ICT IGCSE Theory – Revision Presentation

2.1 Input devices and their uses

• Identify input devices and their uses, e.g. keyboard, numeric keypad, pointing devices
(such as mouse, touchpad, tracker ball), remote control, joystick/driving wheel, touch
screen, scanners, digital cameras, microphone, sensors (general), temperature
Chapter 2: Input and output devices

sensor, pressure sensor, light sensor, graphics tablet, video camera, web cam

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 ICT IGCSE Theory – Revision Presentation
2.1 Input devices and their uses
Input Devices in their Use
Chapter 2: Input and output devices

Input Devices allow data to be input into a computer.

Input Central Output

Processing Unit
Devices (CPU) Devices

Storage

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 ICT IGCSE Theory – Revision Presentation
2.1 Input devices and their uses
Input Devices

Device Use Advantages Disadvantages

Chapter 2: Input and output devices

Keyboard • Inputting data into • Easy and familiar to Slower method

applications use compared to
• Typing commands into • Fast entry of Text direct data entry.
a CLI Interface into a document

Numeric Inputting numeric data Straight forward to • Keys can be

Key Pad into: enter numeric data like too small.
• ATM pins or prices at a POS. • Difficult to
• POS Terminals type letters
• Chip and Pin (older Mobiles
• Mobile Phones etc. to text)

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 ICT IGCSE Theory – Revision Presentation
2.1 Input devices and their uses
Input Devices

Device Use Advantages Disadvantages

Chapter 2: Input and output devices

Mouse To control the pointer on • Easy to navigate • Easily

the screen to: through menu Damaged
• Selecting Windows options • Flat surface
• Clicking Icons • Quicker to select an required.
• Menu Options option compared to
• Positioning Pointer using a keyboard.
Touch Pad • Used as a pointing • Is part of the • More difficult
device on a laptop. keyboard so no to use
need for separate compared to a
device. normal mouse.
Tracker Ball • Used by users who • Easier to use • Tend to be
tend to have limited compared to mouse more
motility in their wrist • More accurate expensive.
(RSI) positing of the • Not familiar to
pointer. users.

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 ICT IGCSE Theory – Revision Presentation
2.1 Input devices and their uses
Input Devices

Device Use Advantages Disadvantages

Chapter 2: Input and output devices

Remote Used to control: • Can be used from a • Signal could be

Control • TV Channels and distance. blocked by
Menu options obstacles or
• Multimedia Systems walls.
• Industrial applications
Joystick • Used in computer • Easier to used • More difficult
games and simulators. compared to a to use
keyboard. compared to a
normal mouse.
Driving • Used by gamers in • Driving experience • More
Wheel computer games is more accurate expensive.
(Racing/Driving). than using • Movement
• Used in simulators. keyboards. could be too
sensitive

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 ICT IGCSE Theory – Revision Presentation
2.1 Input devices and their uses
Input Devices

Device Use Advantages Disadvantages

Chapter 2: Input and output devices

Touch Used on: • Very easy to use • Options could

Screen • Mobile/Tablets and select options. be selected
• Point of Sale (POS) accidently.
• Interactive White • Screen can get
Boards dirty.
Scanners • Used to scan in • Copies can be • Quality is
documents or created. dependant on
photographs. resolution
settings.
Digital • Used to take • Higher Resolution • Transferring,
Cameras photographs and small images can be storing and
video clips. stored on memory editing images
• Data can be cards. can be
transferred to • No need to develop complicated
computers. film.

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 ICT IGCSE Theory – Revision Presentation
2.1 Input devices and their uses
Input Devices

Device Use Advantages Disadvantages

Chapter 2: Input and output devices

Video Cameras • Used to record video • Can record in HD • HD movie take

footage. • Footage can be up a lot of
edited on a storage.
computer. • Cost of camera
Microphone • Used to input sound • Voice overs can be • Voice
into a computer. added to recognition is
• Used in voice presentations. not as accurate
recognition • Recorded audio can as typing text
applications. be typed directly into a
into Word Processor computer.
applications.
Graphics • Used with a stylus to • Very accurate • Longer to
Tablet draw free hand method of drawing produce
drawings which can be compared to a drawings
stored on a computer. pointer device. • Cost of tablet

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 ICT IGCSE Theory – Revision Presentation
2.1 Input devices and their uses
Input Devices

Device Use Advantages Disadvantages

Chapter 2: Input and output devices

Web Cams • Used by users who • Allows for face to • Quality is

want to have a web face video chat. dependant on
conference (Skype • Can contact people internet
Call) without the need to connection
travel.

Light Pens • Used in CAD • More accurate than • Only used with
applications for touch screens CRT Monitors
drawing onscreen • Small in size • Dated
Technology

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 ICT IGCSE Theory – Revision Presentation
2.1 Input devices and their uses

Discuss why different user interfaces require the use of different types of
input devices.
Chapter 2: Input and output devices

Exam Question

With a GUI (graphical user interface) a mouse enables users to easily manoeuvre a
pointer around a screen to select Icons representing applications, menu options and
windows. The mouse can also be used to drag windows and icons across the screen.
People with disabilities may prefer to use a trackerball as a pointing device as they may
have limited motility in their wrists. In addition a joystick or gamepad could be used to
mimic the behavior of a mouse when playing games. On the other hand a keyboard will
be required to enter command prompts into a CLI (Command Line Interface). Touch
screens can be used to directly select options on a screen normally found on portable
devices such as smart phones, tablets or even at a POS (Point of Sale).

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 ICT IGCSE Theory – Revision Presentation
2.1 Input devices and their uses

Compare and contrast the use of Mouse, Touchpad and Tracker ball as a
pointing device?
Chapter 2: Input and output devices

Key Words: familiar, flat surface, damage, difficult/easier use, fixed

device, limited motility, expensive

Exam Question

The mouse is normally used with a desktop computer and is the most familiar
pointing device used. However the mouse requires a flat surface to be used and is
more likely to be damaged. The touch pad is a fixed device commonly found on
laptops. It is more difficult to use compared to a mouse. The tracker ball pointing
device is used by users who have limited motility in their wrist. User would move the
ball at the top of the device using their fingers to control the pointer on the screen.
The tracker ball however tends to be more expensive than the other pointing
devices.

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 ICT IGCSE Theory – Revision Presentation
2.1 Input devices and their uses
Input Devices : Sensors

A sensor is a device that converts a real world property into data that a
Chapter 2: Input and output devices

computer can process.

Sensor Example Use

Temperature Used in green houses to measure temperature
Light Umpires check light conditions in cricket match
Moisture To check the moisture in the soil in a green house
Water-Level Used in washing machine to measure water level
Proximity Used when parking cars to judge distance.
Movement Detects movement which could trigger an alarm
Pressure Used in burglar alarms

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 ICT IGCSE Theory – Revision Presentation
2.1 Input devices and their uses
Input Devices : Sensors

Real world measurements

Chapter 2: Input and output devices

are collected as an analogue

signal from the sensor.
Data collected from Sensor is in
A computer only Analogue
understands digital signals.
ADC - Analogue-to-digital converter

An ADC (Analogue-to-digital Analogue Signal now can be

converter) is needed to understood by computers.
convert the signal so a
computer understands the
signal.
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 ICT IGCSE Theory – Revision Presentation
2.2 Direct data entry and associated devices
• Describe direct data entry and associated devices, e.g. magnetic stripe readers, chip
and PIN readers, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) readers, Magnetic Ink
Character Reader (MICR), Optical Mark Reader (OMR), Optical Character Reader
Chapter 2: Input and output devices

(OCR), bar code reader

• Identify the advantages and disadvantages of any of the above devices in comparison
with others

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 ICT IGCSE Theory – Revision Presentation
2.2 Direct data entry and associated devices
Magnetic Strip Readers are used to read data found on magnetic stripes
found on the back of cards.
Chapter 2: Input and output devices

USE:
Bank Cards: Contains Account details
Arcade: Contains balance
Security/Hotel Rooms: Allows entry to specific room.
Gift Cards (Vouchers) – amount of vouchers

Advantages: Disadvantages
• Fast data entry • Stripe could become
compared to keyboard unreadable - scratched
• Secure/Error Free – No • Does not work at a
Typing distance
• Not effected by water • Easily Lost/misplaced
and robust if dropped
• Easily Updated

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 ICT IGCSE Theory – Revision Presentation
2.2 Direct data entry and associated devices
Chip and Pin Readers are used POS terminals to make a secure payment
using a debit or credit card.
Chapter 2: Input and output devices

USE:
Users can make payment at shops, restaurants by simply
inserting their credit/debit card into the chip and pin reader
and typing in their pin.

Advantages: Disadvantages
• Secure method of • The pin could be read by
payment compared to some one watching or use
swipe and contactless of mirrors.
method. • Fraudulent machines can
• Chip is less likely to be copy card details.
damaged compared to a
magnetic swipe.

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 ICT IGCSE Theory – Revision Presentation
2.2 Direct data entry and associated devices
Contactless Cards Readers are used by customers to pay for products at the
POS without the need to enter a PIN Number using RFID technology.
Transactions are normally restricted to a small amount (up to £20)
Chapter 2: Input and output devices

How it works
The payment terminal picks up a signal from the chip to
process and complete the transaction when the card is
within a few centimetres distance.
Advantages: Disadvantages
• Quicker Transaction • Less secure than chip and
meaning less time spent pin method.
at POS. • Anyone could use card
• Don’t have to use PIN if lost.
• Transaction data • It is easer for thieves to
(account details) is copy details of the card.
encrypted. • Only small payments can
be made

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 ICT IGCSE Theory – Revision Presentation
2.2 Direct data entry and associated devices

Compare the use of Contactless and Chip and Pin cards at the POS
terminal?
Chapter 2: Input and output devices

Key Words: Secure, PIN, Replicate details, limited payments, speed of

transaction, Overseen

Exam Question

The Chip and Pin is a more secure method of payment as the user would be required
to enter a 4 digit pin to proceed with the transaction. The advantage of using the
contactless method of payment is that it reduces the time taken by retailers to deal
with each customer which increases the speed of the transaction. This will help
reduce the queuing time at the POS. However only small/limited payments can be
made on the contactless method which would restrict your purchase limit. Also it is
easier for thieves to copy/replicate details of the contactless card by using a scanner
at a short distance. On the hand the PIN could be overseen by other people once it
has been entered into chip and pin reader. In conclusion the contactless method
maybe a suitable method of payments if the customer is only purchasing items
within the limit of the card.
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 ICT IGCSE Theory – Revision Presentation
2.2 Direct data entry and associated devices
Radio Frequency Identification
RFID
RFID reads information stored on tags (small silicon chip that can be placed
Chapter 2: Input and output devices

on a sticker) using radio waves. RFID tags can be attached to objects or

animals/people.

USE:
• Track movement of animals (livestock) or people
• Stock Control: Scan stock items for quantity
• Airports: Track Luggage to make sure nothing is lost
• Contactless cards to make a payment
Advantages: Disadvantages
• Can read objects from a distance. • Radio symbols can be
• Can read in bulk jammed or hacked.
• Very fast reading – quick response • More expensive than a
• Allows read/write operations to barcode
take place • Tags could interfere
• Can read biometric readings with each other.

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 ICT IGCSE Theory – Revision Presentation
2.2 Direct data entry and associated devices
Radio Frequency Identification
RFID
Chapter 2: Input and output devices

An automatic washing machine contains a device to read RFID chips

sewn into clothing. When an item of clothing is placed in the washing
machine it is scanned. Describe how the data is read from the RFID
chip.
Exam Question
The washing machine sends out (interrogation waves) radio signal to read the data
from the RFID. They act as a passive transponder.

Explain the benefits of using RFID technology in a washing machine.

The benefit of using RFID technology is that it stops material being incorrectly washed.
Also it stops coloured items of clothing being in the wrong wash. In addition it stops
clothing of different material being washed with others. Furthermore it allows the
wash cycle to be set automatically. RFID technology will know the amount of water to
use so less water will be wasted.

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 ICT IGCSE Theory – Revision Presentation
2.2 Direct data entry and associated devices
Magnetic Ink Character Reader
MICR
MICR is able to read characters printed in a special ink. These characters are
Chapter 2: Input and output devices

then converted into a form which could be understood by the computer

USE:
Used to process bank cheques. The characters at the
bottom of cheque which are printed in a special ink
are read by the Magnetic Ink Character Reader.
Advantages: Disadvantages
• No need to manually • More expensive than
enter text – less chance using a keyboard to
of human error. type manual data.
• Characters can not be • Limited amount of
altered. characters can be
• Characters can be read read.
even if they have been
written over.

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 ICT IGCSE Theory – Revision Presentation
2.2 Direct data entry and associated devices
Magnetic Ink Character Reader
MICR
Chapter 2: Input and output devices

Describe how MICR is used to read these details from the cheque.

Key Words: magnetic ink, magnet, signal, read, translated

Exam Question

The magnetic ink on the cheque passes over a magnet in the magnetic ink character
Reader (MICR). The MICR then reads the magnetic signal given out by the magnetic
ink characters on the cheque. Each character produces a unique signal which is read
and translated by the MICR.

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 ICT IGCSE Theory – Revision Presentation
2.2 Direct data entry and associated devices
Optical Mark Reader
OMR
OMR is able to read marks written in pen or pencil. The position of the mark
Chapter 2: Input and output devices

is stored in the computers memory.

USE:
Used to scan in marks from multiple choice exams, surveys,
and lottery tickets.

Advantages: Disadvantages
• Very fast method of • Forms have to be
inputting data as no user completed correctly to
has to manually enter avoid manual checks which
results. would waste time.
• More accurate than OCR
• Less chance of errors

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 ICT IGCSE Theory – Revision Presentation
2.2 Direct data entry and associated devices
Optical Mark Reader
OMR
Chapter 2: Input and output devices

A student exam answer sheet consists of boxes or lozenges which the

student shades in to indicate their choice of answer. Describe the
drawbacks of using Optical Mark Recognition

The drawbacks of using OMR are that if the marks don't fill the Exam Question
space completely or not in a dark enough pencil then they may
not be read correctly. OMR is only suitable for recording one
out of a selection of answers, not suitable for text input.
Answer forms have to be prepared which may be expensive.
The format of the question could be restricted to formats like
multiple choice.

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 ICT IGCSE Theory – Revision Presentation
2.2 Direct data entry and associated devices
Optical Character Reader
OCR
OCR scans text from hardcopies and converts it into an editable form which
Chapter 2: Input and output devices

can be used and edited in a range of software including word processors.

USE:
Used in Self-Immigration System at Airports.
Identity Cards
Students scanning text from books which can be
edited.
Advantages: Disadvantages
• Faster method of data • Not as accurate as
entry compared to the OMR reader
manually typing the • Unable to read
data. handwriting.
• Less chance of errors.

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 ICT IGCSE Theory – Revision Presentation
2.2 Direct data entry and associated devices
Barcode Scanners are used to scan bar codes which contains unique
information about a product including price.
Chapter 2: Input and output devices

USE:
Barcode readers are typically used at point-of-sale
(POS) in shops when customers are purchased goods.

Advantages: Disadvantages
• Far quicker and more • Barcode could be
accurate than typing in unreadable or
codes using a keypad. missing.
• Stock database can • Barcode could be
easily be updated with swapped.
new prices – barcodes • Can be an expensive
would not need to be system.
replaced.

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 ICT IGCSE Theory – Revision Presentation
2.2 Direct data entry and associated devices

Compare the use of MICR, OCR, OMR, Barcode scanner and a

keyboard to enter data.
Chapter 2: Input and output devices

Exam Question

MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Reader) is used when processing cheques in a bank. The
characters at the bottom of the check are written in a special ink. These characters are
scanned by the MICR to identify the check to the account holder. OCR (optical character
reader) is used to scan text into an editable form and is commonly used as immigration
terminals to scan passports. Keyboards are used to enter data manually. However if a
passport number had to be typed then it would take longer and perhaps there is also
the chance of human error. OMR (Optical mark reader) is used when scanning in pencil
marks on exam paper or school registers. However if pencil marks are not clear then
again there is a chance of errors. Specialised equipment is required for OCR and OMR
which could also be more expensive than a keyboard. A barcode scanner is used to scan
items at the POS. The bar code is unique to each product and if the barcode scanner
was not available then the code would have be typed manually again which would take
more time and could lead to human error.
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 ICT IGCSE Theory – Revision Presentation
2.2 Direct data entry and associated devices

Recently mobile phones have been used to pay for goods in stores and
supermarkets. One method of payment involves holding the phone
Chapter 2: Input and output devices

close to a reader in the store. Discuss the advantages and

disadvantages of this method of payment compared with other
methods of credit/debit card transactions.
Exam Question

Mobile phones would be easier to use a method of payment because you would only be required
to hold the phone next to the reader. As the credit card does not have to be physically present it
cannot be stolen and will be less prone to damage as there is no need to swipe the card. In
addition as there will be no need to remember a PIN code or use a signature. On the other hand a
compatible phone would be required which could be expensive and stores would have to invest in
new equipment. The mobile phone could run out of battery or there may be issues with signal
and connectivity. In addition some users may not be familiar with using their phone as a payment
option. Furthermore users will be restricted on how much can be paid. The phone signal may be
intercepted by hackers or phones could be stolen and used as methods of payment with no
authentication. Nevertheless many users now carry mobile phones and it doesn’t matter if they
forget their credit/debit cards. Consequently the credit/debit card number is not used in the
transaction.

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 ICT IGCSE Theory – Revision Presentation
2.3 Output devices and their uses
• Identify output devices and their uses, e.g. CRT monitor, TFT/LCD monitor, IPS/LCD
monitor, LED monitor, touch screen (as an output device), multimedia projector, laser
printer, inkjet printer, dot matrix printer, wide format printer, 3D printer, speakers,
Chapter 2: Input and output devices

motors, buzzers, heaters, lights/lamps

• Describe the advantages and disadvantages of any of the above devices

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 ICT IGCSE Theory – Revision Presentation
2.3 Output devices and their uses

Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) Monitor

Use: As primary output display for computers.
Chapter 2: Input and output devices

Advantage: Cheaper than other monitors and can be used with light pens.
Resolution is also very good.

Disadvantage: Size is bigger – requires more desk space.

Could be a safety hazard if not correctly supported.

Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) Monitor

Use: Have taken over from CRT as primary output display for computers. Also
primary output for monitors.
Flat Screen
Advantage: Smaller and lighter so less desk space required.
Consumes less power and does not generate as much heat as CRT monitors.

Disadvantage: Resolution may not be as good as a CRT monitor.

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 ICT IGCSE Theory – Revision Presentation
2.3 Output devices and their uses

In-Plane Switching IPS/LCD Monitor

Chapter 2: Input and output devices

Use: IPS is generally used by creative professionals (professional graphic

artists).

Advantage: Has wide viewing angles by altering the direction of the pixels Flat Screen
within the display. Colour reproduction is better than other monitors.

Disadvantage: More expensive compared to other monitors.

Light-Emitting Diode LED Monitor

Use: LED monitors are generally used outdoors in store signs, destination
signs and billboards due to their level of brightness.

Advantage: LEDS produces better light which improves the colour definition Flat Screen
and can be used outdoors in different types of light. LED are also energy
efficient and can last along time.

Disadvantage: More expensive compared to other monitors.

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 ICT IGCSE Theory – Revision Presentation
2.3 Output devices and their uses
Touch USE: Advantages Disadvantages
Screen A touch screen is a computer • No need for additional • Screen could become
Chapter 2: Input and output devices

display screen that is also an input devices. damaged, dirty, less

input device. Users can • No need for additional visible etc.
interact with the screen by buttons. • Difficult to input high
using their fingers or a special • Menus and interface volumes of
stylus/pen. generally very easy to information compared
• Mobile Phones/Tablets use. to using a keyboard.
• Terminals at • Zoom in and rotation
POS/Banks/Stations is possible.

Projector USE: Advantages Disadvantages

Multimedia projectors are • Is able to project onto • Output resolution may
used when projecting signals a big screen allowing not be the same
from various (Computer, TV) more people to see quality as other
devices onto a large screen. the output. devices.
• Classrooms • Users can gather • Obstacles could affect
• Offices around one screen – block the projection.
• Training Presentations main focal point in • Expensive to buy and
• Home cinema systems classrooms. difficult to set up.

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 ICT IGCSE Theory – Revision Presentation
2.3 Output devices and their uses
Inkjet USE: Advantages Disadvantages
Printer Inkjet printers are used when • Cheap high quality • Ink cartridge can run
Chapter 2: Input and output devices

low output volumes are printing. out quickly and be

required. • Cheaper to buy expensive to replace.
• Home use to print compared to laser • Slow printing
homework or single printers. compared to laser
pages/images. • Small in size – takes printer.
up less desk space.

Laser USE: Advantages Disadvantages

Printer Laser printers are used when • High quality printing • Laser printer is more
High output volumes are • Printing is fast expensive to buy.
required. especially when • Colour laser printers
• Schools printing in high are more expensive to
• Offices volumes. run compared to black
• Tonner lasts longer and white laser
than inkjet cartridge – printers.
cost effective.
• Prints quietly.

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 ICT IGCSE Theory – Revision Presentation
2.3 Output devices and their uses
Dot Matrix USE: Advantages Disadvantages
Printer Dot Matrix is a type of • Not affected by • Very slow printing
•
Chapter 2: Input and output devices

printing which uses a print hot/dusty Poor Quality printing

head which presses against an environments. • Noisy compared to
inked ribbon whilst moving • Can print carbon other printers.
back and forth. copies (useful when
• Shop receipts additional copies
• Airline tickets need to be signed).
• When duplicates (carbon • Cheap to run an
copies) are required. maintain.

Wide USE: Advantages Disadvantages

Format Wide Format printers are • High resolution • Generally expensive
Printer generally used when large printing compared to to buy and maintain.
format printing is required. laser and inkjet
• Banners printers.
• Billboards • Large printouts
• Signs • Companies are able to
• Posters print in house which is
• Photographs and Art cheaper than asking
another company to
print.

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 ICT IGCSE Theory – Revision Presentation
2.3 Output devices and their uses

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using a Laser, Inkjet,

wide format and dot matrix printer.
Chapter 2: Input and output devices

Exam Question

Laser printers can provide fast and high quality printing. Typically laser printers are
used to print in high volumes. However the printer will be more expensive to buy
compared to an Inkjet printer and also the toner will cost more. The inkjet also
provides high quality printing however it prints much slower than the laser printer
and therefore is normally used when printing in low volumes.
Wide format printers are used to print very large printouts in high quality. The Wide
Format printer will be typically the most expensive printer to purchase and
maintain. The advantage for the dot matrix printer is that it can work in hot and
dusty conditions and can print carbon copies. However the printing quality is quite
poor compared to the other printers. In addition the printing time is also much
slower compared to the laser and inkjet computer.

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 ICT IGCSE Theory – Revision Presentation
2.3 Output devices and their uses
3D Printer USE: Advantages Disadvantages
3D Printers can produce solid • Products can be • Counterfeits products
Chapter 2: Input and output devices

objects by building layer upon customised . could be created.

layer. • Prototypes can be • Dangerous objects
• Prosthetic limbs created quickly. could be printed if
• Manufacturing Parts • Parts can be created used inappropriately.
• Medical Applications which are no longer • Very expensive
• Construction manufactured. printer.
• Fashion/Arts • Artificial organs can
be created.

Speakers USE: Advantages Disadvantages

Speakers are required to • Speakers can be used • Not as personal
output sound. Essential for wirelessly using compared to
video conferencing, movies, Bluetooth technology. headphones – can be
computer games etc. • Sounds can be heard by everyone.
amplified. • An underpowered
• Surround sounds amplifier playing at
systems to give a high volumes can
more realistic damage a speaker.
experience.

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 ICT IGCSE Theory – Revision Presentation
2.3 Output devices and their uses

3D printers are being used for producing personalised prescription

drugs.
Chapter 2: Input and output devices

(a) Give two advantages of using 3D printers for this purpose.

Exam Question
The tablets can be customised to meet the individual needs. Using the 3D printer would
make it easier to change the percentages of drug in the tablet. The tablets can be
produced in mass produced or small batches therefore reducing waste. Patients would
receive their prescriptions quicker.

(b) Give two disadvantages of using 3D printers for this purpose.

The cost of buying the 3D printer is expensive. The materials for printing are also
expensive. On the other hand 3D printers can be used for illegal production of
drugs. In addition not all 3D printers created to date can not complete this task.

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 ICT IGCSE Theory – Revision Presentation
2.3 Output devices and their uses
Actuators are part of the control process – digital signals are sent by the
computer to actuator to affect or control the real world.
Chapter 2: Input and output devices

Type Use
Motors • Washing machines
(Spins things • Control Fans
around) • Control Robot Arms in manufacturing

Buzzer • Used in burglar alarms

(Creates a noise) • Microwave ovens and other household appliances
• Sporting events/Game shows

Heater • Control heat in a central heating system

(Increases • Control heat in a green house
temperature) • Control heat in an oven

Lights • Security lights

(Creates light) • Car Dashboard – e.g. to alert driver of low fuel.
• Lights in greenhouse

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