WEEK 1

SCHEME OF WORK FOR SS2 FIRST TERM FURTHER MATHEMATICS

WEEKS TOPICS
1. Revision of SS 1 work
2. Nature of roots of quadratic equations and co-
efficient
3. Intersection of a line and a given curve
4. Polynomials
5. Factorization of Polynomials
6. Sum of roots of Polynomials
7. Revision of first half and test
8. Legal reasoning
9. Trigonometric function
10. Relationship between graphs of trig ratios
11. Graph of inverse by ration
12. Revision and first term examination

REFERENCE MATERIAL
1. NEW FURTHER MATHEMATICS PROJECT BY M.R TULTUH – ADEGUN
D. GODSPOWER ADEGOKE
 WEEK ONE

REVISION OF SS ONE WORK

WEEK TWO
Finding quadratic equations given sum and product of roots
Recall that if ax2 + bx + c = 0 where a, b, c are constants such that a≠ 0, suppose are
represent the distinct roots as ∝∧β
−b
then sum of roots ∝+ β = a ------------ (1)
c
Product of roots ∝β =
a
----------------- (2)
In general, if a quadratic equation has roots ∝∧β then ( x−∝ ¿ ( x −β ) =0 which gives
x −( ∝+ β ) x +∝ β=0 ----------------- (3)
2

That is X2 – (sum of roots) x + product of roots = o

Note: The above consideration gives rise to two results
i. Given a quadratic equation can find the sum and product of the roots
ii. Given the roots, we can formulate the corresponding quadratic equation.

Examples: Find the sum and product of the roots of each of the following quadratic
equations.
a. 2
2 x +3 x−1=0
b. 3 x 2−5 x−2=0
c. 2
x −4 x−3=0
1 2
d. 2
x −3 x−1=0

Solution
a. 2
2 x +3 x−1=0
a = 2, b = 3, c = -1
−b −3
∝+ β = = 2
a
c −1
∝β = =
a 2
b. 2
3 x −5 x−2=0
a=3, b = -5, c=-2
−b −5
∝+ β = = 3
a
c −2
∝β = =
a 3

c. x 2−4 x−3=0
a=1, b = -4, c=-3
−b
∝+ β = = 4,
a
 c
∝β = = −3
a

1 2
d. 2
x −3 x−1=0
2
x −6 x−2=0
a = 1, b = -6, c = -2
−b
∝+ β = = 6,
a
c
∝β = = −2
a

Example 2
1 3 1
Find the quadratic equation whose roots are (a) 3 (b) 2 and 5 (c) -1 and 8 (d) 4 and 2
Solution
The quadratic equation whose roots are ∝∧β is x 2−( ∝+ β ) x +∝ β=0
a. ∝+ β = 3 + -2 = 1
∝ β = 3x – 2 = -6
x 2−x−6=0

1 11
b. ∝+ β =
2
+ 5 = 2
1 5
∝β = x 5 =
2 2
11 5
x 2− x− =0
2 2
2
2 x −11 x +5=0

c. ∝+ β = 1 + 8 = 7
∝ β = -1 x 8 = -8
2
x −7 x−8=0

3 1 5
d. ∝+ β = + =
4 2 4
3 1 3
∝β = x =
4 2 8
2 5 3
x− x+ =0
4 8
8 x - 10x + 3 = 0
2

Exercise: if ∝∧β are the roots of the equation 3 x 2+2 x +7=0. Find the values of ∝+ β , ∝ β ,
2 2 β∧1 1
∝ +β , ∝ β +∝ +
2 2
∝ β
Hint ∝2+ β2 = (∝+ β)2−2 ∝ β
2. The roots of the quadratic equation 4 x2 −12 x +7=0are∝∧β , with ∝greater than β . Find
the values of (i) ∝+ β (ii) ∝2−β 2
Nature of roots
−b ± √ D
We recall that the solution of ax 2 +bx +c=0 is x= where D = b 2 - 4ac called the
2a
discriminant.

Three restrictions can be place in the value of D

a. If D = 0, The roots are real and equal
b. If D > 0 The roots of the equation are real and district
c. If D<0 The roots are not real (imaginary)
The graph of y=ax 2 +bx +c is related to the x-axis as follows

(a) Y y= f(x) (b) y y = f(x) (c) y y=(x)

X x
Real and equal roots real and distinct roots no real roots

Solution
Example 1
Determine the nature of roots of the following quadratic equations.
(i) 2
x −3 x−2=0
(ii) 2
x −6 x +9=0
(iii) 2 x 2−2 x+5=0

Solution
(a) a = 1, b = 3, c = -2
D = b 2- 4a c = 9+8=17
D = 17 > 0
Roots are real and distinct.

(b) x 2−6 x +9=0

a = 1, b = -6, c =9
D = b 2 - 4ac = 36 – 36 = 0
Roots are real and equal

(c) 2
2 x −2 x +5=0
 A = 2, b = -2, c = 5
D = b 2 - 4ac = 4 – 40 = -36
The roots are imaginary

Example 2: Find the value of k for which the roots of the quadratic equation
x + ( k−1 ) x−k =0 are equal.
2

Solution
x 2+ ( k−1 ) x−k =0
a = 1, b = k-1, c = -k
For equal roots b 2 - 4ac = 0
( k −1 )2−4 (−k ) =0
k - 2k + 1 + 4k = 0
2

2
k +2 k +1=0
( k −1 )2 = 0
K+1=0
K = -1

Exercise: Find the possible values of the constant k if the roots of the quadratic equation
2
x −( k +2 ) x +4=0

Assignment: Ex 1 D Question 22, 27, 28, 29.

 WEEK 3
Conditions for given line to intersect a curve
Simultaneous equations involving one linear and one quadratic can be solved as follows:
Example: Solve simultaneously

(a) y – 2x = -2
X2 + y2 + 2x – 3y = 19
(b) 2y – y =4
2x2 + 3y2 – x + 4y = 17

Solution
(a) x2 + (2x-2)2 + 2x – 3(2x – 2) = 19
x2 + 4x2 - 8x + 4 +2x – 6x = 19
5x2 – 12x – 9 = 0
(5x + 3) (x+3) = 0
−3
X = 3 or x = 5
−16
And y = 4 or y = 5

(b) 2(2y -4)2 + 3y2 – (2y – 4) + 4y = 17

2(4y2 – 16y + 16) + 3y2 – 2y + 4 +4y = 17
11y2 – 30y + 19 = 0
(11y – 9) (y – 1) = 0
19
Either y = 1 or y = 11
−6
And x = -2 or x = 11

Condition for a tangent to a curve

A tangent to a curve touches the curve of one point
Example: Find the value of c if the line y = x + c is to be a tangent to the curve x 2+y2=1

Solution
y = x + c ----------- (1)
x2+y2=1 ------------ (2)
x2 + (x + c)2 = 1
x2+ x2 + 2cx + c2 = 1
2x2 + 2cx + c2 – 1 = 0
The quadratic equation has equal roots since y = x + c is a tangent to x2 + y2 = 1
a = 2, b = x, c = c2 – 1
D = b2 – 4ac = 0
4c2 – 8(c2 – 1) = 0
4c2 – 8c2 + 8 = 0
C2 = 2
C = ± √2

Assignment: Find the equation of the tangent to the curve x2 + y2 – 8x – 8y + 28 = 0 which

is parallel to the line y = 3x + 6

Condition for a line not to intersect a curve

a. Prove that the line y=3x-1 neither cuts nor touches the curve x 2 +y2 – 8x – 2y + 8 = 0
b. prove that the line y=2x – 3 is a tangent to the curve x2 + y2 – 10x – 4y + 24 = 0

Solution
y = 3x – 1 ------------- (1)
x2 + y2 – 8x – 2y + 8 = 0 ------------ (2)
x2 + (3x – 1)2 – 8x – 2 (3x – 1) + 8 = 0
10x2 – 20x + 11 = 0
D = b2 – 4ac
400 – 440
-40 < 0
Y = 3x – 1 does not meet the curve x2 + y2-8x-2y +8 =0

b. x2 + (2x +3) – 10x -4 (2x – 3) + 24 = 0

5x2 – 30x + 45 = 0
X2 – 6x + 9 = 0
D=b2 – 4ac
36– 36 = 0
The line y=2x-3 is a tangent to the curve

Assignment
1. Show that the line y = x does not meet the curve x2 + y2 - 4x – 2cy + 86 = 0
2. Prove that the line 3x – y + 1 = 0 is a tangent to the curve x 2 + y2 – 14x -4y +13 = 0
 WEEK 4
POLYNOMIALS
A polynomial p(x) is in the form p(x) = anxn + an-1 xn-1 + _________ + a2x2 + a1x + a0
The numerical constants an, an-1– a2 a1 are called coefficients of xn, xn-1…X2, x respectively
while a0 is called the constant term of the polynomial. The highest power n is called the
degree of the polynomial. Examples
P(x) = 3x2 + 2x + 5, degree 2
H(x) = x4 + 3x2 – 6x degree 4

Example: Given that P(x) = 7x3 – 4x2 + 3x + 4

P1(x) = 5x2 + 6x + 1 Find P(x) + P1 (x) (b) P(x) – P1(x)

Solution
a. P(x) + P1(x) = (7x3 – 4x2 + 3x + 4)
(+) 5x2 + 6x + 1
= 7x3 + x2 + 9x + 5
b. P(x) – P1(x) = 7x3 – 4x2+ 3x + 4
(-) 5x2 + 6x + 1
7x3 – 9x2 – 3x + 3

2. Given that P1(x) = 4x3 – 2x2 + 3x – 1 and P2(x) = 3x2 – 4. Find P1(x) x P2(x)

Solution
P1(x) x P2(x) = (3x – 4) (4x – 2x2 + 3x – 1)
2 3

= 3x2(4x3 – 2x2 + 3x – 1)-4(4x3 – 2x2 + 3x – 1)

= 12x5 – 6x4 + 9x3 – 3x2 – 16x3 + 8x2 – 12x + 4
= 12x5 – 6x4 – 7x3 + 5x2 – 12x + 4

Division of Polynomials
If a polynomial P(x) is divided by another Polynomial D(x) to obtain Q(x) Then we have
P(x) = D(x) x Q(x) + R where R is the remainder
P (x) is the dividend
D(x) is the divisor
Q(x) is the Quotient

Example: Divide the polynomial P1 (x) = 3x2 – 2x + 4 by the polynomial P(x) = x + 2

 Solution
Step 1: divide the first term of the poly by the first term of the divisor to get the first term
of quotient x+2√3 x 2−2 x+ 4

Step 2: Multiply each term of the division by the quotient

3x
√3 x 2−2 x+ 4
x+2

2
3 x +6 x

Step 3: Subtract the product obtain in step 2 from the first two terms of the dividend and
3x
add the next term of the dividend. √3 x 2−4 x+ 4
x+2

2
3 x +6 x
(-)-8x + 4
Step 4: Using -8x + 4 as a new dividend repeat
3x - 8
Steps 1, 2 and 3. √3 x −4 x+ 4
x+2 2

3 x 2+ 6 x
(-)
- 8x + 4
-8x – 16
20
Note x + 2 is the divisor, 3x2 – 4x + 4 the dividend 3x – 8 is the quotient and x the
remainder.

2) Divide 4x3 + 6x2– 2x + 7 by 2x – 3 and hence find the quotient and the remainder.
2x 2 + 6x + 8
√ 4 x 3 +6 x 2−2 x +7
2 x−3

3 2
4 x +6 x
12x2 – 2x Quotient = 2x2 + 6x + 8
12x2 – 18x Remainder = 31
16x + 7
16x – 24
31
Exercise: Find the quotient and remainder when
a. 2x4 – 3x3 + x2 – 4x + 5 is divided by x2 + 3x + 1
b. X3 + 8 is divided by x2 – 2x + 4
Zeros of Polynomials
To find the zeros of the polynomial P(x), Put P(x) = 0 and solve the corresponding
equation
Examples: Find the zeros of the polynomial
(a) P(x) = x2 – 5x + 6 (b) P2 (x) = x2– 1
(b)
Solution
a. P1(x) = 0
X2 – 5x + 6 = 0
(x – 3) (x – 2) = 0
Either x = 3 or x = 2

b. P2(x) = 0
X2 – 1 = 0
(x + 1) (x -1) = 0
X = -1 or x = 1

The Remainder Theorem

It states that “if a polynomial f(x) is divided by x-a the remainder is f (a)

Proof
The polynomial function f(x) can be written as
f(x) = (x – a) Q(x) + R where x –a is the divisor and Q(x) quotient, R is remainder
Put x = a into (1)
f(a) = (a – a) Q(a)
f (a) = R

Example find the remainder when

a. f(x) = (x + 3) (x – 2) (x + 2) is divided x + 1
b. f(x) = 3x3 – 4x2 + 2x + 3 is divided by x – 1

Solution
a. Let x+1 = 0, x = -1
F(x) = (x + 3) (x + 2) (x + 2)
f(-1) = (-1 + 3) (-1-2) (-1 + 2)
= (2)(-3)(1)
= -6
R = -6
b. Let x -1 = 0, x = 1
f(x) = 3x3– 4x2 + 2x + 3
= 3(1) 3 – 4 (1)2 + 2(1) + 3
= 3-4 + 2 + 3
=4
R=4

Exercise
1. Find the remainder when f(x) = 2x3 + 3x2 – 4x + 1 is divided by 2x – 1
2. Show that x + 1 is a factor of f(x) = 2x3 + 3x2 – 5x -6
Assignment: Given that the poly f(x) = 6 –x – x2 is a factor of the poly g(x) = ax3 + 5x2 + bx =
18. Find
i. The values of the constants a and b
ii. The remainder when the polynomial g(x) is divided by x + 2
 WEEK 5
Factorization of Polynomials
Example: if x – 1 is a factor of the polynomial f(x) = 4x3 – 4x2 – x – k where k is a constant.
i. Find the value of k
ii. Factorize f(x) completely and state its zeros
iii. Find the remainder when g(x) is divided by x + 2

Solution
a. Let x-1 = 0, x = 1, f(1) = 0
f(x) = 4x3 – 4x2 – x + k
f(1) = 4(1)3 – 4(1)2 – 1 + k = 0
K=1

b. f(x) = 4x3 – 4x2 – x + 1

4x2 - 1
√ 4 x 3−4 x 2−x +1
x−1

(-) 4x3 – 4x2

-x+1
(-) -x+1
- -

Exercise: When the polynomial f(x) = (p-1) x3 + px2 + qx + r where p, q and r are constants,
is divided by x+2 and x – 1 the remainders are -5 and 4 respectively. If x + 1 is a factor of
f(x), find the values of p, q and r. Hence factorize f(x) completely
 WEEK 6

Roots of Cubic equation

Given the Cubic equation ax3 + bx2 + (x + d = 0 ---------- (1)
3 bx 2 cx d
Where a ≠ 0 x + + a + a = 0 -------------- (2)
a

If ∝ , β∧¿ are the roots of the equation (2)

Then (x−∝ ) (x – β ) (x - ) = 0
X2 – (∝ + β + ) x2 + ((∝ β + ∝ + β )x - ∝ β = 0 -------------- (3)

Comparing the coefficient of (2) and (3) gives

−b c −d
∝+ β+ ¿ = ∝β + ∝ +β = ∝β =
a a a

Sum of roots Sum of two roots Product of roots

Example: Solve the equation x3 – 6x2 + 11x – 6 = 0

Given that 1 is root of the equation

Solution
Let ∝ and β be two other roots and = 1 then
∝+ β + 1 = 6
∝+ β = 5---------------- (1)
∝ β (1) = 6
∝ β = 6 ------------------- (2)

6
From (2) ∝ = β --------------- (3)
6
+β=5
β
6 + β2 = 5β

Exercise: Solve the equation x3 – 3x2 – 4x + 12 = 0 given that two of the roots are equal
but the opposite in signs

Assignment: 27 -30 page 38 New further Mathematics Project

WEK SEVEN
MID TERM BREAK
 WEEK 8
LOGICAL REASONING
An intelligent System: it is a system that senses its environment and learns, for each
situation which action permits it to reach its objective.

Basic issues in intelligent system. (Assignment)

Fundamental Definition
a. A proposition or statement
It is a sentence that is either true or false. For example “four plus four equals
eight” and Obama is president of Nigeria” are either statement or preposition.
While the first statement is true the second is false.

Truth Value:
It is the truth or falsify of a statement. A true statement has truth value T while a false
statement has the value F.
Exercise: State the truth value of the following statements
a. The earth is a planet
b. Come out
c. What is a great day
d. I am a Nigerian
e. X+5=9

Connectives
They are words and phrases or systems that are sued to formed compound preposition
Connective word Symbol Compound Symbolic form
statement formed
not Negation P
And Conjunction P q
Or Disjunction P q
If --- then Implication P q
If and only if biconditional p q

Negation
Given that P is a statement, the negation of p denoted by p is a statement that is false
when p is true and true when p is false.

Example: P: Abuja is in Nigeria

p : Abuja is not in Nigeria
Note the following statements are equivalent in meaning
a. All human are mortals
b. Every human is a mortal
c. Each human is a mortal
d. Any human is a mortal

The negation of the statement P: All goats are mammals is any of the following
~P: some goats are not mammals
~P: there exists a goat which is not a mammal
~P: at least one goat is not a mammal

Conjunction:
If p and q are two given propositions the conjunction is the compoundproposition
denoted p n q. pnq is true when both p and q are true

Example: let p: 12 is a multiple of 4

q: 12 is a factor of 24
p n q: 12 is a multiple of 4 and a factor of 24 and p n q is true since both p and q are true.

2. Let a: 3 + 4 = 7
b: 3 – 7 = 4
an b: 3 + 4 = 7 and 3 – 7 =4
an b is false

Exercise: Form the conjunction of p and q

1. P: Grace is intelligent q: She is hardworking
2. P: The weather is hot q: Rain is falling
3. P: 6x – 2 = 40 q: x < 8

Disjunction
The disjunction p q is true if at least one of p or q is true. If is false where both of p and
q are false.

Example: Consider the following statement

P: Lagos is in Nigeria
Q: Lagos is the capital of Nigeria
R: Lagos is in Ghana
S: Lagos is the most populated state in Nigeria
Write the following disjunction and state the truth value
(a) P v q
(b) P v s
(c) qvr
(d) r v s

ii. State the truth value of the following compound statements

(a) P q
(b) P s
(c) Q r
(d) R s

Conditional Proposition
Given that p and q are propositions. A constitutional proposition denoted P q has the
following meaning
a. P implies q
b. P is sufficient for q
c. Q is necessary for p
d. P only of q
e. If p then q
f. Q follows from p
g. Q is the consequences of p
Example: P: this month is January
Q: Next month is February
P : of this month is January then next month is February
2. P: Rain falls, q: I will wear a rain coat
P q: I will wear a rain coat if rain falls.
Note: The conditional statement p q is when the hypothesis (p) is true and the
conclusion (q) is false

Examples: (1) P: If Lagos is in Nigeria then it is Africa is true

(2) If Lagos is in Nigeria then it is in Europe false.
 WEEK 9
BICONDITIONAL STATEMENTS
Given that p and q are statements the bi conditional statement P q means
a) P if and only if q
b) P implies q and q implies p
c) P is necessary and sufficient for q

Examples: let p and q the statements

P: He is lazy q: He will be a successful business man; write the following
statement in symbolic form. “He will be a successful businessman if and only if he is
hardworking
Answer: ~p⇔ q or q ⇔~P
Exercise: Ex 3, No 4,5 and 20 page 52 and 53

Quantifiers
a) Universal quantifier ( ∀ )
Examples:
1) All man are wise
2) Every orange is sweet
3) Any Nigerian is either male or female

Let M denoted the set of men and P the predicate has are wise. The preposition “All men
are wise” can be written as ( ∀ x E M ) P(x)

Exercise: let m be the set of all men and p the predicate “has conscience” write the
preposition all men have conscience”

b. Existential Quantifier(∃)
The symbol ∃ is called existential quantifier and reads

i. There exist ii. For some iii. For at least

Example: let N be the set of natural numbers and P(x): x + 5 < 9. Determine the true
value of ∃x P(x)
Solution
If XEN then {x: x + 5 < 9} = {1, 2, 3} ≠ ∅
Hence (∃x P (x) is true.
 Introduction to proving Theorem
Theorem: A theorem is a statement that has be proved on the basis of previously
established statements such as other theorem.

A theorem has two parts namely hypothesis and conclusion.

The proof of a theorem is a logical argument which demonstrates the fact that the
conclusion is a necessary consequence of the hypothesis.

The Principal of Mathematic induction

If P(n) is a statement which involves positive integers n = 1, 2, 3…… then P(n) is true for all
positive integers n provided
1. P(1) is true
2. P(k+1) is true when ever P(k) is true.

Exercise: Let P(x) be “x+1>5” depend on the set N of natural members. Determine its
truth sets.

Assignment Ex 4 Q 5, 7 and 8 page 61

 WEEK 10
Trigonometric Functions
Review of trigonometric ratios

S A

T C

In the first quadrant (0 ≤∅ ≤ 900)

Sin ∅ = cos (90 - ∅ )
Cos ∅ = sin (90 - ∅ )
Tan ∅ = cot (90 - ∅ )

In the second quadrant (90o≤∅ ≤ 180)

Sin ∅ = sin (180o -∅ )
Cos ∅ = -cos(180o - ∅ )
Tan ∅ = tan (180o- ∅ )

In the third quadrant (1800≤∅ ≤ 270o)

Sin ∅ = sin (180o+ α )
Cos ∅ = -cos(180o + α )
Tan ∅ = tan (180o+ α )

In the fourth quadrant (2700≤∅ ≤ 3600)

Sin ∅ = -sin (360o-∅ )
Cos ∅ = cos(360o-∅ )
Tan ∅ = -tan (360o-∅ )

Negative angles
Sin(-∅ ) = -sin ∅
Cos (-∅ ) = cos ∅
Tan (-∅ ) = - tan ∅

Special angles
Angles 0o 30o 45o 60o 90o
Sin 0 1 √2 √3 1
2 2 2
Cos 1 √3 √2 1 0
2 2 2
Tan 0 √3 1 √3 ∞
3
 Conversion from degree to Radius
π
∅ Rad = ∅ o x 0
180

Example: change to following angles from degree to radian 30 o, 45o, 60o, 90o

Graphs of trigonometric functions

a. Graph of y = sin∅ - 3 π ≤ ∅ ≤ 4 π

y = sin∅

-3 π -2 π -π π 2π
3π

b. Graph of y = cos∅ - 3 π ≤ ∅ ≤ 4 π

Y = cos∅

-3 π -2 π -π 0 π 2π 3π 4π

In general the graph of y = A sin ∅ has an amplitude of /A/ and the graph of y = sin∅ is
2π
period of k e.g. The graph of y = 3sin2∅ has an amplitude of 3 and period of π .
The graph of y=tan∅ - 2 π ≤ ∅ ≤ 2 π

−3 π −π π 3π
2 2 2 2

2π
In general the graph of y = a cosbx + c has amplitude /a/ and period b

Examples
a. Draw the graph of y = 3sin2x + 1 in the range 0o≤ x ≤ 306 ° at intervals of 30o
b. From your graph find the
i. max value of 3sin2x + 1
ii. Corresponding values of x of which 3sin2x + 1 is max

Solution
i. 4 ii. 45o and 225o

Exercise: page 181 Q 17

 WEEK 11
GRAPHS OF INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

π
2
π
2
−1 1

−π
≤y≤
−π −π
2 2 2

Y = arc sin x y = arc cos x

π
2

−π
2
−π π
Y=arctanx, 2 ≤ y ≤ 2

Trigonometric identities

Sin2∅ + cos2∅ = 1
1 + tan2∅ = sec2∅
1 + cot2∅ = cosec2∅
Examples: Prove that
a.
√1+ cos ∅
1−cos ∅
sin ∅
= cosec∅ + cot ∅
1−cos ∅
b. 1+ cos ∅
= sin ∅

Compound angles
tan A +tan B
Sin (A+B) = sinAcosB + cosA sin B tan A +B = 1−tanAtanB
Sin(A-B) = sin AcosB – cosAsinB
tan A−tan B
Cos(A+B) = cosAcosB – sinAsinB tan (A-B) = 1+tanAtanB
Cos(A-B) = cosAcosB + sinAsinB
Examples: evaluate in surd form
(a) Sin 75o (b) cos 75o (c) tan 195o

Solution
Cos 75o = cos (30o + 45o)
Cos 30ocos 45o – sin 30o sin45o
√3 x √2 - 1 √ 2
2 2 2 2
√6 x √2
4 4
1
( 6 - 2)
4 √ √

1
b. cos 75o= 4 (√ 6 - √ 2)

c. Tan 195o = tan (1800 + 15o)

tan 180 °+ tan 15 °
= 1−tan180 ° tan 15 °
= tan 15o
3−√ 3
=
3+ √ 3

Multiple Angles
a. Double angles
2 tan A
Sin 2A = 2sinA cosA tan 2A = 1−tan2 A
= Cos2A – sin2A
Cos 2A 2cos2A – 1
1 – 2sin2A

Half angle
2t 1−t 2 2t
sinA = 2 cosA = , tanA = 2
1+ t 1+t 2 1−t
∅
where t = tan 2 .
12
Examples: if cot∅ = 5 where ∅ is an acute angle evaluate sin 2∅
Solution
12
Cot ∅ = 5
5
Tan ∅ = 12
5
Sin ∅ = 13
12
Cos ∅ = 13
Cos 2∅ = cos2∅ - sin2∅
144 25 119
= 169 - 169 = 169

cos 2 ∅ 119
=
sin ∅+ cos ∅ 169
5 12
+
13 13
119
= 169
17
13
119 13
= 169 x 17

7
= 13
3 12
Exercise: if ∝∧β are acute such that sin ∝ = 5 and tan β = 5 . Find without tables
a. Sin (∝+ β )
b. Cos (∝+ β )
c. Tan (∝−β )
d. Tan 2∝
e. Sin 2 β
f. Cos 2∝
sin 2 A−1
2a. show that 1+ cos2 A = tan A
1 tan 2 A
b. cos 2A = 1 tan 2 A
cos 2 A−1
c. cos 2 A +1
= - tan 2 A
2 tanA
d. tan2A = cot A−tan A
Assignment: Ex 8 No11, 14 and 15 page 109 and 110