Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 152 (2021) 111643

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Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rser

Lignocellulosic biomass-based engineered biochar composites: A facile

strategy for abatement of emerging pollutants and utilization in
industrial applications
Parul Shukla a, Balendu Shekhar Giri a, Rakesh K. Mishra b, Ashok Pandey c, Preeti Chaturvedi a, *
a
Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, Environmental Toxicology Group, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR),
Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
b
Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Uttarakhand (NITUK), Srinagar (Garhwal), 246174, India
c
Centre for Innovation and Translational Research, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan
Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: There has been considerable growing interest in the production and application of biochar derived from various
Lignocellulosic biochar composites sources, especially from the lignocellulosic biomass (crop residues), sewage sludge, plastic wastes, etc. Biochar
Synthesis have emerged as potential candidates as catalysts in different chemical and bioprocesses, and for soil remediation
Agrochemical
and amelioration, agrochemical removal, carbon sequestration, removal of organic and inorganic wastes,
Carbon sequestration
wastewater treatment, supercapacitor, electrode material, etc. Recently, to increase the adsorption efficiency of
Organic and inorganic pollutants
conventional biochar, modifications to create composite biochar have been initiated. Modification may alter
surface functionality, ash content, surface charges, and surface area, subsequently enhancing fixation and
removal of toxic compounds. High carbon content, high specific surface area, high cation exchange capacity,
porous structure, and stability of engineered biochar composite has raised their utility in environmental reme­
diation. Therefore, to proffer a detailed mechanism and application of engineered biochar, this review con­
ceptualizes the effect of biochar composites on pollutant eradication. Moreover, various synthesis mechanisms,
modification processes, properties, and composition of lignocellulosic biochar composites along with the
mechanism of pollutant removal are expounded. In summary, engineered biochar composites have wide appli­
cation prospects in providing sustainable bioeconomy however the mechanism and impact of engineered biochar
should be further investigated.

and stimulated considerable research intended for developing the

1. Introduction technologies for the storage and capture of organic and inorganic pol­
lutants and providing sustainable alternatives for energy production [4].
Economically, environmentally viable and efficacious methods for It is an utmost requirement to search for effective strategies to sequester
the mitigation of environmental pollutants and production of valuable contaminants before disposal into water bodies to attain recommended
products are currently depicted as major challenges [1,2]. Combustion water purity. Hence, due to low cost, simple processing, feasibility, and
of fossil fuels and the increasing emission of greenhouse gases, in high efficiency, adsorption strategies have been utilized and considered
particular carbon dioxide (CO2) have caused global warming. Anthro­ as the most reliable method for the removal of aquatic pollutants [5].
pogenic activities have elevated the total release of CO2 from 280 ppm to However, to achieve optimum outcomes implementation of non-toxic,
400 ppm, mainly due to electricity generation, transportation, and recyclable, and low-cost adsorbent materials is a matter of concern [6].
industrialization [3]. Highly persistent and recalcitrant wastewater Considering renewable, sustainable, and low-cost nature of biomass,
pollutants (agrochemicals, heavy metals, dyes, antibiotics, etc.) pose a it is vigorously being studied for its potential to produce gaseous and
serious health hazard. Owing to the expensive and extensive nature, liquids fuels, heat and electricity generation [7]. Biomass has been
physico-chemical and microbial processes are less desirable for the identified as a potent alternative petro-derived chemicals and fuels [2].,
degradation of contaminants. These sobering situations have attracted Biomass-based carbon sequestration and biofuel production also help in

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: [email protected] (P. Chaturvedi).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111643
Received 6 December 2020; Received in revised form 29 June 2021; Accepted 30 August 2021
Available online 8 September 2021
1364-0321/© 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
P. Shukla et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 152 (2021) 111643

Abbreviations IPD Intraparticle diffusion

MG Malachite green
GHG Greenhouse gas MB Methylene blue
EC Electrical conductivity PCBs Polychlorinated biphenyls
FTIR Fourier transform infrared PNP P-nitrophenol
NMR Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy PMS Peroxymonosulfate
CEC Carbon exchange capacity DDE Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene
TDS Total dissolved solids ROS Reactive organic species
TH Total hardness DNA Deoxy nucleic acid
BNC Biochar-based nanocomposites SEM Scanning electron microscopy
nZVI Nano zero-valent iron VSM Vibrating sample magnetometer
BET Brunauer-Emmett-Teller XPS X-ray photoelectron spectrophotometer
POP Persistent organic pollutant TCLP Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure
PAHs Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon FFA Free fatty acids
NAPH Naphthalene MPC Modified pyrochar
EDCs Endocrine disrupting chemicals FAME Fatty acid methyl ester
ARGs Antimicrobial resistant genes AOP Advanced oxidation processes
MDR Multidrug resistant PS Persulfate
TC Tetracycline AO7 Acid orange-7
PFO Pseudo-first-order ACC Activated carbon catalyst
PSO Pseudo-second-order HP Hydrothermal pre-treatment
SMT Sulfamethazine AAEMs Alkalis and alkali earth metals
EDA Electron-donor-acceptor SOC Soil organic carbon
NOR Norfloxacin POM Polyoxometalate
LEV Levofloxacin MFC Microbial fuel cell
BPA Bisphenol-A BES Bioelectrochemical system
TOC Total organic carbon CC Carbon cloth
DFT Density functional theory COD Chemical oxygen demand
CIP Ciprofloxacin BAC Biochar-based activated carbon
E2 17 β-estradiol

lesser generation of greenhouse gases (GHG) [4,8]. Various environ­ biomass occurs at different temperatures. For example, breakdown of
mental advantages of biomass derived fuels over fossil fuels are as cellulose occurs at 305–375 ◦ C, hemicellulose at 200–350 ◦ C, and lignin
below: at 250–500 ◦ C and the thermochemical conversion of lignin among these
I. Biomass is a renewable energy source and present in a plentiful provides a high yield of (approximately 65%) of biochar [11].
amount unlike fossil fuel which takes several years to get recharged; Biochar is a low-density carbonaceous (65–90%), porous material
II. Biomass can reduce the landfills aiding in solid waste reduction produced by thermochemical conversion (gasification, hydrothermal
and CO2 emission; carbonization, pyrolysis) at temperature <900 ◦ C, having numerous
III. Use of biomass for the production of fuels can lead in a significant aromatic and oxygen functional groups [5]. Thermal decomposition
reduction in GHGs emission, contributing to control the environmental may occur in the presence or absence of oxygen, in which pyrolysis is
crises (global warming and climate change); one of the most promising strategies for producing biochar, together
IV. Easy availability and low-cost are two important features, which with bi-gas, and bio-oil [12]. The specific adsorption characteristics of
provide biomass the competitive edge to prduce efficient and less biochar are attributed to its porous structure, enhancing the
destructive bioenergy than fossil fuels. water-retention and capturing capabilities. In addition, small bulk
Thermo-chemical conversion of biomass can be used for the syn­ density, high specific surface area, surface functional groups, feeble
thesis of biochar. For instance, forest residues, sewage waste, municipal electrical conductivity (EC), mineral components, and strong adsorption
solid waste, animal residues, agricultural residues, and industrial resi­ capacity of biochar levitate its potential in numerous applications.
dues have been utilized as feedstock to produce biochar. Among these, Elemental composition, ion-exchange potential, alkalinity, and hydro­
lignocellulosic biomass obtained from agricultural and forest residues phobicity are considered essential for effective adsorptive properties of
have great potential for biochar production due to their high abundance biochar [6]. Generally, high temperature leads to more porous (meso­
[9]. Several countries in tropics such as agri-based economy produce porosity ranging from 34.3 to 124.0 m2/g) and carbon-content biochar
millions of tons such biomass (for example, India produces about 600 synthesis. Large longitudinal pores of biochar (varying from micro to
million tons of agricultural wastes per year) which mostly is burned or macropores) originate from vascular bundles of raw biomass. These
dumped in open landfill causing excessive particulate matter emission, large pores provide distinct favourable properties to be utilized in soil
air and water pollution [10]. Therefore, the utilization of lignocellulosic improvement, as pores act as habitat for symbiotic microorganisms
wastes to its maximum potential is imperative. Hemicellulose, cellulose, (rhizosphere bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi), which promotes plant
and lignin are the major constituent of lignocellulosic biomass, though growth. These properties help in the movement of water and air in soil
the properties and carbon content of the biochar depend upon the na­ layers enhancing soil’s functionality and fertility [13]. Additionally, it
ture, type, and thermochemical process used for the production. Her­ has been seen that high internal porosity promotes adsorption of smaller
baceous residues (elephant grass, switch grass), forest biomass (woods, size organic pollutants [14], whereas desorption analysis confirms the
roots, leaves, sawdust), and agricultural biomass (husk, straw, bagasse) irreversible adsorption of micropollutants via biochar, which ultimately
are majorly included under the category of lignocellulosic biomass. would not cause leaching in soil and water bodies.
Decomposition of lignocellulosic (lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose) Several techniques such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR),

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P. Shukla et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 152 (2021) 111643

nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), elemental and thermal analysis are example, reduction in cadmium availability via sulfur and sulfur-iron
used to unerstad the chemical structural changes occurring during the modified biochar [31] and arsenic availability by red mud-modified
processing of biomass to produce biochar. Heating (starting from biochar [32] was achieved. Corn straw derived Fe/Al (hydr)oxides
255 ◦ C) of dry plant biomass dehydrates the chemical moieties of the modified biochar have been demonstrated for reducing the leaching of
biomass to form aromatic, phenol, alkyl, and aromatic carbon struc­ phosphorous from fertile calcareous soil [33]. Various organic materials
tures, with high amount of oxygen, sulfur, and hydrogen. Biochar pro­ and pollutants such as levofloxacin [34], ciprofloxacin [35], tetracycline
duced at comparatively low temperature (200–400 ◦ C) shows the [36], reactive blue 19 [37], methyl orange [38]and inorganic pollutants
presence of more oxygen-containing functional groups (-NH2(amine), such as arsenate As(V) [39], lead, cadmium [40], nitrate [41], and
–COOH (carboxyl), –OH (hydroxyl)), ultimately enhancing the binding phosphate [42]have been successfully removed from the contaminated
and immobilization efficiency of inorganic pollutants [15]. Thus, opti­ sites using the modified biochar.
mization of the production process in terms of biochar adsorption ca­ Generally, biochar based modified materials can be classified into
pacity and yield is needed. Lignocellulosic raw materials such as maize four categories, nano-material coated (graphene, carbon nanotubes,
stover, rice husks [16], ramie [17], banana leaves [18], rice straw [19], chitosan, ZnS nanocrystals, graphene oxide), magnetic biochar com­
Parrot’s feather (Myriophyllum aquaticum) [20], corn stalks [21], pista­ posites (FeCl2, FeCl3, FeSO4), chemically modified (methanol, H3PO4,
chio shells [22] have been employed for the preparation of biochar. H2O2, NaOH, KOH), and inorganic material coated (metal salts: ZnCl2,
Co(NO3)2, AlCl3, MnOx) [43]. Feedstock type, residence time, heating
1.1. Modification of biochar rate, and pyrolysis temperature are the deciding factors for the appli­
cability of synthesized biochar in specific applications [44]. Thus, the
For improving the physio-chemical properties of biochar, modifica­ evaluation of biochar potential is the foremost requirement to exercise
tions through alkali, acid, metal ions, and oxidizing agents are adopted in catalytic and another implementation.
to synthesize the engineered and modified biochar-composites, which As it is evident from the above, there have been increasing attention
also make them an appropriate candidate for catalytic applications. to study the potential of engineered biochar and their production and
Various physical (gas/stream, magnetic), chemical (acid/alkali), and applications from lignocellulosic biomass (Table 1). However, till-date
biological (digestion, microbial) processes have been employed for not much has been published to critically analyse the information and
modification of biochar, [2]. Potential of engineered biochar for the research and technological developments on the utilization of ligno­
adsorption of inorganic and organic pollutants from aqueous source, cellulosic biomass for the synthesis of engineered biochar. Therefore, the
bioenergy production, soil amelioration and remediation, carbon purpose of this review is to summarize the progress on lignocellulosic-
sequestration, and as catalyst have attracted much attention. based engineered biochar composites and their applications in field of
Several inorganic materials such as zeolites, silica, metal, and nano- environment and energy production, presenting the analysis of knowl­
metal oxides have been employed for biochar modification. For edge to identify the gaps and present research directions and
instance, combined electrochemical modification was performed to perspectives.
prepare MgO/biochar composites. Titanium dioxide-coated biochar
composites were fabricated for the adsorption and photocatalytic 1.2. Composite biochar as adsorbents
degradation of pollutants [15]. Date palm-derived engineered biochar
modified with nano-zerovalent iron, silica, and zeolite have been pre­ Introduction of an inorganic material into biochar matrix is a new
pared for chlortetracycline removal [23]. Similarly, chemically modi­ practice for the synthesis of multifunctional composites which in­
fied biochar was implemented for phenol removal from the aqueous troduces additional functional groups, contributing new physicochem­
solution [22]. Biochar impregnated with metal oxides (magnetic bio­ ical properties to biochar [45]. The surface of biochar can be activated
char) have shown great adsorbing potential for contaminants such as chemical or physical methods. The latter includes heat and steam acti­
phosphate [24], heavy metals [25–27], and antibiotics [28–30]. Engi­ vation while chemical activation is achieved by using bases (K2CO3,
neered biochar have been successfully implemented for reducing the KOH, and NaOH), acids (HCl, H3PO4, H2SO4, and HNO3) and
bioavailability and transfer of heavy metals in soil environment. For nitrogen-based functional groups (amide, pyridine, pyrrole, lactame,

Table 1
Comparison of present review article and previously published review papers on lignocellulosic engineered biochar.
References Biochar Introduction Biochar Environmental Engineered biochar as Application of biochar as Other applications
synthesis to different modification impact and cost adsorbents catalysts
mechanism composite methods assessment
Organic Inorganic Syngas As Soil Electrodes
biochar
pollutants pollutants production persulfate amelioration/ in MFCs
and tar activator carbon
removal sequestration

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imide) [46]. These treatments can improve the surface chemical prop­ suitable large-scale production alternatives to ensure optimum and
erties (hydrophobicity, polarity, and functional groups on the surface), stable adsorption of pollutants in water.
pore characteristics, porosity, and surface area, e.g., metal oxides,
nanoparticles, clay minerals, carbonaceous materials, and microorgan­ 1.5. Engineered nanoparticles-biochar composites
isms. Generally, biochar surface act as a scaffold to support the
impregnation of foreign materials retaining its original properties. Recentlynano-formulations have been introduced into biochar ma­
trix to increase the anion adsorption potential of metal biochar. Chito­
1.3. Magnetic/metal oxide biochar san, carbon nanotubes, graphene, layered soluble hydroxide, graphene
oxide, metal oxides, ZnS nanocrystals, nanoscale zero-valent iron are
Separation (centrifugation and filtration) from the aqueous medium most commonly used nanoparticles to create affordable nano-biochar
and reuse of the powdered biochar usually limit its wastewater treat­ composites. Pre-coating followed by pyrolysis or impregnation after
ment application at large-scale. Furthermore, the desorption of pollut­ pyrolysis are highly investigated strategies for nano-biochar based
ants from the adsorbent creates secondary pollution [47]. Therefore, to composites.
mitigate such obstacles, magnetic or metal-based biochar has been Zhu et al. [73],demonstrated a successful usage of magnesium oxide
synthesized by using the transition metal (Ni, Fe, Co) and their oxides nanoparticle-biochar composite derived from corn straw for phosphate
[(Fe(NO3)3, Fe2O3, Fe3O4]with lignocellulosic biomass via chemical removal from aqueous solution. Nano-MgO particles because of high
co-precipitation, hydrothermal carbonization, reductive co-deposition surface area and active sites showed higher adsorption potential and
or impregnation-pyrolysis activation [48,49] that exhibit advantage followed Langmuir-Freundlich isotherm. Corncob biochar impregnated
over the conventional biochar due to ease in separation from the to formbiochar-based nano-composite for controlled release of nutrients
contaminated sitesusing external magnets [50–53]. . in water and soil by Ref. [74]. Micro (Na2O, Fe2+, Fe3+, Zn2+) and
The utilization of magnetic biochar in supercapacitors [54], acid gas macronutrients (K2O, Ca2+, NO31− , Mg2+, P2O5) release kinetics
removal [44], carbon sequestration [3], plant growth, nutrient uptake, exhibited fast release at the beginning which declined to constant at the
soil amendment [55], and energy production [12]have also been iden­ end of experiment validating need of nutrients at the growing stage of
tified as promising strategy. For instance, as raw material, various plant plants. Easy availability and strong reactivity of nano zero-valent iron
sources and agricultural wastes such as crop wastes (rice straw [48], (nZVI) are highly employed in remediation processes. Moreover, nZVI is
durian peel [56], chestnut shell [57], Chinese medicine residue [58], advantageous over membrane-based separation, precipitation, floccu­
sycamore tree sawdust [59], corn waste straw [60]), Saccharum spon­ lation, and ion-exchange methods due to low cost, ease in separation,
taneum (kans grass) [61], Astragalus propinquus [62], pinewood [27], and low solid residues for pollutant remediation [75]. Although easy
eucalyptus [63], aquatic plants (Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth)) oxidation and agglomeration of nZVI prevent its usage, which is now
[64], softwood pellet and wheat straw pellet [65], Phragmites australis combined with biochar to enhance its stability and reducing potential.
(common reed) [49]) have been investigated to synthesize magnetic Recently, nZVI combined with lignocellulosic biomass have been
biochar composites. It is known that chemical bonds (hydrogen bond, explored to reduce heavy metals (chromium) [76], antibiotics [77], dyes
P–P interaction, π-π interaction), electrostatic attraction, [78], glyphosate [79], and nitrate [80]. Nano magnetite biochar (Pinus
co-precipitation, O-containing functional groups, surface complexation, massoniana pine needles) composites were synthesized for degradation
and ion exchange act as primary adsorptive mechanism for the removal of 1,4-dioxane. Batch-scale analysis illustrated 98.0% removal efficiency
of heavy metals by magnetic biochar [47]. In addition, porous structure after 2 h of processing utilizing persulfate activation [81].
and high specific surface area of magnetic-biochar make them an effi­ All of these adsorbents exhibit different properties in terms of syn­
cient candidate for the degradation process. thesis mechanism and functional groups attached to it with certain ad­
vantages and disadvantages over each other. For example, metal organic
1.4. Clay-based biochar frameworks (comprising polynuclear metal clusters or single metal ions
with organic ligands) shows highly porous ability for the sorption of CO2
Intrinsic properties including pH, pore size, specific surface area, and and H2S and are identified as better candidate for pollutants removal
modified surface of clay minerals are identified as major properties. than the metal oxide adsorbents under the similar conditions. Imple­
Moreover, high ion-exchange potential and lamellar structure provides mentation of these adsorbents is a function of numerous parameters,
capability to mitigate pollutants. The type of pollutant is the most including pollutant property, purity of treated system required, energy
influential characteristic providing efficiency to clay biochar. Generally, requirements, etc.
natural clay composed of kaolinite, vermiculite, montmorillonite,
zeolite, sepiolite, rectorite, laponite, chlorite, and hectorite [66,67] and 1.6. Mitigation of pollutants through engineered biochar
exist as hydrous aluminium phyllosilicates [68]. However, MMT and
KLN are the most employed clays having high carbon exchange capacity Relationship between the dissolved concentration and adsorbed
(CEC) for removal of both inorganic and organic pollutants. concentration in adsorbent surface is represented by sorption equilib­
Wang et al. [69], synthesized attapulgite composites using ZnCl2 rium isotherms. For instance, various sorption models including Lang­
treated rice straw derived biochar to reduce the bioavailability of cad­ muir, Freundlich, Langmuir-Freundlich, Temkin, Redlich-Peterson, and
mium and arsenic in river sediments. Pre-treatment of bamboo, hickory Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) models are used, although Langmuir and
chips, and bagasse feedstocks was performed using MMT and VMT and Freundlich are widely reported in batch sorption. The use of certain
were investigated for decoloration of methylene blue with 7.90 mg g− 1 computational details such as density-functional-theory (DFT) has also
adsorption capacity [70]. Sawdust based biochar-clay composite been employed for better identification of micro-mechanism of
ceramic filters were fabricated for point-of-use in aqueous environment. adsorption. .Furthermore, pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order,
Clay contained bronsted and kaolinite and showed hydrophilic proper­ Elovich, n-th-order, and intra-particle diffusion models are majorly
ties and hence proved to efficiently remove total dissolved solids (TDS), employed kinetics for the removal of pollutants using engineered bio­
total hardness (TH), and turbidity with 45.8%, 42.5%, and 67% removal char [82].
rate, respectively [71]. Similarly, clay-biochar composite derived from
natural attapulgite and potato stem were demonstrated for norfloxacin 1.7. Biochar composites as adsorbents for organic pollutants
adsorption from aqueous solution [72]. In earlier reported studies
biochar-clay composites were mostly prepared either by direct pyrolysis The extreme discharge and persistence of pollutants into aquatic
or surface modification providing facile, cost-effective, efficient and ecosystems has caused deterioration to fresh water quality [83]. Organic

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P. Shukla et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 152 (2021) 111643

pollutants such as antibiotics, textile dyes, pesticides, persistent organic biochar treated with cerium trichloride in batch sorption method,
pollutants (POPs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and many confirmed by FTIR. Pseudo-second-order model and Freundlich
more are the subject of concern. Rapid industrialization, isotherm were best fitted model, suggesting chemisorption of antibiotic
agrochemical-based agricultural practices, and other anthropogenic [92]. Another study was performed to synthesize perox­
activities lead to soil and water bodies contamination, which directly or ymonosulfate/iron functionalized biochar to eliminate bisphenol-A
indirectly affects the food chain. Since, applicability of conventional (BPA) contamination. Fe-biochar was synthesized by FeCl3⋅6H2O
methods found inefficient due to mass production of toxic chemicals, use treated sawdust biochar in quartz tubular reactor at pyrolytic temper­
of biochar has considerably increased as environmentally benign, sus­ ature of about 500–800 ◦ C.Total organic carbon (TOC) results demon­
tainable, and low-cost alternatives. However, integration of biochar strated 55% mineralization to form inorganic carbon forms. Highest
with other suitable materials via crosslinking, impregnation, and che­ removal efficiency was achieved at pH 9.0, due to deprotonation of
lation to synthesize engineered biochar enhances adsorption properties catalyst surface and cationic BPS form [93]. Ciprofloxacin (CIP)
[84]. Removal of pollutants via biochar involves Van der Waals, hy­ adsorption was achieved using camphor leaves as biochar to prepare
drophobic, hydrogen bonding, electron exchange, polarity, and π-π in­ activated and magnetic ZnO doped biochar [94]. In this study magnetic
teractions [85,86]. Till date, several studies have been performed to biochar was produced using ZnCl2 and FeCl3⋅6H2O referred as
remove organic pollutants (methylene blue, naphthalene (NAPH) and ZnCl2/biochar, which was again loaded with ZnO nanoparticles to
p-nitrotoluene, safranine) using orange peel, ramie bars, banana, corn synthesize ZnO-magnetic-biochar.Langmuir model with R2 value of 0.99
straws etc. as lignocellulosic biochar [84,87]. Table 2 shows various was found to be closest of adsorption of CIP, concluded monolayer
engineered biochar and mechanism of organic pollutant removal. adsorption. Dong et al. [95],analysed the effect of magnetic biochar
nanoparticles derived from bagasse (pyrolysis at 400–800 ◦ C) for
1.8. 1 Adsorption of antibiotics and endocrine disrupting chemicals removal of 17β-estradiol (E2). In comparison with pristine biochar,
mag-biochar-nanoparticles showed better adsorption and was found to
Overuse and disposal of untreated pharmaceuticals (antibiotics), follow pseudo-second-order model. Using the lotus seedpod,
endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), and personal care products in graphene-like magnetic biochar were produced for E2 adsorption.
soil and aquatic environment are causing unprecedented threat and Langmuir adsorption revealed influence of pH, SO42− ions, and ionic
serious health emergency [88]. Low biodegradability of these antimi­ strength on E2 uptake involving electrostatic interaction, π-π interac­
crobial agents promotes transformation of terrestrial and aquatic tion, and micropore filling effect [96]. Recently, maize straw derived
microbiota accelerating emergence of antimicrobial resistance genes magnetic biochar/quaternary phosphonium salt (MBQ) has been
(ARGs) and multidrug resistance (MDR) [84]. Moreover, run-off and investigated for the removal of extracellular DNA encoding ARGs
leaching can contaminate nearby natural resources leading to inhibition (eARGs). Compared to the unmodified biochar, magnetic biochar
of aquatic species growth and endocrine disruption in humans [89]. modified with phosphonium salt showed enhanced adsorption by 9
Immobilization and eradication of antibiotics is prime importance in folds, mainly caused by chemisorption. Mechanism study revealed that
order to maintain ecosystem. Functionalized surface biochar-composites MBQ colloid and generation of OH*caused cleavage of DNA backbone,
provide advantages over other technologies for efficient pollutant facilitating adsorption of phosphate group onto biochar through
removal through physisorption and chemisorption. Biochar can provide conformational transition of DNA and electrostatic forces [97].
maximum security by preventing bioavailability and mobility of anti­ Above studies suggest the adequacy of biochar as an effective way to
biotics [45]. mitigate antibiotic contamination. Therefore, finding new strategies to
Tetracycline (TC), cheap and most utilized antibiotic in developing provide the maximum efficiency are imperative. Most of the studies are
countries as veterinary antibiotic and growth promoter in poultry and confined for the removal of antibiotic in aquatic environment, though
aqua-culture are majorly found in wastewater due to high amount few studies have been performed in more complex soil environment.
(25–70% and 70–90%) excreted via urine and feces. Clay-biochar Since in actual environment complex pollutants are found, there is a
composites for successful adsorption of tetracycline were investigated. need to accelerate the research to synthesize engineered biochar effec­
Rice husk derived biochar showed adsorption of tetracycline via π-π tive for broad range of antibiotics.
interactions while methanol modified biochar provided enhanced
adsorption by 45.6%. Freundlich isotherm model and pseudo-second- 1.8.1. Adsorption of pesticides, herbicides, and fumigants
order (PSO) kinetics was found to be best fitted model for TC removal Being the prime materials for agricultural practices, pesticides, her­
[89]. Adsorption of sulfamethazine (SMT) using biochar was found to be bicides, insecticides, fumigants, and fertilizers are essentially used in
pH-dependent. In water SMT can be present as uncharged (SMT0), order to control pest diseases or promote growth. Precipitation, over­
cation (SMT+), anion (SMT− ), and zwitterion (SMT±). At low pH land flow, and eluviation promotes these toxic chemicals to cause
adsorption of SMT+ occurs due to π+-π electron donor-acceptor (EDA), contamination of soil and aquatic system [45]. In this regard, agricul­
while at high pH, proton exchange reaction causes strong hydrogen tural wastes such as rice bran, pine sawdust, tea leaves, watermelon
bonding between SMT0 and biochar surface (carboxylate/phenolate) as peels, wood chips, almond shell, and orange peel [45,52,98] have been
follows [45]: used for biochar preparation for eradication of pesticides like dimeth­
oate, imidacloprid, and thiacloprid [99].
SMT − + H2 O→SMT 0 + OH − (1)
Biochar produced at low pyrolysis temperature from wheat straw
modified through mixture of ZnCl2 and H3PO4 was applied for sorption
SMT 0 + Biochar→SMT 0 ↔ Biochar (2)
of atrazine (1-chloro-3-ethylamino-5-isopropylamino-2,4,6-triazine), a
Yang et al. [90], demonstrated the utilization of iron ore-biochar widely used herbicide to inhibit broadleaf and monocotyledonous weed
(magnetic hematite-biochar composites, pyrite-biochar composites) growth in sorghum and corn [100]. Favourability of adsorption was
composites produced from reed straw at 500 ◦ C under oxygen-limited enhanced with increased contact time and at low pH.
conditions norfloxacin (NOR) adsorption. Sorption of NOR was Pseudo-second-order and intra-particle diffusion were found as the best
enhanced at high pH and followed Freundlich isotherm. Researcher fitted model for adsorption of atrazine on pristine and engineered bio­
studied adsorption of doxycycline hydrochloride from aqueous medium char. Vithanage M et al. [101],has identified the effect of non-modified
via Cu (II) impregnated biochar (peanut shell). Approximately 93.22% and modified biochar produced at 300, 500, and 700 ◦ C in slow pyrolysis
removal efficiency was achieved with engineered biochar, which was from rice husk for the removal of carbofuran. Results revealed chemi­
half in case of unmodified biochar [91]. Levofloxacin (LEV), a widely sorption and physisorption between catalyst surface and pesticide which
used fluoroquinolone antibiotic was adsorbed using pine wood chip found to be best fitted on Freundlich model with maximum adsorption

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P. Shukla et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 152 (2021) 111643

Table 2
Modification method, maximum adsorption capacity and mechanism of organic compounds sorption on modified biochar.
Order Organic matter Class Raw Modification Equilibrium Maximum Adsorption Adsorption/ References
material time (hours) adsorption capacity model degradation
(qm) (mg/g) mechanism

1. Reactive Red 21 Dye Pomelo Fe3O4 1 26.25 Langmuir, Chemisorption [210]

peel nanoparticle Sips, pseudo-
biochar first order,
and pseudo-
second order
2. Carbofuran Pesticide Rice husk Steam 4 161 Langmuir Physisorption and [211]
activation and chemisorption
Freundlich
isotherms
3. Methylene Blue Synthetic dye Corn stalk KOH and H3PO4 1 For KOH modified Langmuir π-π stacking, [106]
406.43 and for and physical
H3PO4 modified Freundlich interaction,
234.75 isotherms electrostatic
interaction,
hydrogen bonding
4. Levofloxacin Antibiotic Pine wood CeCl3 2 7.72 with low Ce Freundlich Monolayer [92]
chip impregnation load and 73 with and homogeneous
high Ce load Langmuir surface adsorption
isotherms and chemisorption
5. Atrazine Herbicide Wheat ZnCl2 and 12 150–200 Pseudo- Chemisorption [100]
straw H3PO4 second order
and intra-
particle
diffusion
6. Acetone, Volatile Hickory Ball-milled 1 23.4–103.4 Pseudo-first Surface adsorption [212]
cyclohexane, organic wood Biochar order and and partition
ethanol, toluene, compound pseudo- mechanism
and chloroform second order
7. Doxycycline Antibiotic Peanut Cu (II)- 3 52.374 Langmuir, Electrostatic [91]
hydrochloride shell impregnation Freundlich interaction and
using Cu isotherms, surface
(NO3)2⋅2H2O and Temkin complexation
model
8. Methylene blue Synthetic dye Macroalgae Wet 15 min 74.30 Freundlich Physical adsorption [213]
precipitation and pseudo-
(TiO2) second order
model
9. Chlortetracycline Antibiotic Date palm Zeolite, silica, 3 For zeolite modified Langmuir Chemisorption, [23]
and nano zero- 30.42, for silica and Redlich- hydrogen bonding,
valent iron modified 45.57, and Peterson interparticle
modified nano zero-valent isotherms diffusion, and π-π
iron modified 89.05 electron donor-
acceptor
interaction
10. Bisphenol A Endocrine Grapefruit Magnetic 2 h 30 min 123.83 Pseudo- Hydrogen bond, π-π [214]
disrupting peel biochar (FeSO4 second order electron donor-
chemical and FeCl3) and acceptor
Langmuir interaction, and
isotherm hydrophobic
interaction
11. Brilliant Red X–3B Dye Bagasse Clay-based 24 40.50–72.20 Langmuir electrostatic [104]
biochar isotherm and interaction,
composites pseudo- hydrogen bond, π–π
second order interactions, and
model surface
participation
12. 17β-estradiol Endocrine Lotus Graphene-like 2 116.069–121.179 Pseudo- π-π interactions, [96]
disrupting seedpod magnetic second order micropore filling
chemical biochar and effects,
Langmuir electrostatic
isotherm interaction
13. Anisole, phenol, Aromatic Rice straw Magnetic 24 For anisole 70.4, for Freundlich Pore-filling effect, [48]
guaiacol organic biochar (Fe phenol 17.2, and for isotherm π-π electron donor-
compound (NO3)3) guaiacol 23.3 acceptor
interaction, surface
complexation
14. Phenanthrene Polycyclic Sawdust Nano zero- 2 – Pseudo- π–π interaction, [112]
aromatic valent iron second order hydrophobic
hydrocarbon immobilized on interaction
alkali modified
biochar

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P. Shukla et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 152 (2021) 111643

(161 mg g− 1) at pH 5. In another study, activated coconut shell biochar, nano zero-valent iron. Batch analysis presented the enhanced removal of
carbonized coconut shell biochar, sodium hydroxide modified, and phenanthrene by 4.9 times using modified-biochar [112]. Biochar pro­
chemically modified phosphoric acid coconut shell biochar were studied duced (slow pyrolysis) from agricultural wastes, such as pecan shells
for adsorption of diazinon pesticide. Chemically modified biochar (Carya illinoinensis), wood sawdust, and pistachio shells (Pistacia vera L.)
showed maximum adsorption with 10.33 mg g− 1, followed by 9.65 mg were evaluated for phenol adsorption. KOH modified-biochar showed
g− 1 adsorption by activated coconut shell biochar, exhibiting great po­ highest phenol sorption than FeCl3 modified-biochar. PSO and Freund­
tential to remove diazinon [102]. lich model were deduced as best fitted model for phenol removal using
Although various studies have been published on the biochar for biochar [22]. Peroxymonosulfate (PMS) based degradation of
reducing the bioavailability, toxicity, biomagnification, and bio­ p-hydroxybenzoic acid was achieved utilizing Myriophyllum aquaticum
accumulation of organic matter [103], still understanding of biochar originated biochar modified with Fe3O4. Degradation pathway was
behaviour with other symbiotic microbes and pollutants need to be found to be dominated by SO4*-, while non-radical pathway was iden­
studied. tified as recessive pathway for breakdown of pollutant [113]. Moreover,
reduction in bioaccumulation in soil of 2,4-dichlorophenol, pyrene,
1.9. Adsorption of dyes phenanthrene, polychlorinated diphenyl, oxyfluorfen, and
dichloro-diphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) has been studied using
Pollution created by the dyes has attracted serious concerns due to modified biochar [114]. Recently, three-dimensional mesh magnetic
their stability, toxicity, and wide usage in textiles, leather, printing, loofah sponge biochar has been characterised for removal of PAHs
dyeing, paper, gasoline, and food industry. Continuous discharge and contaminated sediments which showed significant reduction in
potential of dyes to resist biodegradation, oxidation, and photocatalysis bioavailability of PAHs after 350 days [115].
is associated with high occurrence of aquatic pollution and as carcino­ Biochar-based Fenton-like systems could be effectively used in
genic agent [45,104]. Various azo dyes including indigo blue, direct wastewater treatment containing PAHs as they show excellent perfor­
yellow, malachite green (MG), and methylene blue (MB) have been mance in the degradation of pollutants in the sediments,. Moreover,
identified in industries waste water effluent. Moreover, reductive biochar-based photocatalysis also could be an ideal alternative for
cleavage of chromophoric azo groups (-N– – N-) forms toxic aromatic mitigating PAHs from the aqueous medium.
amines [105].
R–N = N-R* + 4eModified→biochar has been utilized for the 1.10. Biochar composites for adsorption of inorganic species
adsorption of dyes due to their inherent advantages. Bagasse and natural
attapulgite were pyrolyzed at 700 ◦ C to synthesize clay-biochar com­ Remediation and prevention of freshwater sources is one of the
posites. This composite was applied to remove the brilliant red X–3B, major crises worldwide. Anthropogenic activities have disrupted the
which exhibited adsorption via electrostatic, surface precipitation, π-π biogeochemical cycle leading to increase in elemental concentration
interaction, hydrogen bond and showed correlation with Langmuir [116]. Discharge from industries (electronics, batteries manufacturing),
isotherm and pseudo-second-order model [104]. In a study, microwave mining, smelting, road water runoff, sewage treatment, agricultural
activated biochar using microwave heating and steam or CO2 to orange practices, and metal finishing and non-biodegradable nature of toxic
peel waste was synthesized. The results exhibited 89–93% removal of elements has generated chronic toxicity in higher trophic by accumu­
carcinogenic congo red dye [106]. Corn straw derived biochar sup­ lating through food chain. Menace of heavy metals (Ni, cadmium (Cd),
ported with Zero valent Iron nanoparticle magnetic composites antimony (Sb), mercury (Hg), chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), lead (Pb),
(nZVI/BC) were prepare to evaluate its efficiency to remove malachite (Zn), and copper (Cu)), and anions (phosphates (PO43− ), NO3− , green­
green dye. Results revealed enhanced sorption with 515.77 mg g− 1 MG house gases, hydrogen sulfide gas (H2S), ammonium (NH4+)) have been
removal and also followed Langmuir isotherm, PSO, and IPD which identified as major inorganic contaminants exerting ecotoxicological
indicated three steps mechanism [51]. Similarly, Shorea robusta based effects. For metal-ion mitigation, presence of mineral content is essential
nano bio-composites for rhodamine R and congo red [107], manganese to promote precipitation and cationic exchange. Mineral content is also
modified lignin biochar for methylene blue [108], and ZnO/cotton controlled by feedstock nature and pyrolysis temperature. For example,
stalks biochar composites for congo red [109] have been evaluated. in swine and poultry manure potassium content is high [45]. Table 3
Though, engineered biochar have shown great capacity in removing demonstrate potential of biochar composites for immobilization of
the organic pollutant (dyes), still investigation of reusability, activeness, inorganic (anions, toxic heavy metals) pollutants.
and stability using natural waste water is necessary to optimize miti­
gation process. 1.10.1. Adsorption of heavy metals from wastewater
Assimilation of heavy metals in human and animal organs are asso­
1.9.1. Adsorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon ciated with the detrimental effects and can cause endocrine disorders,
PAHs, containing benzene ring are ubiquitously found in environ­ cardiovascular, neurological, pulmonary, cancer, and immunological
ment due to incomplete combustion of tobacco, petrol, coal, garbage, disorders, even at considerable low concentration [117]. Biological ac­
oil, or other organic substances [84]. Limited degradation rate and low tivity of six heavy metals, including As, Cd, Ni, Sb, Hg, and Cr in human
solubility corresponds to prevalence of aromatic compounds, such as body causes the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) triggering
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), p-nitrophenol (PNP), and phenol in DNA damage, revealed by microarray analysis of human DNA. Elements
water bodies [110]. In addition, PAHs tends to accumulate in human like Cd, Zn, Pb, Cu, and Hg are primarily found as divalent cations in
body because of high solubility in lipids. Several investigations have environment in which Cd and Zn have lower ionic potential and charge
demonstrated the removal of naphthenic acid, naphthalene, N-nitro­ to radius ratio thus Cu, Pb, and Hg are found to be less mobile by forming
sodimethylamine, phenanthrene, and nonylphenol using biochar pro­ more stable bonds with nearby functional groups [116]. Biochar com­
duced from rice straw, wood chips, bamboo, and softwood bark [45]. posites have been utilized for sorption of heavy metals from soil and
Most of the adsorption mechanism attributed to hydrophobic interac­ water depending upon biochar characteristics such as feedstock type,
tion, hydrogen bonding, π-π dispersion interaction, e− donor-acceptor pH, and pyrolytic temperature. Immobilization of heavy metals on
complexes, and partitioning of PAHs [84]. biochar surface is a result of (i) surface precipitation, (ii) chemical
Higher phenol removal capacity was observed by peanut shell bio­ sorption via stoichiometric ion exchange, and (iii) electrostatic
char modified by KOH (alkaline) than acidic, potassium permanganate, interaction.
or hydrogen peroxide treated biochar [111]. Phenanthrene removal was Kołodyńska et al. [118], investigated the effect of zero-valent iron
attained by using sawdust-based biochar alkaline modified supported by modified magnetic biochar nanocomposites for metal ion adsorption

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Table 3
Adsorption of inorganic substances (toxic heavy metals and eutrophication ion) using modified biochar and their corresponding outcomes.
Order Inorganic Feedstock Reagent Modified biochar Physicochemical Properties Outcomes References
matter material
Surface Pore Element
(Heavy
area (m2/ volume/ content
metals/
g) size (C,H,O,
anions)
N) %

1. Thallium (Tl) Banana leaves FeSO4⋅7H2O, KMnO4 MnFe2O4-BC 187.03 9.18 nm – Adsorption capacity at [18]
and NaOH Composite 25 ◦ C, 35 ◦ C, and 45 ◦ C
(MFBC) were 148, 160.32, and
170.55 mg g− 1,
respectively.
Freundlich > Temkin >
Langmuir isotherms fitted
the adsorption mechanism.
Chemisorption, surface
complexation, oxidation,
physical adsorption, and
ion exchange attributed to
toxic metal removal.
2. Arsenic (As) Corn straw KMnO4 Manganese oxide- 3.18 – C = 73.00 High surface sorption [131]
modified biochar O = 10.9 capacity appeared even
composite (MBC) H = 0.33 though Mn impregnation
decreases surface area.
With increasing soil pH,
arsenic retention in
biochar was enhanced.
3. Ammonium Corncob HNO3 and NaOH Modified corncob 0.051 0.61 m3/g – 22.6 mg/g adsorption [136]
(NH4+) biochar (MBCC) capacity was achieved.
Pseudo-second order,
Langmuir, and Sips
simulated better
adsorption behaviour.
4. Nitrate (NO3) Corncob FeCl3 metal-modified 155.08 – C = 75.52 Formed Fe2O3 on biochar [141]
biochar (Fe-CC) N = 0.43 surface leads to form (Fe
H = 1.80 (NO3)3⋅9H2O).
Formed structures enabled
high anion adsorption.
Based on Langmuir
isotherm, maximum of
32.33 mg/g adsorption
capacity was observed.
5. Hexavalent Sugarcane H2SO4 and MgCl2⋅6H2O Sulfuric acid 147.6 3.68 cm3/ – Adsorption followed [215]
chromium (Cr harvest assisted MgO- and g and Langmuir isotherm with
(VI)) residues coated biochar 136.2 0.12 cm3/ maximum adsorption
(MgASHR) and g capacity for MgASHR and
MgO-coated MgSHR 62.89 mg/g and
biochar (MgSHR) 54.64 mg/g, respectively.
Equilibrium reached
within 24 h and followed
pseudo-second order
model.
6. Copper (Cu Wood, K3PO4 Phosphorous- mWBC- mWBC- – Phosphorous impregnation [133]
(II)), bamboo, modified biochar 330.66 0.53 cm3/ showed decreased removal
Cadmium (Cd cornstalk, rice (Wood-mWBC, mBBC- g, of Cu(II) and Cd(II).
(II)), husk Bamboo-mBBC, 333.96 mBBC- Modified rice husk and
Arsenic (As Cornstalk-mCSBC, mCSBC- 0.55 cm3/ corn stalk biochar
(V)) Rice husk-mRHBC 316.28 g, exhibited higher
mRHBC- mCSBC- immobilization of Cd(II)
288.84 0.34 cm3/ and Cu(II).
g, Non-electrostatic
mRHBC- attraction caused
0.52 cm3/ adsorption of metals in
g paddy soils.
7. Phosphate Agricultural CaO-modified using CaO-biochar 25.8 0.0467 C = 5.66 Eggshell loaded rice husk [19]
(PO43− ) wastes eggshell composite (E-C) cm3/g O = 23.9 biochar (1:1) due to more
eggshell and H = 2.42 Ca presence showed
rice straw significant removal of
phosphate.
Adsorption was described
by pseudo-second order
and Langmuir isotherm.
CaO-biochar composite
can be utilized as slow-
release fertilizer.
8. Nitrate Sugarcane Epichlorohydrin, N, N- Chemically- 41.67 – C = 56.2 Immobilization of nitrate [139]
(NO3− ) bagasse dimethylformamide, modified biochar O = 39.4 achieved at pH 4.64, after
(continued on next page)

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P. Shukla et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 152 (2021) 111643

Table 3 (continued )
Order Inorganic Feedstock Reagent Modified biochar Physicochemical Properties Outcomes References
matter material
Surface Pore Element
(Heavy
area (m2/ volume/ content
metals/
g) size (C,H,O,
anions)
N) %

ethylenediamine, H = 6.2 contact time of 1 h, with

trimethylamine N = 0.3 adsorbent dose of 2 g/L.
Pseudo-second order and
Langmuir isotherm were
best fitted model with
maximum adsorption
capacity of 28.21 mg/g.
9. Uranium (U Rice husk Fe3O4, calcination Magnetic biochar 109.65 0.21 cc/g C = 40 Batch adsorption using MB [216]
(VI)) under nitrogen composite (MB) O = 20 showed 52.63 mg/g
adsorption capacity at pH
4.
Fe3O4 impregnation
reduced U(VI) adsorption.
10. Lead (Pb2+) Oil-tea FeCl2 Magnetic biochar MBC- MBC- – By hydrothermal synthesis [217]
camellia (MBC)/MgFe- 37.76 20.142 MgFe-LDH were
shells layered double LMBC- nm successfully loaded on
hydroxides 86.795 LMBC- magnetic biochar.
(MgFe-LDH) 6.980 Removal of lead via MBC/
(LMBC) MgFe-LDH best fitted to
Langmuir isotherm.
At 25 ◦ C, 476.25 mg/g
maximum adsorption
capacity was achieved.
11. Chromium Melia Fe(NO3)3⋅9H2O Magnetic biochar 5.219 0.017 C = 48.3 Contained Fe3O4 [218]
(Cr(VI)) azedarach (MMABC) cm3/g O = 43.8 contributed 17.3 emu/g
wood H = 5.5 superparamagnetic
N = 0.21 magnetization.
Langmuir isotherm (with
adsorption capacity =
25.27 mg/g) and pseudo-
second order were best
fitted model for adsorption
step.
12. Antimonate Phragmites LaCl3 and FeCl3⋅6H2O La-doped 287.11 0.23 – A rapid (80%) adsorption [49]
(Sb(V)) australis magnetic biochar was observed in first 2 h,
(LaFe-BC) and reached equilibrium in
5 h.
After doping of lanthanum
(La), biochar was found to
be charged with more
hydroxyl groups.
Enhanced adsorption
(18.92 mg/g maximum
adsorption capacity) was
achieved using hydrogen
bonding, electrostatic
attraction, and ligand
exchange.

from water source. Effect of pH, temperature, adsorbent dose, and ion responsible for removal of metal ions using nZVI-HCS composites [120].
concentration of Cd(II), Co(II), Zn(II), and Pb(II) were evaluated for Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), vibrating sample magnetometer
effective remediation of heavy metal. Calculation of thermodynamic (VSM), X-ray photoelectron spectrophotometer (XPS), and FTIR have
parameters ΔG0, ΔS0, and ΔH0 indicated heavy metal adsorption as characterised enlarged surface area of magnetic gelatin microsphere
exothermic reaction, suggesting physical adsorption. Sweet sorghum biochar derived from chestnut shell, indicating increased adsorption
derived biochar was used to prepare bentonite clay biochar composites sites on engineered-biochar than pristine biochar. This study was
for metal removal. Bentonite and biochar showed high adsorption ca­ conduct for removal of As(V) with higher adsorption capacity of 45.8
pacity of Zn(II) with qe = 14.536 mg g− 1 and qe = 14.063 mg g− 1, mg g− 1 [57]. Similarly, modified biochar were employed for sorption
respectively and very low adsorption affinity was determined for Cr(IV) and removal of As(III) [121], Cd2+ [122], Cr(VI), Cu2+ and Pb2+ [58],
(qe = 0.291 mg g− 1 by bentonite and qe = 0.529 mg g− 1 by biochar). and Pb(II) [123], U(VI) [124]in aqueous solution.
While in case of biochar composite lower adsorption capacity for both Elovich and pseudo-second-order kinetics were the most fitted ki­
the metal was found, indicating pristine bentonite and biochar as netics model for describing heavy metal adsorption onto biochar surface
effective adsorbent of metal from aqueous solution [119]. Demonstra­ [43]. PSO model is mainly based upon considering chemisorption or
tion of adsorption efficiency of Pb2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+ using corn stalk chemical adsorption as an rate limiting step while sharing or exchanging
derived biochar modified by iron nanoparticles impregnation e− between sorbent and pollutant [43]. A large number of studies con­
(nZVI-HCS) showed equilibrium adsorption affinity for Pb2+, Zn2+, and ducted for immobilization of heavy metal from aqueous solution has
Cu2+ as 195.1, 109.7, and 161.9 mg g− 1, respectively, during 6 h pro­ concluded engineeredbiochar composites as an appropriate alternative
cess. Adsorption, complexation, reduction, and precipitation were to conventional biochar materials due to presence of functionalized

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P. Shukla et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 152 (2021) 111643

surface groups (-COOH, –NH2, –OH) [125]. Combining these surface [135]. Elevated level of nitrate in drinking water is associated with
groups using cation exchange can enhance adsorption. Hence, methemoglobinemia in infants and cancer in digestive tracts [111].
increasing surface area, pore volume, and oxygen-containing surface Having low charge-to-radius ratio similarly to alkali metals, NH4+
groups are competent strategies for optimizing performance of biochar lacks the ability to form stable bonds with biochar. Therefore, for
for removal of heavy metals [46]. sorption of NH4+, presence of acid functional groups is obligatory of
biochar surface. A research performed on adsorption of NH4+ from
1.10.2. Adsorption of heavy metals from contaminated soil aqueous medium revealed potential of corncob derived modified bio­
Employment of engineered biochar-composite acts as an additive to char at low pyrolysis temperature. HNO3 and NaOH modified biochar
remediate heavy metal contamination caused by aggressive agricultural showed maximum adsorption of 22.6 mg g− 1 for 8 h and 24 h, respec­
practices. Biochar amendment has been employed in reducing avail­ tively [136]. MgO-modified magnetic biochar prepared by chemical
ability and phytotoxicity of heavy metals in soils [126]. In general, co-precipitation of Mg2+/Fe3+ were analysed for removal of phosphate
various hydroxyl groups are found in soil surface. Multidentate com­ from aqueous medium. Adsorption phenomena followed
plexes, inner, and outer surface complexes result in binding of heavy Pseudo-first-order (PFO) and Pseudo-second-order kinetics and affected
metals within soil surface. Nevertheless, cations, ionic strength, pH, with varying pH [137]. Pristine corn straws were converted to biochar
temperature, and type of soil are the important factors contributing and was fabricated with NaLa(CO3)2 by hydrothermal method for
organometallic complex formation. pH of soil is the major influencing phosphate adsorption. At different pH adsorption of phosphate follows
factor for promoting soil-metal chemistry and metal mobility in soil. [138]:
Thus, biochar being alkaline in nature provides protective and signifi­
NaLa(CO3 )2 → Na+ + La(CO3)−2 (4)
cant activity in opposing metal mobility by immobilization of metals
[127]. at neutral pH
Thiol-modified rice straw biochar by esterification with β-mercap­
toethanol were used for remediation of cadmium and lead from soil. La(CO3 )−2 + 2H + →La(HCO3 )+
2 (5)
Grafted thiol groups were found to be involved in ion complexation. At low pH
Batch analysis revealed adsorption isotherm to be fitted as Langmuir
isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic model. For Cd2+ and Pb2+ La(HCO3)+ +
2 + 2H → La
3+
+ 2H2 CO3 (6)
adsorption capacities were measures as 45.1 and 61.4 mg g− 1, respec­
tively. Also, during 28 days incubation period availability of Cd was La(HCO3)+ +
2 + 2H → La
3+
+ 2H2 CO3 (7)
reduced by 34.8–39.2% and for Pb 8.6–11.1% reduction in availability At lower pH
was detected [128]. In another work performed by Zhou et al. [129],
used peanut hall, sugarcane bagasse, bamboo, and hickory wood as an La(HCO3 )+ −
2 + H2 PO4 → LaPO4 + 2H2 CO3 (8)
raw material for biochar preparation. Produced biochar were engi­
At pH < 5.59
neered to synthesized chitosan-modified biochar for efficient removal of
heavy metals from pollutant laden soil. Langmuir kinetics fitted Cd2+, La(HCO3 )+ −
2 + H2 PO4 → (LaH2 PO4 )
2+
+ 2HCO−3 (9)
Pb2+, and Cu2+ removal using amended biochar. Metal oxide-modified
biochar presented efficient removal of arsenic from soil and exhibited At pH < 5.59.
lower mobility. Increased pH also contributed to increase in heavy metal At pH > 5, electrostatic attraction and ligand exchange increased
immobilization [130,131]. Similarly, Fe/Al/Zn impregnated biochar adsorption of phosphate. Nevertheless, adsorption of phosphate was
were demonstrated for mitigating arsenic removal [132]. Moreover, found high even at pH 5.6–8.0 due to counteract effect.
bioavailability and immobilization of heavy metals Cu(II) and Cd(II) La(HCO3 )+ − −
(10)
2 + 2OH → La(CO3 )2 + 2H2 O
were achieved by using phosphorous-modified biochar derived from rice
husk, bamboo, wood, and corn stalk in paddy soil [133]. Rice husk At pH > 5.59
derived biochar modified with microwave and chemical activation
La(CO3 )−2 + H2 PO−4 → (LaH2 PO4 )2+ + 2CO2−3 (11)
demonstrated effective adsorption property for removal of Cd from
sediment. Results revealed that Toxicity characteristic Leaching Pro­ At pH 5.6–8.0
cedure (TCLP)-extractable were significantly decreased after amended
La(CO3)−2 + H2 PO2−4 → (LaHPO4 )+ + 2CO2−3 (12)
with engineered biochar [134]. Also, calcination at high temperature is
considered as effective process biochar synthesis in order to increase Hafshejani et al. [139], conducted a study for removal of nitrate from
hardness, improve surface properties, and prevent breakage. Such aqueous solution using sugarcane bagasse derived biochar modified
strategy was used to synthesize magnetic biochar modified with silicon with chemicals to enhance adsorption properties. At pH 4.64, contact
dioxide for providing environmental applications. FTIR, XRD, and SEM time of 60 min, and adsorbent dose of 2 g L− 1 maximum nitrate
were used for reveal morphological variation of amended biochar with adsorption (28.21 mg g− 1) was achieved and followed
prominent enlarged internal and external pores [61]. pseudo-second-order kinetics and Langmuir isotherm with indication of
The sorption and desorption of heavy metals are considerably endothermic and spontaneous reaction. Simultaneous removal of NH4+,
affected by the pH and oxidation. There is need of more thorough studies PO43+, NO3− was performed by application of Mg–Al modified biochar.
on the nature of heavy metals in the contaminated soils to identify the Soybean straws were impregnated using MgCl2⋅6H2O and AlCl3⋅6H2O.
bioavailability of metal (oid)s. In addition, aging ofo biochar in soil Results revealed Mg/biochar and Al/biochar can be utilized for removal
environment is an important aspect for consideration as myriad of of anions from eutrophic water [140]. Capacity of metal engineer­
biogeochemical interactions could alter biochar property with time, edbiochar was also evaluated for removal of nitrates. Biochar of corncob
causing blockage of micropore structures of biochar. was modified utilizing iron nitrate hydrate (Fe(NO3)3⋅9H2O) and
showed 32.33 mg g− 1 removal efficiency based on Langmuir model
1.10.3. Adsorption of eutrophication anions [141]. N-pollutants including NOx and ammonia were removed by
Excessive application of fertilizers and sewage effluents expedite activated biochar. According to a study, rice straw derived activated
anions (NH4+, PO43+, NO3-) concentration in ground, surface water, and biochar showed 86% removal activity due to increased O-containing
also in soils. Presence and utilization of these anions in water bodies give functional groups, pore size, and surface area. Also, transition metal
rise to eutrophication of water bodies, responsible for reduction in water impregnated (manganese oxide) biochar (rice straws) was developed as
oxygen content, formation of algal bloom, and production of toxins

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P. Shukla et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 152 (2021) 111643

alkali-activated rice straws biochar to show sorption of NOx [142]. conventional strategies. Though the use of biochar in such applications
Fluoride adsorption was enhanced by using Scandinavian spruce is still in its infancy stage and needs further evaluation regarding their
wood derived Al-biochar and showed 13.6 mg g− 1 because of iron and stability, reusability, disposal, desorption, and cost-assessment.
aluminium oxide into porous biochar. For pine wood derived biochar Furthermore, it has been seen that the overdose of biochar may
(pine-biochar) Freundlich constant was found as KF = 2.28 (mg kg− 1)/ adversely affect the biomass of crops and soil alkalinity. Therefore,
(mg L− 1)n. Langmuir isotherm was the most fitted model for fluoride ion consideration regarding the stability is imperative to avoid repeated
adsorption for enhancing removal from aqueous medium whereas PSO applications of biochar [143].
and PFO models were followed by NO3− and PO43− , respectively [111].
Above studies validate and support the implementation of engi­
neered biochar for the removal of inorganic pollutants over other

Table 4
Role of biochar composites as catalyst and activator for biodiesel production, syngas generation, and tar removal.
Order Generation of Biochar Application Characteristics of Results References
biochar composite modified biochar

1. Mallee Gasification for O-containing activated Tar removal Activated biochar produced after Pyrolysis of Mallee biomass []
5–10 min at biochar 10 min has contained C = 96.4, H produced bio-oil (C = 58.5, H =
750–850 ◦ C. = 0.3, N = 0.3, and O = 3.0. 6.7, N = 0.4, O = 34.5).
Biochar produced were sieved to H2O activation enhanced O-
obtain 106–250 μm particle size. groups on biochar surface.
C–O groups enhanced catalytic
activity for tar removal carried out
at 800 ◦ C.
2. Rice husk – KOH, H3PO4, and ZnCl2 Tar removal Activation using H3PO4 leads to Activated biochar catalysts [176]
impregnation form more heterogeneous pore showed efficiency to convert tar
size. into gases (CO, CH4, H2).
ZnCl2 leads to agglomeration Furthermore, after 5 cycles,
decreasing tar removal efficiency. activated biochar activity was
retained, showing reusability.
3. Walnut – Steam activation (H2O) Tar removal BET surface area = 274.40 m2/g, 91.9% tar removal effect was [220]
sawdust and at 800 ◦ C for 30 min. pore volume = 0.0095 cm3/g, obtained by 30-min activated
corn straw average pore size = 3.61 nm. biochar.
Carbonization promoted O-
containing coke formation on
biochar surface in early stage
(<45 min).
4. Lignin – CoCl2 Syngas BET surface area of cobalt/carbon Pyrolysis of Co/lignin exhibited [221]
biomass Pyrolysis under N2. production composite (CoBC) = 400 m2/g, syngas production at >550 ◦ C.
pore size= <10 nm, pore volume Consumption of condensable
= 0.030 cc/g. hydrocarbon (tar and VOCs) leads
to syngas production.
5. Cotton stalk Microwave Na2CO3 and K2CO3 Syngas After dry reforming, BET surface Appropriate H2O/CO2 ratio [172]
pyrolysis at production area of biochar was shrink by enabled high CH4 conversion,
800 ◦ C for 30 45.28% which caused 51% enhancing H2/CO ratio of syngas
min. reduction in available meso- production.
porous area.
6. Azolla Pyrolysis at KOH treatment, (Ni Bio-oil In modified pyrochar (MPC) Mg–Ni–Mo/MPC catalyst showed [157]
400–700 ◦ C (NO3)2⋅6H2O), ((NH4) production content of C = 43.64, O = 32.57. impressive performance by
6Mo7O24⋅4H2O), and BET surface area = 74.2 m2/g, increasing furan compounds from
(Mg(NO3)2⋅6H2O) total pore volume = 0.29 cm3/g. 5.25% to 33.07%. Highest bio-oil
yield (35 wt%) was achieved at
500 ◦ C.
7. Peat sample Calcination KOH activation and CaO Biodiesel Activated biochar (APB) showed 30% CaO loading and 700 ◦ C [222]
at 700 ◦ C under impregnation production BET surface area of 230.86 m2/g calcination temperature exhibited
nitrogen and pore volume = 296.23 mm3/g 93.4% biodiesel yield in 150 min.
while CaO impregnated biochar After 10 cycles catalytic efficiency
(Ca/APB-700) exhibited BET was reduced to total 81.6% yield
surface area of 70.30 m2/g and conversion.
pore volume = 85.24 mm3/g.
8. Pomelo peel Calcination KOH activation and wet Biodiesel Impregnation of K2CO3 reduced With 25% K2CO3, at 65 ◦ C highest [154]
at 600 ◦ C for 2 h impregnation using production available surface area and pore oil to FAME conversion was
under nitrogen K2CO3 volume from 278.2 to 6.8 m2/g achieved in 2.5 h. Even after 8
and 154.2 to 18.7 mm3/g, cycles, a significant yield (>82%)
respectively. was obtained.
9. Douglas fir Microwave Steam activation and Bio-oil BET surface area 1000 m2/g and 80–87% bio-oil yield was [223]
sawdust pyrolysis with iron impregnation production density 510 kg/m3. obtained. GC/MS analysis
pellets 700 W power revealed presence of ketones/
input ethers, guaiacols, furans, and
phenols in biofuel.
10. Rice husk Pyrolysis at CaO Biodiesel In comparison with pristine With 30% Cao loading, [155]
700 ◦ C for 3 h production biochar, BET surface area and approximately 93.4% biodiesel
with N2 flow. pore volume was increased from yield was obtained. Ca–O–Si bond
20.25 to 342.36 m2/g and present of modified biochar
0.055–0.389 cm3/g. surface provided high stability
even after 10 cycles with 85%
yield.

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1.11. Application of engineered biochar as catalyst 1.13. Engineered biochar for catalytic degradation of pollutants

High surface area and high porosity are the major contributor of Advanced oxidation processes (AOP) (sulfate radicals-based) have
biochar property as catalyst. High surface area provides efficient sub­ been utilized for removal of organic pollutants which involves the
stance dispersion while suitable pore size aids in ameliorating mass generation of free radicals (alkoxyl, hydroxyl, and sulfate radicals) to
transfer and catalytic selectivity. Presence of functional groups and or­ degrade pollutants [160]. Hence, activation of hydrogen peroxide
dered carbon skeleton provides remarkable catalytic performance and (H2O2) [161], peroxymonosulfate (PMS) [162], and persulfate [163]
mechanical strength to improve its reusability, respectively. Moreover, has been utilized as an oxidizing agent. Due to the limitation encoun­
inorganic components such as Ca, K, Si, P, Na, Fe, etc. provides catalytic tered in PMS and H2O2 application, PS has been considered because of
cracking and hydrocarbon reforming [144]. These properties of biochar its stability and efficiency [160]. Activation of persulfate can be ach­
make them efficient candidate for catalytic reaction for syngas and ieved by metal oxides, metal ions, ultraviolet, and heat. However, metal
bio-fuel production, and tar removal (Table 4). In addition, pollutant oxides and metal ions are mostly used, but low stability and secondary
degradation can be achieved using per sulfate activation by biochar. For pollutant generation has neglected its usage. Therefore, biochar being a
instance, persulfate activation via CO2-activated biochar was utilized for rich carbon material is considered asan appropriate persulfate activator.
phenolic degradation [145]. Similarly, persulfate activation by Fe, N Illustration of engineered biochar-activated persulfate and H2O2 has
co-doped biochar showed high degradation efficiency against organic been demonstrated in Fig. 1.
pollutants (AO7) [146]. Hydrofluoric acid modified biochar (HF-biochar) derived from rice
hull were investigated for removal of acid orange 7 (AO7) by improving
1.12. Biofuel and bio-products production using engineered biochar as persulfate performance. Carboxyl group, phenolic hydroxyl group, sur­
catalyst face area, and micropore volume of engineered biochar were increased
by 23.8%, 50%, 171%, and 172%, respectively. In HF-biochar/
Role of biochar as direct catalyst has been studied by numerous re­ persulfate showed 99.8% decolorization of AO7, which was much
searchers. For instance, acid-based (-SO3H, H2SO4), basic biochar cata­ higher than un-modified biochar asserting higher concentration of PS,
lysts (KOH, NaOH), and pseudo catalytic transesterification (in presence higher removal [164]. Astragalus membranaceus residues were employed
of catalytically inert material: biochar or silica) methods are the most for synthesis of biochar -supported sulfide nanoscale zero valent iron
common methods for producing active biochar catalysts [147,148]. Free (S-nZVI/ BC) and found effective as a catalyst for activating AOP to
fatty acids (FFA), obtained from animal fats, low-molecular-weight degrade ciprofloxacin. S-NZVI/BC in combination with PS exhibited
alcohol, and vegetable oils are processed using biochar catalysts to excellent performance in removing CIP at pH ranging from 2.5 to 8.5
produce esters as biofuel through esterification. Sulfonated biochar with 87% catalytic activity after five cycles [165]. Similarly, valoriza­
provides high FFA conversion for the synthesis of various bio-products tion of apple trees and peanut shell derived catalyst showed efficient
including glycerol, methanol, ethanol, palmitic acid, steric acid, and performance in removal of pharmaceuticals including 17β-estradiol
many more [149–151]. Acid functionalized biochar catalysts prepared (estrogen) and other pharmaceuticals [166,167].
by sulfonated biochar using gaseous SO3 and liquid H2SO4 have been Above studies suggest that the persulfate activity is highly influenced
implemented to convert cooking oil into high yield (88%) biodiesel. by the pH of the solution, presence of catalyst, and concentration of PS
Biodiesel yield is influenced by lignin content present in biochar [152]. itself. pH influences the distribution of radicals formed (SO4− *), under
A good reusability and conversion of 90.2% was obtained using trans­ alkaline pH SO4− * can be converted into OH*, while under acidic con­
esterification (with methanol) of cottonseed oil [153]. Wet impregna­ dition SO4− * dominates as primary reactive species. Moreover, PS dose
tion method was used for synthesis of pomelo peel biochar-supported highly affects the degradation process, as many studies have revealed
novel solid carbon catalyst. Significant increase in surface area and pore increased PS concentration can enhance removal mechanism rate. Ac­
volume was achieved by chemical treatment with KOH. The catalyst cording to a study, from 100 mg L− 1 to 600 mg L− 1, the Kobsvalue
exhibited a high biodiesel yield (>82%) after reusing for 8 cycles [154]. increased by 0.011 min− 1 to 0.0655 min− 1, demonstrating more radical
Rice husk derived biochar were calcinated at 700 ◦ C and 30% CaO, to formation due to increase in persulfate amount. On the contrary, further
attain a maximum of 93.4% yield [155]. Presence of strong acid sites on increase (>800 mg L− 1) in PS concentration, removal efficiency
corn cob biochar showed effective phenol-rich bio-oil production with decreased, possible reason could be self-scavenging property of PS
42.78 wt% yield [156]. Mg–Ni–Mo/MPC (three metallic/modified because of increase in free radicals’ formation (eq. (11)) or may be
pyrochar) catalyst showed catalytic performance of 35 wt% bio-oil yield because of reaction between PS and Fe2+ on iron-doped graphite bio­
by decreasing acid compounds from 25.56% to 9.09% and increasing chars’ (Fe@GBC) surface (eq. (12)) [167].
furan percentage from 5.25% to 33.07% [157]. A total of 90% ester
SO−4 + S2 O2−8 →S2 O*−8 + SO2−4 ; k = 6.6x105 M − 1 s− 1
(13)
(biodiesel) yield was obtained via WO3/ZrO2/Al2O3 catalyst at 250 ◦ C
during 100-h time-on-stream. Similarly, TiO2/ZrO2 and Al2O3/ZrO2
2Fe2+ + S2 O2−8 →2Fe3+ + 2SO2−4 ; k = 3.1x104 M − 1 s− 1
(14)
catalyst 94% ester production using soybean oil with methanol at 175 ◦ C
[2]. Fuming H2SO4-modified biochar containing –SO3H groups (~1
mmol g− 1) provided significant amount of methyl linoleate (13–20%) 1.14. Engineered biochar catalysts for syngas production and tar removal
and methyl oleate (47–64%) [151]. In addition, using microalgal oil
high yield of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) were produced using hy­ Biochar catalyst are employed in enhancing bio-oil and syngas
drothermally sulfonated biochar at 120 ◦ C than at 100 ◦ C [150]. quality via biomass pyrolysis. Thermochemical conversion (gasification)
Enhanced biodiesel production was achieved by increasing acid sites of biomass produces syngas composed of volatile hydrocarbons, H2, CO,
(number of –SO3H groups) on biochar surface [158]. Also, high density and CO2, which are further upgraded into fuel (ammonia, methanol, and
of acid sites is responsible for efficient catalytic activity [159]. Thus, natural gas) using different strategies. Syngas can be used for generating
high porosity and surface area is desirable to attain more acidic groups. power and heat through combustion and also can be employed for
Furthermore, leaching of –SO3H can prevent activity of biochar-based producing fuel and chemical using Fischer-Tropsch synthesis [2]. Gasi­
solids that can be reduced by increasing e− density between sulfur and fication can remarkably be used for facilitating syngas mass production
carbon atoms (SO3H–C) [153]. but synthesis of condensed aromatic hydrocarbons (tar) during the
process is inevitable. Tar may contain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon,
toluene, phenol, naphthalene, and styrene [168]. Mitigation of tar is an
important step in order to commercialize syngas production as tar can be

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P. Shukla et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 152 (2021) 111643

Fig. 1. The schematic representation of modified biochar synthesis and proposed mechanism for degradation of pollutants by functionalized biochar-activated
persulfate and hydrogen peroxide.

deposited in pipelines, ultimately blocking downstream processing demonstrated excellent decomposition property of tar, which was highly
[169]. influence by applying activators. CO2 or H2O activated biochar pro­
Due to versatility as initial feedstock and intermediate, possibility of duced from pine wood sawdust precursor demonstrated tar (toluene)
optimum syngas production has been explored. For example, to increase conversion from 40.1% by raw char to 93.2% by activated biochar
syngas yield and for tar cracking various lignocellulosic biochar ob­ [177].
tained from pinewood, switchgrass, cotton stalk, rice husk, pine bark Biochar plays critical roles in biochar supported metal catalysts as
have been investigated [170–172]. Ren S et al. [173],claimed enhanced they act as reduction media for the conversion of metal oxides into
syngas production containing high quality CO, CH4, and H2 over biochar metallic state, hence, elevating catalytic potential. Moreover, due to
catalyst produced from douglas fir sawdust pellets. Pine sawdust derived adsorbing effect biochar enhances tar reforming process by adsorbing
biochar supported iron catalyst were investigated and showed signifi­ tar formed in the process. Moreover, reusability and high esterification
cant increased yield of syngas by 1.02 Nm3kg− 1 and decreased in tar capability of biochar-based catalysts (due to high surface area, hydro­
yield by 26.37 g kg− 1 [174]. Microwave-enhanced CH4reforming by phobicity, and particle strength) makes them optimum candidate for
H2O and CO2 was performed using cotton stalk derived biochar for bio-diesel production.
syngas production which showed increase in syngas amount with
increasing temperature [172]. In another study reported bySu Y et al. 2. Other applications of engineered biochar
[171], at 500 ◦ C syngas was acquired utilizing activated carbon catalyst
(ACC) and hydrothermal pre-treatment (HP). The study revealed that 2.1. Biochar composites as soil modifiers, carbon sequester, and
the formation rice husk derived biochar caused the removal of hemi­ suppressor of greenhouse gas emission
cellulose, alkalis and alkali earth metals (AAEMs) from biomass hence,
elevated the release of volatiles and contributed to syngas formation Besides soil remediation, biochar in agricultural soil is also projected
(purity ~71.17%) deprived of mono-phenols and O2-containing groups as potential means for soil improvement in order to promote the crop
from sugars. Furthermore, using Fisher Tropsch synthesis conversion of growth and yield (Fig. 2). The stability of biochar in soil environment
syngas is demonstrated into liquid hydrocarbons. Wood waste derived and capability to retain nutrients provides superiority to biochar in
carbon encapsulated iron NPs catalysts showed efficiency of syngas comparison with other organic matter. Biochar influenced soil amelio­
conversion to CO over 90% and for liquid hydrocarbon about 70% ration occurs by enhancing moisture-holding capacity, pH of soil, mi­
[175]. Owing to the adsorbing ability of biochar, tar can be removed and crobial flora, and cation-exchange capacity ultimately promoting plant
degraded by following two parallel pathways: growth [178]. Furthermore, biochar have shown increased bioavail­
ability of nitrogen, phosphorous, and basic cations [179]. Biochar also
(1) Catalytic conversion by dry gasification and steam of tar to H2 acts as habitat for fungi, actinomycetes, and bacteria which results in
and CO. carbon accumulation in soil. Soil organic carbon (SOC) can stimulate
(2) Decomposition of tar to free radicals which can recombine to nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane emission which can cause global
form low molecular weight compounds and subsequently form­ warming [180]. GHGs emissions have been significantly suppressed by
ing coke on biochar/biochar -supported catalyst. using biochar amended soil. In addition, biomass derived biochar has
been explored as carbon capture and sequestration to mitigate anthro­
In general, mesopores of activated char are considered as the most pogenic GHG emission and lock atmospheric CO2. Parameters like py­
driving force for converting heavy hydrocarbons into lighter ones. Also, rolysis temperature, residence time, heating time, pyrolysis pressure are
retention time plays a critical role in characterising biochar. Guo et al. significant to provide desirable adsorption potential [181]. Many
[176], evaluated the effect of biochar derived from rice husk and investigation have suggested the introduction of nitrogen groups in

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P. Shukla et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 152 (2021) 111643

Fig. 2. Potential application of functionalized biochar derived from various biomass as plant growth enhancer and soil improvement catalyst.

active site of biochar can significantly increase CO2 capture [3]. Coconut 2.2. Engineered biochar as electrodes for electrochemical energy storage
shell derived (at 800 ◦ C), amine modified biochar showed 35.57 mg g− 1
CO2 adsorption at 30 ◦ C [182]. Study performed by Madzaki H et al. Biochar composites are also utilized as electrodes for energy storage.
[183],analysed raw and amine-modified sawdust biochar for CO2 up­ Due to high electric conductivity, high surface area, high mechanical
take, in which raw biochar showed high potential with 0.47 kg CO2 kg− 1 strength, and tunable structure and pore size, conventional carbon
when compared with treated biochar (0.43 kg CO2 kg− 1). Rice straw materials (carbon nanotubes, fullerene, and graphene) are massively
biochar functionalized with calcite (CaCO3), kaolin, and calcium dihy­ produced as electrode material [188]. However, difficulty in high
drogen phosphate (Ca(H2PO4)2) were assessed for carbon retention quality synthesis and high cost associated forced to explore environ­
property. Results demonstrated enhanced carbon retention by (Ca mentally benign and efficient alternatives to prepare high, sustainable,
(H2PO4)2) up to 29% than untreated biochar. CO2 emission was also and low-cost carbon materials. Therefore, biochar has been used as
reduced by 22.2–88.7% in presence of all three engineered biochar electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage applications in
[184]. Influence of CO2 and NH3 functionalized biochar derived from supercapacitors, hydrogen storage, Li-ion battery and fuel cells [189].
cotton stalk was studied for CO2 capture which inferred positive results Polyoxometalate (POM) modified pine cone biochar (specific surface
attributed to physical adsorption at 20 ◦ C with 99 mg g− 1 total immo­ area up to 2450 m2 g− 1) were prepared by Genoverse M et al. [190],
bilization capacity [185]. Biochar fortification and modification has also showed high redox activity. The modified carbon material imparted
been employed as soil conditioners in order to enhance crop yield by 1.19 F cm− 2 high areal capacitance, approximate 2.5 times larger than
increasing nutrient availability. MgO-modified peanut shell biochar unmodified carbon source. Also, engineered biochar as electrodes has
were investigated to enhance phosphate (Pi) adsorption. Results showed been demonstrated for detection chemicals. In a study, white myoga
exchangeable anions, precipitation, and electrostatic attraction ginger-derived biochar decorated with gold nanoparticles exhibited
contributed Pi adsorption which was enhanced by 20% using high specific surface area, porous structure, and high dispersibility in
MgO-modified biochar in saline soils. Increased availability of phos­ water. This nanocomposite was further used for simultaneous determi­
phate resulted in increased yield of rice [186]. A study revealed sus­ nation of catechol and hydroquinone with high sensitivity [191].
tainable usage of silicon-modified biochar to reduce uptake of arsenic Moreover, composite biochar electrodes have been successfully imple­
and enhance crop growth. Bamboo derived Si-biochar significantly mented in microbial fuel cells (MFC), a bioelectrochemical system (BES)
decreased As(III) accumulation in spinach (Spinacia oleracean) edible use for converting chemical energy into electrical energy using micro­
part by 33.8 and 37.7% with 2 and 5% Si-biochar amendment in soil. organism on electrodes. Wang et al. [192],has proved the feasibility of
Modification also enhances dry biomass yield of spinach by 67.7% with biochar for application in MFC. Surface modified carbon cloth (CC) with
CaCl2 extractable silicon [187]. different biochar dosage (<2, 2–4, 4–6, 6–10) and unmodified CC were
implemented in dual-chambered MFC. Biochar with <2 concentration
facilitated enhanced MFC performance showing high power density of

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P. Shukla et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 152 (2021) 111643

312 mWm− 2 and biochar 6–10 provided optimum chemical oxygen should be performed to increase selectivity as the actual environment is
demand (COD) degradation up to 77% due to high surface area and high quite different from laboratory conditions.
porosity. Similarly, corn-straw biochar based activated carbon (BAC) It is also noteworthy that bioproduct industries use energy and
modified with KOH were used as electrodes in BES. BAC anode and matter and also generate noticeable amount of wastes ultimately
cathode presented 92.0%- and 4.8-times higher power density, respec­ affecting human health and environment. Therefore, serious evaluation
tively. Moreover, decoloration rate of AO7 was enhanced in presence of on environmental sustainability of these industries is imperative. In line
biochar -anode with apparent rate constant (kapp) of 5.33 h− 1 [193]. with this issue, Rosen [198] has suggested the application of effective
Furthermore, a work investigated by Altuntas et al. [194],justified the engineering methods and indicators while decision making during bio­
electrochemical potential of biochar composites in which biochar-(tea energy production and utilization. These methods aid in determining
waste) modified carbon paste electrode performance was evaluated in cost-effective, efficient, and environment-benign synthesis alternatives
numerous redox reactions using voltametric reactions and also demon­ and consumption routes. For instance, exergy, energy, and life-cycle
strated as transducer in glucose biosensor reflecting efficiency in elec­ assessment are the most common methods for quantitative and quali­
trochemical applications. tative analysis of bio-industries. However, in comparison to life-cycle
It has been observed that anthropogenic carbon emissions could be assessment, exergy-based analysis is considered to be more feasible in
reduced by 12% annually if biochar synthesis was promoted through terms of ecological, economical, and thermodynamic perspective.
pyrolysis rather than direct burning. Moreover, the ability of biochar to Hence, integration of such technologies is useful to advance bio-industry
stimulate microbial activity and nutrient retention is highly appreciated while fulfilling current needs.
by scientific fraternity. Therefore, the deployment of environment-
benign biochar composites in agricultural practices could be highly 4. Conclusions
desirable after evaluating their toxic impacts.
As the major pyrolytic product, biochar is highly employed in the
3. Environmental concerns of engineered biochar and research bio-products synthesis and contaminant removal. The sustainable
prospects management of agricultural waste is the main concern that could be well
addressed by biochar production; although, the extensive and optimum
Besides, the broad applicability of biochar, its environmental impact utilization of biochar in various applications require further modifica­
is also necessary to evaluate. Biochar can induce both negative and tion tin their physico-chemical properties. Surface area and surface
positive impacts on the environment. The major concern about biochar functional groups can be modulated by acid and alkali treatment.
is its stability. As biochar is pyrogenic carbonaceous material, its Addition of oxygen-containing groups can be achieved by using the
persistence for a longer period in soil and aqueous medium can create oxidizing agents. Magnetism and enhanced adsorption activity can be
aromaticity [195]. Heavy metal complexes formed may be destabilized, provided by treating the biochar with metal oxides or metal ions.
suggesting the presence of dissolved organic matter in solution because Impregnation of nanomaterials and carbonaceous materials can suc­
of the instability of biochar [196]. Furthermore, dissolved organic cessfully enhance the surface area of biochar. The main conclusions
compounds can impose high resistance, aromaticity, and toxicity on derived from the above discussion can be summarized as:
surrounding environment. Also, biochar aging can lead to the leaching
of bounded materials creating secondary pollution. Structure damage of (1) Engineered biochar as adsorbents provide a potent alternative for
biochar due to recycling could be a reason for decreased stability of the the removal of organic and inorganic pollutants from wastewater
catalyst, while utilized as catalyst support. Moreover, as an efficient and can be used for the degradation of contaminants.
adsorbent of pesticides, antibiotics, tar, and heavy metals, can cause (2) Engineered biochar can be utilized for amelioration and reme­
accumulation or deactivation of them, acting as a new source of pollu­ diation of soil although the mechanisms of enhanced soil fertility
tion. The presence of biochar can cause a detrimental effect on symbiotic is unclear, which requires further investigations.
microorganisms in soil, which is harmful for plant regeneration, (3) Potential of biochar-derived catalysts has been demonstrated for
revegetation, and production of phytoalexins [197]. Therefore, biochar the removal of tar, production of bio-oil and syngas, and catalytic
stability has a greater impact on the environment which needed more degradation of pollutants.
elaborated studies and research to achieve optimum remediation with (4) Biochar has shown a potent alternative to be used as an inex­
minimal adverse effects. pensive electrode for MFC.
However earlier studies have enriched the application and mecha­ (5) The efficiency of engineered biochar is highly influenced by the
nism of engineered biochar still, it is necessary to evaluate the feedstock origin of biomass, biochar synthesis condition, and treatment
source and modification method along with pyrolysis temperature, pH, strategies. Hence, to optimize and maximize the adsorption
operating conditions, and properties of contaminant to be removed, ability of biochar, more attention should be paid towards variable
which highly influence the removal process. As a new and environ­ parameters (temperature, pH, time, and reaction gas) and pre-
mentally benign field, many research gaps, problems, and future and post-treatment conditions.
research should be addressed. 1) In-depth assessment of biochar struc­
ture to identify a correlation between adsorbent and contaminant. The In summary, biochar seem to have wide applicability in environ­
study of biochar structure at the microscopic and macroscopic levels is mental and agricultural applications and offer potential sustainability.
imperative. 2) Attachment and fabrication of more functional groups to However, much remains to be understood about mechanisms of action
enhance effectivity, stability, and adsorption potential of synthesized and effect of engineered biochar on the environment. To elucidate the
engineered biochar. 3) Understanding of conversion process of biomass performance and impact of engineered biochar, investigation should be
to biochar for optimization of biochar structure and potential is neces­ performed in actual environment. Moreover, more studies should be
sary. 4) Impregnation of metal oxides/magnetic and nanoparticles may conducted for scaled-up application, large-scale production, stability,
produce a synergistic effect. 5) Long-term monitoring for identifying and reusability of engineered biochar. Also, in order to be environ­
adsorbed contaminant and to prevent release or leaching from biochar mental benign and economical, in-situ activation, processing, and
matrix should be established. 6) Preparation of biochar with other preparation of biochar should be synergistically optimized.
techniques to create a hybrid system can enhance the mitigation process.
7) Lack of research to demonstrate toxicity and adverse impact on the Credit authors statement
environment have been found. 8) Competition between adsorbed pol­
lutants may create disturbance to adsorption process hence research Preet Chaturvedi (PC) Writing - Original draft preparation,

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P. Shukla et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 152 (2021) 111643

Conceptualization, Writing – original draft preparation, Project admin­ [18] Liu J, Ren S, Cao J, Tsang DCW, Beiyuan J, Peng Y, et al. Highly efficient removal
of thallium in wastewater by MnFe2O4-biochar composite. J Hazard Mater 2021;
istration, Funding acquisition. Parul Shukla (PS), B.S.Giri (BSG):Writing
401:123311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123311.
– original draft preparation. Rakesh K. Mishra (RM): Reviewing and [19] Liu X, Shen F, Qi X. Adsorption recovery of phosphate from aqueous solution by
Editing. Ashok Pandey(AP): Conceptualization, Reviewing and Editing. CaO-biochar composites prepared from eggshell and rice straw. Sci Total Environ
2019;666:694–702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.227.
[20] Fu H, Zhao P, Xu S, Cheng G, Li Z, Li Y, et al. Fabrication of Fe3O4 and
graphitized porous biochar composites for activating peroxymonosulfate to
Declaration of competing interest degrade p-hydroxybenzoic acid: insights on the mechanism. Chem Eng J 2019;
375:121980. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.121980.
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial [21] Li Z, Liu D, Huang W, Wei X, Huang W. Biochar supported CuO composites used
as an efficient peroxymonosulfate activator for highly saline organic wastewater
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence treatment. Sci Total Environ 2020;721:137764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
the work reported in this paper. scitotenv.2020.137764.
[22] Komnitsas KA, Zaharaki D. Morphology of modified biochar and its potential for
phenol removal from aqueous solutions. Front. Environ. 2016;4:1–11. https://
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[23] Ahmad M, Usman ARA, Rafique MI, Al-wabel MI. Engineered biochar composites
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