ctbuh.

org/papers

Title: Application of High Performance Concrete in Petronas Twin Tower, KLCC

Authors: Jae Ho Kim, General Manager, Samsung C&T Corporation Seung-

Hoon Lee, General Manager, Samsung C&T Corporation

Subjects: Building Case Study

Structural Engineering

Keywords: Concrete
Structure

Publication Date: 2004

Original Publication: CTBUH 2004 Seoul Conference

Paper Type: 1. Book chapter/Part chapter

2. Journal paper
3. Conference proceeding
4. Unpublished conference paper
5. Magazine article
6. Unpublished

© Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat / Jae Ho Kim; Seung-Hoon Lee
 Application of High Performance
Concrete in Petronas Twin Tower, KLCC
Jae-Ho Kim1, Seung-Hoon Lee2

1
General Manager, Samsung Corporation, Korea
2
General Manger, Inst. of Tech., Samsung Corperation, Korea

Abstract
KLCC(Kuala Lumpur City Center) Petronas Twin Tower, the world's tallest skyscraper, is 452 meters in height,
which is 9 meters taller than the Sears Tower in Chicago. This super high rise building has 88 floors plus 6 stories
basement and each tower has 200,000 m2 of total floor area. The project required high strength and high performance
concrete up to 80 MPa. Utilizing high strength concrete resulted in cost saving, balance of material supply in the
Malaysian market, minimized the member cross sectional areas, and maximized the usable space.
This paper will focus on the development of high performance concrete for the highest building in the world, which
required careful planning and choice of materials, laboratory and mock-up testing to confirm the mix design, and strict
control on the logistic plans to ensure the quality control and quality assurance programs. In addition, this paper will
also discuss the means and methods of directly pumping the concrete to 88th floor and 380m high, and the main issues
considered in estimating and confirming, by in-situ measurements, the column shortening of the Tower. Estimating the
column shortening required due considerations to the condition of the mix, site work, and weather.
Keywords: 80MPa, Mix Design, Direct Pumping, Column Shortening

1. Introduction system, and exterior reinforced concrete columns. The

KLCC (Kuala Lumpur City Center) Petronas Tower floor framing system consists of composite steel
consists of 94 story twin towers, that rises into the sky framing system. A composite metal deck frames
of Kuala Lumpur at 452 meters above the ground. The between the steel beams, and acts compositely with
twin tower building located in the center of them.
commercial area in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. One of Reinforced concrete was selected as the primary
the towers is built by Samsung Engineering & structural material for the lateral resisting system as
Construction Group, Korea and the other tower is used extensively in the tower because of its availability
constructed by Hazama Corporation, Japan. and availability of skilled labor in Malaysia in
The purpose of this project was to build a world's particular and South-east Asia in general. In addition,
tallest multi-purpose building in the center of Kuala reinforced concrete structures are utilized as primary
Lumpur's business center. This project not only served structural material because of material supply and
the need of the people but it served as a symbol of weather conditions.
their growing economic strength and potential toward Table 1 below provides information related to the
the advanced country. Figure 1 shows the completed project brief, however, Table 2 provides information
Petronas Twin Tower. related to the concrete materials utilized for the
The structure of the building consists of a dual project.
system consisting of reinforced concrete core wall

Contact Author : Jae-Ho Kim, General Manager

Samsung Corporation
Samsung Plaza Bldg. 263, Seohyun-Dong, Bundang-Gu,
Sungnam-Si, Gyonggi-Do, Korea
Tel: 82-2-2145-5761 Fax: 82-2-2145-5770
e-mail: [email protected]

CTBUH 2004 October 10~13, Seoul, Korea 457

 2. Production of High Performance Concrete
The British standards are utilized as a basis for the
contract documents and high performance concrete
was used significantly in the project. The definition of
high performance concrete utilized for the project
includes high strength concrete, workability, and
durability. The definition of high performance concrete
might be different country by country, the definition of
high performance concrete used for this project is as
summarized in Table 3.

Table 3 Definition of High performance Concrete

Item Description
Age 28day700
Strength(MPa) Age 1day350
Fig. 1. Photograph of the completed towers Age 4 hour200
Water-Binder≤ 35%
Workability Excellent Workability
No Segregation

Table 1 Summary of the project brief Durability coefficient≥ 80%

Item Description Durability
(300 Freezing and Thawing cycle)
Kuala Lumpur
Client City Center Berhad

Contractor Samsung-Kukdong-Jasatera J/V

2.1. Selection of Raw Materials
Most of the materials for the high performance
Construction
Period
1994. 3 ~ 1997. 2 concrete were available in Kuala Lumpur and the
Tower 196,309 ㎡ materials selected for the concrete mix design took
Floor Area Wing 30,592 ㎡
Total 216,901 ㎡
into account durability, and workability requirements.
Super Structure 92 ‘MASCRETE’, the ready-mix product with
Basements 6
Stories
Total 98
OPC(Ordinary Portland Cement) and PFA(Pulverised
Reinforced Concrete & Fuel Ash) in 80 : 20 ratio were used to improve the
Structure Structural Steel Beam workability, long term strength, and to reduce the
Self Climbing Form hydration heat. Silica fume was added to G80 concrete
Formwork Jumping Form
High Performance Concrete to achieve the high strength requirements. In order to
Concrete
(40~80 MPa, cubic)
increase the workability of the concrete mix and to
achieve 22cm slump in spite of the low water-binder
Re-Bar Pre-fabrication System
ratio, water reducer P300N and superplasticizer R1000,
(both are MASTER BUILDERS’ products), were
utilized.
Table 2 Summary of the concrete material
Location Floor Grade (MPa)
B6~L22 80
2.1.1. Aggregates
Column L23~L60 60 The selection of aggregates play a very important
L61~L84M2 40 role in the production of high performance concrete,
B6~L14 80
Core Wall L15~L44 60 therefore careful planning and material investigation
L45~L84M3 40 was required to select the proper aggregate type, which
B5~L23 80
Ring Beam L24~L61 60 included at least the aggregate strength, source of
L62~L84M3 40 aggregate, grading distribution, shape, maximum
Slab on Metal
Deck
- 30 size, and the percentage of deleterious substances
C.I.P Slab - 40 presents in the aggregate.

458 CTBUH 2004 October 10~13, Seoul,

Korea
 The maximum size of coarse aggregate used for Table 4 Properties of Concrete
G80 was 13mm, however, 25mm coarse aggregate was Grade G40 G60 G80
used for G40 and G60 concrete.

2.1.2. Silica Fume

Silica fume was added for G80 to reduce the unit
weight of cement and to reduce the heat of hydration

CTBUH 2004 October 10~13, Seoul, Korea 459

W/B (%) 44 30 27
S/A (%) 44 44 40
Test Strength (MPa) 62 87 102
Age (day) 28 56 56
Elastic Coefficient 33.0 36.5 37.0
(GPa) (43day) (48day) (28day)
200-20 200-20
of concrete during the curing process. It is reported Slump (mm) 175±25
200+40 200+40
that most of silica fume particles are adhered to the Mix Design (MPa) 55 80 100
surface of cement particles, and the remainders mix Water
0.36 0.24 0.17
with cement particle. Admixture reducer
(%) Superplas-
0.24 1.32 1.81
2.1.3. Water reducer and Superplasticizer ticizer
High performance concrete mix is proportioned on
basis of low water-binder ratio, so it was necessary to
add water reducer and superplasticizer to get the Table 5 provides information about optimum mix
required workability. For KLCC project, water reducer design through numerous trial mix design for 3 kinds
Pozzolith 300N and superplasticizer Rheobuild 1000 of high performance concrete for the KLCC project.
were used, and both are MASTER BUILDERS’
Table 5 Optimum Mix Design
products.
Grade G40 G60 G80
Superplasticizer is added only to design high
W/B (%) 44 30 27
performance concrete in some cases, but for this
S/A (%) 44 44 40
project, water reducer was used to achieve basic slump
C (kg) 400 500 184
and superplasticizer was added to reach to the target
M (kg) - - 345
slump. This process helped the slump to remain
S/F (kg) - - 35
uniform.
W (kg) 180 150 152
The proper dosage of Pozzolith 300N is 0.3% of
Coarse Agg. 1000 1000 1040
cement, and that of Rheobuild 1000 is 1.0%, but that
Fine Agg. 775 785
will be increased as the quantity of binder is increased.
Admix- P300N 1.2 1.0 0.8
For KLCC project 0.2~0.3% of Pozzolith 300N and
ture R1000 0.8 5.5 8.5
0.2~1.8 Rheobuild 1000 was used in conformity with
concrete grade.
3. Mock-up Test
Since the exterior concrete frame columns were
2.2. Trial Mix 2.4m diameter, required high strength concrete, and
Despite of the high quality control programs that ambient temperature was 30℃, special precaution and
Samsung planned for the production of high measures needed to be taken into account in order to
performance concrete, the concrete mix design was verify the concrete quality from the batch plant to
targeted to be 15 MPa higher for G40 concrete and concrete placement.
below, and 20 MPa for G60 concrete and above. Therefore, concrete mock-up tests with actual size
This strategy was incorporated into the concrete mix members were performed before construction stared in
design in order to allow for the potential of strength order to get the actual behavior of the high
loss in the production process at the batch plant, or performance concrete, which includes production at
during transportation of concrete in the mixer truck, or batch plant, properties of fresh concrete, characteristics
during the concrete placement at the site. of hardened concrete, heat of hydration, and strain in
Table 4 depicts that the actual concrete is higher the concrete members resulting the heat of hydration.
than the actual design strength. The potential for thermal crack of due to
temperature variation in large concrete members is one
of the major issues that needed to be considered. Since

460 CTBUH 2004 October 10~13, Seoul,

Korea
a 2.4m diameter concrete column with G80 concrete Table 6-2 G80 Concrete Mix Design for Mock-up Column
was required, a mock-up test for columns was Mock-Up Column 2
performed in order to address the following issues.

- QA/QC program to produce the uniform

CTBUH 2004 October 10~13, Seoul, Korea 461

 Design Mix Actual Mix
OPC (㎏/㎥) 184 185
Mascrete (㎏/㎥) 345 343

concrete quality Silica Fume

35 34
(㎏/㎥)
- Early striking of form panels Water (ℓ ) 152 152
- Curing method for sound concrete when it is C. Agg. (㎏/㎥) 1006 1003
hardened F. Agg. (㎏/㎥) 728 715
- Method of preventing from excess hydration P300N (㎏/㎥) 0.8 0.8
heat and thermal cracks R1000 (㎏/㎥) 8.48 8.49
Slump (㎜) 220 220
Two(2) of 2.4m diameter column mock-up test were Conc. Temp (℃) - 33
performed. These mock-up are an actual representation

of typical concrete columns in the towers. The

3.2. Measuring the heat of hydration and strains
reinforcing steels in the columns were laid as per the
Thermal sensors were positioned at each of the
design drawing and thermal sensors were positioned at
mock-up columns in order to measure the heat of
each part of column to measure the heat of hydration hydration and strains. Maximum measured
and the thermal strains temperature reached 91.6℃ at 29 hours after casting
for the first column mock-up test occurred, the second
3.1. Mix design of concrete
column mock-up test reached 87.0℃ for the second
Ordinary portland cement with silica fume were mock-up at 26.5 hours after casting.
used for the first column mock-up test, a pulverised The strain for the first column mock-up was 146
fuel ash was used in the second mock-up in addition to micrometer, and for the second column mock-up, it
ordinary portland cement and silica fume. MASCRETE was 118 micrometer. Micro cracks were observed on
, mixture of ordinary portland cement and pulverised mock-up due to the thermal temperature difference
fuel ash with 80 : 20 mix ratio was available in the between the column core to exterior surface of the
Malaysian market. column.
Table 6-1 and 6-2 summarize the mix design Table 7 provides information about the results of
utilized for G80 mock-up tests for the columns. measurement of internal temperature and strain for the
first and second column mock-up.

Table 6-1 G80 Concrete Mix Design for Mock-up Column

Table 7 Internal temperature and strain for the first and
Mock-Up Column 1
second column mock-up
Design Mix Actual Mix Mock-Up Column 1 Mock-Up Column 2
OPC (㎏/㎥) 505 503 91.6℃
Peak Temp.
Mascrete (㎏/㎥) - - at 29.0 hours 87.0℃
at 26.5 hours
Silica Fume
30 29
(㎏/㎥) Bulk temp. 82.7℃ 79.7℃
Water (ℓ ) 134 133 Max at 14.5 hours at 22.0 hours
C. Agg. (㎏/㎥) 1000 990
Diff. Temp. 57.5℃ at 27.5 hours 52.9℃ at 33.0 hours
F. Agg. (㎏/㎥) 750 738 (Max) (center to corner) (center to corner)
P300N (㎏/㎥) 1 1
R
R1000 (㎏/㎥) 9.06 9.08 0.27 0.24
(Max)
Slump (㎜) 220 195
Strain 146 micro strain 118 micro strain
Conc. Temp (℃) - 32 (Max) (center to corner) (center to corner)

462 CTBUH 2004 October 10~13, Seoul,

Korea
3.3. Compressive Strength Test with high strength concrete. The following conclusions
In order to shorten the tower construction period, it can be derived from the column mock-up tests :
was necessary to remove the column formwork system
after 12 hours of casting. Therefore, the column mock- - The compressive strength of cored specimen
up tests were utilized as a basis to understand the was higher than the cube specimen at the early
behavior of the concrete under these conditions. stage (4 days and below).
The concrete strength of mix design was correlated - The compressive strength of cored specimen
with the actual in situ behavior of the column mock-up was lower than that of cube specimen by 23%
tests. Comparison of the compressive strength of the for first column mock-up and 20% for second
cored sample from the column mock-up tests(1 and 2) column mock-up at 46 day strength.
to the concrete test samples are shown in table 8 and 9 - The thermal crack due to excess heat of whereas
below. no cracking occurred at the second column
mock-up. This indicated that the pulverised fuel
ash mixed MASCRETE have reduced the heat
Table 8 Concrete compressive strength comparison between
the cored sample and cube specimens for the first column of hydration and thus eliminated the potential
mock-up test for thermal cracking.
No. Compression Test Average Strength - Removal of the form panels at 8 hours after
Date Time Age concrete placement can be achieved since the concrete
Strength
1 2/9 02:00 14 hrs 37.8 strength was higher than the specified
2 2/9 12:50 1 day 66.5
Core
15 MPa. This also satisfied the 12 hour construction planning
3 2/12 12:10 4 days 71.8
4 2/15 15:15 7 days 77.8 requirement for this project.
5 3/25 16:00 45 days 79.0
1 2/9 00:00 12 hrs 25.8
2 2/9 12:00 1 day 45.0
Cube
3
2/12 12:15 4 days 72.7
4. Quality control of High performance
4 2/15 - 7 days 82.9 concrete
5 3/8 - 28 days 104.2 The quality of high performance concrete for KLCC
6 3/25 - 45 days 102.3 project was controlled at each stages of concrete
production, transportation, site testing, placing, and
curing that is required by project strict specification
Table 9 Concrete compressive strength comparison
requirements.
between the cored sample and cube specimens for the first
column mock-up test

No. Compression Test Average Strength 4.1. Concrete Production

Date Time Age Strength PIONEER was selected as concrete supplier through
1 2/9 03:00 13.5 hrs 30.25
strict pre-qualification process. Batch plants were built
2 2/9 16:40 1 day 68.0
Core 3 2/12 14:10 4 days 77.0 on site for easier and shorter transportation, which
4 2/15 16:30 7 days 82.0 minimized the potential risk of producing the quality
5 3/25 16:00 45 days 85.8 of concrete required
1 2/9 1:30 12 hrs 19.3
However, outside batch plants were arranged in case
2 2/9 13:30 1 day 40.0
3 2/12 13:45 4 days 71.5 PIONEER’s on site batch plants was not operational
Cube
4 2/15 13:45 7 days 83.8
5 3/8 13:00 28 days 105.5 4.2. Transportation
6 3/25 13:00 45 days 107.6
To minimize the slump loss of high performance
concrete due to high ambient temperature in Malaysia,
the shortest transportation time was the optimal choice.
3.4. Mock-up Test Results Therefore, the batch plants were established on site.
The utilization of the column mock-up was very To prevent from confusion of delivery places
critical in identifying all the critical issues that are which was adjacent to each other, the channel for radio
required in mass production the very large columns communication was open always to get the

CTBUH 2004 October 10~13, Seoul, Korea 463

information to the places where the concrete was 5. Column Shortening
poured among truck drivers. The drivers were allowed In design and construction of super high-rise
to depart from the plant only after they have correct buildings, one of the most important factors is to
information of the concrete placing area. predict and plan for the decreasing aspect of the
building height caused by the deformation of the
4.3. Site Test vertical structure.
The slump test was performed as the truck arrived at The tolerance value and detailed design solutions
concrete placing area. For every truck, visual against deformation of the vertical structure should be
inspection was performed and for every two truck, prepared at early design stage.
slump test was performed. In case the slump was too In the case of Petronas Tower, we anticipated
low, admixture was added and mixed, but in case the 610mm deformation due to the elastic contraction,
slump was too high, the truck was forced to returned creep and shrinkage of concrete. A compensation
with the comments on delivery order sheet not to make program for each floor was adopted as the construction
same mistakes. progressed to get a designed floor elevation after 20
years.
4.4. Placement Figure 2 provides information about the comparison
Concrete pumps were used for most of concrete between the actual-measured values and pre-calculated
placement, and tower cranes were used partially. The values, and shows that this tower was so properly
concrete was directly pumped up a non stop reaching designed and built that the time-dependent shortening
to 380m at the 88th floor without intermediate pump and differential movements do not affect the strength
station, this renewing the world record. The direct and serviceability of the structure.
concrete pumping has resulted time and cost saving
without loss in concrete quality. 5.1. Details against Deformation
For the direct vertical pumping of concrete, quality In order to account for the effect of relative
control of concrete itself is essential along with regular deformation between the exterior columns and the core
concrete pump and pipe line tests and cleaning. wall, the following details were incorporated in the
Two(2) BP 8000 pumps, made in Germany, were used final construction of the project, which included at
for the Tower area and one(1) BP 3000 pump was used least :
for the Bustle area.
The concrete was pumped to the top level where it - Long slot holes are adopted on the joint area of
was finally poured into the designated areas with beams connecting the core wall and column.
concrete pipe placing booms attached to both sides of Beams are movable to the extent of the camber
core wall. The placing booms were self- climbing type angle.
device supported by the brackets, which were installed - The vertical joint area of the curtain-wall was
at the outside of core wall had a working radius of 27 designed with 28mm spare space for
meters. construction work and 20mm space for
transformation.
4.5. Concrete Curing - Ball joint, mechanical coupler, telescoping
A simple curing method was utilized in the Tower sleeve, etc were designated to prevent a damage
and it was considered in the concrete mix design that of vertical pipes.
complies with the ambient temperature and moisture - Copper plate film inserted between elevator rails
conditions. and a clip tied system for the rail allowed the
The curing compound was applied on the surface of rail well to operate vertically for each floor.
columns and the core wall as soon as formwork was
removed, and moisture curing was performed for the
slabs and beams.

464 CTBUH 2004 October 10~13, Seoul,

Korea
 Level 19th Tower #13 column Level 45th Tower #13 column
5 5

4 4
Shortening(mm)

Shortening(mm
3 3

2 2

)
1 1

0
0
0 200 measured800
value calculated
400 600 1000 value
1200 0 200 400 600
measured800 1000 value
value calculated 1200
Ages, Ages,
days days

Level 58th Tower #13 column

Level 65th Tower #13 column
5
5

4 4
Shortening(mm)
Shortening(mm)

3 3

2 2

1 1

0
0
0 200
400 600
measured 800 1000 value
value calculated 1200 0 200 400 600
measured800 1000 value
value calculated 1200
Ages, Ages,
days days

Fig. 2. Measured and calculated values

5.2. Monitoring - Design cube compressive strength of 80 MPa

It is important to compare the (11,600 psi)
pre-calculated/predicted deformation values, which - Use the local product as much as possible
based on theory, with actual measurements. In the - Select the aggregates available in close
KLCC Project, the pre-calculated values were proximate to the site as much as possible
exemplified and monitored by 100 measuring gauges - Reduce heat of hydration to prevent thermal cracking
where placed on total six floors, periodically. - Concrete direct pumping up to 380m without
intermediate pumps
Conclusion - Achieve early strength within 12 hours thus
High performance concrete used in KLCC project allowing for early formwork removal
satisfied the following project requirements and - Minimize the slump loss for the smoother
renewed the world record for direct concrete pumping pumping
to a new height. - Simpler curing method that was considered in design

CTBUH 2004 October 10~13, Seoul, Korea 465

 While the above requirements may be considered in And all of the results of study and review must be
every project in the world where the high performance recorded as a part of QA/QC program of the project
concrete is required. The ways of approach to satisfy and must be made available to all parties involved in
the requirements are different by project requirements, the project.
location, and market situations.
Therefore, precise study and review must be References
necessary at every single stage of construction 1) K.S. Yom et al. (1998) A study of monitoring and
planning, material selection, production, placement compensation for column shortening. Journal of The Korea
and curing, in order to satisfy the project requirements Concrete Institute
before the application of high performance concrete.

466 CTBUH 2004 October 10~13, Seoul,

Korea