Radius of Orbit r 5.29 x 10-11m
UNKNOWN
VARIABLE
Orbit Speed of v ?
Electron

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GENERAL PHYSICS 2

2
9 N ⋅m
 k =9 x 1 0 2
C
SOLUTION: Compute for the magnitudes of F3 and F8.
 Given: -5 µC
 F3: 3 µC and 5 µC; 20 cm
9 N ⋅ m2
 k =9 x 10 2
C
 Micro [x 10-6] q1 and q2 =
−6 −6
3 x 1 0 C∧5 x 1 0 C
FORMULA:  a = 20 cm or 0.20 m
 F = Fc
 Fc – Centripetal Force, then;
mv2 q1 q2
 Fc= and F=k 2 │ q1 ││ q2 │
r r F e =k
a2
2 −6 −6
9 N ⋅m │3 x 10 C ││ 5 x 10 C │
F 3=(9 x 10 2
) 2
C (0.20 m)
F3 = 3.4 N
 F8: 8 µC and 5 µC; 30 cm
2
9 N⋅m
 k =9 x 10 2
C
 Micro [x 10-6] q1 and q2 =
−6 −6
5 x 1 0 C∧5 x 1 0 C
 a = 30 cm or 0.30 m

 v=
SOLUTION:
√ k │−e ││+e │
mr
F e =k
│ q1 ││ q2 │
a2
9 N ⋅m
2 −6 −6
│ 8 x 10 C ││ 5 x 10 C │
 Given: F 8=(9 x 10 2
) 2
2 C (0.30 m )
N∙m 9
 k =8.9876 x 10 2 F8 = 4.0 N
C
 −e∧+ e=−1.6 x 10−19 C∧−1.6 x 10−19 C
 m=9.11 x 1 0−31 kg
 r =5.29 x 10−11 m

v=
√k │−e ││+e │
mr

√
N ∙ m2
9 −19 −19
(8.9876 x 10 2
)(−1.6 x 10 C)│(−1.6 x 10 C)
C
v= −31 −11
( 9.11 x 10 kg)(5.29 x 10 )
v = 2.19 x 106 meters per second

SYSTEM OF POINT CHARGES

 A charge may interact with a system of charges
located at different regions of space.
SOLUTION:
 SUPERPOSITION PRINCIPLE
 Given:
 Force experienced by a charge due to other
Solve for the magnitude of F23
charges is the sum of the Coulomb forces
acting on it due to these other charges.
 F23 = q2 on q3
 Sum of forces on a charge is the vector sum of 9 N ⋅ m2
 k =9 x 10
all contributory forces on the charge. C2
 Micro [M] = x 10-6 (µC)  Micro [x 10-6] q2 and q3 = 2.00 µC and
 Nona [n] = x 10-9 (nC) 5.00 µC
 a = 0.100 m
│ q2 ││ q3 │
F e =k 2
a
N ⋅m 2 │2 x 10−6 C │ │5 x 10−6 C │
F 23=(9 x 109 )
C2 (0.100 m)2
F23 = 9 N
 Given:
Solve for the magnitude of F23

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GENERAL PHYSICS 2

 F13 = q1 on q3 F 3=−1.04 ι+7.96 j

2
9 N⋅m
 k =9 x 10
C2
 Micro [x 10-6] q2 and q3 = 5.00 µC and
5.00 µC
 a = 0.100 m
│ q1 ││ q3 │
F e =k 2
(√ 2 a)
N ⋅ m2 │5 x 10−6 C │ │5 x 10−6 C │
F 13 =(9 x 10 9 2
) 2
C 2(0.100 m)
F23 = 11.25 N

 Given:
Solve for the x and y components of force F13.
 F13x = 11.25 N
 F 13 x =( 11.25 N ) cos 45 ° = 7.96 N
 F 13 y =( 11.25 N ) sin 45 ° = 7.96 N
Find the components of the resultant force acting
on q3.
 F 3 x =F 13 x + F 23 x
F 3 x =7.96 N + (−9 N ) =−1.04 N
 F 3 y =F13 y + F 23 y
F 3 y =7.96 N +0=−7.96 N
 F 3=F3 x + F 3 y