SUPERVISOR VERIFICATION

Signature : …………………………..

Name : ……………………….….

Date :3
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UNIVERSITI KUALA LUMPUR

MALAYSIAN INSTITUTE OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY

LAB TASK 3
SEPTEMBER 2022 SEMESTER

COURSE CODE : JCB 22304

COURSE NAME : SIGNAL AND SYSTEMS

PROGRAMME LEVEL : BACHELOR

LAB TITLE : FOURIER SERIES SIMULATION – TRIGONOMETRY

FORM

ASSESSMENT VERIFICATION
CLO 4 CLO Domain Psychomotor (P3)
PLO 4 Graduate Attributes (SA) SA4 Investigation
SA assigned with SK SA1 SA2
SK1,SK2 SA3 SA4 SA5 SA6 SA7 SA8
Please tick with [X]. (If SK1,SK2 SK5 SK8 SK6 SK7 SK7 SK7
,SK3,SK4
applicable) SK3,SK4
X
Q’s/Activity with SP [marks] Lab Report [20 marks]
Please state with mark. SP1 (SK3, SK4), SP4, SP6
(If applicable)
SP Attributes SP1 – Depth of Knowledge
List all attributes involves in the assessment. SP4 - Familiarity of issues
(if applicable)
SP6 – Extent of Stakeholder Involvement and Level of Conflicting
Requirement
SA assigned with TA SA10 Level of communication according to type of activities performed
Please tick with [X]
(if applicable) NA
 Q’s/Activity with TA [marks] NA
Please state with mark
(if applicable)
TA Attributes NA
List all attributes involves in the assessment
(if applicable).

THERE ARE 12 PAGES OF QUESTIONS, EXCLUDING THIS PAGE.

 UNIVERSITI KUALA LUMPUR
ASSESSMENT BRIEF

COURSE DETAILS
CAMPUS UniKL MITEC
COURSE NAME SIGNAL AND SYSTEMS
COURSE CODE JCB 22304
LECTURER NOOR HUDA JA’AFAR
YEAR/SEMESTER SEPTEMBER 2022

ASSESSMENT DETAILS
TITLE/NAME LAB TASK 3 FOURIER SERIES SIMULATION – TRIGONOMETRY FORM
WEIGHT 10%
DATE/DEADLINE Refer VLE
COURSE CLO 4
OUTCOME(S) Demonstrate a stability model of a system through practical implementation using
computer software. (P3)
INSTRUCTIONS TO Refer to the instruction below.
CANDIDATES
1. Please read the instructions given in the lab sheet CAREFULLY.
2. Discuss the results obtained clearly with the support of figures or tables.
 UNIVERSITI KUALA LUMPUR
RUBRIC FOR LAB REPORT

COURSE CODE JCB 22304

COURSE NAME Signal and Systems
STUDENT NAME 1.MUHAMMAD SYAFIQ BIN ZAIDIN
2.DAING MUFQI BIN DAING ZAFRI
3.AKMAL AQIL BIN NASARUDDIN
STUDENT ID 1.57217223086
2.57214122217
3.57214122032
CLO4 : Demonstrate a stability model of a system through practical
CLO
implementation using computer software. (P3)

This CLO is to evaluate the phsycomotor elements in the learning domain

whereby students were evaluated based on their skills (hands-on) to solve
the experiment.

The write-up for report should conduct investigations of broadly defined

instrumentation and control engineering problems: locate, search and
DESCRIPTION OF CLO select relevant data from codes and data bases and conduct
experiments to provide valid conclusion.

Group based laboratory task will assess abilty and skill on the professional
skills such as excellent leadership, and teamwork in diverse and cross-
functional technical teams and must be translated in term of laboratory
report.

QUALITY OF WORK
VERY VERY EXCEL-
PERFORMANCE CRITERIA POOR GOOD MARKS
POOR GOOD LENT
1 2 3 4 5
AREA 1. SKILL
Demonstrate of a good grasp of engineering fundamentals and necessary
1.1
specialist knowledge. (SP1, SK3, SK4)
AREA 2. INTRODUCTION

Demonstrate of good engagement with various technical literature of the

2.1
discipline to solve the tasks.

AREA 3. IMPLEMENTATION

Familiar problems which are solve in well-accepted ways. (SP4)

3.1
- Results validation are well discussed with clear figures or graphs.

AREA 4. CONCLUSION
Full paragraph is well-written. Advantage and limitation is highlighted to
4.1
include the stakeholder (user) expectation. (SP6)

MARKS FOR LAB REPORT

OVERALL MARKS (%) :
WEIGHT OF LAB REPORT (%) :
Objective
At the end of the task, you should be able to understand the concept of Fourier Series and use MATLAB to plot and
analyze the term’s approximation of Fourier series in complex exponential and trigonometric form and be able to
plot their coefficient.

1. Introduction
Fourier Series is introduced to analyze a continuous time signal into frequency components given by periodic
signals. This is important in signal processing field because frequency content of a system simplifies the calculation of
system’s output. In experiment 2, we expressed all signals in the time domain, but from this task, frequency domain is
mainly used.
There are three different and equivalent ways to express signals in Fourier Series, but in this task, we will only do
the two important forms, which are the complex exponential and the trigonometric forms. We are going to use the
same original signal as the example below, to plot the Fourier series of both forms.

Example
The periodic signal in one period is given by

First, the signal x(t) is plotted over the time of five periods for reference reason.

Then, the two-part signal x(t) is defined as a single symbolic expression x(t) = u(t) − 2(u( t− 1)), where u(t) is the unit
step function. Note that a periodic signal x(t) is entirely determined by its value over one period. Thus, the symbolic
expression of x(t) is defined only for the time interval of interest, namely, for 0 ≤ t ≤ 2 (one period). The defined
symbolic expression is plotted in one period for confirmation.
2. Trigonometric Fourier Series
A Fourier Series of signal x(t) can be express in the time interval [t0 t0+T] as a sum of sinusoidal signals,
namely, sines and cosines, where each signal has frequency Ω rad/s. The coefficients c0, cn, and bn are
computed as the following:

In MATLAB, we can plot the Fourier Series of x(t), denotes here as the approximate signal xx(t). To do so,
first, we calculate the coefficient a0, bn,cn and plot xx(t) for 0 ≤ t ≤ 10, which is for 5 periods. In the
following example of plotting xx(t), we will plot the approximation signals of various trigonometric terms.
 In all the above graphs, an oscillation at the discontinuity points of the signal is observed. This phenomenon
is known as the Gibbs phenomenon. It is noted that the oscillation amplitude is independent from the number of
approximation terms used. On the contrary, when the number of used terms tends to infinity, the time interval in
which the oscillation appears tends to zero. Thus, the Gibbs phenomenon is eliminated when the number of terms
used for the signal approximation is infinite.
Now, we will plot the coefficient of trigonometric form a0,bn ,cn . When plotting, try to plot for a
smaller number of terms such as -5 < k < 5, and for a bigger number of terms such as -40 < k < 40. For
trigonometric form, the magitude of coefficient is shown using ‘stem’. The following is an example to
plot a0 of an arbitrary input x(t).

Not the same input x(t)

with the example
 INTRODUCTION

The Fourier Series is used to break down a continuous time signal into frequency components that are
represented by periodic signals. This is significant in the field of signal processing since a system's frequency
content facilitates the computation of the system's output. We represented all signals in the time domain in
experiment 2, however frequency domain is mostly employed in this work.

Furthermore, The Fourier Series is a specialized tool that allows for any periodic signal (subject to certain
conditions) to be decomposed into an infinite sum of everlasting sinusoids. This may not be obvious to many
people, but it is demonstrable both mathematically and graphically. Practically, this allows the user of the
Fourier Series to understand a periodic signal as the sum of various frequency components.

There are three alternative and comparable methods to encode signals in Fourier Series, but we will
only cover the two most essential forms, which are the complex exponential and trigonometric forms, in this job.
To plot the Fourier series of both versions, we'll use the same original signal as in the example below.

The Complex Fourier Series is a representation of this family of functions based on the Series of Complex
Exponential. the coefficients, cn, are normally complex numbers. Because integrals with exponential in are
usually easy to evaluate, it is often easier to calculate than the sin/cos Fourier Series. The trigonometric Fourier
series is a periodic function of period T0
= 2π/ω0. If the feature g(t) is periodic with period T0, then a Fourier series representing g(t) over an interval T0
will also represent g(t) for all t.
Question

The periodic signal x(t) is defined in one period as x(t)=te-t, 0 ≤ t ≤ 6. Plot in time of 4
periods the approximate signals using 81 terms of the trigonometric forms of Fourier
series.

RESULTS

Figure 1:Period code

Figure 2: Period signal graph

 Figure 3:Trigonometri Coding

Figure 4: Triginometri signal graph

Value=

(cos(pi*t)*(- exp(-6)*(exp(6) + 5)*pi^2 + exp(-6)*(exp(6) - 7)))/(3*(pi^2 + 1)^2) - (7*exp(-6))/6 +

(cos((2*pi*t)/3)*(- 9*exp(-6)*(4*exp(6) + 20)*pi^2 + 9*exp(-6)*(9*exp(6) - 63)))/(3*(4*pi^2 +
9)^2) + (cos((4*pi*t)/3)*(- 9*exp(-6)*(16*exp(6) + 80)*pi^2 + 9*exp(-6)*(9*exp(6) -
63)))/(3*(16*pi^2 + 9)^2) + (cos((pi*t)/3)*(- 9*exp(-6)*(exp(6) + 5)*pi^2 + 9*exp(-6)*(9*exp(6) -
63)))/(3*(pi^2 + 9)^2) - (2*pi*exp(-6)*sin(pi*t)*(3*pi^2 - exp(6) + 4))/(3*(pi^2 + 1)^2) - (12*pi*exp(-
6)*sin((2*pi*t)/3)*(4*pi^2 - 3*exp(6) + 12))/(4*pi^2 + 9)^2 - (24*pi*exp(- 6)*sin((4*pi*t)/3)*(16*pi^2 - 3*exp(6) +
12))/(16*pi^2 + 9)^2 - (6*pi*exp(-6)*sin((pi*t)/3)*(pi^2 -
3*exp(6) + 12))/(pi^2 + 9)^2 + 1/6
 DISCUSSION

Based on the figure above, define the time as 0:01:6 and the exponential function x = t.*exp to obtain the
graph at figure 2, which is the input function graph (-t). The Repmat function is used to repeat the wave from one
period to four periods. Afterward, change the y-axis of the graph from 0 to 24 to demonstrate the wave
repeating itself four times. Plot the graph of t versus xp. Figure 2 shows the input 4 period signal after executing
the first code. For trigonometric form, the code from Figure 3 must then be used to define the a0 equation, which
is a0 = (1/T)*int(x, t0, t0+T). Then specify the n value, which indicates how many terms must be used. The
terms to be used are 5, and the n value is set to 1:4. Define the equations for a
(b=(2/T)*int(x*cos(n*w*t),t0,t0+T) and bn (c=(2/T)*int(x*sin(n*w*t),t0,t0+T) in Matlab. After obtaining the fourier
series coefficient, explain the signal using the Fourier series up to five term harmonics. The higher terms
applied to the graph, the more ripples will appear on the graph. Figure 4 depicts the result.

≤
Hand Calculation