FIVE DAY WORKWEEK

There are 3.32 billion employees working in Organization and industries across the world; out of
that 470 million employees are there across India which has 1,91,705.78 rs per capita income.
(Statista)

The term ‘Workweek’ stands for the time spent at work, and the term ‘Weekend’ stands for the
time spent away from work. At the time of the industrial revolution, the number of work hours
went up to 10 hours per day. There were no rules defining the maximum number of days for
weekends till Henry Ford, (an American industrialist, business magnate, founder of the Ford
Motor Company, and chief developer of the assembly line technique of mass production)
declared Five day work week.

But he introduce a five-day workweek with a pay of six days, employees an workers get pay of
one day extra to spend time away from work. “Leisure Time” defined by Henry ford is quite
essential for productivity. . On May 1, 1926, the Ford Motor Company's factory workers and
employees switched to a five-day with 40-hour workweek. (Admin, 2010) [7]

In the era, where society draws its attention to work-life balance, more and more employees have
started adopting different types of family-friendly environment to fulfill their work and family
responsibilities at same time. Family-friendly employment is classified into three categories:
flexibility work arrangement, Parental leave and family support. So employers can implement
flexibility in work according to the organization's affordability and employees' needs. This above
measure introduces five-day workweek system is one of the employment customs with five days
on duty and 2 days off a week, normally on Saturday and Sunday.[1]
When this system was first introduced by Ford Corporation in the 1920s, by limiting working
hours per week up to 40 hours, nevertheless 48 hours a week were common at that time.
Originally it was intended to reduce production scale, with maintaining employment during the
global recession in those days.
However, while the big companies having a lot of management skill could introduce this system
easily, there were a lot of medium and small business that are forced to introduce it by a need for
putting together for the shift of the big companies, or by a need for the compliance with laws
(because the legal working hours in the Labour Standards Law are 40 hours, then all forms have
to set 5 days week if we assume labour for eight hours for five days on weekdays).
In these situations, "unpaid overtime" frequently resulted and had potential negative impact in
form of reduced labour motivation and declining health of employees.The Balance between
professional and private life has also been impacted by the increase of work and the loss of
leisure time.
With regards to the employer’s disadvantages seen are the extra costs for payment of overtime,
potentially reduced marginal productivity, risk of illnesses and accidents at work due to
employee’s poor health.
4 DAYS WORK WEEK CULTURE
Furthermore covid-19 has changed the whole scenario of working culture across the globe. Due
to social challenges companies started adopting four-days work week culture. Four days work
week culture involves reduced working hours, without reducing the salary of employee. In recent
years some countries like India, Spain, New Zealand have started implementing 4 days work
week culture.(Chung, 2022) A strongest reason to adopt four days work week culture is
improved productivity. Longer working hours lead to negative health outcome like absenteeism,
sickness. Reduced working hours allows employee to spend his/her free time for other activities.
(New, n.d.)
LABOUR CODE
The empowerment of workers is essential for prosperous and Aatmanirbhar Bharat. There are
more than 50 crore of workers are working comprise of unorganized and organized sector.
Initially, the working class was entangled in web of multiple labour legislations. The central
government has taken a revolutionary step in right direction to provide them freedom in true
sense. For this, the Central Government has taken historical step of codifying 29 laws into 4
codes, so worker can get the security along with respect, health and other welfare with ease.
These reforms will contribute to a better working environment, which will accelerate the pace of
economic growth.
So there are the four codes are the Industrial Relations Code, Social Security Code, Code on
Wages, and Code on Occupational Safety, Health, and Working Conditions. Under the new
provision of labor laws, instead of the standard 5-day work week, companies can permit their
staffs to work 4 days per week. A number of aspects related to employment and work culture, in
general, might change – including the working hours, productivity, quality of life, physical and
mental health of employee.
As the new labor codes are implemented, there’s a likelihood that employees in India may be
able to get the benefits of a four-day workweek from next year, as opposed to current five-day
workweek in that case, however, employees will have to work for 12 hours on those four days
since the labor ministry has made it clear that if the proposal comes through, the 48-hour weekly
work requirement has to be met. (Deccan herald) [5]
Due to global pandemic, work from home, hybrid working, and remote working aren’t new
concepts anymore. As many employees continue and prefer to work in a mixed fashion now,
asking all employees to return to work five days a week is tough. To meet such challenges,
government of India comes up with 4-days workweek culture. [1]

GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE ON FOUR DAY WORKWEEK

The United Arab Emirates (UAE) was the first country in world to adopt the 4-day work week
and the United states has been experimenting with the 4-day work week since 1990. Numerous
world leaders such as Vladimir Putin and New Zealand Prime Minister Jacinda Adernminister
Dmitry Medvedevamong have also promoted a change to a four- day work week.
Prime minister of Japan, Yoshihide Suga, also intended to promote work-life balance and the
acquisition of new skills in mean time. In an effort to tackle the concept of "Karoshi," which is
Japanese term for "death from overwork” which means overtime and overwork deterioeted
physical and mental health which leads to which leads to increase suicidal attempts. Microsoft
tried out a four-day workweek at its office there and discovered that its staff members were not
only happier but also noticeably more productive. Work Life Choice Challenge was advertised in
Microsoft Japan with the motto "work for a limited period, relax well, and learn more." (10)

Several companies including Wildbit have also adopted this work custom in 2017 and founded
positive impact on employees as more emphasis was given to the outcomes and efficiency than
number of hours worked in a day.(8) (fontanelle,2022)

A study done in New Zealand on employees of Unilever showed significant improvement in

productivity and work-life balance of employees when 4-day work week was implemented.
(New Zealand herald), (Bloomberg)[9]

A few other nations have also tried to experiment with more flexible work schedules. Such as
Spain started a 32-hour workweek in an effort to boost employee productivity, mental health, and
overall work-life balance. A 50 million euro project was also proposed that would enable
businesses to implement four-day workweeks.[11](Guardian,2021)

Some Study reveal that many companies adopt four days working culture where Belgian Labour
Minister Pierre Yves Dermagne said that the decision resides with the worker,“This has to be
done at request of the employee, with the employer giving solid reason any refusal”. That means
the employee would be able to plea a Four day working week, employee would able to work
longer each of four days and would able to spend Quality time as per their convenience also they
can do some efforts to health and physical fitness.[12] (Kelly, 2022)
NEED FOR SHORTER WORKING WEEK
Different workplaces around the world have different work-culture. The working culture of
western countries and India can be clearly distinguished from one another. We see a better and
upgraded standard of living in the western part of the world due to the adoption of flexible
working models (32 hours , 4 days workweek) for their employees and understanding the
complete difference between personal and professional life.
Reduction in overtime
In India employees generally works more than their schedule time as per the need of
organization. Most of us consider work to be our first priority whereas it should be of equal
importance to our personal life.
Employees in the private sector have to work overtime , past their working hours to increase
productivity and the company’s target.[1] Moving to a 4 days working week is seen as a
necessary step in liberating people from the restriction and deprivation of work. Beyond that it is
seen as important step in extending the freedom of people to realize their talent in other
economic activities with the reduction in overtime by getting simultaneously 3 days off in a

week.[2] H1

Oaxaca, R.L. (2014) The effect of overtime regulations on employment, IZA World of Labor.
Available at: https://wol.iza.org/articles/effect-of-overtime-regulations-on-employment/v1
(Accessed: December 19, 2022).

standard workweek hours and overtime hours is better regulated in the modern working models
like 4 days workweek giving the flexibility to employees to boost their incentives by multiple
job holding.[3]
Talent Attraction and Retention
According to Henley Business School , reports that the companies that adopted a 4 day
workweek found that over 3 quarters of staffs (78%) were happier , less stressed(70%) and took
fewer days off ill(62%). In addition they would be less likely to quit their job and seek
alternative employment, which ultimately leads to reduction in recruitment cost and overall cost
by rising productivity, increasing worker's moral and reducing the turnover cost. Moving to 4
days week has already saved UK businesses an estimated 92 billion EUROs annually.
One of the major reason of their retention could be the travelling cost hiking in current working
culture which can be pulled down by shorter workweek. Comparing to the benefits of 557.8
millions fewer miles per week on average the UK employees are able to cut down their transport
cost.
Citizens of Netherland on average only work 29 hours per week , lowest in the industrialized
world. As a result , they have a high employment rate. They prioritize time with their families or
participating in nonwork related activities but still able to maintain high rate of productivity. This
could be the major attractions for the employers to have a employment in the organizations
adopting the shorter workweek. These examples are urging India to experiment on modern
working models for giving more flexibility to their working culture.[4]
The 4 day Workweek and the Environment
It is a common misconception that industry and big business are responsible for global warming
but a Multinational study found that the way we live , work and consume are the primary sources
of emission. By the introduction of shorter workweek will reduce the working hours that will
have the positive effects on reducing carbon emissions, because of the changes in behavior,
including reduced commuter travel, eating home-cooked food rather than convenience foods, and
spending more time locally would actually stops the consumption of high carbon products.
The “green growther” movement is a group that believes that shorter workweek with no cutting
salaries can help economies continue to grow while significantly improving energy-efficiency
and decreasing emissions.
Improves Gender Inequality
During the pandemic, the gender equality in the workplace has taken a few steps back, about 3
million women left the labour market in US 2020. Studies shown that women had to drop out
from the workforce due to antiquated notions of care giving that lead to gender inequalities in the
home, coupled with stress from their jobs and the pandemic itself left women with no options
and are struggling from burn out than ever before.
It is obvious that something needs to be changed, and the 4 days workweek was the solution for
many countries like US to bring equality in workplace and giving ample time to specially women
to carry their household responsibilities along with their jobs in hand. It will also allow more
flexibility for parents to spend their extra day of running necessary errands and dealing with
other family matters- allowing them to be more focused and productive when they are working.
Shorter working hours looks like a promising tool to reduce overtime, improves life expectancy,
retention rate, gender equality and the environment.

QUALITY OF LIFE

The world health organization explains “quality of life as a subjective evaluation of one’s
perception of their reality relative to their goals as observed through their working culture and
value system.” It simply means how much a person can enjoy the valued possibilities of their
life.

Improved quality of life for workers is the primary goal of the four day workweek. Having 3
days off after working a four days allows people to devote more time to their personal priorities
like: Spending quality time with family and friends, Doctor appointments, Personal development,
Education, Travel, Hobbies, Home maintenance and improvements,[13]
 - The University of Oklahoma School of Social Work

“A case study on four day workweek at perpetual guardian- New Zealand” suggests that The
various factors such as stress , work-life balance, commitment, leadership,
stimulation ,empowerment considered to improve the organization’s performance and the result
are represented and compared to the study the performance as before and after the
implementation of 4 day workweek.

The results from different global organisations for bringing more balance in employees life
arrosed the interest of Indian researcher and economist in four day work week . [14][15]

K.R. Shyam Sundar, a labor economist said Employees are likely to be thrilled with the
possibility of spending extra time on leisure activity and recover effectively from their weekly
pressure. when people invest more time or involvement in their combined work and family roles
brings more satisfaction and work-family balance.[11]. (Greenhaus et al., 2003) Working with
meaning and purpose is the real goal of minimising work time, not just freedom from work. It is
not only important to find ways to create more free time, but also doing work that increase your
happiness level is more important (Spencer, 2022)[16] also `shorter workdays is to facilitate
people living more sustainably, It might free up time for low-carbon activities By reducing
"convenience" purchasing and energy-intensive travel, more leisure time can promote resource-
friendly behaviour.
A relationship between productivity and work-life balance
An Indian business intelligence company Beroe made the announcement of 4-day workweek in
2017 in order to help the employees to gain better work-life balance without loss of productivity.
The company offers numbers to support its decision, productivity raised 200% and customer
satisfaction increased to 9/10, versus 8.3 before the change. Employees satisfaction on a scale of
0-5, client from a low of 3 six year ago to 4.3 recently.
Therefore the study suggests the urge of employees to organization to support their personal
development and leisure activities that could well aligned to reach the goals and objectives of
the company to accomplish.[17]
PRODUCTIVITY
Productivity is the efficiency of goods and service produced by manufacturing and service
industry. In 2002, OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) defined it
by the ratio of an aggregate output to a single input typically over a period of time, i.e. “volume
measure of output to the volume measure of input”. Volume measures of output are  gross
domestic product (GDP) or gross value added (GVA) and Volume measure of input hours
worked, workforce jobs and number of people in employment. General example of Labor
productivity often referred to as Workforce productivity is the aggregate of goods and services
provided by groups of workers produce in a given period of time. At the national level,
productivity growth increase living standards due to more real income improved people's ability
to purchase goods and services (whether they are luxuries or necessaries), enjoy leisure, improve
education and contribute to social and environmental programs.[18]

According to the UAE government, "Longer weekends will increase productivity and enhance
work-life balance beginning January 1, 2022." The administration declare that, going forward, all
Friday sermons and gratitude will be held after 1.15 pm in accordance with the announcement.
[19] [Wam,(2021)]. The regulation of large firms, the service sector, and the determination of
employee production are all significantly impacted by productivity. Productivity has some effect
on output as it rises.

Henry Ford (1926) said that after two days off, employees are "so fresh and bright" and "put their
efforts more mindfully and sparingly at work." They believe that holidays provide opportunities
for persons who are more skilled at using their time effectively. Ford had made the decision to
increase productivity since it was predict that employees would put more effort into their job in
exchange for more free time. Ford also consider decent leisure time was good for business,
giving workers additional time to purchase and consume more goods. Ford explained, "It is high
time to rid ourselves of the notion that leisure for workmen is either 'lost time' or a class
privilege”. [20].

However, at the same time as productivity is seen as one of the most vital factors affecting in
Business Management and Other firms. Many companies have many programs to improve
productivity, whether they have programs or not companies frequently looking for drives to
improve the quality. So one of the way improve productivity as well as leisure time is Four day
workweek, a research says that there were increase in leisure time when companies were tried
the four days work week when it compare to five/six-day workweek. Businesses attempt to
determine how productivity will impact working hours and working time daily and weekly in
order to ensure compliance with the four-day rule. According to some researchers findings,
productivity among workers rises when daily working hours are increased and productivity rises
when workers return from the weekend. (Collewet,2017)[21].

As in most published research, standardized measurements of productivity, including task performance

and task accuracy, have been relatively short in terms of length and scope. Subsequent experimental
studies have generally supported that there are the different environmental especially the surrounded
environment like effect of color on human performance, color and arousability, visual complexity and
arousability. [work productivity].Some scientists show that productivity measure by “Efficiency”. As per
them efficiency comprising of two components technical efficiency and allocative efficiency. Technical
efficiency of organization must have maximal output from the resources available know as set of
input .Allocative efficiency of organization must have optimal balance of inputs. In which one output is
measure by three inputs labor, capital and material and relation between them at a given time.[2](work
productivity 3). Jarkas, Kadri and Youne studied the factor of labour productivity as skills of labor and
motivation of labor which determined the productivity of labor on construction process. Unskilled and
poorly trained labourers are commonly characterized with low and faulty outputs coupled with
unjustifiably high inputs.(work productivity 4).

A number of studies have demonstrated that productivity eventually rises as the number of hours
worked lowers. According to a poll taken in March 2020, persons who work four-day weeks
experience less burnout and are more satisfied with their lives than those who work five-day.[22]
(Ronen & Primps, 1981).

We can determine income per head with help of GDP per capita. A country's gross domestic
product (GDP) at purchasing power parity (PPP) per capita is the PPP value of all final goods
and services produced within an economy in a given year, divided by the average (or mid-year)
population for the same year. This is similar to nominal GDP per capita, but adjusted for the cost
of living in each country.

A key performance indicator (KPI) is a measurable value that demonstrates how effectively a
company is achieving key business objectives. Ultimately business objectives achieve by the
coordination of employees. Organizations use KPIs to evaluate their progress and success at
reaching targets. In simple terms, a KPI is a goal that you work towards achieving.

Efficiency Wages Theory

Adam Smith gives theory related to productivity. He states that efficiency wages theory which
refers to the level of wages paid to employees is more than minimum wages to boost
productivity, attract and retain skilled workers and ensure trust and loyalty. Efficiency wages
considerations provide strong incentives for establishing long-term relationships between
employers and employees. Wage payments may serve as installment payments for the long term
when long-term obligation job contracts become more prevalent (Katz, 1986). [23]

PHYSICAL FITNESS AND WORK LIFE BALANCE

The American Heart Association says, “Physical activity boosts mental wellness. Regular
physical activity can relieve tension, stress, anxiety, depression, and anger. You may feel a good
sensation immediately following your physical activity, and most people also note an
improvement in general well-being over time as physical activity becomes a part of their
routine.” Physical health is the overall well-being of the body and the proper functioning of every
organ of individuals, who are not suffering from any kind of disorder and disease. It is a very
essential part of our life, to maintain good health for working efficiently. Maintaining physical
fitness, it’s a difficult task in today’s world because life is recognized as too busy, rigid and
stressful in metropolitan cities. In order to maintain good physical fitness, daily exercise and
other physical activities are required. One of the reasons being is a long workweek and less time
to spend on physical fitness. It is well known that working long hours has a negative impact on a
person's physical and psychological health. (24) (Sng et al., n.d.)
When someone works long hours, they may experience stress, which prevents them from
engaging in any enjoyable activities. Therefore, longer workdays can lead to an imbalance in
physical activities like yoga and exercise. (25)(Sondhi et al., 2020)
Several diseases like diabetes, hypertension, heart diseases increased because of work life
imbalance. Over weight gain due to sedentary work life style leading to several complications.
India is having the second largest adult diabetes population. Reduced working hours leads to
avoid sedentariness of employee which avoids obesity kind of risks. (26)(Burton & Turrell,2000)
Irregular work schedules cause sleep disorders, which have a detrimental impact on physical
health. Employees who worked long shifts reported more physical health issues. Flexible work
hours are beneficial for preserving physical health. (27)(Martens et al., n.d.)
REGULAR EXERCISE
Regular physical exercise is one of the most important things you can do for your health.. Physical
activity can strengthen your bones and muscles, help you maintain a healthy weight, increase your ability
to carry out daily tasks, and improve your cognitive health.Adults who spend less time sitting and engage
in any level of moderate-to-vigorous exercise reap some health benefits. Physical activity has a greater
influence on your health than very few other lifestyle decisions.Physical activity has health advantages for
everyone; age, ability, ethnicity, form, or size are irrelevant.(1)
ADEQUETE DIET
A healthy diet gives the body the nutrition it needs to function properly, preserve wellness, and fight
disease. These are some of the impacts of eating a good diet on one's physical health. An energetic
individual can exercise more regularly and maintain an active lifestyle thanks to a good diet. A healthy
diet gives the body the nutrition it needs to function properly, preserve wellness, and fight disease. These
are some of the impacts of eating a good diet on one's physical health. An energetic individual can
exercise more regularly and maintain an active lifestyle thanks to a good diet.(2)
PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES LIKE YOGA SPORTS
Various studies conducted across the world have shown that activities like sports yoga practice drastically
optimizes body functions like respiration, heart rate, etc., lowers blood pressure, keeps cardiovascular
health problems at bay and helps in reducing chronic back pain or joint pain, among other key physical
benefits.(3)
REGULAR CHECKUPS
According to a recent Northwestern Medicine study that was published in JAMA, regular checkups still
have many health advantages, especially for at-risk populations, and they should continue. However,
there is still no conclusive evidence that they increase adult survival time or prevent cardiovascular events
like heart attacks and strokes.The study found that routine check-ups, which need not necessarily be done
annually, can increase immunisation rates and cancer screenings, improve how patients actually feel after
seeing a doctor (patient-reported outcomes), and help diagnose and treat chronic illnesses like depression
and hypertension.(4)
Reduced work hours led to higher levels of exercise and physical activity, which improved HDL.
The rise in physical activity was considerably bigger when it was required that workers use their
time off from work for physical activity. It was also linked to improvements in glucose levels
and a trend that may indicate impacts on disorders of the upper extremities. This study implies
that interventions that somewhat reduce work hours seem to be more successful when the time is
used for physical activity.(28)(von Thiele Schwarz et al., 2008)
Physical activity-based worksite health treatments successfully raise levels of physical activity,
physical fitness, and subjective health status while preventing an early drop in job capability.
Additionally, it has been discovered that these interventions raise levels of subjective physical
well-being while lowering levels of headache and neck discomfort as well as the risk of
musculoskeletal illnesses. Reduced work hours may boost time for recovering from work stress,
reducing interference between different life domains, and increasing time spent engaging in
health-promoting leisure activities like physical activity.(29)(Voglino et al., 2022)
MENTAL HEALTH
Along with physical health, the number of hours that employees must put in also has an impact
on their mental health. In addition to raising the risk of hypertension, cardiovascular disease,
chronic infections, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, sleep disturbance, anxiety, and depression,
excessive weekly work hours have detrimental impacts on employees' health.
Mental health includes emotional, psychological, and social well-being which influences
cognitive processing, comprehension, resoning and behaviour of an individual. It also determines
how one manages stress, inter- personal relationships, and decision-making ability.
The Asian work culture is described similar to “worker bees” which leads to a prolonged
struggle with the overwhelming work load and job stress. The state of sentimental, behavioural,
and physical response to unpleasant or distasteful aspects of work, working conditions, and work
organisations is referred to as job stress. High levels of frustration, and frequent feelings of being
unable to deal with work define this state.[30] (Mishra et al., 2011)
Long working hours have been associated with increased anxiety, distress, suicidal ideation, and
worsened emotional well-being in studies. [31](Li et al.,2019). Employees with high job
requirements due to extreme work and pressure are twice as likely to report anxiety as compared
to employees with low job requirements. [32] (Yoon et al., 2018)
Working overtime has been linked to short or erratic sleep and has been shown to be dose-
responsively associated with poorer sleep quality. Long working hours and sleep disruptions
have also harmed people's quality of life. [33] (Afonso et al.,2017)
Individuals who develop continuous sleep problems are more likely to be involved in mishaps,
experience greater rates of work abstinence, perform worse on job, have a lower quality of life,
and need more medical assistance.
The effects of a 4-day workweek on agile software development teams suggested that the 4-day
workweek had increased the employee’s stress levels related to their jobs. Despite the rise in
work- related stress, the 4- day work week had reduced stress in daily life because of more
flexible free time and the absence of commuting. [34] (Topp et al., 2022)
The study conducted to evaluate the effect of working hours on depressive symptoms and the
role of job stress among employees in South Korea showed that the prevalence of depressive
symptoms was lowest in the 40 hours group and as working time increased the prevalence of
depressive symptoms also increased, creating a U-shaped pattern. According to a 5-year follow-
up study of British civil servants, the depressive symptoms were 1.66 times and anxiety
symptoms were 1.74 times higher than those of people who worked more than 55 h a week
compared to 35– 40 h a week. [32] (Yoon et al., 2018)
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24. Effectiveness of a F eness of a Four-days/Eight Hour W ys/Eight Hour Work Week
Mayer Sng [email protected] Wei Jian Khor [email protected] Toshiaki Oide
[email protected] Shaen Chatrawit Suchar [email protected] Brian Chin Kiat Tan
[email protected]
25. Determinant Analysis and Effect of Variables on Work Life Balance of PSPCL
Employees 1 Er. Surinder Paul Sondhi, 2 Dr. Vikram Sandhu, 3 Dr. Shikha Goyal

26. Occupation, Hours Worked, and Leisure-Time Physical ActivityNicola W. Burton,

MPsych,1 and Gavin Turrell, Ph.D

27. Flexible work schedules and mental and physical health. A study of a working population
with non-traditional working hours M. F. J. MARTENS1 , F. J. N. NIJHUIS2*, M. P. J.
VAN BOXTEL3 AND J. A. KNOTTNERUS4
28. Health-related effects of worksite interventions involving physical exercise and reduced
workhours by von Thiele Schwarz U, Lindfors P, Lundberg U
29. How the reduction of working hours could influence health outcomes: a systematic
review of published studies. BMJ Open. 2022 Apr 1;12(4):e051131. doi:
10.1136/bmjopen-2021-051131. PMID: 35365508; PMCID: PMC8977802.

30. Mishra, B. et al. (2011) “Evaluation of work place stress in Health University Workers:
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