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Physiology Chapter5 1st Notes

1. Chemical messengers like neurotransmitters and hormones allow cells to communicate through receptor proteins on the receiving cell's membrane or inside the cell. 2. When a messenger binds to its receptor, it causes a conformational change in the receptor that activates it and triggers a signal transduction process within the cell. 3. There are two main types of receptors - plasma membrane receptors that span the membrane and intracellular receptors located inside the cell nucleus or cytoplasm. Plasma membrane receptors can transduce signals without interacting with DNA, while intracellular receptors signal by interacting with genes.

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45 views

Physiology Chapter5 1st Notes

1. Chemical messengers like neurotransmitters and hormones allow cells to communicate through receptor proteins on the receiving cell's membrane or inside the cell. 2. When a messenger binds to its receptor, it causes a conformational change in the receptor that activates it and triggers a signal transduction process within the cell. 3. There are two main types of receptors - plasma membrane receptors that span the membrane and intracellular receptors located inside the cell nucleus or cytoplasm. Plasma membrane receptors can transduce signals without interacting with DNA, while intracellular receptors signal by interacting with genes.

Uploaded by

Mogomotsi Moholo
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CHAPTER 5:CELL SIGNALING IN PHYSIOLOGY

SECTION A: MEMBRANE POTENTIALS


STUDY UNIT 1: CONTROLS OF CELLS THROUGH CHEMICAL MESSENGERS

5.1.1 RECEPTORS
Several classes of chemical messengers that can communicate a sigal
from one cell to another!

*Molecules
-Examples such as neurotransmitter and paracrine.
-Whose signals are mediated rapidly and over a short distances.

*hormones
-communicate over greater distancee and more slowly.

5.1.2 How can signals of chemical mesengers be detected by the cell


receiving the signal?

5.1.2.1. The cell receiving the signals has a way to detect other signals
presences.
5.1.2.2. Once the cell detects the signal, a mechanism is required to translate
that signal into physiologically meaningful response,such as the cell
division
response to the delivery of growth-promoting signals.

5.1.3 FIRST STEP IN THE ACTION OF ANY INTERCELLULAR (between cells) CHEMICAL
MESSENGERS

1.RECEPTORS (Protein Receptor):Binding of chemical messenger to specific target-


cell proteins. Example:ligand s the chemical messenger and the receptor has a
binding site for that ligand.
2.The binding of a messenger to a receptor changes the conformation (tertiary
structure)of the receptor which activates it.
3. This indicates a sequence of events in the cell leading tothe messenger process
called sgnal transduction.

Signal: is the receptor activation.


Transduction signal: denotes the process by which a stimulus is transformed into a
response.

5.1.4 Types of receptors

5.1.4.1 Plasma Membrane Receptors


-They are transmembrane proteins ( they span the entire memrane thickness)
-Has a hydropobic segments within the membrane
-one or more hydrophillic segments extending out from the membrane into the
extracellular fluid and other hydrophillic segments extending into the
intracellular fluid.
-Arriving chemicals bind to the extracellular part of the receptors,the
intracellular regions of the receptors are involved into signal transduction
events.

5.1.4.2 Intracellular (within in cell) Receptor


-They are not located in the membrane but exist eitherin the cytosol or the cell
nucleus and have different structures.
- Like plasma membrane,receptors, theyhave segment that binds the messenger and
other segments that acts as regulatory sites.
-Have a segment that binds to DNA, unlike plasma membrane receptors.

5.1.4.3 One key destinction between the 2 general types of receptors


-Plasma membrane receptors can transduce signals without DNA.
-Intracellular receptors transduce signals through interaction with genes.

5.1.5 Interactions between Receptors and ligands


4 Major features that define the interactions between receptors and ligands

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