MQA Lab

Experiments Reports

Shafan Zulfiqar
2017-ME-95
Section B

Mr Muhammad Waqas Rafique

Department of Mechanical Engineering

UET Lahore
 Experiment no 1
Determine the diameters and heights of given pins with the help of
Vernier caliper
Theory:
A vernier scale is a visual aid to take an precise measurement reading b/w two graduation
markings on a elongated scale by using mechanical systems. With the help of this we just
reduce the human error in the measurement reading b/w two graduation markings on a
elongated scale and we have increasing resolution and reducing measurement uncertainty. The
vernier is a subordinate scale in exchange of a single measured value point, and has for instance
ten divisions equal in distance to nine divisions on the main scale. We can have up the insert
reading by observing which of the vernier scale graduations is concurrent with a graduation on
the main scale, which is comfortable to perceive than visual estimation b/w 2 points. Higher
scales ratios can give you the arrangement that can go to higher resulotion, known as the
vernier constant. We can also use vernier on circular or straight scales where a simple linear
mechanism is required.

Fig no(a)

Vernier scale mechanism:

As we know it can measure the internal ans external diameter of the object. Vernier scale is
spaced at a constant fraction of the fixed main scale that’s how the vernier scale is constructed.
If we put 2 scales togather with 0 points is a common point between them, the 1st mark on the
vernier scale is 1/10th short of the first main scale point, the second two tenths short, and so
on up to the 9th mark—which is nonaligned by 9 tenths.
Vernier caliper construction:
In the fig no(a) we can see the components of vernier caliper, which are also as following:
 Vernier scale
 External jaws
 Internal jaws
 Blade
 Main scale

Least count of vernier scale:

Least count is also know as vernier constant. The LC of vernioer caliper is define as the
difference between the value of one main scale division and the value of one Vernier scale
division.

Zero error:
The condition where a measuring instrument registers a reading when there should not be any
reading is called zero error. When we have a vernier caliper then in that case when the 0 of the
main scale does not match with the 0 of the vernier scale that is zero error. The zero error is of
2 types one is positive zero error and other second one is negative zer error, when the scale is
towards numbers greater than zero it is positive or in other case it is negative. The formula of
zero error in case of the vernier scale is as:

Practical applications:
The practical applications of vernier cdaliper are as following:
(a) Science labs:
Vernier calipers are use in schools and high schools science labs. This is one of the major use of
this instrucment in our practical life. In labs it is use to measure the differenrt dimensions of the
given equiupment. Different material properties are find due to this in labs as the temperature
changes.
(b) Medical purposes:
For the ideal surgery the medical instruments has to be proper dimensions, which are gonna
measured through vernier caliper. These medical instruments are use in a very sophisticated
space so accuracy matters.
 (c) Industries:
In the case of manufacturing or checking the dimensions of the product, in order to have the
accurate measurements vernier caliper is use in most of the industries. With the help of vernier
caliper, we can measure holes, width of pipes, circumference of metal beads etc.

Formula and calculations:

Observation:
Diameter Diameter Diameter Diameter
Sr # Sr #
of pin of pin of pin of pin
(mm) (inches) (mm) (inches)
1.
9.1 0.35156 9.15 0.35546
2.
3.
9.15 0.35546 9.05 0.34375
4.
5.
9.1 0.35156 9.1 0.35156
6.
7.
9.05 0.34375 9.05 0.34375
8.
9. 9.05 0.34375 10. 9.05 0.34375
11. 9.1 0.35156 12. 9.05 0.34375
13. 9.1 0.35156 14. 9.1 0.35156
15. 9.15 0.35546 16. 9.1 0.35156
17. 9.1 0.35156 18. 9.1 0.35156
19. 9.05 0.34375 20. 9.05 0.34375
21. 9.1 0.35156 22. 9.1 0.35156
23. 9.1 0.35156 24. 9.1 0.35156
 25. 9.05 0.34375 26. 9.1 0.35156
27. 9.05 0.34375 28. 9.1 0.35156
29. 9.1 0.35156 30. 9.2 0.35937
31. 9.1 0.35156 32. 9.4 0.375
33. 9.4 0.375

Safety precautions:
 Instrument grip should be near to the jaws.
 Measurements accuracy depends upon sense of feel and sense of slight.
 The instrucment through which we are going to measure held properly and lightly in
hand.
 Measurement line should correspond with the line of scale.

Comment:
 For only certain object errors we might easily discover through Vernier caliper, but we
can not see the changes for size of any object because of the Vernier calliper limitation.
 Apparatus rusting
 Experimrnt no 2
Attain the required angles with the help of angle gauges
Theory:
The very 1st set of combination of angle gauges was introduce by Dr. Tomlinson. In this set he
have one square block, one parallel straight edge and thirteen difference guages. These guages
are use in the same way as we use slip guages. Slip guages are use to give us linear dimension
and on the other side angle guages are use to give us required angle.

Fig (a)
These angle guages are made up of steel and made with great care because they are to give us
some accurate dimensions. The dimension of these gauges are about 3 inch long(76.2 mm), 5/8
inch wide(15.87mm) with their faces lapped to within 0.0002 mm and angles between the 2
ends to ± 2 sec.

Fig no(b)
degrees, minutes and fractions of a minute are the 3 series in which the whole thirteen guagues
are divided. These angle guages can make a large number of combinations with the added or
subtracted of all the angle guages. Angle guages are of two sets, named as A and B. In the case
of set A we have all the 13 guages that we discuss above. In case of standard B contains only 12
gauges and does not have the one angle guage and that is 0.05′.
Practical applications:
The practical applications of angle guages are as following:
(a) Forestry department:
Angle guage is use by forestry department. In this department it is use to determine the trees
to measure when using a variable radius plot design in forest. By using this guages they have a
complete idea of which trees are in and which treees are out of the plot.
(b) Science labs:
Angle guages are use in schools and high schools science labs. This is one of the major use of
this instrucment in our practical life. In labs it is use to measure the differenrt dimensions of the
given equiupment.
(c) Engineering industries:
The angle between two surface can be find quickly with the help of angle guages in the
engineering industries. They trust them more as compare to sine bar because sine bar involved
trigonometric formula and also setting of an angle is more easy in angle guages as compare to
the sin bar.

Formula:
As we know these angle guages are the blocks of hardened steel and they are 75mm long and
16mm wide. They are able to measure any angle between zero degrees and 360 degrees with
an accuracy of 0.5 to 0.25 sec.

Fig no(c)
Observations and calculation:

Set of 13 angle guages is as following:

Degree Minutes Second

s
1 1 3
3 3 6
9 9 18
27 27 30
41
Set of 16 angle guages is as following:

Degrees Minutes Second

1 1 1
3 3 3
5 5 5
15 15 15
30 30 30
45

Safety precautions:
 Instrument grip should be right on the guages.
 Measurements accuracy depends upon sense of feel and sense of slight.
 The instrucment through which we are going to measure held properly and lightly in
hand.
 Measurement line should correspond with the POV.

Comments:
 If we use gauges for angle measurements, they should enter adequately and they
should linger in their place if we remove gauges.
 It should be treated by petrol before using an angle gauge and made to resistant to
corrosion after using a petroleum mask.
 Experiment no3
To attain the required lengths with the help of Block gauges
Theory:
Gauge blocks are a system for producing exactness lengths.A gauge block is a metal or ceramic
block that has been accurately ground and lapped to a particular thickness. Sets of Blocks with a
variety of standard lengths are supplied with guage blocks. The blocks are stacked for the
desired duration when used. A gauge block is a metal or ceramic block with 2 opposing faces
which are precisely plane and parallel to one an other and are precisely distanced from each
other. Standard grade blocks are made of hardened steel alloy, while guage blocks are mostly
made from carbide or ceramic tungsten because they are strong, hard and less wearable.
Gauge blocks comes in of different lengths, along with additional blocks to allow the stacking of
a wide range of standard lengths. Indeed, the length of each block is slightly less than the
length stamped on it, since the stamped length contains the length of a film, in this a lubricant
film that is mostly used to distinguish adjacent block faces in many cases. The wring film is
approximately 25 nanometers in thickness. The nominal length of the measurement is also
called inter-ferometric.

Fig no(b)

As standerd in the guages, every block has a tolerance of a couple of millionths of an inch, so it
generates uncertainty by putting it together. In all but the most challenging applications,
however, even a stacked error in many blocks is usually very low or we can say negligible. For a
busy store, other blocks are used elsewhere, so that a stack is built from the blocks currently
available in the set. The few millionths of a difference of one inch in the scale are not
measurable or significant. Context which requires ultimate accuracy is rarer and needs extra
cost.
Practical applications:
The practical applications of angle guages are as following:
(a) Industuries:
You can use them to calibrate other pieces of measuring equipment. You can use them to check
gaps or for machine setting, or for setting dial test indicators to 0.

Fig no(b)
(b) Science labs:
block guages are use in schools and high schools science labs. This is one of the major use of
this instrucment in our practical life. In labs it is use to measure the differenrt dimensions of the
given equiupment. You can also use them to make sure other measuring equipment, including
lower quality block measuring blocks, is correct or not.

Fig no(c)

(c) Machine shop:

The measuring devices used in machine shops, such as micrometers, sine bars, calipers and dial
indicators are used as a testimonial. Used in the task of inspection. The key means of this guage
is standardizing lengths used by industry are gage blocks.

Formula used:
The fraction of the fringes is the fractional offset on the block of the plate.

If we want to calculate the whole number of fringes then:

Observation and calculations:

The selection of the gage blocks is a process which begins by examining the final or least
decimal place of the necessary combination and excluding the desired combination while
removing it from the remaining combination length. The step is followed until the complete
combination has been chosen for each leftover decimal position.

Fig no (d)
Safety precautions:
 Instrument grip should be right on the guages.
 Measurements accuracy depends upon sense of feel and sense of slight.
 The instrucment through which we are going to measure held properly and lightly in
hand.
 Measurement line should correspond with the POV.

Comments:
 If we use gauges for measurements, they should enter adequately and they should
linger in their place if we remove gauges.
 It should be treated by petrol before using an angle gauge and made to resistant to
corrosion after using a petroleum mask.
 Experiment no 4
To measure internal and external angle of given object with the help
of Bevel protector
Theory:
Inclined protractor is a spherical protractor bearing with a single axial arm that we use in
making corners. Vernier scales sometimes have an accessory to give more accurate readings. It
plays a very important role in mechanical and architectural drawing, although its overall use
decreases with the availability of modern drawing software or CAD. Inclined protractor is useful
in improving and testing angles for extreme durability. It reads to 5 arc minutes and can also
measure angles from 0 ° to 360 °. The inclined protractor contains a beam, a raised disc, and a
blade connected to a rotating plate (with a vernier scale) with the thumb and clamp nut. When
the edges of the beam and blade are parallel, a small mark on the turntable corresponds to 0
lines on the transparent port.

Fig no(a)

To measure the angle between the beam and blade at an angle of 90 degrees or less. The
reading may come from the graduation number on the disk indicated by the mark on the
turntable. To measure an angle greater than 90 degrees, we must subtract the number of
degrees as shown on the port from 180 degrees. However, as expected from the corresponding
dial-up from 0 to 90 degrees for each direction.
Practical applications:
(a) Woodworkers:
Bevel protractor is used mainly by woodworkers who need a more dynamic strategy with
various angles of 45 and 90 degrees because with the help of this they can measure angle with
the more accuracy.
(b) Science labs:
Bevel proyector are use in schools and high schools science labs. This is one of the major use of
this instrucment in our practical life. In labs it is use to measure the differenrt dimensions of the
given equiupment. You can also use them to make sure other measuring equipment, including
lower quality block measuring blocks, is correct or not.

Fig no(b)

Observation and calculation:

Sr Main scale V.S.R * L.C

Vernier scale reading final reading
# reading
1 45 44 3.67 48.67
2 67 55 4.58 71.58
3 65 33 2.75 67.75
4 87 22 1.83 88.83
5 90 54 4.50 94.50
Safety precautions:

 The instrucment through which we are going to measure held properly and lightly in
hand.
 Measurement line should correspond with the POV.

Comments:
 No dust on work piece or any of other apparatus that is use in this experiment.
 Lock the protractor before reading in just about any case.
 Experiment no 5
To investigate and measure the magnitude of vibrations and identify
the cause of vibrations by using vibration analyzer
Theory:
For testing and supervision in manufacturing plants, product development labs, construction
sites, and more, a vibration analyzer is used. A vibration analyzer monitors vibration for
industrial machinery safety protection. A vibration analyzer is mostly used for the measurement
of the rotation axis of an unit. When rotating interference is present, the rotor may be
substituted during the machine's anticipated failure.
Vibration analyzer measurements tend to describe parameters such as acceleration of the
vibration, vibration rate and displacement of the vibration. It documents vibration with
incredible accuracy. Portable vibration analyzer systems have accuracy and accessibility such
that measurements of vibration are carried out in the field quickly and conveniently. Most
items provide vibration analyzer memory data for storage for even more analysis.

Fig no(a)
Each vibration analyzer introduced by PCE Instruments includes a manufacturer's validation
license, where possible. At an increased expense, most vibration analyzers at the time of
purchase can be adapted to ISO specifications and can be used in your internal equipment,
modified periodically so as to ensure accuracy. The vibration analyser is a device that the
professionals can use without duplication. Despite the apparent technical challenge, each
vibration analyzer may perform the challenging task. An anatomical vibration measurement
may also be done with an acoustic pressure level meter. It is useful to track critical frequencies
which can cause harm or distracting noise.

Vibration causes:
 Power transmission
 Looseness
 Breakage of parts
 Non balancing scenario

Sample machine:

Fig no(b)

Software:
machining health manager is the software which we use in this whole process.

Computer system:
We need a computer resources to support the device and the picture for the device is as
folllowing:
 Fig no(c)

Connection cables:
 Fig no(d)
The basic uses of a vibration analyzer include testing and inspection of products during
manufacturing, product development laboratories, construction sites, etc. For the maintenance
of manufacturing equipment, vibration is measured by the vibration analyzer. To analyse and
check the axis of rotation and it's unbalance a vibration analyzer is used.
The identification of parameters such as vibration acceleration, vibration velocity and vibration
density are obtained by vibration analyzer. For effective and consistent vibration
measurements, vibration analyzer devices provides accuracy and mobility. It is an irreplaceable
tool professionally to practice the demanding tasks regardless of any technical problems.

Practical applications:
The practical applocations for vibration analyzers are as following:
 Cavitation
 Resonance
 Gear
 Balancing
  Bearing

Safety precautions:
 Instrument grip should be right on the analyzer machine.
 Measurements accuracy depends upon sense of feel and sense of slight.
 The instrucment through which we are going to measure held properly and lightly in
hand.
 Measurement line should correspond with the POV.

Comments:
It is a very useful system as it helps prevent corrosion and different sounds in the industry
machinery. As a consequence, the machines' lives are growing. An overall knowledge of all its
materials is very important for the function of the vibration analyzer. The rest of the review is
really clear until the individual discovers how to work. We don't have to equate performance on
latest machines with simplified maps, because it informs us explicitly about the origin.
 Experiment no 6
Measure the length and angle of given object with the help of profile
projector / optical comparator
Theory:
The computer is older than CMM. On your computer you model a 2-d outline of an entity. This
is open to 2 degrees. By rotating the table simultaneously in the x and y directions we obtain
observations. We can only see a 2-d representation that you are selecting points on the device.
The procedure behind the profile projector phase is defined later. The basic rule is to choose
the ranges and size. We can't shift the lens in this unit, so we will shift the table to focus the
picture if appropriate.

Fig no(a)
We will be flipping the screen for angular calculation. We should first select the line segment
for angular measurement. Turn the screen now and when the reference line is identical to the
final line, we must cease to assess the angle. Choose the points you want to measure the
position between for linear measurements. We are aiming pick points just like the CMM for the
circle calculation. The projector profile is used to calculate two-dimensional contours of specific
materials and other engineered work parts. The calculated component is magnified and
projected onto a frame by an optical device. The monitor reading gives the size of the object.

Machine parts:
 Case projection
 Wheel handle
 Work table
 Projection screen
 Condenser
 Illuminating lamp

Features:
 Simultaneous 2D calculation
 Volume Measurement Points
 Test by turning the switch
 Measure by pushing the piece of work
 For dynamic systems correct

Mechanism:
Frequently known as an optical comparator or even a frame graph is a profile projector. A
projector projector commonly projects a thumbnail view of a machining process area or
element on a screen using diascopic technology. Parameters may be calculated directly on the
monitor or as a regular reference when accentuated correctly. To be sure, the magnification is
relevant not to alter the perspective, i.e. the operator's location or point of view. Therefore,
telocentric lenses are motivated individual. The panel often contains of a grid that can often be
shifted and coordinate with the edge displayed to the user by 360 degrees. Pointing, measuring
and calculating can also be done with a simple digital read-out machine. A device may be
mounted to the edge detection profile projector program to suppress a human error.

Fig no(b)
Table:

Screen:
Display:

Input pad:
Practical applications:
 Medical device manufacturing
 Biomedical
 Automotive
 Aerospace
 Aeronautics
 Military & Defense
 Telecommunications
 Power & Energy
 Precision mechanical components
 General machining
 Micro Electro Mechanical Systems

Observation:
Length = 12.19mm
Angle = 149.7 o
Diameter = 3.79mm

Comments:
The calculation of developed regions in a wide assortment of industries around the world is
accomplished by optical comparators nearly everyday. Compare facilities, including subsequent
testing areas and machine shops, assembly and manufacturing floors and final inspection areas,
are available for several applications with several services and features. Comparators are
important and integrals to any design document because of their flexibility, resource range and
cost of capital.
 Experiment no 7
Measure the external taper angle of given object with the help of sin-
bar/dial gauge apparatus
Theory:
A sine bar is used to verify the consistency of the angle to below 5′′ or to identify the work
within similar parameters at any given angle. The sinkbar consists of a steel bar affixed at the
ends by two cylinders of almost the same diameter. The centres, just at the edge of the circle,
are on a line at 90 °. Typically 5 to 10 inches away from the centers of these hauled cylinders.
125 or 250 mm metric sine bars on inch sine bars. The sine bars are normally constructed from
secured, smooth, rooted and incredibly precision tool steel. These are used on surface plains
and can be fitted to any angle by through one end of the bar with gauge blocks to a particular
amount. Among theory, a right-angle triangle is hypotenous to the sine bar. The accumulated
block forms the opposite side and the surface surface surface is the neighboring side of the
triangle. Often, when little angles need to be tested, an aggregate small enough to put below
one end of the sin bar is unimaginable. In such cases, it must be put under both rolls of the sin
bar with a net calculating difference equal to the prescribed buildup.

Fig no(a)
In deriving some certain angle, the sine principle refers to the ratio of both ends of the right
triangle. It should be mentioned that instruments that work on the sine principle may develop
themselves. In terms of lack of information, calculation is typically limited to 45 °. The
consistency of the sine definition is based on some form of linear measurement in effect. No
further documentation such as a surface plate and other auxiliary equipment such as slip
gauges and the tool to administer measurements are expected. The synthetic bar itself is not a
perfect measuring instrument. Sine bars used along with Slip gauges are a very wonderful
resource for accurate angle measurement. Sine bars are used either to evaluate very exactly
angles or to locate work within very near limits at a strange angle. High carbon, high chromium,
corrosion resistant steel, reinforced, ground and stabilized, are the plastic rings.

Sine bar types:

Sine bar types are as following:
 Sine Centre
 Sine table
 Compound sine table

Fig no (b)

Slip guage:
The pilots are rectangular stainless steel blocks with a 30 by 10 mm cross-section. These
measures are used to get an end point of certain lengths by the simultaneous combination of
many different measurements from 'ringing,' each representing a specific dimension in a single
bar measurement. Here, the necessary condition is to shape an individual item within certain
limits that reflect the ideal nominal parameters in realistic harmony between individual
element and its dimension.

Wringing:
The word wringing means a condition that the measuring faces have close, full contact, and
continuous adhesion. wringing is conducted manually by movements that slip and twist. A
normal gauge pressure and a turning movement are then applied until the blocks are relative to
each other perpendiculary to each other. It expels air from the gage, enabling the blocks to hold
together.
 Fig no(c)

Formula and calculations:

¯¿
height =h ×l of sine ¿
l of object

h
sinθ=
254

−1 h
θ=sin ( )
254
h=4.41 mm
l of sine ¯
¿ 254 mm
l of object=101.2 mm
¯¿
H=h× l of sine ¿
l of object
4.41× 254
H (th)=
101.2
 H=11.068 mm

Observations:

Sr # Theoretical Practical Difference Length of −1 H

θ=sin ( )
sine L
Height(mm) Height(mm) (mm)
bar(mm)
(degree)

1. 11.068 11.128 0.06 254 2.51

2. 7.25 7.26 0.1 254 1.63

Results:
required external angle=2.51°∧1.63 °

Comments:
Two more deflection equipment and slip blocks are used in the sinus bar. Therefore, the rate of
error in this experiment is higher since we have a variety of equipment. The same slip gauge
and deflectors can't be measured collectively.
 Experiment no 8
measure the internal taper angle of given object with the help of solid
sphere apparatus
Theory:
By using derivative techniques such as corner gauges, bevel protractor and sine bar we
analyzed angle. They can be used efficiently for outside angles and external tapers. However,
for small external tapers where the above defined equipment is complicated to use, a different
approach may be solid spheres. Another consideration is that all the techniques mentioned
above are outdated and have no reference. Solid spheres can be used quickly in this case.
Within the internal taper of an object, we first attach a small diameter sphere that touches both
the side of the taper and the surface plate underneath it. In the taper is now mounted another
sphere of bigger diameter, so that it is inside the taper at 75 percent. Now the sphere is on
course. Centers should be on the same track. We can easily determine the optimum angle of
the taper with geometry and other instruments.

Fig no(a)
Practical applications:
Now a day is almost futile.

Procedure:
 On the surface plate put the sample
 All the apparatus and objects have to be clean.
 Now placed a smaller area with a specified diameter in the taper so that the surface
plate is impacted by the sphere.
 Place the higher diameter sphere on the object in the taper, as both are inline.
 Position the depth measurement on the top of the surface.
 Determine the two sides of the right triangle by using recognized measurements.
 The angle is allowed with the trigonometric connection.

Formula and calculations:

ln=r 2−r 1
LM =H−h−r 2−r 1

LM =Hypotenuse of the tri

sin ( θ2 )= LMln
−1 r 2−r 1
θ=2sin ( )
H −h−r 2−r 1
Calculations for our case:
Observations:
Sr. No. r 2(in) r 1(in) H (in) h( ¿) ln (in) LM (¿) θ (degree)
1. 7 5 2 15 9 15 34.915 °
16 32 32 32 16

Result:
The required=θ=34.915 °

Comments:
Strong spheres are being used where the internal taper is not accessible by some of these
means. In this process, the requisite angle is calculated by rather more calculations. The unit
should be situated on the hard surface and the little sphere will strike the plate of the floor. The
method saves time and appropriate angle from confusion and waste.