Locomotion and Movement By Seep Pahuja

Movement
! skull region articulates with superior region of vertebral column

muscular movement
by two occipital condyles (dicondylic skull).

↓
features of living beings. our limbs, jaws, tongue, etc, vertebral column
Animals & plants diff types of movements. formed by 26 serially arranged units dorsally placed.
human beings
Extends frm base of skull
unicellular organisms
like Amoeba Movement by
Streaming of protoplasm
contractile property of muscles

majority multicellular organisms.

1. Types of Movement constitutes trunk main framework

Each vertebra First vertebra

many organisms 2. Muscle

V
Atlas and articulates with
cilia, flagella ,tentacles Locomotion requires spinal cord passes.
V
occipital condyles.
central hollow portion (neural canal)
Movement by
perfect coordinated activity of muscular + skeletal + neural systems.

Human beings
Movement by
limbs, jaws, eyelids,
tongue, etc.
3. Skeletal System vertebral column
Muscle 4. Joints cervical (7), 7 almost In all mammals protects spinal cord,
thoracic (12), supports head
excitability,
lumbar (5),
all locomotions are movements ↓ contractility, sacral (1-fused) attachment for ribs &
but all movements are not locomotions. specialised tissue of mesodermal origin. extensibility coccygeal (1-fused) musculature of back.

About 40-50 % of body weight (human adult)

elasticity.
5. Disorders of Muscular and Skeletal
Muscles classified
Locomotion
" # $

System
✈ &
using location,
appearance,
↓ nature of regulation activities
Some voluntary 7 place or location.
movements. Figure 20.5 Sliding-filament theory of muscle contraction (movement of the thin Sternum flat bone on
change
Based on location, 3 types of muscles filaments and the relative size of the I band & H zones) ventral midline of thorax.

Eg Walking running climbing flying swimming 1) Skeletal

2) Visceral
3) Cardiac.
Red fibres White fibres Ribs
Same structure for both locomotion & movement
Red pale or whitish. 12 pairs of ribs.
Eg. Paramecium, cilia food movement
( cytopharynx ) - locomotion

attached to thoracic vertebrae

Hydra 7 prey capturing Myosin monomer (Meromyosin) & ventrally connected to
sternum by hyaline cartilage
( tentacles ) I locomotion.
Each myosin (thick) filament also polymerised protein. Aerobic muscles.
transportation of food & gametes Anaerobic muscles.
vertebrochondral
Human beings changes in body postures By digestive tract & genital tract.
I locomotion Myoglobin high Myoglobin low do not articulate directly
( limbs ) with sternum but join 7th rib
by hyaline cartilage.
active ATPase enzyme
More mitochondria Less mitochondria

Rib cage
More oxygen No oxygen
store house of calcium ions. More ATP production. High sarcoplasmic reticulum not connected ventrally
Methods of locomotion
Skeletal System
-
performed by animals vary with their habitats & situation demand
Each meromyosin 2 parts, a globular head with short arm and tail, Thoracic vertebrae,
+ ribs + sternum
generally locomotion bones & few cartilages.
Appendicular skeleton.
V framework of

for search of food,

locomotory actions & V V
very hard matrix pliable matrix
shelter, mate, suitable breeding grounds, body postures changes ↓ ↓ limbs bones + girdles
favourable climatic conditions or due to calcium salts due to chondroitin salts.
to escape from enemies/predators
206 bones few cartilages.
Each limb 30 bones

Types of Movement
Mechanism of Muscle Contraction fore limb hand bones
It is grouped into 2 principal divisions
↓
sliding filament theory
W

skeletal muscle structure

Axial &
human body cells ↓
Appendicular skeleton.
humerus, radius, ulna
3 main types of movements, thin filaments over thick filaments.
carpals (wrist bones - 8),
amoeboid,
Axial skeleton
metacarpals (palm bones - 5)
signal central nervous system
Muscle contraction phalanges (digits 14)
ciliary via motor neuron (CNS) -
skull, vertebral column, sternum and ribs
muscular.
80 bones distributed along body main axis

' skull

Ameboid movement
totals 22 bones
8 Cranial bones 14 facial bone
↓
motor unit
Figure 20.9 Right pectoral girdle and upper arm. (frontal view)
macrophages & leucocytes in blood r
hard protective
Cytoskeletal (microfilaments) outer covering,
cranium for brain.
front part of skull.

motor neuron + muscle fibres

Ciliary movement generates action

hind limb legs bone
- potential in
Femur (thigh longest bone), tibia and fibula,
sarcolemma.
internal tubular organs lined by ciliated epithelium.
tarsals (ankle bones (7)
Figure 20.2 Diagrammatic representation of (a) anatomy of a muscle fibre showing metatarsals (5)
cilia movements in trachea a sarcomere (b) a sarcomere phalanges (digits 14)
remove dust particles
&some foreign substances Structure of Contractile Proteins
Each actin (thin) filament 7 2 two 'F' (filamentous) actins
ciliary movement in female reproductive tract base of buccal cavity
U-shaped bone
Passage of ova helically wound to each other
regular intervals cup shaped bone
>
ventrally (knee cap).

The content can’t be reproduced in any way - all monomeric 'G' (Globular) actins

rights reser ved resting state ,troponin masks active binding sites for myosin on actin filaments
Figure 20.10 Right pelvic girdle and lower limb bones (frontal view)

Figure 20.4 Stages in cross bridge formation, rotation of head & breaking of cross bridge
 Pectoral & Pelvic girdle bones Cartilaginous joints
↓
helps in upper & lower limbs articulation with axial skeleton.

Pectoral girdle bones

bones joined by cartilages permits limited movements

Synovial joints
fluid filled synovial cavity b/w 2 bones

help in locomotion & many other movements

Scapula slightly elevated ridge (spine) Some examples of Synovial joints

flat,
Ball & socket joint (b/w humerus & pectoral girdle),
large triangular flat bone hinge joint (knee joint),
dorsally thorax b/w 2nd & 7th ribs. pivot joint (b/w atlas & axis),
gliding joint (b/w the carpals)
saddle joint (b/w carpal & metacarpal of thumb)
clavicle articulates
with acromion
Collar bone

glenoid cavity
clavicle
Disorders of Muscular and Skeletal System
At

>
Each clavicle
humerus head long slender bone with
two curvatures. Myasthenia gravis
Auto immune disorder affecting neuromuscular junction

fatigue,
weakening
shoulder joint. paralysis of skeletal muscle.

a Collar bone

Scapula
Muscular dystrophy
Progressive degeneration of skeletal muscle mostly due to genetic disorder.

Pelvic girdle
2 coxal bones Tetany

Each coxal bone. 7 3 bones ( ilium, ischium , pubis) .

Rapid spasms (wild contractions) in muscle due to low Ca++ in body fluid.

Arthritis
v
Inflammation of joints.
2 pelvic girdle halves meet ventrally pubic symphysis (fibrous cartilage)

Joints
contact b/w bones, or b/w bones & cartilages.

essential for all types of movements (bony body parts also) Osteoporosis
muscles Force to carry out movement through joints,
. Age-related disorder
joint acts as fulcrum decreased bone mass & increased chances of fractures.
Decreased levels of estrogen

3 major joints
fibrous,
cartilaginous
synovial.

Fibrous joints

cranium
fuse end-to-end Gout
Inflammation of joints due to accumulation of uric acid crystals.

do not allow any movement.

Eg. flat skull bones