A

PROJECT REPORT ON

“Cfd Analysis And Parameter Optimization Of Convergent

Divergent Nozzle.”
Submitted to the Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University
In fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Technology
In
Aeronautical Engineering
By

Aniket Dhanraj Bhagat Aniket Indal Pawar

(Enrollment No.:-2021102722626 ) (Enrollment No.:- )

Aniket Natthuji Bahure Ankush Vasant Meshram

(Enrollment No.:- ) (Enrollment No.:- )

Arun Akhilesh Buwade Aryan Hirendrakumar Sangole

(Enrollment No.:- ) (Enrollment No.:- )

Under the Guidance of

Prof. Akshay Gedam .

DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING

TULSIRAMJI GAIKWAD-PATIL College of Engineering and
Technology
Wardha Road, Nagpur - 441108
Accredited with NAAC A+ Grade
Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Govt. of Maharashtra
(Affiliated to RTM Nagpur University, Nagpur)

2021-2022

1
 DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
TULSIRAMJI GAIKWAD-PATIL College of Engineering and
Technology
Wardha Road, Nagpur - 441108
Accredited with NAAC A+ Grade
Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Govt. of Maharashtra
(Affiliated to RTM Nagpur University, Nagpur)

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report entitled

“Cfd Analysis And Parameter Optimization Of Convergent

Divergent Nozzle.”
Submitted By

Aniket Dhanraj Bhagat Aniket Indal Pawar

(Enrollment No .:-2021102722626 ) (Enrollment No :- )
Aniket Natthuji Bahure Ankush Vasant Meshram
(Enrollment No.:- ) (Enrollment No.:- )
Arun Akhilesh Buwade Aryan Hirendrakumar Sangole
(Enrollment No.:- ) (Enrollment No.:- )

This is a bonafide work carried out by him/her under the supervision of Prof. Akshay
Gedam and it is submitted towards the fulfillment of the requirement, for the award of
completion of mini-project in Aeronautical Engineering to Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj
Nagpur University.

2
Project Guide
Prof. Akshay Gedam . Project Coordinator
Aniket Dhanraj Bhagat

Vice Principal
Head of Department Anup Gade
Kalpit Kausre

Principal
Dr.Anil V Kale

3
 DECLARATION

We declare that this written submission represents our ideas in our own words and where
other's ideas or words have been included, we have adequately cited and referenced the
original sources. We also declare that we have adhered to all principles of academic
honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any
idea/data/fact/source in our submission. We understand that any violation of the above will
be cause for disciplinary action by the Institute and can also evoke penal action from the
sources which have thus not been properly cited or from whom proper permission has not
been taken when needed.

NAME OF PROJECTEE :- Aniket Dhanraj Bhagat

NAME OF PROJECTEE:- Aniket Indal Pawar

NAME OF PROJECTEE :-Aniket Natthuji Bahure

NAME OF PROJECTEE :-Ankush Vasant Meshram

NAME OF PROJECTEE:- Arun Akhilesh Buwade

NAME OF PROJECTEE:- Aryan Hirendrakumar Sangole

4
5
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our sincere gratitude towards the faculty members who made this

project work successful. We would like to express our thanks to our guide Prof. (
Akshay Gedam) for hearted co-operation and valuable suggestions, technical
guidance throughout the project work. Special thanks to Class In-charge Prof. (In
charge Name) and H.O.D. (Kalpit Kausre) for their kind official support and

encouragement. We would also like to express our deep gratitude towards Principal
and Vice Principal for providing all the facilities and environment for research.
Finally, we would like to thank to all our faculty members of Aeronautical
Engineering Department who helped us directly or indirectly to complete this work
successfully.

Name of Projectees
Aniket Dhanraj Bhagat
Aniket Indal Pawar
Aniket Natthuji Bahure
Ankush Vasant Meshram
Arun Akhilesh Buwade
Aryan Hirendrakumar Sangole

6
 COURSE WORK COMPLETION CERTIFICATE BY
GUIDE

This is to certify that Aniket Dhanraj Bhagat has completed the project work
under my guidance and supervision and that, I have verified the work for its
originality in documentation, problem statement, implementation and results
presented in the project. Any reproduction of other necessary work is with the prior
permission and has given due ownership and included in the references. The data
used for project report has not been copied from any book, journals or websites
directly or indirectly.

Name of Guide : Mr.Akshay Gedam

Date:

Place:

7
 LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. No. Illustration Page No.

3.1 Block Diagram of Reconfiguration 14
3.2 Internal block diagram of Actuator unit. 15
3.3 Flow Diagram of Reconfiguration System 15
3.4 Data flow diagram of Reconfiguration 18
4.1 Atmel (AT 89S52) 21
4.2 Development Board 22
4.3 RS232 23
4.4 Max232 24
4.5 LM7805 26
4.6 L293D 27
4.7 VB Toolbox 29
5.1 Circuit Diagram of Reconfiguration System 30
5.2 Control State Diagram 31
6.1 Experimental Setup of System 33
6.2 GUI for Processing System by user 1 34
6.3 GUI for Processing System by user 2 35
6.4 GUI for Processing System by user 3 36
6.5 GUI for Processing System by user 4 37
6.6 GUI for Processing System by user 5 38
6.7 Graphical Analysis 41

LIST OF TABLES
Table No Illustration Page No.
6.1 Generation of MDL Code 39
6.2 Comparison for Action taken 40

8
PAPER PUBLICATION DETAILS

9
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

API Application Program Interface

CPLD Complex Programmable Logic Device
CTS Clear to Send
DC Direct Current
10
DCS Distributed Control System
DTE Data Terminal Equipment
DCE Data Communication Equipment
FMS Flexible Manufacturing System
GND Ground
GUI Graphical User Interface
HW Hardware
IOT Internet of Things
IC Integrated Circuit
LCD Liquid Crystal Display
LED Light Emitting Diode
MDL Model Design Language
MDLA Model Driven Layered Architecture
OS Operating System
RMS Reconfigure Manufacturing System
TTL Transistor-Transistor logic
VB6 Visual Basics Version 6
WSN Wireless Sensor Network

11
12
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter no. Name of Chapter Page No.

Certificate i
Declaration ii
Certificate for Conduct of Examination iii
Acknowledgment iv
Abstract v
List of figure vi
List of Table vii
List of Abbreviations viii
List of Publications ix
Industry Sponsored Certificate x
1 Introduction 1-10
1.1 Introduction
1.2
1.3
1.3.1
1.3.2
1.3.3
1.3.4
1.3.5
1.3.6
1.4
1.5
2. Literature Surveys 11-15
2.1 Introduction
2.2
3. Formulation of present work 16-20
3.1 Introduction
3.2
3.3

13
3.3.1
3.3.2
3.3.3
4. Design calculation 21-29
4.1 Introduction
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.4
4.5
5. CAD Model 30-32
5.1 Introduction
5.2
5.3
6. Analysis 33-41
6.1 Introduction
6.2
6.3
7. Results and Discussion 42-47
7.1 Introduction
7.2
7.3
8 Conclusion 48-55
8.1 Introduction
8.2
8.3
9 Application and Future Scope 56-58
9.1 Introduction
9.2
9.3
References
Appendix I: Plagiarism Report

14
Appendix II: Publish Papers, Publications
Certificates
Appendix III: Course work Completion Certificate
by Guide.
Appendix IV: Design Iteration tables
Appendix V: Bill Material
Appendix VI: Photo of Project Model with Guide
and Students

15
1. Introduction:

1.1 Introduction: In flight at high altitude and high forward speeds, the use of a convergent-
divergent Propelling nozzle on turbo-jet or ram-jet engines is essential in order to achieve
the greatest possible net thrust.

1.2 However, at the off-design condition, such as would occur at take-off or when flying at
reduced speed, a fixed geometry divergent nozzle is inefficient due to the large negative
pressure thrust which arises as the result of over expansion within the nozzle.

1.3 Before the part load performance of an engine fitted with a fixed divergent nozzle can
be calculated, it is necessary to know under what condition the nozzle runs full and how the
position of internal shock varies with the applied pressure ratio.

1.3.1 The nozzle is a mechanical device designed to control the direction or characteristics
of a fluid flow. It is a specially shaped tube through which hot gases flow.

1.3.2 Nozzles are frequently used to control the rate of flow, speed, direction, mass, shape,
and/or the pressure of the stream that emerges from them.

1.3.3 Nozzles come in a variety of shapes and sizes depending on the mission of the
aircraft. Simple turbojets, and turboprops, often have a fixed geometry convergent nozzle.
Turbofan engines often employ a co-annular nozzle.

1.3.4 The core flow exits the center nozzle while the fan flow exits the annular nozzle.
Mixing of the two flows provides some thrust enhancement and these nozzles tend to be
quieter than convergent nozzles.

1.3.5 Afterburning turbojets and turbofans require a variable geometry convergent-

divergent - CD nozzle. In this nozzle, the flow first converges down to the minimum area
or throat and then is expanded through the divergent section to the exit at the right.

1.3.6 The variable geometry causes these nozzles to be heavier than a fixed geometry
nozzle, but variable geometry provides efficient engine operation over a wider airflow
range than a simply fixed nozzle

1.4

1.5

16
2.Literature Surveys

2.1 Introduction: When nozzles were invented, their purpose was primarily to change the
characteristic of the flow such as an increase in pressure or velocity. In 1890 Swedish
engineer and inventor Karl Gustaf Patrik de Laval developed a convergent-divergent
nozzle that had the capacity to increase a steam jet to a supersonic state. This nozzle was
termed as de Laval nozzle and later was used for rocket propulsion. An American engineer
Robert Goddard would be the first to integrate a de Laval nozzle in connection with a
combustion chamber, increasing efficiency and achieving supersonic velocities in the
region of Mach 7. The typical uses for a de Laval nozzle fall under the category of
rocket propulsion; however, there has been an increase for the use of the supersonic
nozzle in other areas. The American military has been using rocket nozzles to apply high
velocity particles, which are a combination of metals, ceramics, and polymeric materials,
onto the surfaces of weapon systems

As the use of de Laval nozzles in rocket design have become prominent, so have the
parameters of the nozzle. Several research papers and works have been done 29 to
optimize the nozzle to meet certain criteria more effectively. Due to the multi- objective
optimization of this project, this survey is focused on de Laval nozzle simulation and
optimization. In 2012 Karla Quintano published a master thesis that detailed work in
adjusting the shape parameters of the de Laval nozzle in order to find an optimal setup for
making the gas flow exiting the condi-nozzle more uniform. Several software programs
were used for the work. A FORTRAN code was used to develop 40 different nozzle
shapes. ANSYSand mode Frontier were used to optimize specified parameters of the
shapes, and to run simulations on flow and heat transfer. The thesis results showed that
the shape of the nozzle had a significant impact on exit flow formation

Jean-Baptiste Mbuyamba published a dissertation regarding nozzle design for a cold gas
dynamic spray. While not directly related to rocket nozzles, the dissertation
considers de Laval nozzles for design. It also describes several theoretical elements
regarding compressible gas flow in a convergent-divergent nozzle as well as methods to
simulate and calculate specific parameters

The process of optimization began with a detailed literary research in order to find all
relevant information on supersonic nozzles. This project had a large emphasis on the
behavior of flow consisting primarily of compressible fluids. Modeling the flow of air as
an ideal cold gas was done using a variety of software platforms such as ANSYS fluent,
and a LOCI FORTRAN program. Furthermore, a hot-gas application was modeled
following the exact testing conditions as the cold gas while utilizing software programs to
analyze different fluid gradients such as pressure, temperature, density, and velocity. A
Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) program, mode Frontier, was run to optimize
the supersonic nozzle using a variety of geometric configurations

The nozzle shape is fundamental in the design process of a CD nozzle the walls have
number of parabolas governed by partial differential equations. These partial
17
differential equations are reduced to ordinary differential equations by methods of
characteristics. Contour nozzle was chosen was expansion region due to its ability to
expand efficiently and it took only 80 percent of length taken by conical nozzle to provide
same area ratio. G.V.R. Rao determined that parabola was a good approximation for
contour curve and can be tangent to the exit, this allows the parabola to be determined by
simple geometric analysis.

The throat approach radius of 1.5 rt and throat expansion radius of .4 rt were used
for plotting the de Laval nozzle 30

In order to the study the behavior of bodies immersed in a supersonic gas stream in respect
to shock wave patterns, wake patterns etc, a water channel has been designed and set up
at Chemical Engineering laboratories, Prototype Development Section (PDS),
Chemical Engineering and Technology group, BARC 

The aerodynamic design, and performance evaluation of two exhaust nozzles that could be
employed on a vehicle operating over a flight profile beginning with a subsonic launch and
accelerating to a flight Mach number exceeding 4. These requirements were set forth by
the Air Vehicle Base Line (AVBL) study commissioned by the Office of Naval
Research (ONR), relating to the time critical strike mission. This flight profile is very
similar to that considered by the NASA Revolutionary Turbine Accelerator(RTA)
development effort 

18
2.1 Introduction

A de Laval nozzle (or convergent-divergent nozzle, CD nozzle or con-di nozzle) is a

tube which is pinched in the middle, making a carefully balanced,
asymmetric hourglass shape. It is used to accelerate a compressible fluid to supersonic
speeds in the axial (thrust) direction, by converting the thermal energy of the flow
into kinetic energy. De Laval nozzles are widely used in some types of steam
turbines and rocket engine nozzles. It also sees use in supersonic jet engines.

Similar flow properties have been applied to jet streams within astrophysics.[1]

Contents

 1History
 2Operation
 3Conditions for operation
 4Analysis of gas flow in de Laval nozzles
 5Exhaust gas velocity
 6Mass flow rate
 7See also

2.2 History:

Giovanni Battista Venturi designed converging-diverging tubes known as Venturi tubes to

experiment the effects in fluid pressure reduction while flowing through chokes (Venturi
effect). German engineer and inventor Ernst Körting supposedly switched to a converging-
diverging nozzle in his steam jet pumps by 1878 after using convergent nozzles but these
nozzles remained a company secret.[2] Later, Swedish engineer Gustaf De Laval applied his
own converging diverging nozzle design for use on his impulse turbine in the year 1888.[3][4]
[5][6]

Laval's Convergent-Divergent nozzle was first applied in a rocket engine by Robert

Goddard. Most modern rocket engines that employ hot gas combustion use de Laval
nozzles.

19
Longitudinal section of RD-107 rocket engine (Tsiolkovsky State Museum of the History
of Cosmonautics

2.3 Operation

Its operation relies on the different properties of gases flowing at subsonic, sonic,

and supersonic speeds. The speed of a subsonic flow of gas will increase if the pipe
carrying it narrows because the mass flow rate is constant. The gas flow through a de Laval
nozzle is isentropic (gas entropy is nearly constant). In a subsonic flow sound will
propagate through the gas. At the "throat", where the cross-sectional area is at its minimum,
the gas velocity locally becomes sonic (Mach number = 1.0), a condition called choked
flow. As the nozzle cross-sectional area increases, the gas begins to expand and the gas
flow increases to supersonic velocities where a sound wave will not propagate backward
through the gas as viewed in the frame of reference of the nozzle (Mach number > 1.0).

As the gas exits the throat the increase in area allows for it to undergo a Joule-
Thompson expansion wherein the gas expands at supersonic speeds from high to low
pressure pushing the velocity of the mass flow beyond sonic speed.

20
When comparing the general geometric shape of the nozzle between the rocket and the jet
engine, it only looks different at first glance, when in fact is about the same essential facts
are noticeable on the same geometric cross-sections - that the combustion chamber in the
jet engine must have the same "throat" (narrowing) in the direction of the outlet of the gas
jet, so that the turbine wheel of the first stage of the jet turbine is always positioned
immediately behind that narrowing, while any on the further stages of the turbine are
located at the larger outlet cross section of the nozzle, where the flow accelerates

2.4 Conditions for operation

A de Laval nozzle will only choke at the throat if the pressure and mass flow through the
nozzle is sufficient to reach sonic speeds, otherwise no supersonic flow is achieved, and it
will act as a Venturi tube; this requires the entry pressure to the nozzle to be significantly
above ambient at all times (equivalently, the stagnation pressure of the jet must be above
ambient).

In addition, the pressure of the gas at the exit of the expansion portion of the exhaust of a
nozzle must not be too low. Because pressure cannot travel upstream through the
supersonic flow, the exit pressure can be significantly below the ambient pressure into
which it exhausts, but if it is too far below ambient, then the flow will cease to
be supersonic, or the flow will separate within the expansion portion of the nozzle, forming
an unstable jet that may "flop" around within the nozzle, producing a lateral thrust and
possibly damaging it.

In practice, ambient pressure must be no higher than roughly 2–3 times the pressure in the
supersonic gas at the exit for supersonic flow to leave the nozzle

2.5 Analysis of gas flow in de Laval nozzles

The analysis of gas flow through de Laval nozzles involves a number of concepts and
assumptions:

 For simplicity, the gas is assumed to be an ideal gas.

 The gas flow is isentropic (i.e., at constant entropy). As a result, the flow

is reversible (frictionless and no dissipative losses), and adiabatic (i.e., no heat
enters or leaves the system).

 The gas flow is constant (i.e., in steady state) during the period of
the propellant burn.

 The gas flow is along a straight line from gas inlet to exhaust gas exit (i.e., along the
nozzle's axis of symmetry)

 The gas flow behaviour is compressible since the flow is at very

high velocities (Mach number > 0.3).

21
2.6 Exhaust gas velocity

As the gas enters a nozzle, it is moving at subsonic velocities. As the cross-sectional area

contracts the gas is forced to accelerate until the axial velocity becomes sonic at the nozzle
throat, where the cross-sectional area is the smallest. From the throat the cross-sectional
area then increases, allowing the gas to expand and the axial velocity to become
progressively more supersonic.

The linear velocity of the exiting exhaust gases can be calculated using the following
equation:

where:

ve = exhaust velocity at nozzle exit,

T = absolute temperature of inlet gas,

R = universal gas law constant,

M = the gas molecular mass (also known as the molecular weight)

γ = cp/cv = isentropic expansion factor

 ( cp and cv are specific heats of the gas at constant pressure and constant volume
respectively),

pe = absolute pressure of exhaust gas at nozzle exit,

p = absolute pressure of inlet gas.

Some typical values of the exhaust gas velocity ve for rocket engines burning various
propellants are:

 1,700 to 2,900 m/s (3,800 to 6,500 mph) for liquid monopropellants,

 2,900 to 4,500 m/s (6,500 to 10,100 mph) for liquid bipropellants,

 2,100 to 3,200 m/s (4,700 to 7,200 mph) for solid propellants.

22
As a note of interest, ve is sometimes referred to as the ideal exhaust gas velocity because it
is based on the assumption that the exhaust gas behaves as an ideal gas.

As an example calculation using the above equation, assume that the propellant combustion
gases are: at an absolute pressure entering the nozzle p = 7.0 MPa and exit the rocket
exhaust at an absolute pressure pe = 0.1 MPa; at an absolute temperature of T = 3500 K;
with an isentropic expansion factor γ = 1.22 and a molar mass M = 22 kg/kmol. Using those
values in the above equation yields an exhaust velocity ve = 2802 m/s, or 2.80 km/s, which
is consistent with above typical values.

Technical literature often interchanges without note the universal gas law constant R, which
applies to any ideal gas, with the gas law constant Rs, which only applies to a specific
individual gas of molar mass M. The relationship between the two constants is Rs = R/M.

2.7 Mass flow rate

In accordance with conservation of mass the mass flow rate of the gas throughout the
nozzle is the same regardless of the cross-sectional area.[10]

where:

m/t = mass flow rate,

A = cross-sectional area ,

Pt = total pressure,

Tt = total temperature,

γ = Cp/Cv = isentropic expansion factor,

R = gas constant,

Ma = Mach number

M = the gas molecular mass (also known as the molecular weight)

23
When the throat is at sonic speed Ma = 1 where the equation simplifies to:

By Newton's third law of motion the mass flow rate can be used to determine the force
exerted by the expelled gas by:

F=m/t * Ve

where:

F = force exerted,

M° = mass flow rate,

Ve = exit velocity at nozzle exit

In aerodynamics, the force exerted by the nozzle is defined as the thrust.

24
3. Formulation of present work

3.1Introduction: The release of heat energy in the combustor serves to raise the internal
energy of the combustion products. In order to create thrust, it is necessary to convert that
energy into kinetic energy and thereby increase the velocity of the flow when it exits the
propulsion device. A simple device for accelerating a fluid in the nozzle, a duct whose area
is varied in such a fashion as to increase the velocity of the flow through it. The following
assumptions have been taken for simplification to be made without introducing error in the
analysis:

1. Steady one-dimensional flow

2. Adiabatic flow
3. No shaft work
4. The area on both the side of the shock may be considered the same

3.1

3.2

3.3

3.3.1

3.3.2

3.3.3

25
4. Design Calculation

4.1 Introduction

 1.Convergent Angle (α)

 2.Divergent Angle (β)
 3.Convergent Section Length (C.S.L)
 4.Divergent Section Length (D.S.L)
 5.Inlet Length (I.L)
 6.Outlet Length(O.L)

4.2

4.3

4.4

4.4

4.5

26
5. CAD Model

5.1 Introduction: In order to create the CFD model of CD nozzle first, we need to
create the project schematic in Ansys workbench. CFD fluent workbench used for the
modeling and analysis of CD nozzle. First of all, we need to create the 2D sketch of
nozzle geometry in Ansys design modular setup and convert it to the 2D plain
geometry. The modeling has done in geometry workbench by using sketch and
modeling tools. There are several commands available in geometry workbench by
which we are able to create any complex geometry also same as other modeling
software.

5.2 Meshing of geometry: In order to create the meshing of a geometry, we need to

switch the workbench from geometry to meshing. After creating the geometry, it is
required to divide the control volume into a smaller number of Nodes and element of
finite size, therefore it is called a finite volume method. The method of splitting the
Control volume into small finite size volume is known as a meshing of the control
volume

FIG 2: MESHING OF C-D NOZZLE

5.3

27
6. Analysis

6.1 Introduction :Computational fluid dynamics is a science that, with the help of digital
computers, produces quantitative predictions of fluid flow phenomena based on
the conservation laws (mass, momentum and energy) governing fluid flow. This
predication normally occurs under those conditions defined in terms of flow geometry,
the physical properties of a fluid, and boundary and initial conditions of a flow.

6.2 In order to do analysis Ansys workbench has been used .the modal geometry has
created in Ansys design modular with the help of all sketching tools.

Then geometry is meshed by finite volume method as many possible nodes and
elements have been created. Split face is created to make the mesh finer to obtain best
results.

Names also given to all section like Inlet, Outlet, Walls, Throat Etc. Material used are
aluminium.

In setup of Ansys SST k-omega turbulence model is used and the modal is based on
density based. The boundary condition applied to cd nozzle geometry .for inlet taken as
pressure inlet at which pressure taken as 30,0000 pa and inlet Temperature as 300k .
walls has been stationary and all other standards conditions . Outlet taken as pressure
outlet with gauge pressure as 0 and temperature same as inlet . Walls as, wall motion as
stationary and wall shear boundary condition is no slip

6.3 Report definitions taken as coefficient of drag, drag force, coefficient of lift, and lift
force. By standard initialization solution is initialize, and by using iteration method the
plot of report definitions is found .then all the contour of pressure ,velocity Mach
number ,and temperature has obtain in CFD Post all the report is generated

28
7. Results and Discussion

7.1 Introduction : In The First Phase, We Compare The Result Obtained By The Analysis
Of C-D Nozzle With The Experimental Method Referred To “CFD Analysis And
Parameter Optimization Of Divergent Convergent Nozzle” Done By Uttam Kumar, Sudhir
Singh Rajput , Dr. Praveen Borkar. For The Same Geometry Of CD Nozzle. The
Experimental Result Was Performed By Taking The Convergent And Divergent Angle
About 38° And 23° Angle. The Similar Geometry Of Dc Nozzle Was Created In Ansys
Student VERSION And Same Boundary Condition Applied For The Analyses. The Inlet
Pressure For The Nozzle Is 3e5 Pa And The Outlet Contour Set The Pressure Outlet To
Find Out The Pressure Ration In Between The Inlet And Outlet

CASE1: α=180 & β= 130 CASE 2: α=230 & β= 160

CASE 3: α= 280 & β=190 CASE4: α= 330 & β=230

CASE 5 : α=380 & β=230

PRESSURE CONTURE OF CD NOZZLE

29
7.2 Mach number distribution in DC Nozzle :In the nozzle exit section of research
results produced by the static pressure and Mach number contour of the CFD should be
corresponding design parameters. The supersonic condition found thanks to the worth
of ratio at the exit location and its value is near about one at the throat location.. The
most value of Mach number found within the fifth configuration of the parameter, and
it's about 38° and 23° at the convergent and divergent section

At the inlet location, it’s but adequate the one which represents the subsonic condition
found at ……… convergent and divergent angle

MACH NO CONTORE OF CD NOZZLE

30
CASE1: α=180 & β= 130 CASE 2: α=230 & β= 160

CASE4: α= 330 & β=230

CASE 3: α= 280 & β=190

CASE 5 : α=380 & β=230

31
Mach Number Plot On Walls Of Cd Nozzle

Mach No Plot On Outlet Of Cd Nozzle

32
8. Conclusion

8.1 Introduction

The highest Mach no fond on fifth case having convergent angle α=380 & divergent
angle as β=230

8.2

8.3

33
9 Application and Future Scope

9.1 Introduction

9.2

9.3

34
References

Appendix I: Plagiarism Report

Appendix II: Publish Papers, Publications Certificates

Appendix III: Course work Completion Certificate by Guide.

Appendix IV: Design Iteration tables

Appendix V: Bill Material

Appendix VI: Photo of Project Model with Guide and Students

35