Project Report

Submitted for the Degree of B.Com.Honours in Accounting &

Finance under the University of Calcutta

“Working Capital Management"- A Case Study of CEAT Company Ltd.

Submitted by: Name of Candidate: SUNNY RANA

Registration no: 043-1112-0571-20

Roll no: 201043-21-0295

Name of the college

HERAMBA CHANDRA COLLEGE

Supervised by
SATADRUTI CHAKRABORTY BANERJEE

HERAMBA CHANDRA COLLEGE

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 Acknowledgement

It is a matter of great pleasure for me in submitting the project report on “Working Capital
Management”- A Case Study of CEAT Company Ltd. for the fulfillment of the degree of
B.Com Honours in Accounting & Finance under the University of Calcutta.

I am thankful to and owe a deep dept gratitude to all those who have helped me in preparing this
report. Words seem to be inadequate to express my sincere thanks to our honourable principal
, as well as our head of department honourable and finally my supervisor for his valuable
guidance, constructive criticism, untiring efforts and immense encouragement during the entire
course of the study due to which my efforts have been rewarded.

I want to thank all who have supported me and gave their timely guidance. Last but not the least
I am very grateful to all those who helped me in one-way or the other way at every stage of my
work.

SUNNY RANA

6th Semester B.Com(H)

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 Supervisor's Certificate
This is to certify that Mr.SUNNY RANA a student of B.Com Honours in
Accounting & Finance of
HERAMBA CHANDRA COLLEGE under the University of
Calcutta has worked under my supervision and guidance for his
Project Work and prepared a Project Report with the title
“Working Capital Management”- A Case Study of CEAT
Company Ltd.

The Project Report, which he is submitted, is his genuine and

original work to the best of my knowledge.

Place: Kolkata Signature:

Date: May, 2023 Prof. Satadruti
Chakraborty Banerjee

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 Sutudent’s declaration

I hereby declare that the project work with the title, “Working Capital Management”- A Case
Study of CEAT Company Ltd. submitted by me for the partial fulfillment of the degree of
B.Com Honours in Accounting & Finance under the University of Calcutta is my Original work
and has not been submitted earlier to any other University/institution for the fulfillment of the
requirement for any course of study.

I also declare that no chapter if this manuscript in whole or in part has been incorporated in
this report from any earlier work done by others of by me. However, extracts of any literature
which has been used for this report has been duly acknowledged providing details of such
literature in the references.

Place: Kolkata

Date:May,2023 signature:

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 TABLE OF CONTENT
SL. No. Particulars Page No.
1 Introduction
1.1 Background of Study 6
1.2 Literature review 6-7
1.3 Research Gap 7
1.4Objective of Study 7-8
1.5 Research Methodology 8
1.6 Limitations of Study 8-9
1.7 Chapter Planning 9
2 Conceptual Framework
2.1 Concept 10-11
2.2 Company Profile 11-12
2.3 Industry Profile 12-13
2.4 National Scenario 13-14
2.5 International Scenario 14
3 Presentation & Analysis of Data
3.1 Current Ratio 15-16
3.2 Quick/Liquid/Acid Test Ratio 16-17
3.3 Inventory Turnover Ratio 17-19
3.4 Debtors/Receivables Turnover Ratio 19-20
3.5 Creditors/Payables Turnover Ratio 21-22
3.6 Cash/Super Quick Ratio 22-23
3.7 Working Capital Turnover Ratio 23-24
4 Findings & Conclusion 25-27
BIBLIOGRAPHY 28
Annexure-1 29-30
Annexure-2 31-32

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 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Study

In this project we have studies the performance of Working Capital Management of CEAT
Company Ltd. We find that performance of Working Capital may be measured from two view
point, such as- (i) Measurement of efficiency of overall management and (ii) Measurement of
efficiency of management of each component of working capital.
For that, we have prepared different ratios and analysis them to check how efficiently
working capital has been used in the business.

1.2 Literature review

Working capital management plays an important role in financial management of the industry.
Numbers of researcher has been done the research on different components of working capital
and subjects on. Here, I have included the relevant articles as well research work on the same
topic. And this is a part of my research work on the same title the working capital management
of selected tyre companies of India. The main aim of this paper is to identify the gaps in current
body of my research work which gives the direction towards forward attention to be given.

(a) NCEAR (1966):-

The National Council of applied Economic Research (NCEAR) in 1966 first time formal study
was conducted on working capital management in India. The council published a structure of
working capital" which was limited analysis of the creation of working capital with special
attention to the fertilizers, and cement and sugar industries the main objective of this study was
emphasized on come out with findings that working capital management practices were
extremely unplanned and hence need to develop proper accounting policies like inventory
management, debtors management as above. And the study suggested developing suitable
working capital policies required in the success of business.

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(b) Kushwah, Mathur&Ball(2009):-

The study undergone to evaluate the working capital management and direction in selected five
major cement companies i.e. ACC, Grasim, Ambuja, Prism and Ultra- Tech.. For the research
purpose secondary data are used like authors collected the financial statement of selected
cements companies for the years from 2007 to 2009. There is liquidity ratios and activities ratios
are used to analyse the condition of working capital of the companies. The study revealed the
truth of study is that, most companies not maintain their working capital in a systematic way
while overall ACC shows appropriate management of working capital.

(c) Madhavi K. (2014):-

She has done research based on empirical study of co relation among liquidity position an
profitability of the paper mills in Andhra Pradesh. That has been evaluated ineffective working
capital negatively effect on profitability of the paper mills.

1.3 Research Gap

From the above it is seen that previously no one has reviewed on this topic “Working Capital
Management” of my selected company “CEAT Company Ltd.” since last five years(March 2017
to March 2021).
So, I have choose this above mentioned topic and Company with last five years data to done my
project work.

1.4 Objective of Study

The researcher has prepared this project to analyse some positions of the company, so the
purposes are-
(a) To study the changes in the different components in the working capital of the
company over the study period.
(b) To analyse the liquidity position of the company.
(c) To study the activity ratios in order to analyse the movement of stock, pattern of
collection from debtors & the pattern of payment to the creditors.

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1.5 Research Methodology

(a) Nature of the study- It is an empirical study.

(b) Sample- We have used CEAT Company for this analysis and we use last 5 years
data(i.e. from March 2017 to March 2021).

(c) Data source- It is secondary data based analysis.

(d) Tools used- The different tools used for analysis are tables charts & diagrams.

1.6Limitations of Study

Following limitations were faced during preparing this project-

(a) Limited Data- This project depends on only secondary data. Due to lack of time it is
impossible to collect the primary data.

(b) Limited Period- This project is based on five year annual reports. Conclusions are
based on such limited data.

(c) Cost Involved- Due to cost involved is carrying out a project we could not carry out
intensive analysis as well as collection for data this might restrict our study to same
extent.

1.7 Chapter Planning

This project report has been divided in four logical parts-

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 1. Chapter 1: Introduction
This chapter includes Background of Study, Literature review, Research gap, Objective
of Study, Research Methodology, Limitations of Study, Chapter Planning.

2. Chapter 2: Conceptual Framework

This chapter includes Concept, Company Profile, Industry Profile, National Scenario,
International Scenario.

3. Chapter 3: Presentation & Analysis of Data

This chapter shows the analysis of financial data using the following ratios
Current Ratio, Quick/Liquid/Acid Test Ratio, Inventory Turnover Ratio, Debtors/Receivables
Turnover Ratio, Creditors/Payables Turnover Ratio, Cash/Super Quick Ratio, Working Capital
Turnover Ratio.

4. Chapter 4: Findings & Conclusion

This chapter is divide into two parts. The first part shows the findings of the study &
the second part shows the concluding portion of the study.

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 CHAPTER 2: CONCEPTUALFRAMEWORK
2.1 Concept

 What is Working Capital?

 Working capital, also known as net working capital (NWC), is the difference
between a company’s current assets, such as cash, accounts receivable (customers’
unpaid bills), and inventories of raw materials and finished goods, and its current
liabilities, such as accounts payable. NWC is a measure of a company's liquidity
and refers to the difference between operating current assets and operating current
liabilities. In many cases, these calculations are the same and are derived from
company cash plus accounts receivable plus inventories, less accounts payable, and
less accrued expenses.

 What is Working Capital Management?

 Working capital management is a business tool that helps companies effectively

make use of current assets, helping companies to maintain sufficient cash flow to
meet short term goals and obligations. By effectively managing working capital,
companies can free up cash that would otherwise be trapped on their balance sheets.
As a result, they may be able to reduce the need for external borrowing, expand
their businesses, fund mergers or acquisitions, or invest in R&D.

 Objectives of Working Capital Management :-

 To review the working capital continuously to maintain uninterrupted flow of

production and sales.
 To review current assets or current liabilities regularly in order to verify whether the
liquidity position of the firm is at optimum level or not.
 To forecast working capital for new project.

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  To forecast additional working capital for satisfying the increased demand.
 To maintain proper control on inventories, trade receivables and cash balance.

 Importance of Working Capital Management :-

 Helps in maintaining optimum level of working capital.

 Helps in maintaining optimum level of liquidity.
 Helps in proper management of current assets.
 Co-ordination between fixed capital and working capital.

2.2 Company Profile

CEAT Limited (formerly, Cavi Elettrici e Affini Torino) is an Indian multinational tyre
manufacturing company owned by the RPG Group. It was established in 1924 in Turin, Italy. As
of date, CEAT is one of India's leading tyre manufacturers and has a presence in global markets.
CEAT produces over 165 million tyres a year and manufactures tyres for passenger cars, two-
wheelers, trucks and buses, light commercial vehicles, earth-movers, forklifts, tractors, trailers,
and auto-rickshaws. The current capacity of CEAT tyres' plants is over 800 tonnes per day.

 History
The Company was founded as Cavi Elettrici e Affini Torino (Electrical Cables and Allied
Products of Turin) by Virginio Bruni Tedeschi in 1924, in Turin, Italy. On 10 March 1958, the
company was incorporated as CEAT Tyres of India, in Mumbai. Initially, the company
collaborated with the Tata Group. In1972, the company set up a research and development unit
at Bhandup. In 1981, Deccan Fibre Glass Limited was merged with the company. In 1982, RPG
Group acquired the company, and in 1990, the company was renamed as CEAT. In 1993, the
company collaborated with Yokohama Rubber Company, to manufacture radial tyres at their
Nashik unit. In 1999, CEAT formed a joint venture, named as CEAT Kelani, with Asia Motor
Works (AMW) and Kelani Tyres, to manufacture and market CEAT tyres inSri Lanka. in 2006,
CEAT Kelani commissioned their first SriLanka-based radial-tyre manufacturing unit in
Kalutara.[13] In2009, AMW exited the joint-venture.

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 Products
CEAT manufactures tyres for various types of vehicles like heavy commercial vehicle, light
commercial vehicle, off-highway tryes, passenger cars, tractors, motorcycles and scooters, cycles
and SUVs. It exports to countries across the Africa, Americas, Australia, and Asia.

2.3Industry Profile

The Indian Tyre Industry is an integral part of the Auto Sector – It contributes to ~3% of the
manufacturing GDP of India and ~0.5% of the total GDP directly. So, let’s understand the
dynamics of the Tyre Industry in India.

Indian tyre industry has almost doubled from ~Rs 30,000 crores in 2010-11 to ~Rs 59,500 crores
in 2017-18 of which 90-95% came from the domestic markets. The top three companies – MRF,
Apollo Tyres and JK Tyres have ~60% of the market share in terms of revenue. In terms of
segmentation tyres can be divided in two ways – based on end market and based on product.

Based On End Market

Replacement, OEMs & Exports

Indian tyre market is clearly skewed towards the replacement segment which contributes ~70%
of total revenues. Whereas in volume (tonnage) terms the replacement segment contributes ~60%

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indicating realizations in the after-market are clearly higher than OEMs (Original Equipment
Manufacturer) market.

Based On Products
Truck & Bus (T&B), Passenger Vehicle (PV), 2/3-Wheeler, Off-Highway Tyres (OHT) &
Others

T&B tyres in India generates the major revenue i.e. 55% of total revenue whereas globally it’s
the PCR (Passenger Car Radials) contribute the largest portion of the revenue. This is mainly
because of very low penetration of passenger vehicles in India – below 20 per 1,000 people
whereas in China the number is ~69 per 1,000 people and 786 per 1,000 people in US. In terms
of volume (tonnage) T&B contributes around ~50% of the total volume.
The demand from OEM’s is widely spread across the segment where T&B contributed ~35%
and PVs & 2/3 Wheeler’s contributed ~25% & ~22% respectively. In term of the replacement
segment the demand was more skewed towards the T&B tyres which contributed ~61% and PVs
& 2/3 Wheeler’s contributed ~14% & ~9% respectively.

2.4 National Scenario

CEAT is one of the most respected and widely renowned brands in the Indian tyre market. In
FY 20, it reported a consolidated net revenue from operations of Rs. 6,77,883 Lacs, degrowth

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by 2.94% Y-o-Y. Revenue contribution from 2-Wheeler, Passenger Vehicles and Off-
Highway tyre has increased significantly over the years, from 20% in FY 10 to 52% in FY 20.
The Government announced allocation of Rs. 1,70,000 Crores for investments in
transportation infrastructure in FY 21. This move is expected to improve road network,
eventually benefitting automobile manufacturers and tyre suppliers.

Indian Tyre Demand is expected to grow by 6-8% between FY 20 and FY 24. On the volume
growth front, the tyre industry is expected to witness a CAGR of 4.8% between 2020 and
2025, to attain the level of 245 Million units in 2025. One of the factors backing this growth
would be the countervailing duty imposed in June 2019 on the import of new pneumatic radial
tyres above 16 inches from China, for a period of five years.

2.5 International Scenario

CEAT is one of the major exporters among Indias’ tyre manufacturers with sales to 100+
countries worldwide.The revenues from exports have increased steadily over the past few years.
CEAT has a stratified export market divided in seven clusters. This identification of clusters
has helped CEAT better understand customer requirements and accordingly invest in R&D to
developmarket - specific products. CEAT continues to consolidate its position in Bangladesh
and Sri Lanka through Joint Ventures (JVs) with strategic partners. CEATs core focus areas
and growth drivers are the Two-wheeler, Passenger Car Radial and TBR tyre segments.
CEAT continues to focus on European markets to expand its footprint.
Currency fluctuation destabilising International business existing markets in FY 20, CEAT
has entered the markets of Australia, UK, Belgium, Brazil, Chile and Nicaragua with its
passenger car products. CEAT has also entered the US market with the products in Truck
Radial segment. CEAT launched its 2-Wheeler products in Nigeria which is the worlds largest
consumption market for 2-Wheeler.
CEATs product series in the Passenger Car, Winter, Summer, All-Season, Ultra High
Performance (UHP) and Van categories launched in Europe have met the stringent performance
requirements of European markets. CEAT is well-placed to maximise available opportunities to
become one of the leading players in the global market with its high-range of premium products.

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CHAPTER 3:PRESENTATION& ANALYSIS OF DATA

3.1 Current Ratio

The current ratio is a liquidity ratio that measures a company's ability to pay short-term
obligations or those due within one year. It tells investors and analysts how a company can
maximize the current assets on its balance sheet to satisfy its current debt and other payables.

 Formula of Current Ratio:-

Current Ratio = Total Current Assets
Total Current Liabilities

 Total Current Assest= (Current Investments + Inventories + Trade Receivables + Cash &
Cash Equivalent + Short Term Loans And Advances + Other Current Assets)

 Total Current Liabilities= (Short Term Borrowings + Trade Payables + Other Current
Liabilities + Short Term Provisions)

Year Mar’2017 Mar’2018 Mar’2019 Mar’2020 Mar’2021

Current Assets(Rs. in crore) (A) 1823.57 1748.08 1964.68 1795.42 2184.08
Current Liabilities(Rs. in crore) (B) 1337.61 1736.51 2058.95 2151.86 3009.13
Current Ratio (A/B=C) 1.36 1.01 0.95 0.83 0.73

Mar'17 Mar'18 Mar'19 Mar'20 Mar'21

Current Ratio

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 Interpretation:-
Current Ratio indicates Company’s ability to payment short term liability. The Standard Current
Ratio is 2:1. On the basis of company’s current ratio from March 2017 to 2021, we see it does
not satisfy the ideal ratio (2:1). We also see it continuously decreasing from 2018 – 2021
compared to 2017. It indicates company is unable to pay its short-term liability & day to day
expenses in future.

3.2 Quick/Liquid /Acid-Test Ratio

The quick ratio also known as liquid ratio is an indicator of a company’s short-
term liquidity position and measures a company’s ability to meet its short-term obligations with
its most liquid assets. Since it indicates the company’s ability to instantly use its near-cash assets
(assets that can be converted quickly to cash) to pay down its current liabilities, it is also called
the acid test ratio. An "acid test" is a slang term for a quick test designed to produce instant
results. The ideal Quick ratio is 1:1.

 Formula of Quick Ratio:-

Quick Ratio = Quick Assets
Quick Liabilities

 Quick Assets= Total Current Assets – Inventories – Prepaid Expenses

 Quick Liabilities= Total Current Liabilities – Bank Overdraft

Year Mar'2017 Mar'2018 Mar'2019 Mar'2020 Mar'2021

Currrent Assets(Rs. in crore) (A) 1823.57 1748.08 1964.68 1795.42 2184.08
Inventories(Rs. in crore) (B) 923.44 754.96 965.15 879.5 1112.5
Prepaid Expenses(Rs. in crore) (C) 0 0 0 0 0
Quick Assets(Rs. in crore) (A-B-C=D) 900.13 993.12 999.53 915.92 1071.58
Current Liabilities(Rs. in crore) (E) 1337.61 1736.51 2058.95 2151.86 3009.13
Bank Overdraft(Rs. in crore) (F) 0 0 0 0 0
Quick Liabilities(Rs. in crore) (E-F=G) 1337.61 1736.51 2058.95 2151.86 3009.13
Liquid Ratio (D/G=H) 0.67 0.57 0.49 0.43 0.36

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 Mar'2017 Mar'2018 Mar'2019 Mar'2020 Mar'2021

Quick/Liquid Ratio

Interpretation:-

Quick ratio indicates company’s ability to pay immediate short term due & capacity for day to
day expenses. Here we see that on the basis of company’s quick ratio from March 2017 to March
2021, it does not satisfy the ideal ratio (1:1). We also see it continuously decreasing from 2018 –
2021 compared to 2017. It indicates company is unable to pay its short term liability & day to
day expenses in future.

3.3 Inventory Turnover Ratio

Inventory turnover is the rate at which a company replaces inventory in a given period due to
sales. Calculating inventory turnover helps businesses make better pricing, manufacturing,
marketing, and purchasing decisions. Well-managed inventory levels show that a company's
sales are at the desired level, and costs are controlled. The inventory turnover ratio is a measure
of how well a company generates sales from its inventory.

 Formula of Inventory Turnover Ratio:-

Cost of Goods Sold
Inventory Turnover Ratio =
Average Inventory
 Cost of Goods Sold= Revenue From Operations (Net) – Gross Profit

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  Gross Profit= Revenue From Operations (Net) – Cost of Materials Consumed – Purchase
of Stock-In-Trade – Changes In Inventories of FG, WIP and Stock-In- Trade.

 Opening Inventory+Closing Inventory

Average Inventory = 2

Year Mar'2017 Mar'2018 Mar'2019 Mar'2020 Mar'2021

Revenue From Operations (Net) (A) 5658.25 6075.37 6800.06 6518.57 7572.79
Cost Of Materials Consumed (B) 3308.88 3650.33 4273.64 3815.97 4173.76
Purchase Of Stock-In Trade (C) 142.55 59.88 60.92 21.2 10.09
Rs. in crore

Changes In Inventories Of FG,WIP And Stock-In

Trade (D)
-76.15 93.32 -194.25 14.58 67.43

Gross Profit (A-B-C-D=E) 2282.97 2271.84 2659.75 2666.82 3321.51

Cost Of Goods Sold (A-E=F) 3375.28 3803.53 4140.31 3851.75 4251.28
Opening Inventory (G) 619.25 923.44 754.96 965.15 879.5
Closing Inventory (H) 923.44 754.96 965.15 879.5 1112.5
Average Inventory (G+H/2=I) 771.345 839.2 860.055 922.325 996
Inventory Turnover Ratio (Times) (F/I=J) 4.38 4.53 4.81 4.18 4.27

Mar'2017 Mar'2018 Mar'2019 Mar'2020 Mar'2021

Inventory Turnover Ratio

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Interpretation:-

Inventory turnover ratio indicates inventory holding period. It also indicate efficiency in
inventory management. If inventory turnover ratio is high, it means inventory holding period is
very low which is good for a company and vice versa. Here we see that the Inventory Turnover
Ratio of the company is an increasing trend from the year March 2017 to March 2019. But in the
year March 2020 there is a decreasing trend and finally in the year March 2021 there is an
increasing trend.

It indicates company’s movement of the stock is quite satisfying.

3.4 Debtors/Receivables Turnover Ratio:-

The debtors turnover ratio also known as receivables turnover ratio is an accounting measure
used to quantify a company's effectiveness in collecting its accounts receivable, or the money
owed by customers or clients. This ratio measures how well a company uses and manages the
credit it extends to customers and how quickly that short-term debt is collected or is paid. A firm
that is efficient at collecting on its payments due will have a higher accounts receivable turnover
ratio. It is useful to compare a firm's ratio with that of its peers in the same industry to gauge
whether it is on par with its competitors. A high debtors turnover ratio may indicate an
improvement in business conditions, a tightening of credit policies, or improved collection
procedures. A low ratio may be an indication of long credit period or slow realisation from
debtors.

 Formula of Debtors/Receivables Turnover Ratio:-

Net Credit Sales
Debtors/Receivables Turnover Ratio =
Average Trade Receivables

 It is assume that all sales are made on credit basis.

 Opening Trade Receivables+Closing Trade Receivables

Average Trade Receivables = 2

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 Year Mar'2017 Mar'2018 Mar'2019 Mar'2020 Mar'2021
Revenue From Operations (Net) (A) 5658.25 6075.37 6800.06 6518.57 7572.79
Rs. in crore

Opening Trade Receivables (B) 577.94 592.05 712.15 726.46 704.66

Closing Trade Receivables (C) 592.05 712.15 726.46 704.66 922.26
Average Trade Receivables (B+C/2=D) 585.00 652.10 719.31 715.56 813.46
Debtors/Receivables Turnover Ratio (Times) (A/D=E) 9.67 9.32 9.45 9.11 9.31

Interpretation:-
Mar'2017 Mar'2018 Mar'2019 Mar'2020 Mar'2021

Debtors/Receivables Turnover Ratio

Debtors Turnover Ratio indicates the number of times per year that the average balance of
debtors are collected. Here we see that the Debtors/Receivables Turnover Ratio of the company
is a decreasing trend in the year March 2018 compared to the year March 2017 and after that a
very low increasing trend in the year March 2019 compared to the year March 2018 and again it
decreased in the next year and finally it again increasing trend it the year March 2021 compared
to the year March 2020.It indicates company’s collection period from debtors are quite
satisfying.

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 3.5 Creditors/Payables Turnover Ratio:-
The Creditors Turnover Ratio also known as accounts payable turnover ratio is a short-term
liquidity measure used to quantify the rate at which a company pays off its suppliers. Accounts
payable turnover shows how many times a company pays off its accounts payable during a
period. Accounts payable are short-term debt that a company owes to its suppliers and creditors.
The accounts payable turnover ratio shows how efficient a company is at paying its suppliers and
short-term debts. A high creditors turnover ratio may indicate strict credit terms granted by the
suppliers. A low ratio may be an indication of liberal credit terms granted by the suppliers.

 Formula of Creditors/Payables Turnover Ratio:-

Net Credit Purchase
Creditors/Payables Turnover Ratio =
AverageTradePayables

 It is assume that all purchase are made on credit basis.

Opening Trade Payables + Closing Trade Payables

Average Trade Payables =
2
Year Mar'2017 Mar'2018 Mar'2019 Mar'2020 Mar'2021
Purchase Of Stock-In-Trade (A) 142.55 59.88 60.92 21.2 10.09
Rs. in crore

Opening Trade Payables (B) 630.04 749.58 848.54 1033.93 1171.37

Closing Trade Payables (C) 749.58 848.54 1033.93 1171.37 1943.6
Average Trade Payables (B+C/2=D) 689.81 799.06 941.24 1102.65 1557.49
Creditors/Payables Turnover Ratio(Times) (A/D=E) 0.21 0.07 0.06 0.02 0.01

Mar'2017 Mar'2018 Mar'2019 Mar'2020 Mar'2021

Creditors/Payables Turnover Ratio

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 Interpretation:-
This ratio indicates the number of times per year that the average balance of creditors are paid.
Here we see that the Creditors Turnover ratio of five consecutive year is very low (i.e., below 1).
Not only that we also see that it continuously decreasing trend in every year. As the ratio is very
low, so it is clear that liberal credit terms granted by the suppliers to the company.

3.6 Cash/Super Quick Ratio:-

The cash ratio also known as Super Quick Ratio is a measurement of a company's liquidity,
specifically the ratio of a company's total cash and cash equivalents to its current liabilities. The
metric calculates a company's ability to repay its short-term debt with cash or near-cash
resources, such as easily marketable securities. This information is useful to creditors when they
decide how much money, if any, they would be willing to loan a company. The cash ratio is
almost like an indicator of a firm’s value under the worst-case scenario—say, where the
company is about to go out of business. It tells creditors and analysts the value of current
assets that could quickly be turned into cash, and what percentage of the company’s current
liabilities these cash and near-cash assets could cover.

 Formula of Cash/Super Quick Ratio:-

Cash & 𝐶𝑎𝑠ℎ 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 + 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠

Cash/Super Quick Ratio =
Current Liabilities

Year Mar'2017 Mar'2018 Mar'2019 Mar'2020 Mar'2021

Cash & Cash Equivalent (A) 17.47 73.01 59.74 26.59 25.51
Rs. in crore

Marketable Securities (B) 0 0 0 0 0

Current Liabilities (C) 1337.61 1736.51 2058.95 2151.86 3009.13
Cash/Super Quick Ratio (A+B/C=D) 0.01 0.04 0.03 0.01 0.01

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 Mar'2017 Mar'2018 Mar'2019 Mar'2020 Mar'2021

Cash/Super Quick Ratio

Interpretation:-
Higher the super quick/cash ratio better the liquidity condition of a business. In the above case
for every 1 unit of current liability, the company has on an average only 0.02 units of super quick
assets, which is very bad for the company.

3.7 Working Capital Turnover Ratio:-

Working capital turnover is a ratio that measures how efficiently a company is using its working
capital to support sales and growth. Also known as net sales to working capital, working capital
turnover measures the relationship between the funds used to finance a company's operations and
the revenues a company generates to continue operations and turn a profit.

A high turnover ratio shows that management is being very efficient in using a company’s short-
term assets and liabilities for supporting sales. In other words, it is generating a higher dollar
amount of sales for every dollar of working capital used.

In contrast, a low ratio may indicate that a business is investing in too many accounts
receivable and inventory to support its sales, which could lead to an excessive amount of bad
debts or obsolete inventory.

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  Formula of Working Capital Turnover Ratio:-

𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒 𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠

Working Capital Turnover Ratio =
Working capital

 Net Revenue From Operations= Gross Revenue From Operations – Excise/Service Tax/Other Levies
 Working Capital= Total Current Assets – Total Current Liabilities

Year Mar'2017 Mar'2018 Mar'2019 Mar'2020 Mar'2021

Net Revenue From Operations (A) 5658.25 6075.37 6800.06 6518.57 7572.79
Rs. in crore

Total Current Assets (B) 1823.57 1748.08 1964.68 1795.42 2184.08

Total Current Liabilities (C) 1337.61 1736.51 2058.95 2151.86 3009.13
Working Capital (B-C=D) 485.96 11.57 -94.27 -356.44 -825.05
Working Capital Turnover Ratio (A/D=E) 11.64 525.10 -72.13 -18.29 -9.18

Mar'2017
Mar'2018
Mar'2019
Mar'2020
Mar'2021

Working Capital Turnover

Ratio

Interpretation:-
From the above we can see that the amount of sales gradually increases except in the year March
2020. But the Working Capital of the company was decreasing in a high rate and it goes to
negative. We also see that the working capital turnover ratio increasing trend in the year March
2018 compared to the year March 2017 and after that there is a huge decreasing trend and it goes
to a negative ratio in the year March 2019 compared to the year March 2018 but in the next two
years(i.e., March 2020 & March 2021) it increases but the ratio is negative.

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4.1 Conclusion:-

In this project “Working Capital Management”- A Case Study of CEAT Company Ltd. ,
which is one of the most important aspects of any organization, as it deals in managing the entire
current assets and current liabilities. After analyzing the financial statement and having a in-
depth study of various ratio of the company we conclude that the management of capital requires
an evaluation of cost and benefits associated with each elements. CEAT maintains sound
position of working capital its efficiency in receivable when we considered the company’s
current ratio, quick ratio, debtor’s turnover ratio, creditor’s turnover ratio, cash ratio, inventory
turnover ratio, working capital turnover ratio, they are not showing good situation of the
company but the company make profile rigorously and they make profile by using their working
capital in a tricky way, but this procedure are not followed by all kind of company. The company
has primarily be non cash drawn from the market and reaping full benefits of its brand name. The
company makes full utilization of its fund before making payments to outsiders. We know that
the CEAT company is a biggest company and they have a very well goodwill, also we know that
this company is day by day increasing all over the world. So finally, we can easily conclude that
working capital management has a great effect on the profitability of the company and the
managers create value for the shareholders by decreasing receivables accounts and inventory and
the managers must look for the method that by means of the correct management be effective on
the profitability of the companies.

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 FINDINGS

4.2 Findings:-

Working Capital is the life line of every Industry, irrespective of whether it’s a manufacturing
industry or service industry. Working Capital is the prime and most important requirement for
carrying out the day operations of the business. Working capital gives the much needed liquidity
to the business. Working Capital finance reduces the overall fund requirement, required to build
up the current assets, which in turn help you improve your turnover ratio.
In this project we have studied “Working Capital Management”- A Case Study of CEAT
Company Ltd.

The major findings of the study are:-

 The ideal current ratio is 2:1. But the ratio are much below than the ideal ratio of
2:1. Even the ratio are less than one from the year March 2019 to the year March
2021. This is a negative side of the company. So we can say that the company
does not
have the required ability to meet its’ short-term obligation.

 The ideal quick ratio is 1:1. We find the ratio are less than one in all year. Not only
that it is gradually decreasing in trend. But the higher quick ratio is much below
than the ideal ratio of 1:1 understudy. So, we can surely say that the company is not
able to meet its short-term liabilities or obligations.

The inventory turnover ratio, which shows a quite good performance for the company. From the Inventory tornover
Ratio we cansee that the inventory are replaced on an average 83 days interval.We can surely say that the companies
having good inventories turnover ratio understudy.

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 The debtor’s turnover ratio is used for efficiency of the company. A high debtors
turnover ratio is good for any company. Here we can see that the Debtors Turnover
ratio is much greater than 9. It indicates the company that the average collection
period from the debtors is 40 days approx.

 The creditors’s turnover ratio is also used for efficiency of the company. A high
creditors turnover ratio is good for any company. Here we can see that the Creditors
Turnover ratio is below 1. Not only that it is gradually decreasing in trend, which is
very bad for the company.

 Here we can see that the company's cash ratio is less than 1, it means there are more
current liabilities than cash and cash equivalents. It means insufficient cash on hand
exists to pay off short-term debt. This may not be bad news if the company has
conditions that skew its balance sheets, such as lengthier-than-normal credit terms
with its suppliers, efficiently-managed inventory, and very little credit extended to
its customers.

A high working capital turnover ratio shows that management is being very
efficient in using a company’s short-term assets and liabilities for supporting sales.
In other words, it is generating a higher dollar amount of sales for every dollar of
working capital used. In contrast, a low ratio may indicate that a business is
investing in too many accounts receivable and inventory to support its sales, which
could lead to an excessive amount of bad debts or obsolete inventory. From the
study here we can see that this ratio is in much good position for the first year (i.e.,
March 2017) and in very good position in the next year (i.e., March 2018) and rest
years in a very bad position.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

SL. NO. NAME OF BOOKS AUTHOR

1 Financial Management Bhadra & Satpati

2 Financial Management Mr. Sushil Mukherjee
3 Financial Management Subrata Kar & Nimai Bagchi

4. Financial management M.Y Khan & P.K Jain

5. Financial management Ravi. M. Kishore

6. Financial management Debashish Majumdar, Dr. Sk.

Raju Ali & Dr. Lutfun Nesha

 Website reference:-

1. www.google.com

2. www.moneycontrol.com

3. www.investopedia.com

4. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEAT_(company)

5. https://www.indiainfoline.com/company/ceat-ltd-management/management-
discussions/104

6. https://www.alphainvesco.com/blog/understanding-the-indian-tyre-industry/

28
Annexure-1

CEAT
Standalone Balance Sheet in Rs. Cr.

Mar 21 Mar-20 Mar-19 Mar-18 Mar-17

EQUITIES AND LIABILITIES

SHAREHOLDER'S FUNDS
12 mths 12 mths 12 mths 12 mths 12 mths
Equity Share Capital 40.45 40.45 40.45 40.45 40.45
Total Share Capital 40.45 40.45 40.45 40.45 40.45
Reserves and Surplus 3,124.29 2,886.95 2,710.59 2,506.37 2,265.70
Total Reserves and Surplus 3,124.29 2,886.95 2,710.59 2,506.37 2,265.70
Total Shareholders’ Funds 3,164.74 2,927.40 2,751.04 2,546.82 2,306.15

NON-CURRENT LIABILITIES

Long Term Borrowings 1,341.04 1,401.99 1,002.72 272.3 703.51

Deferred Tax Liabilities [Net] 265.6 261.11 207.71 178.15 134.59
Other Long Term Liabilities 79.57 164.47 4.61 12.91 27.16
Long Term Provisions 44.94 38.19 36.83 33.8 34.18
Total Non-Current Liabilities 1,731.15 1,865.76 1,251.87 497.16 899.44
CURRENT LIABILITIES
Short Term Borrowings 0.53 165.59 214.31 143.64 57.99
Trade Payables 1,943.60 1,171.37 1,033.93 848.54 749.58
Other Current Liabilities 957.42 693.25 710.86 694.19 475.44
Short Term Provisions 107.58 121.65 99.85 50.14 54.6
Total Current Liabilities 3,009.13 2,151.86 2,058.95 1,736.51 1,337.61
Total Capital And Liabilities 7,905.02 6,945.02 6,061.86 4,780.49 4,543.20
ASSETS
NON-CURRENT ASSETS
Tangible Assets 5,491.06 3,736.88 2,785.74 2,409.81 2,340.62
Intangible Assets 0 83.59 60.57 65.44 68.25
Capital Work-In-Progress 0 916.86 718.89 161.86 48.77
Intangible Assets Under Development 0 16.92 30.55 0 0
Fixed Assets 5,491.06 4,754.25 3,595.75 2,637.11 2,457.64
Non-Current Investments 118.11 320.22 313.01 279.99 194.39
Long Term Loans And Advances 7.57 4.73 4.08 3.04 1.95
Other Non-Current Assets 104.2 70.4 184.34 112.27 65.65
Total Non-Current Assets 5,720.94 5,149.60 4,097.18 3,032.41 2,719.63

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CURRENT ASSETS
Current Investments 0 0 0 40.06 64.27
Inventories 1,112.50 879.5 965.15 754.96 923.44
Trade Receivables 922.26 704.66 726.46 712.15 592.05
Cash And Cash Equivalents 25.51 26.59 59.74 73.01 17.47
Short Term Loans And Advances 0 50.32 58 49.02 50.02
OtherCurrentAssets 123.81 134.35 155.33 118.88 176.32
Total Current Assets 2,184.08 1,795.42 1,964.68 1,748.08 1,823.57
Total Assets 7,905.02 6,945.02 6,061.86 4,780.49 4,543.20

OTHER ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

CONTINGENT LIABILITIES, COMMITMENTS

Contingent Liabilities 0 1,118.98 1,738.22 1,459.67 555.2

CIF VALUE OF IMPORTS

EXPENDITURE IN FOREIGN EXCHANGE

Expenditure In Foreign Currency 0 1,797.45 2,009.43 1,385.56 1,442.52

REMITTANCES IN FOREIGN CURRENCIES

FOR DIVIDENDS

Dividend Remittance In Foreign Currency - - - - -

EARNINGS IN FOREIGN EXCHANGE

FOB Value Of Goods - 872.4 847.09 760.9 775.89

Other Earnings - - - - -
BONUS DETAILS
Bonus Equity Share Capital - 4.04 4.04 4.04 4.04

NON-CURRENT INVESTMENTS

Non-Current Investments Quoted Market Value - - - - -

Non-Current Investments Unquoted Book Value - 320.22 313.01 279.99 194.39

CURRENT INVESTMENTS

Current Investments Quoted Market Value - - - 40.06 64.27

Current Investments Unquoted Book Value - - - - -

Source : Dion Global Solutions Limited

30
Annexure-2

CEAT
Standalone Profit & Loss account in Rs. Cr.
Mar 21 Mar-20
Mar-19 Mar-18 Mar-17

12 mths 12 mths 12 mths 12 mths 12mths

INCOME
6,518.5 6,800.0 6,244.2 6,333.0
Revenue From Operations [Gross] 7,572.79 7 6 8 4
Less: Excise/Service Tax/Other Levies 0 0 0 168.91 674.79
6,518.5 6,800.0 6,075.3 5,658.2
Revenue From Operations [Net] 7,572.79
7 6 7 5
Other Operating Revenues 0 62.54 31.24 85.97 43.48
6,581.1 6,831.3 6,161.3 5,701.7
Total Operating Revenues 7,572.79
1 0 4 3
Other Income 31.8 41.34 55.3 56.81 41.46
6,622.4 6,886.6 6,218.1 5,743.1
Total Revenue 7,604.59 5 0 5 9
EXPENSES
3,815.9 4,273.6 3,650.3 3,308.8
Cost Of Materials Consumed 4,173.76
7 4 3 8
Purchase Of Stock-In Trade 10.09 21.2 60.92 59.88 142.55
Changes In Inventories Of FG,WIP And Stock-In Trade 67.43 14.58 -194.25 93.32 -76.15
Employee Benefit Expenses 667.13 500.54 491.95 413.11 383.85
Finance Costs 173.05 122.96 64.52 86.45 79.47
Depreciation And Amortisation Expenses 339.58 255.4 174.3 161.68 142.01
1,523.5 1,561.5 1,317.3 1,282.6
Other Expenses 1,680.59 2 1 2 0
6,254.1 6,432.5 5,782.0 5,263.2
Total Expenses 7,111.63 7 9 9 1
Mar-21 Mar-20 Mar-19 Mar-18 Mar-17

12 mths 12 mths 12 mths 12 mths 12mths

Profit/Loss Before Exceptional, ExtraOrdinary Items

And Tax 492.96 368.28 454.01 436.06 479.98
Exceptional Items -34.06 -29.75 -44.24 -26.4 -13.33
Profit/Loss Before Tax 458.9 338.53 409.77 409.66 466.65

Tax Expenses-Continued Operations

Current Tax 45.26 74.01 90.09 104.08 114.45

Deferred Tax 0 -6.24 30.77 26.86 -10.53

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Total Tax Expenses 45.26 67.77 120.86 130.94 103.92
Profit/Loss After Tax And Before ExtraOrdinary Items 413.64 270.76 288.91 278.72 362.73
Profit/Loss From Continuing Operations 413.64 270.76 288.91 278.72 362.73
Profit/Loss For The Period 413.64 270.76 288.91 278.72 362.73
Mar-21 Mar-20 Mar-19 Mar-18 Mar-17

12 mths 12 mths 12 mths 12 mths 12 mths

OTHER ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

EARNINGS PER SHARE

Basic EPS (Rs.) 102.26 66.94 71.42 68.9 89.67

Diluted EPS (Rs.) 102.26 66.94 71.42 68.9 89.67

VALUE OF IMPORTED AND INDIGENIOUS RAW

MATERIALS

STORES, SPARES AND LOOSE TOOLS

DIVIDEND AND DIVIDEND PERCENTAGE

Equity Share Dividend 0 97.08 46.52 46.52 0

Tax On Dividend 0 17.87 8.29 5.53 0
Equity Dividend Rate (%) 180 120 120 115 115

Source : Dion Global Solutions Limited

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