IB Chemistry – SL

Topic 2 Questions

1. Consider the composition of the species W, X, Y and Z below. Which species is

an anion?

Number of Number of Number of

Species
protons neutrons electrons
W 9 10 10
X 11 12 11
Y 12 12 12
Z 13 14 10

A. W

B. X

C. Y

D. Z
(Total 1 mark)

2. Energy levels for an electron in a hydrogen atom are

A. evenly spaced.

B. farther apart near the nucleus.

C. closer together near the nucleus.

D. arranged randomly.
(Total 1 mark)

3. Which is related to the number of electrons in the outer main energy level of the
elements from the alkali metals to the halogens?

I. Group number

II. Period number

A. I only

B. II only

C. Both I and II

D. Neither I nor II
(Total 1 mark)

Page 1 of 22
4. How do bond length and bond strength change as the number of bonds
between two atoms increases?

Bond length Bond strength

A. Increases increases
B. Increases decreases
C. Decreases increases
D. Decreases decreases
(Total 1 mark)

5. Which of the following is true for CO2? Nonpolar covalent bonds are a type of
chemical bond where two atoms share a pair of electrons with each other. Polar
covalent bonding is a type of chemical bond where a pair of electrons is
unequally shared between two atoms.

C O bond CO2 molecule

A. Polar non-polar
B. non-polar polar
C. Polar polar
D. non-polar non-polar
(Total 1 mark)

6. The molar masses of C2H6, CH3OH and CH3F are very similar. How do their
boiling points compare?

A. C2H6 < CH3OH < CH3F

B. CH3F < CH3OH < C2H6

C. CH3OH < CH3F < C2H6

D. C2H6 < CH3F < CH3OH

(Total 1 mark)

19 –
7. What is the correct number of each particle in a fluoride ion, F?

protons neutrons electrons

A. 9 10 8
B. 9 10 9
C. 9 10 10
D. 9 19 10
Page 2 of 22
 (Total 1 mark)

8. Which statement is correct for the emission spectrum of the hydrogen atom?

A. The lines converge at lower energies.

B. The lines are produced when electrons move from lower to higher energy
levels.

C. The lines in the visible region involve electron transitions into the energy
level closest to the nucleus.

D. The line corresponding to the greatest emission of energy is in the

ultraviolet region.

9. Which is the correct description of polarity in F2 and HF molecules?

A. Both molecules contain a polar bond.

B. Neither molecule contains a polar bond.

C. Both molecules are polar.

D. Only one of the molecules is polar.

(Total 1 mark)

10. Which types of bonding are present in CH3CHO in the liquid state?

I. Single covalent bonding

II. Double covalent bonding

III. Hydrogen bonding

A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)

11. Which statement(s) is/are generally true about the melting points of
substances?

I. Melting points are higher for compounds containing ions than for
compounds containing molecules.

II. A compound with a low melting point is less volatile than a compound
with a high melting point.

III. The melting point of a compound is decreased by the presence of

impurities.

A. I only
Page 3 of 22
 B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)

12. How many valence electrons are present in an atom of an element with atomic
number 16?

A. 2

B. 4

C. 6

D. 8
(Total 1 mark)

13. A certain sample of element Z contains 60% of 69Z and 40% of 71Z. What is the
relative atomic mass of element Z in this sample?

A. 69.2

B. 69.8

C. 70.0

D. 70.2
(Total 1 mark)

14. What is the difference between two neutral atoms represented by the symbols
59 59
27
Co and 28
Ni?

A. The number of neutrons only.

B. The number of protons and electrons only.

C. The number of protons and neutrons only.

D. The number of protons, neutrons and electrons.

(Total 1 mark)

24 +2
15. How many electrons are there in one 12 Mg ion?

A. 10

B. 12

C. 14

D. 22
(Total 1 mark)

Page 4 of 22
16. The electron arrangement of sodium is 2.8.1. How many occupied main
electron energy levels are there in an atom of sodium?

A. 1

B. 3

C. 10

D. 11
(Total 1 mark)

17. Information is given about four different atoms:

Atom neutrons protons

W 22 18
X 18 20
Y 22 16
Z 20 18

Which two atoms are isotopes?

A. W and Y

B. W and Z

C. X and Z

D. X and Y
(Total 1 mark)

18. Which statement is correct about a line emission spectrum?

A. Electrons absorb energy as they move from low to high energy levels.

B. Electrons absorb energy as they move from high to low energy levels.

C. Electrons release energy as they move from low to high energy levels.

D. Electrons release energy as they move from high to low energy levels.
(Total 1 mark)

Page 5 of 22
 18
19. How many neutrons are there in the ion O2–?

A. 8

B. 10

C. 16

D. 20
(Total 1 mark)

20. What is the electron arrangement of silicon?

A. 2.4

B. 2.8

C. 2.8.4

D. 2.8.8
(Total 1 mark)

21. Which statement is correct about the isotopes of an element?

A. They have the same mass number

B. They have the same electron arrangement

C. They have more protons than neutrons

D. They have the same numbers of protons and neutrons

(Total 1 mark)

22. What is the difference between two neutral atoms represented by the symbols
210 210
84 Po and 85 At?

A. The number of neutrons only.

B. The number of protons and electrons only.

C. The number of protons and neutrons only.

D. The number of protons, neutrons and electrons.

(Total 1 mark)

23. Which statements are correct for the emission spectrum of the hydrogen atom?

I. The lines converge at lower energies.

II. Electron transition to n =1 are responsible for lines in the UV region.
III. Lines are produced when electrons move from higher to lower
energy levels.
Page 6 of 22
 A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)

24. What is the symbol for a species that contains 15 protons, 16 neutrons and 18
electrons?
31
A. 16 S

31
B. 16 S 3

31
C. 15 P

31
D. 15 P 3
(Total 1 mark)

25. What is the electron arrangement of an Al3+ ion?

A. 2, 8

B. 2, 3

C. 2, 8, 3

D. 2, 8, 8
(Total 1 mark)

26. What will happen to the volume of a fixed mass of gas if the pressure and the
Kelvin temperature are both doubled?

A. It will remain the same.

B. It will be double its initial volume.

C. It will be one-half its initial volume.

D. It will be four times its initial volume.

(Total 1 mark)

27. Which species has 54 electrons and 52 protons?

Page 7 of 22
 128 2
A. 52 Te

132 2
B. 54 Xe

132 2
C. 54 Xe

128 2
D. 52 Te

(Total 1 mark)

28. What is the correct sequence for the processes occurring in a mass
spectrometer?

A. vaporization, ionization, acceleration, deflection

B. vaporization, acceleration, ionization, deflection

C. ionization, vaporization, acceleration, deflection

D. ionization, vaporization, deflection, acceleration

(Total 1 mark)

29. The percentage composition by mass of a hydrocarbon is C = 85.6% and H =

14.4%.

(a) Calculate the empirical formula of the hydrocarbon.

.......................................................................................................................
..............

.......................................................................................................................
..............

.......................................................................................................................
..............

.......................................................................................................................
..............
(2)

(b) A 1.00 g sample of the hydrocarbon at a temperature of 273 K and a

pressure of
1.01×105 Pa (1.00 atm) has a volume of 0.399 dm3.

(i) Calculate the molar mass of the hydrocarbon.

..............................................................................................................
............

..............................................................................................................
............

..............................................................................................................
............
Page 8 of 22
 ..............................................................................................................
............
(2)

(ii) Deduce the molecular formula of the hydrocarbon.

(1)
(Total 5 marks)

15

30. State the number of protons, electrons and neutrons in the ion 7
N3–.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

(Total 2 marks)

31. A sample of germanium is analysed in a mass spectrometer. The first and last
processes in mass spectrometry are vaporization and detection.

(a) (i) State the names of the other three processes in the order in which
they occur in a mass spectrometer.

..............................................................................................................
...........

..............................................................................................................
...........
(2)

(ii) For each of the processes named in (a) (i), outline how the process
occurs.

..............................................................................................................
...........

..............................................................................................................
...........

..............................................................................................................
...........

..............................................................................................................
...........

..............................................................................................................
...........

..............................................................................................................
...........
Page 9 of 22
 (3)

(b) The sample of germanium is found to have the following composition:

70 72 74 76
Isotope Ge Ge Ge Ge
Relative abundance /
22.60 25.45 36.73 15.22


(i) Define the term relative atomic mass.

..............................................................................................................
...........

..............................................................................................................
...........

..............................................................................................................
...........
(2)

(ii) Calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of germanium,

giving your answer to two decimal places.

..............................................................................................................
...........

..............................................................................................................
...........

..............................................................................................................
...........

..............................................................................................................
...........
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

32. Define the following terms.

(i) atomic number

.......................................................................................................................
.............

.......................................................................................................................
.............
(1)

(ii) mass number

.......................................................................................................................
.............

.......................................................................................................................
Page 10 of 22
 .............
(1)
(Total 2 marks)

33. State the electron arrangements of the following species:

Si ...........................................................................................................................
.............

P3– .........................................................................................................................
...............
(Total 2 marks)

33 2–
34. Identify the numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons in the species S .

...............................................................................................................................
...............

...............................................................................................................................
...............
(Total 1 mark)

35. State the electron arrangement for atoms of aluminium, nitrogen and fluorine.
(Total 2 marks)

36. The relative atomic mass of chlorine is 35.45. Calculate the percentage
abundance of the two isotopes of chlorine, 35Cl and 37Cl in a sample of chlorine
gas.
(Total 2 marks)

37. (a) Describe the following stages in the operation of the mass spectrometer.

(i) ionization
(2)

(ii) deflection
(2)

(iii) acceleration
(1)

(b) (i) State the meaning of the term isotopes of an element.

(1)

(ii) Calculate the percentage abundance of the two isotopes of rubidium

Page 11 of 22
 85
Rb and 87Rb.
(2)

(iii) State two physical properties that would differ for each of the
rubidium isotopes.
(1)

(iv) Determine the full electron configuration of an atom of Si, an Fe 3+ ion

and a P3– ion.
(3)
(Total 12 marks)

38. Naturally occurring copper has a relative atomic mass, (Ar), of 63.55 and
consists of two isotopes 63Cu and 65Cu.

(i) Define the term relative atomic mass, Ar.

.......................................................................................................................
.............

.......................................................................................................................
.............

.......................................................................................................................
.............
(1)

(ii) State and explain which is the more abundant isotope.

.......................................................................................................................
.............

.......................................................................................................................
.............

.......................................................................................................................
.............
(1)
(Total 2 marks)

50
39. The element vanadium has two isotopes, 23 V and 51
23 V, and a relative atomic
mass of 50.94.

(a) Define the term isotope.

………………………………………………………………………………………
.

………………………………………………………………………………………
.
Page 12 of 22
 (1)

50
(b) State the number of protons, electrons and neutrons in 23 V.

………………………………………………………………………………………
.

………………………………………………………………………………………
.
(2)

(c) State and explain which is the more abundant isotope.

………………………………………………………………………………………
.

………………………………………………………………………………………
.
(1)

(d) State the name and the mass number of the isotope relative to which all
atomic masses are measured.

………………………………………………………………………………………
.
(1)
(Total 5 marks)

40. (a) State a physical property that is different for isotopes of an element.

.......................................................................................................................
..............
(1)

(b) Chlorine exists as two isotopes, 35Cl and 37Cl. The relative atomic mass of
chlorine is 35.45. Calculate the percentage abundance of each isotope.

.......................................................................................................................
..............

.......................................................................................................................
..............

.......................................................................................................................
..............

.......................................................................................................................
..............
(2)
(Total 3 marks)

41. (a) Define the term isotope.

.......................................................................................................................
..............
Page 13 of 22
 .......................................................................................................................
..............

.......................................................................................................................
..............
(2)

(b) A sample of argon exists as a mixture of three isotopes.

mass number 36, relative abundance 0.337%

mass number 38, relative abundance 0.0630%
mass number 40, relative abundance 99.6%

Calculate the relative atomic mass of argon.

.......................................................................................................................
..............

.......................................................................................................................
..............

.......................................................................................................................
..............

.......................................................................................................................
..............
(2)

56
(c) State the number of electrons, protons and neutrons in the ion Fe3+.

electrons: ............................. protons: .............................

neutrons: ...........................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)

79
42. The element bromine exists as the isotopes Br and 81Br, and has a relative
atomic mass of 79.90.

(a) Complete the following table to show the numbers of sub-atomic particles
in the species shown.

an atom of 79Br an ion of 81Br–

protons
neutrons
electrons
(3)

79
(b) State and explain which of the two isotopes Br and 81Br is more common
in the element bromine.

.......................................................................................................................
............

Page 14 of 22
 .......................................................................................................................
............
(1)

(c) The element calcium is in the same period of the Periodic Table as
bromine.

(i) Write the electron arrangement for an atom of calcium.

..............................................................................................................
...........
(1)

(ii) Deduce the formula of the compound calcium bromide.

..............................................................................................................
...........
(1)
(Total 6 marks)

43. Some vaporized magnesium is introduced into a mass spectrometer. One of the
ions that reaches the detector is 25Mg+.
25
(a) Identify the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in the Mg+ ion.

.......................................................................................................................
.............

.......................................................................................................................
.............
(1)

(b) State how this ion is accelerated in the mass spectrometer.

.......................................................................................................................
.............

.......................................................................................................................
.............
(1)

(c) The 25Mg2+ ion is also detected in this mass spectrometer by changing the
magnetic field. Deduce and explain, by reference to the m/z values of
these two ions of magnesium, which of the ions 25Mg2+ and 25Mg+ is
detected using a stronger magnetic field.

.......................................................................................................................
.............

.......................................................................................................................
.............
Page 15 of 22
 .......................................................................................................................
.............

.......................................................................................................................
.............
(2)
(Total 4 marks)
44. (a) List the following types of electromagnetic radiation in order of increasing
wavelength (shortest first).

I. Yellow light

II. Red light

III. Infrared radiation

IV. Ultraviolet radiation

.......................................................................................................................
..............
(1)

(b) Distinguish between a continuous spectrum and a line spectrum.

.......................................................................................................................
..............

.......................................................................................................................
..............

.......................................................................................................................
..............
(1)

(c) The thinning of the ozone layer increases the amount of UV-B radiation
that reaches the Earth’s surface.

Type of Radiation Wavelength / nm

UV-A 320–380
UV-B 290–320

Based on the information in the table above explain why UV-B rays are
more dangerous than UV-A.

.......................................................................................................................
..............

.......................................................................................................................
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.......................................................................................................................
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Page 16 of 22
 .......................................................................................................................
..............

.......................................................................................................................
..............
(3)
(Total 5 marks)

IB Chemistry – SL
Topic 2 Answers
1. A
[1]
2. B
[1]
3. A
[1]
4. C
[1]
5. A
[1]
6. D
[1]

7. C
[1]

8. D
[1]
Page 17 of 22
9. D
[1]

10. A
[1]

11. B
[1]
12. C
[1]
13. B
[1]
14. D
[1]
15. A
[1]
16. B
[1]
17. B
[1]
18. D
[1]

19. B
[1]

20. C
[1]

21. B
[1]

22. D
[1]

23. C
[1]

24. D
[1]

25. A
[1]

26. A
[1]

27. A
[1]

28. A
[1]

Page 18 of 22
 85.6 : 14.4
29. (a) mole ratio C:H = 12.01 1.01 = 7.13:4.3;
No penalty for using integer atomic masses.
CH 2 ;
empirical formula is 2

PV  mass 1.01  10 2 kPa (0.399 dm 3 );

;
RT molar mass 8.314 J (273 K)
(b) (i) number of moles of gas n = mol K ;

1.00 g
0.017 mol = 56.3 (g mol–1) 2
OR
mass of the molar volume
molar mass is the 22.4 dm 3 at STP;
1.00  22.4
= 0.399 = 56.1 (g mol–1)
Accept answers in range 56.0 to 56.3.
Accept two, three or four significant figures.
(ii) C4H8; 1
No ECF.
[5]
30. 7 protons, 8 neutrons, 10 electrons; 2
Award [2] for three correct and [1] for two correct.
[2]
31. (a) (i) ionization, acceleration, deflection/separation; 2
Award [1] for all three names and [1] for correct
order.
Award [1] for two names in correct order.
(ii) ionization: sample bombarded with high-energy or high-speed
electrons/OWTTE;
acceleration: electric field/oppositely charged plates;
deflection: (electro)magnet/magnetic field; 3

(b) (i) average or (weighted) mean of masses of all isotopes of an element;

relative to (one atom of) 12C; 2
Both marks available from a suitable expression.
(ii) Ar = (700.2260) + (720.2545) + (740.3673) + (760.1522);

= 72.89; 2
No other final answer acceptable.
Award [2] for correct final answer.
[9]

32. (i) number of protons in the nucleus/atom; 1

Page 19 of 22
 Do not accept protons and electrons.

(ii) number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus/atom; 1

[2]

33. Si 2.8.4/2,8,4;
P3 2.8.8/2,8,8; 2
[2]

34. 16 protons and 17 neutrons and 18 electrons; 1

[1]

35. Al  2,8,3;
N  2,5;
F  2,7; 2
Award [2] for three correct, [1] for two or one correct.
Accept correct configuration using s,p,d notation.
[2]

35 x  37(100  x)
36. Ar(Cl) = 35.45 = 100 ;
35
Cl = 77.5% and 37Cl = 22.5%; 2
[2]
37. (a) (i) to produce positively charged ions;
by the bombardment of fast moving electrons; 2

(ii) magnetic field at right angles to path of ions/accept suitably

labelled diagram;
moves ions in curve path/deflects ions;
dependent on mass/charge ratio; 2
Award [1] each for any 2 points.

(iii) acceleration of the ions by electric field/towards negative

plate/cathode; 1

(b) (i) atoms with the same number of protons/positive charges/atomic

number but different number of neutrons/mass number; 1

85 x  87(100  x)
;
(ii) Ar(Rb) = 85.47 = 100
Accept other valid mathematical alternatives.

85
Rb = 76.5 and 87Rb = 23.5%; 2

(iii) mass; density;

boiling point;
melting point;
rate of diffusion in the gas phase;
enthalpy of vaporization;
Page 20 of 22
 enthalpy of fusion;
rate of reaction in the gas/liquid phase; 1
Any two for one mark

(iv) Si: 1s22s22p63s23p2;

Fe3+: 1s22s22p63s23p63d5;

P3 : 1s22s22p63s23p6; 3
Allow [1 max] for 3 correct abbreviated structures
using noble gas symbols.

1
38. (i) ratio of average mass of an atom to 12 the mass of C-12 isotope/
average mass of an atom on a scale where one atom of C-12 has a mass
of 12/sum
of the weighted average mass of isotopes of an element compared to
C-12/OWTTE; 1
Award no mark if ‘element’ is used in place of ‘atom’

63
(ii) Cu (more abundant) since Ar (Cu) is closer in mass to 63; 1
Explanation needed for mark
[2]

39. (a) atom of same element/same number of protons but with different
mass number/number of neutrons; 1

(b) protons 23
electrons 23
neutrons 27 2
Three correct [2], two correct [1].

51
V
(c) 23
/51 nearer to Ar value of 50.94; 1

(d) carbon, 12/12C; 1

[5]

40. (a) mass/density/for gases: rate of effusion or diffusion/melting point/

boiling point 1
Do not accept mass number.
35
(b) if Cl = x, then (x = 35.00) + (1 – x) 37.00 = 35.45
Award [1] for set up.
therefore, x = 0.775; 2
35 37
Cl = 77.5% and Cl = 22.5%;
(need both for mark);
[3]

41. (a) atoms of the same element/same number of protons/same atomic

number;
having different numbers of neutrons/different (mass number); 2
Page 21 of 22
 Award only [1] max if reference made to elements
but not atoms.
36  0.337  38  0.0630  40  99.6
(b) relative atomic mass = 100 ; 2
(c) 23 electrons;
26 protons;
30 neutrons; 2
Award [2] for three correct, [1] for two correct.
[6]

42. (a)
79 81 –
an atom of Br an ion of Br
protons 35 35 ;
neutrons 44 46 ;
electrons 35 36 ;

3
79
(b) Br because Ar is closer to 79/OWTTE; 1

(c) (i) 2,8,8,2/2.8.8.2; 1

(ii) CaBr2; 1
[6]

43. (a) 12 protons and 13 neutrons and 11 electrons; 1

(b) electric field/oppositely charged plates/potential difference/OWTTE; 1

25
(c) Mg+;
greater m/z value/less highly charged ions need stronger fields to
deflect them/OWTTE; 2
Do not accept greater mass with no reference to
charge, or greater mass and smaller charge.
[4]
44. (a) IV < I < II < III/
ultra violet radiation < yellow light < red light < infrared radiation; 1

(b) A continuous spectrum has all colours/wavelengths/frequencies whereas

a line spectrum has only (lines of) sharp/discrete/specific colours/
wavelengths/frequencies; 1

(c) UV-B radiation has shorter wavelength;

hence, has higher energy;
increases risk of damage to skin cells/OWTTE/causes cancer; 3
[5]

Page 22 of 22