Artificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligence ▪ The Antikythera Mechanism,

▪ Any device that perceives its environment and takes - first forms of astrolabe, the world’s oldest known
actions that maximize its chance of success at some analog computer. From Roman – era shipwreck 1st
goal. century BC.
▪ Applied when a machine mimics "cognitive" ▪ Planar astrolab,
functions that humans associate with other human
- Dupuy museum,Toulouse built by Abu Bakr Ben
minds, such as "learning" and "problem solving"
Yusuf (1216 – 1217)
Actually A.I. is all around us:
▪ Ktesibios,
▪ Tesla Self Driving - a Greek inventor and the first head of the Great
- is a vehicle that is capable of sensing its environment Library of Alexandria, built numerous waters
and navigating without human input. powered automata (e.g., they used water to sound a
whistle and make a model owl move).
▪ Autonomous catamaran studying the Celtic Sea
- Made by ASV Unmanned Marine Systems, the 350- Automata
kg (772-lb) solar, wind and diesel-powered
catamaran was launched from the Welsh town of ▪ 10th century BC – Ancient China – Lie Zi text, 3rd
Milford Haven on August 20th. For this particular century BC. King Mu of Zhou (1023 – 957 BC) and
study, it’s equipped with GoPro cameras, marine Yan Shi, an ‘artificer’ who proudly presented the
mammal acoustic detectors and a meteorological king with a life – size, human – shaped figure of his
station. mechanical handiwork

▪ LG mobile app controlling LG Washer, LG ▪ Mid – 8th century – first wind powered automata
Dryer and LG TV were built in Baghdad
- LG’s HomeChat Brings Remote Control of Smart
Appliances to Your Smart Phone
▪ 827, Caliph Al- Ma’mun – silver and golden tree
▪ US Navy Close in Weapon Systems in his palace in Baghdad with metal birds that sang
- A close-in weapon system (CIWS), often automatically on the swinging branches.
pronounced "sea-whiz", is a point-defense weapon
system for detecting and destroying short-range ▪ 1495 – Leonardo da Vinci sketched complex
incoming missiles and enemy aircraft which have automaton that could, if built successfully, move its
penetrated the outer defenses, typically mounted arms, twist its head, and sit up.
shipboard in a naval capacity. Nearly all classes of
modern warships are equipped with some kind of
CIWS device. ▪ Writing automata
- They are considered to be among the remote
History of Artificial Intelligence ancestors of modern computers.
▪ AI discussions date from ancient Egypt
▪ Talking Heads – Middle Ages
▪ Astrolab – Early navigation instruments - “The earliest speaking machines were perceived as
the heretical works of magicians and thus as attempts
▪ 6th BC – Greek & Roman moving statues using
to defy God.
water
▪ Middle Ages –mechanical talking heads - 13th century Albertus Magnus created a head that
could talk, which was destroyed by St. Thomas
▪ Renaissance “automatons” that could write Aquinas, a former student of his, as an abomination.
▪ There are many examples of automata in Greek - Roger Bacon produced one as well.
mythology:
- 16th – 17th century – Miguel de Cervantes’s
- Hephaestus created automata for his described a head that spoke to Don Quixote – with
workshop; Talos was a giant automaton made the help of a tube that led to the floor below.
of bronze to protect Europa in Crete from pirates
and invaders.
- 18th century –science removed connection to magic,
and the problem of artificial speech was taken up by
inventors of a more mechanical bent.”
 - Turochamp (1940) is a chess program and the
▪ Talking Heads – 19th cent first game developed for a computer.

- December 1845, Joseph Faber exhibited his - The Mancher Mark 1 (1948) – the first stored –
“Wonderful Talking Machine” at the Musical Fund program computer and described as “electronic
Hall in Philadelphia. brain”

- A bizarre – looking talking head that spoke in a - Artificial Intelligence (1950) – the possibility of
“weird, ghostly monotone” as Faber manipulated it creating a machine that can think.
with foot pedals and a keyboard.
The Turing Test
▪ Babbage ‘s Difference Engine ▪ 1950 – Turing in landmark paper
speculating about creating machines with
- 1823 – Charles Babbage true intelligence.
- Designed the first computer
- Although partially incomplete, his Difference Devised his famous Turing Test:
Engine worked. o “If a machine could carry on a
- Ada King, Countess of Lovelace and daughter of conversation (over a teletype) that was
Lord Byron, wrote programs for the Difference indistinguishable from a conversation
Engine, thus becoming the world’s first with a human being, then the machine
programmer. could be called “intelligent”.
- Programming language ADA was named after her.
o This allowed Turing to argue that a
“thinking machine” was plausible and
History of Artificial Intelligence answered objections

▪ 1941 – digital computer electronic computer o The Turing Test was the first serious
developed in 1941 proposal in the philosophy of artificial
intelligence.
▪ 1956 – term “Artificial intelligence” coined at the
Dartmouth conference ▪ “A computer would deserve to be called
intelligent if it could deceive a human into
believing that it was huma”
▪ Artificial Intelligence has expanded because of the - ALAN TURING
theories and principles developed by its dedicated
researchers.

▪ Advancement slower than first estimated

▪ Last 50 years – variety of AI programs have

impacted other technological advancements.

Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer

• ENIAC was designed and primarily used to

calculate artillery firing tables for the United
States Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory,

• its first programs included a study of the

feasibility of the thermonuclear weapon

Alan Turing

- Father of Computer Science and AI

- The concept of a programmable digital computer –
Turing Machine, (1936)

- The Bombe (1939) – a computer that cracked and

decipher WWII Germany’s Enigma codes which
shortened the war and saves millions of lives.
-
THE HUMAN PERSON FLOURISHING IN TERMS OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION

Human Flourishing - The most obvious example of technology usage

producing harmful by-products is the generation
- A term which means that a person has the greenhouse gases and other toxic emissions from
opportunity to live life to the fullest as possible transportation technology. Hazardous gases than
(Gregory, 2013). can damage the ozone layer and produce toxic
liquid effluents that make their way into drainage
- Through the progression of knowledge and skills ways and poison water animals.
shared from the past, our perception on human
MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENTAL
flourishing today proves to be different as we
GOALS
have observed and experienced the fast-growing
effects of science and technology. We cannot
- Confronted with these global challenges, the
deny that fact that science and technology had a
United Nations Millennium Declaration was
major and overwhelming impact on our society
signed on September 2000 in which world leaders
and it does not show signs of slowing down.
committed to combat poverty, hunger, disease,
illiteracy, environmental degradation, and any
Contribution of STI on Human Flourishing
forms of discrimination against women.
▪ Medical Science – production of more effective
Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
antidotes and medications for diseases - X-ray, MRI,
Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education
Electrocardiogram, etc.
Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women
▪ Computers - improved communication
Goal 4: Reduce child mortality
▪ Transportation
Goal 5: Improve maternal health
▪ Robotics
Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
▪ Exploration
Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability
▪ Agriculture
Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development
▪ Education

Negative Effects of STI on Human Flourishing - The MDGs served as a global framework for the
▪ Medical Science – atomic bomb needed action to be done to address the
- The atomic bombing of Hiroshima on August 6 challenges. For fifteen years, the framework had
helped induce significant progress across all
and Nagasaki on August 9, 1945 was one of the
goals and had improved millions of lives due to
darkest sides of the history of science, technology
coordinated efforts of individuals from local to
and innovations during the World War II. The
global levels. Much had been improved but much
effect of the bombs was so devastating that it
are also yet to improve. The result of the post-
killed over 200,000 innocent civilians and almost
2015 process paved way for a new global agenda
wipeout the two cities; however, the bombings
that would take the world on a more sustainable
ended the World War II (Praino, 2015).
pathway.
▪ Computers (Internet)
– internet, computers games, and the social media SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTAL GOALS
have affected the social interactions among
young people. Internet helps to faster - The rising of inequalities within and among
communication. However, internet has brought countries, global health threats, and climate
many negative effects such as the promotion of change, together with other key challenges
pornography, human trafficking, and spread of prevents all countries to achieve sustainable
piracy, and computer addiction which can result development. Hence, the launching of the process
to violent behavior. called “Post-2015 Development Agenda” built
around the concept of sustainable development
▪ Environmental contamination and destruction and universally applicable SDGs to be achieved
- may come from resource extraction to produce by all countries.
the new technological products and toxic
byproducts from the process including castoff Goal 1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere
from obsolete technology were dump Goal 2. End hunger achieve food security and
indiscriminately in rivers, streams, oceans, and in improved nutrition and promote sustainable
land. . agriculture
Goal 3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-
being for all at all ages
 -

Goal 4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality - The SDG index allows countries to benchmark
education and promote lifelong learning themselves with the use of a single holistic
opportunities for all measure that encompasses all SDGs as well as to
Goal 5. Achieve gender equality and empower all treat each of the goals equally.
women and girls
Goal 6. Ensure availability and sustainable STI IN TIMES OF CRISIS
management of water and sanitation for all
Goal 7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, (Application of Science during a global pandemic)
sustainable and modern energy for all
Goal 8. Promote sustained, inclusive and ▪ COVID-19 Pandemic
sustainable economic growth, full and productive - This pandemic has exposed the crisis in global
employment and decent work for all health systems. And while it is severely
Goal 9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote undermining prospects for achieving SDG 3 by
inclusive and sustainable industrialization and 2030, it is also having far-reaching effects on all
foster innovation other SDGs.
Goal 10. Reduce inequality within and among
countries - Emerging evidence of the broader impact of the
Goal 11. Make cities and human settlements crisis on our quest to achieve the SDGs is
inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable troubling. UNESCO estimates that some 1.25
Goal 12. Ensure sustainable consumption and billion students are affected, posing a serious
production patterns challenge to the attainment of SDGs Goal 4
Goal 13. Take urgent action to combat climate (Quality Education); and the International Labour
change and its impacts* Organisation (ILO) estimates some 25 million
Goal 14. Conserve and sustainably use the people could lose their jobs, with those in
oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable informal employment suffering most from lack of
development social protection. Unfortunately, these are just the
Goal 15. Protect, restore and promote sustainable tip of the iceberg.
use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage
forests, combat desertification, and halt and
reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity - Crucially, in many parts of the world, the
loss pandemic and its effects are exacerbated by the
Goal 16. Promote peaceful and inclusive crisis in achieving clean water and sanitation
societies for sustainable development, provide targets (SDG 6), weak economic growth and the
access to justice for all and build effective, absence of decent work (SDG 8), pervasive
accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels inequalities (SDG 10), and above all, entrenched
Goal 17. Strengthen the means of poverty (SDG 1) and food insecurity (SDG 2).
implementation and revitalize the Global The World Bank estimates the crisis will push
Partnership for Sustainable Development some 11 million people into poverty.

STI in ACTION
SDG Progress Worldwide Rank
▪ Thai hospitals are deploying “ninja robots” to do
the temperature checking and ease the burden of
- From 2017-2019, the consistent top 20
those in the frontlines.
placeholders in achieving the goals are Sweden,
- The robots were created to monitor stroke
Denmark, Finland, Norway, Germany,
patients but were modified to help fight COVID-
Switzerland, France, Austria, Netherlands,
19 by allowing the doctors and nurses to
Iceland, United Kingdom, Belgium, Ireland,
communicate with the patients through the screen
Czech Republic, Slovenia, Japan, and Canada.
via video chatting.
- Sweden topped the ranking for the 2019 SDG
▪ Malaysian scientists have developed a
Index Report ranking (Figure 11.3), with 85.2%
“Medibot” created for health workers in treating
of the way to achieving its goals. Asia-Pacific
COVID-19 patients without risking infection.
countries Japan (78.9%) and South Korea
- Mounted with a camera and screen, the Medibot
(78.3%) secured spots in the Top 20 as well. The
can do the rounds and patients can communicate
Philippines ranked lower this time (97th) with an
remotely with the medics.
average achievement score of 64.9%, compared
to the 2017 and 2018 report, where it ranked 95th
(55.5%) and 85th (65.0%), respectively. The
purpose of this SDG index didn't intend to
compare countries since each country has
different development status.
 ▪ Developed by H-plus Yangji Hospital in the city's What is development?
Gwanak-gu District, this single-person booth was How can you say that a country is a
launched in Seoul, South Korea to test for developed one?
COVID-19. Does a country’s happiness measure by
- this single-person booth to test for COVID-19 is development?
700mm wide, 700mm long and 2,050mm high
and has a sound pressure facility and UV lamp. - We were raised to believe that life expectancy
and happiness are measured by how much
- Doctors safely swab a sample from the patient income one has – using a country’s growth
inside the booth using gloves equipped on the domestic product (GDP) to measure well-being.
booth and talk to the patient via intercom.
Growth Domestic Product (GDP)
- Many have believed in the idea that economic
How about in the Philippines? growth is synonymous with well-being; but a
disagreeing view were expressed by those who
▪ The GenAmplify™ COVID-19 rRT-PCR really recognize what GDP is among the most
detection kit, which is a low-cost counterpart, common indicators used to gauge the health of a
only Php 1, 320 per test. nation’s economic situation which includes
several different factors like consumption and
- Developed by 15 scientists from the Philippines investment
Genome Center and the UP Manila's National
Institutes of Health led by Dr. Raul V. Destura. ▪ “People are the real wealth of nations”, stated at
the first Human Development Report (HDR) in
▪ FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS OF SYNDROMIC 1990.
SURVEILLANCE USING SPATIO-
TEMPORAL EPIDEMIOLOGICAL MODELER ▪ Then-US Presidential candidate Robert
FOR EARLY DETECTION OF DISEASES Kennedy said it best as he addressed an election
rally in 1968 when he noted that GDP “measures
- FASSSTER aims to create a hub for different data everything in short, except that which makes life
sources (Disease records, environmental worthwhile.”
parameters, etc.), providing a rich layout of
integrated information that will facilitate in Human Development Index (HDI)
understanding the spread of diseases.
- This project is funded by the Philippine Council - an alternative single-number measure which
for Health Research and Development (DOST- captures the progress in health, education and
PCHRD). Currently, FASSSTER is being living standards – the three basic dimensions of
mobilized as a response to COVID-19 and is human development.
already a part of the Data Analytics Technical - HDI cannot replace the SDG targets and
Working Group of the Inter-agency Task Force indicators; however, the index can give
(IATF) for the Management of Emerging preliminary indication if nations are progressing
Infectious Diseases. against many of the SDGs.
- Moreover, DOST-ASTI is also supporting the - Pedro Conceição, Director of the Human
development of a non-contact temperature-taking Development Report Office at UNDP, said that it
device that uses a medical-grade sensor, which is is true that all nations have agreed to the
helpful for those working in the frontline. The importance of the SDGs; nevertheless, the
thermal scanning devices come in three types. A pursuance of the goals and even the formulation
small one that can be attached to smartphones of policies in relation to the goals lies within a
using wire interfaces; another one that can also be nation’s identified priorities.
attached to smartphones but with a Bluetooth
interface; and one that is a modified wood
moisture meter that was retrofitted with a thermal
sensor. (No photo released yet for this
innovation)
 Summary and Conclusion
▪ Science, Technology and Innovation have
positive and negative effects on humanity and
the environment.
▪ In the attainment of the SDGs, STI has a great
role to play.
▪ Quality of life improvement are not captured by
merely measuring life expectancy or literacy
rates.
▪ We all have responsibilities to share to achieve a
more developed and sustained environment
 Science and Technology and Nation Building

Brief History of Philippine S&T:

A. Pre-Spanish colonization ▪ Baybayin script was replaced by the Latin script.

▪ The pre-colonial alpha-syllabic script Baybayin ▪ Medical and pharmaceutical schools were
was a native writing system from native inhabitants established.
of Luzon and Visayas.
▪ Manual de Medicinas Caseras. - written by Father
▪ Farming, shipbuilding and mining were already Fernando de Santa María, first published in 1763.
evident.
▪ In 1590, the Universidad de San Ignacio was
▪ The Banaue Rice Terraces carved into the founded in Manila by the Jesuits, initially as the
mountains of Ifugao, dubbed presently as the “8th Colegio-Seminario de San Ignacio.
wonder of the world” it is a sophisticated irrigation
system by indigenous Ifugaos. ▪ By the second half of the 17th century, the
university was incorporated as a mere College of
▪ Intricate irrigation systems, harvesting water from Medicine and Pharmacy into the University of
the forests of the mountain tops, and an elaborate Santo Tomás.
farming system, reflect a mastery of engineering.
▪ The Universidad de San Carlos was founded in
▪ The Balanghai or Balangay or Butuan Boat is a Cebú by the Jesuits on August 1, 1595, initially named
plank boat adjoined by a carved-out plank edged as the Colegio de San Ildefonso.
through pins and dowels. It was first mentioned in
▪ With the opening of Suez Canal in 1869 travel to
the 16th Century in the Chronicles of Pigafetta, and
Spain become quicker, easier and more affordable,
is known as the oldest pre-Hispanic watercraft found and many Filipinos took advantage of it to continue
in the Philippines higher education in Spain and Europe, mostly in
Madrid and Barcelona.
B. Spanish Era (1521–1898)

▪ During this era the Philippine culture were ▪ Educated Filipinos a new social class raised, that
came to be known as the Ilustrados.
influenced greatly with Western culture, particularly
Spanish, the Spanish language and the Catholic - Filipino educated class during the Spanish
faith. colonial period in the late 19th century. The
most prominent of the Ilustrados:
▪ Spanish Missionaries are the teachers in schools:
1. José Rizal
 The Augustinians in Cebu (1565); 2. Graciano López Jaena
Franciscans (1577), The Jesuits (1581); 3. Marcelo H. del Pilar
Dominicans (1587). 4. Mariano Ponce or Antonio Luna.

▪ Doctrina Christiana (Christian Doctrine) was the

first book printed in the Philippines in about 1590
to 1592.
 ▪ 1982- The Bureau of Science was
1. Jose P. Rizal reorganized into the National Science and
- National Hero and Ophthalmologist Technology Authority (NSTA) through Pres
- Obtained licentiate in Medicine at the Central Ferdinand Marcos
University of Madrid ▪ 1986- NSTA was again reorganized to the
- Finished his Doctoral Thesis in Medicine but present Department of Science and
did not technically graduate due to Technology (DOST) through EO 128-
technicalities in oral presentation. through Pres Corazon Aquino
- Trained in ophthalmology under 2 prominent
European ophthalmologists, Dr. Louis de Science in the current administration
Wecker (France) and Otto Becker ▪ Science and Technology Agenda for National
(University of Heidelberg, Germany) Development (STAND)-PFVR (Fidel V
- Practiced ophthalmology in Calamba (August Ramos)
1887-Feb 1888), Hongkong (November 1891- ▪ (1) Magna Carta for Science and Technology
June 1982) and while in exile in Dapitan (July Personnel (Republic Act No. 8439);
1982-July 1896). ▪ (2) Science and Technology Scholarship Law
of 1994 (Republic Act No. 7687)
2. General Antonio Luna ▪ and (3) Inventors and Inventions Incentives
- Scientist, soldier and revolutionary Act (Republic Act No. 7459).
- BS Chemistry and Pharmacy (University of ▪ Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 (Republic
Santo Tomas), where he won 1st prize for a Act No. 8749)-PJEE (Joseph Estrada)
chemistry paper “Two Fundamental Bodies of ▪ "Filipinnovation" was coined in helping the
Chemistry” (Dos Cuerpos Fundamentales de la Philippines to be an innovation hub in Asia-
Quimica). PGMA (Gloria M. Arroyo)
- Doctorate in Pharmacy in 1890. His doctoral ▪ Harmonized National Research and
thesis “El Hematozoario del Paludismo” was Development Agenda or HNRDA- PBAJr
published in 1893 (Benigno Aquino Jr.)
- Worked in the Pasteur Institute on histology ▪ Keeping up with S&T in PDu30’s admin
and bacteriology - R&D investments, number of technical
- Trained in Belgium for medical chemistry personnel and research productivity,
- Chemist Expert of the Municipal Laboratory of Environmental degradation in disputed
Manila territories in the South China Sea (West
- Environmental science research in the Philippine Sea), protecting the newly acquired
Philippines: territory Benham Rise, the Philippine climate
(1) Bacteriological studies of Pasig River water change commitment to the United Nations,
(2) The therapeutic and chemical properties of Climate Change and the terrible internet speed,
Sibul Spring water inflation and COVID19
(3) Philippine forensic science using human ▪ The SARS CoV-2 detection kit is
blood as evidence in judicial proceedings. manufactured and stockpiled by Manila
- Assassinated in Cabanatuan by Filipino HealthTek, Inc., and will be used for field
soldiers on June 5, 1899. testing coupled with gene sequencing at the
PGC. Using the local GenAmplify will only
Progression of Science from the American cost around ₱1,320 per test, an affordable
Period to the present alternative to the high-cost foreign-made kit.

▪ 1901- Bureau of Government Laboratories

(BGL)
▪ 1933- Bureau of Science became the primary
research center of the Philippines until World
War II replacing BGL
▪ 1946- Bureau of Science was replaced by the
Institute of Science
 What do you think are ways to improve
Current State: Room for Improvement Philippine S&T?
- Model for application of research according to
Goldenberg - Strategies to help National development thru
- Many elite countries often follow the Science and Technology: Help adapt
traditional “cradle-to-grave”/linear theory technology to local circumstance. Even when
where pure research leads to technological technology is imparted from abroad, research is
development and then to new, better, necessary to make them work.
competitive products in the markets (Model A). - Incorporate new science into education.
More realistic models—B and C anticipates Development requires a well – trained work
overlaps between successive stages and are the force.
models adapted by developing countries - Be involved in government. Science and
considering the demand and its influence on scientists are an important element in choices
supply. and decisions made by governments and can
make a difference.
How developed is Philippine S&T? - Programs and Projects should be research –
- UNESCO recommends a GERD of 1% for based.
developing countries. - Program/Projects implementation should be
- The Philippine’s research and development community-based (CBA).
expenditure as % of Gross Domestic Product
(GDP) was lowest among ASEAN nations and Philippine S&T: Our 2019 status
was even lower than the UNESCO’s 1.0
benchmark in the past nine years. - Philippines ranked 73rd out of 128 economies
- In the ASEAN region, the Philippines ranks in terms of Science and Technology and
lowly in education and research investment, at Innovation (STI) index, citing the country’s
0.3 percent of its total GDP. strength in research and commercialization of
- The United Nations Educational, Scientific STI ideas.
and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) reported
that at least in 2013, there are only 189 Indexed by the World Intellectual Property
researchers per 1 million people in the country. Organization
UNESCO standard dictates that there should be Metrics used:
at least 380 researchers per 1 million (1) Human Capital
inhabitants in a country. (2) Research
- Needless to say, the number of scientists in the (3) Infrastructure
Philippines is one of the lowest in ASEAN (4) Business sophistication
while the Philippines is lagging in patents, (5) Knowledge &Technology inputs
innovation and publication than other SEA (6) Creative outputs
countries.
- There is clearly the need to invest on advanced
S&T education. The Philippines has a 1:27
Master’s/PhD to Bachelor’s enrollment,
compared to Singapore where more than one-
third of education spending goes to higher
education.
DOST: ADVANCING SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY What is a scientist?
AGENDA BEST OPTION FOR PHL GROWTH - A scientist is an individual who has earned a
doctoral degree in any field of the sciences and
▪ Technology adoption allows a country’s has demonstrated and earned distinction in
firms and citizens to benefit from innovations independent research or significant innovative
created in other countries, and allows it to achievement in the basic and applied sciences,
catch up and even leap-frog obsolete including agricultural, engineering, and
technologies medical sciences, in mathematics and in the
social sciences as manifested by published
1. Help adapt technology to local works in recognized scientific and technical
circumstances; that is, choosing well- journals.
proven technologies but utilizing local,
available materials to apply to local Is a PhD degree necessary to be a scientist?
issues. - The scientific method is necessary but not
sufficient to be a scientist. In order to be a
2. Incorporate new science into high quality scientist, you need to be able to, for a given
education by capacitating and field, find, understand, and replicate/use the
empowering researchers to update their work of others. Once you know these things,
skills. then you can use your knowledge to learn new
and previously unknown things (aka research),
3. Scientists and their science should be which is the essence of science: creating new
utilized and involved to guide crucial knowledge, through discovery, invention, or a
government decisions. mix of the two and PUBLISH these works.

Case on point: The Extraordinary life of

WAY FORWARD: ROOM FOR
Leonardo Co (1953-2010)
IMPROVEMENT
▪ The Harmonized National Research and - Filipino botanist and plant taxonomist who during
Development Agenda or HNRDA is prepared his lifetime was considered the "foremost authority
by the Department of Science and in ethnobotany in the Philippines.”
- Was not able to obtain an MS or PhD Degree, in
Technology (DOST) to provide innovative
fact, conferred a BS Biology major in Botany
solutions that benefit Filipinos, particularly
degree at UP Diliman in 2008 after enrolling for the
the poor, through a problem-focused degree in the 1970’s.
approach to multi-disciplinary and multi- - Co submitted his book on the Medicinal plants of
institutional research and development the Cordilleras in lieu of a thesis, making him the
(R&D) collaboration: National Economic only student to graduate from the BS Botany degree
Development Authority (NEDA)’s without submitting a thesis.
AmBisyon Natin 2040
Career:
▪ The Philippine Development Plan (PDP)
2017-2022 is the first medium-term plan • Discovered eight new species of plants.
anchored on the AmBisyonNatin2040, • Two species of Philippine endemic plants have
consistent with Executive Order No. 5, s. been named in his honor: the Mycaranthes
2016. The priorities are guided by the leonardi orchid and the Rafflesia leonardi, a
Duterte Administration’s 0 to 10-point parasitic plant species of the genus Rafflesia
Socioeconomic Agenda. The goal of the PDP endemic to the Philippines
2017-2022 is to enable Filipinos to attain a
• Died during fieldwork through a crossfire
matatag, maginhawa at panatag na buhay. It
between the Philippine army unit and the New
acknowledges the accomplishments of the People's Army in Leyte in 2010.
previous administrations, adopts the good
practices and carefully considers the lessons • Co was posthumously conferred the National
gleaned from these experiences. Academy of Science and Technology – Hugh
Greenwood Environmental Award for his
contribution in profiling forest biodiversity
The National Scientists of the Philippines Outstanding Young Scientist (OYS)
▪ The rank and title of National Scientist of the - Awardees which are given to young Filipino
Philippines (Filipino: Pambansang Alagad ng scientist (must not be 41 years old within
Agham ng Pilipinas) or the Order of National January to December in the year of the
Scientists is the highest award accorded to Filipino awarding) who have made significant
scientists by the Philippine government. contributions to science and technology. A
total of twelve (12) OYS Awards are available
Benefits of a National Scientist in the annually, split among the following divisions:
Philippines Agricultural Sciences, Biological Sciences,
1. Conferred the rank and title of “National Chemical, Mathematical and Physical
Scientist”, with medallion and citation. Sciences, Engineering Sciences and
2. Financial gratuity Technology, Health Sciences and Social
3. Entitled to a monthly life pension, medical and Sciences.
hospitalization benefits, and a place of honor, in
line with protocular precedence, at national state CHALLENGE and INSPIRATION for
functions. MINDANAOANS:
4. Entitled upon death to a state funeral conducted
by the National Academy and the Armed Forces of - There is only 1 NAST Academician conferred
the Philippines, befitting their recognized status as from Mindanao--- Dr Victor B. Amoroso
heroes of the Philippines. (Central Mindanao University) for his works
on Pteridology, biodiversity conservation and
The National Academy of Science and plant taxonomy, conferred last July 2018.
Technology-Philippines (NAST-PHIL)
- Challenge for Mindanaoans and to S&T
students, --Most National Scientists and NAST
Vision:
Academicians are from Luzon, very few from
As an academy of recognized experts, serves as Visayas, least from Mindanao.
principal adviser to the nation on science,
technology, and innovation contributing to national
development. The Academy is an attached agency of
the Department of Science and Technology
Mandate:
1. Recognition Function: To recognize outstanding
achievements in Science and Technology as well as
provide meaningful incentives to those engaged in
Scientific and Technological Researches (PD 1003-A).
2. Advisory Function: To advise the President and
the Cabinet on matters related to Science and
Technology (EO No. 818).
3. Recognition Function: To engage in projects and
programs designed to recognize outstanding
achievements in science and to promote scientific
productivity (EO No. 818).
4. Scientific Linkages Function: To embark on
programs traditionally and internationally expected
of an academy of science (EO No. 818).
5. To manage, operate and maintain the Philippine
Science Heritage Center (RA 9107).
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION AND • After studying planetary movements for
ENLIGHTENMENT more than 25 years, Copernicus
reasoned that indeed, the stars, the
In the mid-1500s, scientist began to question
earth and the other planets revolved
accepted beliefs and make new theories based
around the sun. Kepler concluded that
on experimentation. Such que0stioning led to
certain mathematical laws govern
the development of the scientific method still in
planetary motion.
use today.
• One of these laws showed that the
The New Way of Thinking planets revolve around the sun in
elliptical orbits instead of circles, as was
Beginning in the mid-1500s, a few scholars
previously thought, and discovered that
published works that challenged the ideas of
a planet moved at different speeds
the ancient thinkers and the church. As these
according to its distance from the sun.
scholars replaced old assumptions with new
• Kepler’s laws showed that Copernicus’s
theories, they launched a change in European
basic ideas were true and they
thought that historians called Scientific
demonstrated mathematically that the
Revolution.
planets revolve around the sun.
The Scientific Revolution was a new way of • As a young man, Galileo Galilei learned
thinking about the natural world. That way was to make instrument that could enlarge
based upon careful observation and a far-off objects –Telescope, and used it
willingness to question accepted beliefs. to study the heavens in 1609. Then in
1610, he published a small book called
The Enlightenment
Starry Messenger, which described his
• During the Renaissance, European astonishing observations.
explorers traveled to Africa, Asia and • He announced that Jupiter had four
the Americas. Such lands were moons and that the sun had dark spots.
inhabited by people previously • He also noted that the earth’s moon
unknown in Europe. had rough, uneven surface. This
• These discoveries opened Europeans to shattered Aristotle’s theory that the
the possibility that there were new moon and stars were made of pure,
truths to be found. perfect substance.
• The invention of the printing press, and • Galileo’s observations, as well as his
circumnavigation during this period laws of motion, also clearly supported
helped spread challenging ideas. the theories of Copernicus.
• Galileo’s findings frightened both
The Pioneering Ones Catholic and Protestant leaders because
An early challenge to accept scientific thinking they went against church teaching and
came in the field of astronomy – authority. If people believed the church
could be wrong about this, they could
Heliocentric Theory question other church teachings as well.
• In early 1500s, Nicolas Copernicus • The pope angrily summoned Galileo to
became interested in an old Greek idea Rome to stand trial before the
that the sun stood at the center of the Inquisition. Galileo stood before court in
universe. 1633, and under the threat of torture,
 he knelt before the cardinals and read SCIENTIFIC METHOD
aloud a signed confession. In it, he
• PURPOSE and RESEARCH
agreed that the ideas of Copernicus
were false. • HYPOTHESIS and EXPERIMENT
• ANALYSIS and CONCLUSION
The scientific method is a logical procedure for
gathering and testing ideas. It begins with a By the mid-1600s the accomplishments of
problem or question arising from an Copernicus, Kepler and Galileo had shattered
observation. the old views of astronomy and physics. Later,
the great English scientist Isaac Newton helped
Scientists next form a hypothesis or unproved to bring together their breakthroughs under a
assumption. The hypothesis is then tested in an single theory of motion.
experiment or on the basis of data.
• Newton was certain that all physical
In the final step, scientists analyze and interpret objects were affected equally by the
their data to reach a new conclusion. That same forces. Newton’s great discovery
conclusion either confirms or disproves the was that the same force ruled motion of
hypothesis. the planets and all matter on earth and
in space.
• Francis Bacon, who established
• The key idea that linked motion in the
Scientific Method by empiricism –
heavens with motion on the earth was
experimental method.
the Law of Universal Gravitation.
• He believed that by better
According to this law, every object in
understanding the world, scientists
the universe attracts every other object.
would generate practical knowledge
The degree of attraction depends on the
that would improve people’s lives. In his
mass of the objects and the distance
writings, Bacon attacked medieval
between them.
scholars for relying too heavily on the
conclusions of Aristotle and other SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION WENT VIRAL
ancient thinkers.
• Like Bacon, Rene Descartes believed • Anton van Leeuwenhoek used a
that scientists needed to reject old microscope to observe bacteria
assumptions and teachings. He swimming in tooth scrapings. He also
approached gaining knowledge examined red blood cells for the first
differently than Bacon, rather than time.
using experimentation, Descartes relied • William Harvey with his revolutionary
on mathematics and logic. discovery of the circulation of blood.
• He developed analytical geometry, Harvey first studied the heartbeat,
which linked algebra and geometry. This establishing the existence of the
provided an important new tool for pulmonary (heart-lung-heart)
scientific research. circulation process and noting the one-
• He believed that everything should be way flow of the blood.
doubted until proved by reason. The • Robert Boyle challenged Aristotle’s idea
only thing he knew for certain was that that the physical world consisted of four
he existed – because, as he wrote, elements –earth, air, fire and water.
“I think, therefore I am.” Instead, Boyle proposed that matter
 was made of smaller primary particles
that joined together in different ways.
Boyle’s Law explains how the volume,
temperature and pressure of gas affect
each other.
• One of the most influential persons in
history is an Englishman, Charles Robert
Darwin, who never dreamed that he
would develop one of history’s most
important scientific theories.
• During Darwin’s fateful world voyage on
early 1800s, he noticed and recorded
that many species had strong
similarities no matter where they lived
around the world.
• These species similarities led him to
believe that species evolved from
common ancestors. Additionally, he
posited that a process called Natural
Selection helped stronger species to
adapt successfully to changing
requirements of their habitat.
• Darwin announced publicly his
revolutionary Theory of Evolution in a in
a meeting of the Linnaean Society 1858
published his most famous book, “On
the Origin of Species.”
• Darwin’s famous publication and theory
created a worldwide uproar and intense
debate everywhere. The concept of
Man evolving from common ancestors
along with apes and monkeys was
unacceptable due to deep religious
belief that Man was created by God.
• However, during the decades ahead and
into the next century; further scientific
investigations and the breakthrough
technology of DNA science, proved that
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution was based
in fact.
WAVES OF TECHNOLOGY AND KNOWLEDGE Elite (Feudal Lord)
REVOLUTION
↑
- succession of wave of change in History.
Peasants, Slaves, Workers (Landless,
Waves as characterized by Technology. Uneducated, Unhealthy)
Technology as a driving force for social change.
• Land is now the Basis of:
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER
1. Economy
It is the “knowledge revolution” driven by
2. Lifestyle
knowledge and technologies for processing and
communicating it takes place on the scale of the 3. Politics
agricultural, industrial and information
revolutions. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION • As food supplies increased and living

conditions improved, the population
Historians have often labeled the first (Europe, England) boosted the demand for
Agricultural Revolution (which took place food and goods such as cloth. As farmers
around10,000 B.C.) as the period of transition lost their land to large enclosed farms, many
from a hunting-and-gathering society to one became factory workers.
based on stationary farming. These includes • Over the years, farming in Europe had been
plant domestication and farmed animals. changing. People had invented new ways to
Plant Domestication farm that made farming easier and more
efficient. As a result, it took fewer workers
• Mexican teosinte, a grass that is grown to grow morefood. During the same time
as fodder and is considered to be one of period, Europe’s population grew. It was no
the parent plants of modern corn. longer possible for everyone to earn a living
• Farmers also took advantage of Jethro working on farm.
Tull’s Seed Drill, which allowed them to • So, many people moved to cities looking for
sow seeds in well-spaced rows at work.
specific depths. They also adopted new
process of Crop Rotation. Textile Inventions

Animal Domestication Cotton was labor intensive: in picking and

removing seeds
• Cattle, goats, sheep and pigs all have
their origins as farmed animals in the ➢ In US: African slaves ➢ In UK: Child labor
so-called Fertile Crescent, a region The Spinning Jenny is a multi-spindle spinning
covering eastern Turkey, Iraq and frame was one of the key developments in the
southwestern Iran. This region kick- industrialization of weaving during the Industrial
started the Neolithic Revolution Revolution.
• Domestication → Food Security →
Population growth and Formation of
settlements → Waste and disease
problems
Steam Engines INFORMATION REVOLUTION

• The introduction of a new source of • Starting in the 1800s, the Industrial

power, the Steam Engine, was one of Revolution caused hundreds of millions
the most important factors in the of people to change their way of life.
development of power-driven machines • By the end of the 20th century,
during the Industrial Revolution. Computer Technology again changed
• As the demand for coal increased, the world. A new “revolution” has
miners dug deeper into the coal engulfed much of the planet.
deposits. • The evolution of mobile phones during
the 20th century. Today, as we enter the
The Industrial Revolution was a time in the 18th
21st century, the Information
century when many important inventions were
Revolution is making a difference to
made. Many of these inventions made work
more and more people.
easier and cheaper. As these inventions created
• Nowadays, a nation’s economic success
new manufacturing and industry, many people
and even survival are based on the
also moved away from farms to cities.
control of ideas.
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION • Information on scientific discoveries and
technological developments are as
THE FACTORY = MODEL OF EFFICIENCY
important to nations in the year 2000 as
Mass Production Mass Education colonial possessions were 200 years
ago.
How did the Industrial revolution change the
environment? THIRD WAVE WILL BE DRIVEN BY TWO FACTORS:

✓ Scale of resource use and pollution • The rise of dynamic new industries based on
generation scientific breakthroughs:

✓ Concentration of people quantum electronics, information theory,

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION molecular biology, oceanic, nucleonics,

• Effects of Industrial Revolution on the ecology, and the space sciences.

Carbon Emission • Enhanced manipulative abilities via
• Effects of Industrial Revolution on the computers:
Global Temperature
data processing, aerospace, sophisticated
THE IMPERIAL DRIVE
petrochemicals, semiconductors, advanced
➢ the drive for empire, for control over distant
lands. communications, solid-state physics, systems

engineering, artificial intelligence, fuzzy logic,

➢ the racist attitudes and prejudices which
justified the domination of foreign lands. polymer chemistry.
Personal computers had become widespread by
the end of the 1980s and its ability to connect
over local and national networks.

• The 1983 the Apple “Lisa” computer – the

first personal computer (PC) before the
Macintosh.
• The Internet was developed during the
1970s by the Department of Defense.
• The Internet was also used mainly by
scientists to communicate with other
scientists.
• The Internet remained under government
control until 1984.
• The development of fiber-optic cables
allowed for billions of bits of information to
be received every minute. Companies like
Intel developed faster microprocessors, so
personal computers could process he
incoming signals at a more rapid rate.
• In the early 1900s, the World Wide Web
was developed, for commercial purposes.
• New forms of communication were
introduced. Electronic Mail or email, was a
convenient way to send a message to
associates and friends.

“Prosumers”

• (producers are consumers and vice versa)

• Do it yourselfers (DIY)

Online Databases

• database that are made readily

accessible from the Internet, and are
hosted via websites or software

SUMMING UP…

Technology ➢ Major force of social change

❖ Change in personal attitudes and beliefs

❖ Change in relationships

❖ Change in social structures

STS Unit 1, Chapter 1 • Cites in the Indus valley offer some of
HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY the first examples of closed gutters,
public baths, and communal granaries.
• PRE-CLASSICAL AND CLASSICAL
• forefront of seafaring technology - ship
• SCIENCE DURING MIDDLE AGES
construction
• SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
• construction and architecture suggest
• MODERN SCIENCE
an understanding of materials
What separates us from the animals engineering, hydrology, and sanitation.
• pioneering in the use of vegetable
• “Our imaginations … and having friends dyes.
with imaginations” Thomas Suddendorf • The use of perfumes demonstrates
• “Speech, fire, agriculture, writing, tools some knowledge of chemistry,
and large-scale cooperation” Bertrand particularly distillation and purification
Russell processes.
Pre-classical and Classical Science • cataract surgery and plastic surgery

Egyptians Chinese

• Excellent at Geometry but poor in • early seismological detectors,

arithmetic and math. • matches, paper,
• Astronomy – primitive but excellent • the wheelbarrow,
calendars trying to reconcile solar and • the suspension bridge,
lunar cycles, established 365 days year • the parachute,
and 24 hours day. • natural gas as fuel,
• invented and used many simple • the magnetic compass,
machines, such as the ramp to aid • the propeller,
construction processes. • the crossbow
• first to extract gold by large-scale • gun powder.
mining using fire-setting, and the first • paddle wheel boat
recognizable map.
THE FOUR ELEMENTS OF EMPEDOCLES
• Egyptian paper, made from papyrus,
and pottery The Greek Empedocles (around 492-432 BC.)
divided matter into four elements, that he also
Babylonians
called "roots":
• Excellent at math particularly algebra
These are: Earth, Water, Air & Fire
but poor in geometry.
• Astronomy – Moon oriented especially LEUCIPPUS OF IN 420 B.C.
about eclipses
-Proposed that material is made of tiny particle
• Medicine and surgery – empirical later
and called it ATOM from the Greek word
used astrology
"atomos“ which signifies "indivisible".
Indians

• early application of city planning and

sanitation technologies.
DEMOCRITUS (AROUND 460-370 BC) everything in the heavens orbits the
earth.
-Student of Leucippus who developed five
• Galileo’s telescope clearly showed
major points that their atomic theory was based
mountains and craters on the moon,
upon.
proving that the moon is far from
Point #1 - All matter is made up of undividable perfect – Aristotle was wrong when he
particles called atoms. said the heavens were perfect.
• Galileo’s experiments proved that the
Point #2 - There is a void, which is empty space
rate at which something falls to earth
between atoms.
does not depend on its mass – Aristotle
Point #3 - Atoms are completely solid. was wrong when he said heavier
objects fell to the earth faster than
Point #4 - Atoms are homogeneous, with no lighter ones.
internal structure.
Ptolemy (90-168 AD)
Point #5 - Atoms vary in sizes.
• Created a better Geocentric Model
Aristotle’s Atomic Idea
• Wrote the almagest (Astronomy book)
• Contradicted the idea of Leucippus and • Religion and Aristotle’s physics are
Democritus and supported the concept guesswork: only mathematical proof
of Empedocles with an additional provides certainty.
concept of “qualities” – heat, cold, • The earth is stationary
dryness, moisture – as basic elements
Science stagnated during the Middle Ages
(Element Theory)
• Emphasized natural philosophy based • Middle Ages (Dark Ages in Europe) –
on observation & systematic logic. 478 AD – 1400 AD (Renaissance)
• Disproved Earth was flat • Greek decline cutting off Greek
• Materials are made of the same Philosophical and scientific roots
materials but of varying amounts. • Scientific inquires based incomplete
• Quintessence sources
• System of classification of living things • Monastic/cathedral school-centered on
based on their share features the Bible
• 1200, Latin translations of Aristotle,
Some of the Ideas of Aristotle corrected in later
Euclid, Ptolemy, Archimedes and Galen
time.
• 1348 – Black Death ended - 1/3 of the
• Copernicus and Kepler established that population in Europe.
the earth orbits the sun – Aristotle was
Columbus discovers “India” and opens a New
wrong when he said the sun orbits the
World
earth.
• Galileo discovered satellites orbiting • Spain and Portugal – biggest winners,
Jupiter, proving that everything in the controlled largest areas and resources
heavens does not orbit the earth – Wealth of precious metals, plants and
Aristotle was wrong when he said animals to eat or use for profit.
• Slavery for colonies and Europe
 • “New World” called into question long • The Earth-Sun distance is negligible
held beliefs compared to the distance to the stars.

What is the Scientific Revolution? • Earth’s rotation accounts for the apparent
daily rotation of the stars.
-The Scientific Revolution develops as an
offshoot of the Renaissance. The same • The apparent annual cycle of movements of
questioning spirit that fueled the Renaissance the sun is caused by the earth orbiting it.
led scientists to question traditional beliefs and
• The apparent retrograde motion of the
the Church about the workings of the universe.
planets is caused by the motion of the Earth
It was a new way of thinking about the natural
from which one observes the planets.
world.
Johannes Kepler (1571 - 1630)
♦ Before 1500, the Bible and Aristotle were the
only authorities accepted as truth • proved Copernicus was right through
mathematics. To do this he needed to
♦ A geocentric model of the universe, in which gather a lot of information. He uses
the Earth is at the center was supported during night observations (over the span of
the Middle Ages years).
Technology that helped the Scientific • uses his information to make accurate
Revolution models of the heavens
• demonstrates that planets move in an
• Printing press spread new ideas elliptical orbit… not a circular orbit that
• Age of Exploration fueled a great deal of Copernicus had previously said.
scientific research because of • determined the cause of Earth’s tide –
technology needed for navigation moon.
• Translation of the works of Muslim • formulated the inverse square law of
scholars opened the minds of European light intensity
thinkers to new scientific knowledge
Galileo Galilei (1564 – 1642)
New Ideas About the Universe
• Considered the father of experimental
Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543) science
-A mathematician who could read Greek and • Gravity accelerates all objects equally,
used Ptolemy’s data to plot the orbits. whatever their mass.
• Discovered the principle of inertia
-Declared “In the center of it all rests the Sun” • Was the first person to study the sky
– this overthrew the hierarchy of the ancient with a telescope.
and medieval cosmos
• Discovered Jupiter’s moon- Galilean
-Proposed the heliocentric theory. He took as Satellites
the basic starting points of his theory: • Discovered that Venus has phases like
the moon, ranging from a thin crescent
• The earth is not the center of the universe. to full.
• The center of the universe is near the sun. • Discovered the rings of Saturn
• Discovered our moon has mountains.
 • Discovered that the Milky Way is made • showed that the tides are caused by
up of stars gravitational interactions between the
• Known to discover planet Neptune but earth and the moon.
thought it’s a star.
Creationism VS Darwin
Rene Descartes (1596-1650)
Creationism
• Father of Modern Western Philosophy
• God is absolute creator of all
• Promoted science grounded in
• God is constantly involved in creation
observation and experiment
• 6 days of creation
• Created a mechanistic view of nature
• Coined the term “Molecule” Darwin
• Never accept anything as true until all
• World due to evolution
reasons for doubt can be ruled out.
• Organisms evolved from simpler forms
• Divide problems into as many parts as
possible and necessary to provide an • Survival of the fittest
adequate solution. Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
• Thoughts should be ordered, starting
with the simplest and easiest to know, • 1844 - Proposed the theory of evolution
ascending little by little, and, step by (Origin of the Species)
step, to more complex knowledge. • 1858 – Darwin’s friends arranged for
• Make enumerations so complete, and the simultaneous publication of Wallace
reviews so general, that nothing is and Darwin’s Natural Selection
omitted. • 1889 – Wallace published his book on
• Connected algebra and geometry natural selection which he called
Darwinism.
What does an apple have to do with gravity? • Evidence supporting evolution prior to
- Newton was sitting in the shade of an apple Darwin
tree when an apple fell nearby. Newton began • Fossils – replicas of living things
to wonder why apples always fall to the ground. • Geologic history
Why don’t the fall sideways or up? Newton • Species change by Lamarck
reasoned that the earth must have a power that Edwin Hubble (1889 – 1953)
draws objects to it. This was the beginning of
the law of gravity and motion. • 1925 discover galaxies through a
telescope and change the way we look
Isaac Newton (1643 - 1727) at our universe.
• Law of Universal Gravitation • Demonstrated that universe are
• Laws of Motion expanding (one of the most
• Corpuscular Theory cosmological discoveries ever made)
• Calculus – the mathematics of change • Hubble’s Law – galaxies are moving
• Wrote Philosophiae Naturalis Principia away from the Milky Way at a speed
Matimatica directly proportional to their distance
• built the world’s first working reflecting from it.
telescope.
Albert Einstein (1879 – 1955) James Watson and Francis Crick

• provided powerful evidence that atoms - interpreted the photos to figure out
and molecules actually exist that the DNA was a twisted double helix
• explained the photoelectric effect,
All 4 co-discovered the double-helix structure of
proposing that light came in bundles.
DNA - the basis of modern Biotechnology
Bundles of light (he called them quanta)
Watson, Wilkins and Crick received the Nobel
with the correct amount of energy can
Prize in Physiology in 1962.
eject electrons from metals.
• Proved that the measure of the speed
of light to be 300 million meters per
second in a vacuum. This led to the
strange new reality that time passes
more slowly for people traveling at very
high speeds compared with people
moving more slowly.
• E = mc2 - which showed that energy
and matter can be converted into one
another.
• rewrote the law of gravitation, which
had been unchallenged since Isaac
Newton published it in 1687. In his
General Theory of Relativity, Einstein:

» showed that matter causes space to

curve, which produces gravity.

» showed that the path of light follows

the gravitational curve of space.

» showed that time passes more slowly

when gravity becomes very strong.

Einstein’s wish

People should be respected for their humanity

and not for their country of origin or religion.

Albert Einstein and atomic bomb

"I do not consider myself the father of the

release of atomic energy. My part in it was quite
indirect."

Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins

- took X-ray photos of DNA

STS Unit 1, Chapter 1 3. Scientists rely heavily on imagination to
MYTHS OF SCIENCE carry out their work - TRUE

1. Science is a system of beliefs - FALSE • There is no doubt that scientists rely heavily
on their imagination in carrying out their work.
• Many students, teachers and the general
public believe that science is a system of beliefs • Creative imagination has always been
important part of science.
• What distinguishing science is its continuing
search for evidence in natural phenomena. • Scientists draw upon their imagination and
creativity to visualize how nature works, using
• Although we naturally look for evidence to
analogies, metaphors, and mathematics.
support ideas, scientific ideas are established
only after compelling evidence has accumulated • Scientists are often stereotyped as nerdy,
from observation of nature. serious – looking individuals in lab coats,
conducting laboratory experiments that require
• Scientists use reasoning and imagination,
superior intellect to be understood.
study the work of other scientist and
collaborate with others, always looking for • It is easy to forget that it requires imagination
evidence to support or disprove their ideas. to see the problem and possible solution.

• Rather than a belief system, science is based 4. Scientists are totally objective in their work -
on empirical evidence provided by observations FALSE
of the natural world.
• Many believe that scientists are totally
2. Most scientists are men because males are objective in their work.
better at scientific thinking - FALSE
• Scientists like all other humans, are attached
• There is no evidence that men are inherently to their work.
better at science.
• They have been known to look for evidence to
• This idea is a remnant of historical prejudice support their favored or promising ideas,
and not true understanding of the history and sometimes overlooking and even rejecting that
nature of science. are contrary to their own beliefs.

• In many societies, this attitude often makes it • No indications that scientists actively practice
difficult or impossible for girls and women to programs to search for disconfirming evidence.
pursue science, to the point that a female (As Popper says Science can advance only
scientist like astronomer Caroline Hershel through a string of what he called conjectures
(1750-1848) had to disseminate her research and refutations)
through her brother William and John.
• theory-laden observation (a psychological
• Although women are still a minority in some notion)
fields, women like Marie Curie, Rosalind
• the allegiance to the paradigm.
Franklin and many others stand among the
giants of modern science.
5. The scientific method is the accepted guide • Not all of the supports from theories comes
for conducting research - FALSE from experiments.

• For many years scientists have tried to correct Examples: Big Bang Theory, Plate Tectonic
the idea that the scientific method is the only Theory, The Expanding Universe, Darwin’s
correct way to do science. Theory of Evolution, Heliocentric Theory were
developed through observation rather than
• This “a method of science” has a strong hold
experiments.
in science teaching but is not science.
• Science uses all types of investigative
• Posters are still hung in science classrooms
procedures and evidence gathering which are
listing the steps of the scientific method and are
all subject under the lens of scientific
still used to judged students’ procedures in
community.
science fair competitions.
8. A hypothesis is an educated guess - FALSE
• There is no logical or procedural method by
which the pattern is suggested because if there • A hypothesis is often called an educated guess
is then it goes against the creative nature and but it is rather rigorous than a mere guess.
element of science. (Here, we may argue that a mere “guess” is
elevated to a higher degree by the word
• Scientific papers seem to follow the scientific
educated.)
method but are reconstructed to account for
key elements of the study. • A guess is usually thought of as a judgment
with little information.
• The actual events for any investigations vary
considerably and may take many wrong turns • Scientist usually know a great deal of
and dead ends. information about a phenomenon before
forming a hypothesis to be subjected to test.
6. Experiments are carried out to prove cause
and-effect relationships - FALSE • “In the scientific world, the hypothesis
typically is formulated only after hours of
• At first, this statement seems correct, but,
observation, days of calculating and studying,
however, the statement is flawed.
and sometimes years of research into the
• In science, though nothing stands as proven or phenomena of interest” (Galus 2003).
completely true.
9. A theory becomes a law when it is
• Controlled experiments only provide evidence supported by a great deal of scientific evidence
that either supports or fails to add support to a - FALSE
hypothesis, not absolute proof. These
• Laws and theories are distinct types of
contribute to the cause and effect that can be
knowledge.
durable but tentative, always awaiting further
evidence. • Laws do not become theories nor do theories
become laws.
7. All scientific ideas are discovered and tested
by controlled experiments - FALSE • Laws describe a phenomenon or pattern in
nature. Laws hold true under most conditions,
• It is a myth that the most credible scientific
but can be modified or discredited.
theories are supported by controlled
experiments. • A theory is used to explain a phenomenon.
• Theories pertain to complex events and • Today science and technology are closely
combine many facts, concepts, and laws to form associated, whereby technology supports the
scientific understandings. advancement of science and science supports
the progress of technology.
• A good example of this is the law of
conservation of mass in chemistry and the 12. In time, science can solve most of society’s
atomic theory used to explain it. problems.

10. Scientific ideas are tentative and can be • Science has improved life considerably for
modified or disproved but never proved - TRUE many people on the planet but not everyone in
the world.
• This is the reverse of item #6 and is true.
• Many problems in the world are political in
• Although Scientific theories are anchored on
nature, whereby individuals and governments
considerable number of evidences and are
promote or suppress economic and scientific
considered durable, they are considered
development in their country.
provisional and are subject to change and
rejection. • Science has provided us with the knowledge
of how to produce enough food to feed most of
• Theories are inferred explanations and science
the world’s hungry, but getting the food to their
is a way of knowing that does not represent
mouths is a problem that transcends science.
absolute truth. This way of thinking removes
science from being an all-knowing human 13. All Work in Science is Reviewed to Keep the
enterprise. Process Honest - FALSE

• “They may survive these tests; but they can • Scientists are constantly reviewing each
never be positively justified: They can neither other's experiments to check up on each other
be established as certainly true nor even as but unfortunately, while such a check and
‘probable’” (Popper 1963, vii). balance system would be useful, the number of
findings from one scientist checked by others is
• However, scientific theories as ideas built on
vanishingly small.
shaky facts and flimsy evidence such that
science have held up to considerable scrutiny • Most scientists are simply too busy
and have shown to be durable.
• Research funds too limited for this type of
11. Technology preceded science in the history review.
of civilization - TRUE
• The result of the lack of oversight has recently
• Technology preceded science in the history of put science itself under suspicion.
civilizations.
• The enormous amount of original scientific
• Tool making for survival began long before research published, and the pressure to
man understood how or why they worked. produce new information rather than
reproduce others' work dramatically increases
• Technology invents devices and systems to aid
the chance that errors will go unnoticed.
in human survival and to improve life.
• Scientists rarely report valid, but negative
• Science provides a better fundamental
results and the failure to report what did not
understanding of nature.
work is a problem.
STS Unit 1, Chapter 1 Research Knowledge
AN INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCE
Research Knowledge requires that:
• SCIENCE
• All observations be repeatable by more
• KNOWLEDGE AND ITS TYPE
than (and different) observers
• WHAT IS A GOOD SCIENCE
• All hypotheses (guesses) are falsifiable.
• SCIENTIFIC METHOD
• Involves natural phenomena.
• MYTHS IN SCIENCE
• Research knowledge does not claim
What is Science? FACT. It claims logical circumstantial
explanations in light of the
• Science: Latin Scientia
requirements of the mentioned
• To Know --- verb
requirements.
• Systematic enterprise
• Build & organize knowledge Research Knowledge
• Testable explanations and predictions
▪ Ancient times--- Where did life come
about the world
from?
• “Unveiling nature” ▪ RESULT – several false theorems
• Gain KNOWLEDGE ▪ BUT: they weren’t stupid, simply limited
Knowledge • Do not say “this is true”, rather
“this is the most likely explanation
• It is a statement about what you accept in light of existing knowledge”.
as sufficiently “real” to allow you to
take action upon and thereby live your Spontaneous generation
life. • living things came forth from non-living
• Examine this statement: “Dragons are things because the non-living material
real”. contained pneuma, or "vital heat“ –
• What does YOUR KNOWLEDGE tell you? Aristotle
Types of Knowledge • libraries be placed facing eastwards to
benefit from morning light, but not
Belief Knowledge towards the south or the west as those
winds generate bookworms. - Vitruvius,
• Knowledge about the world is inherent
a Roman architect
and unique in each human being.
• It is attained by individual revelation. John Needham - performed a series of
• Is it open to testing, observation or experiments on boiled broths,
quantification?
Francisco Redi – one of the pioneers who
Research Knowledge conducted experiment that disproved SP.

• Gathering knowledge is universal. Lazzaro Spallanzani - improved the experiment

• Based on a protocol to allow one to of the John Needham
select between alternative observations
Louis Pasteur - further improved the setup of
or hypothesis.
Spallanzani.
• What could have been mistaken on
dragons?
What is the goal of science? > Has predictive value

• The goal of science is – UNDERSTANDING > Testable

• Phenomena: things that happen in the
Note: NO amount of data will prove a
world.
hypothesis to be TRUE! They only fail to
• Identify relationships and characteristics
disprove it.
• Predict summaries and conclusions
• Derive knowledge and facts anchored on The Death of a Hypothesis
the root causes of science
• Data are found which contradict it.
1. Problems • Its predictions constantly fail.
• It is supplanted by a new hypothesis
2. Curiosity
which explains more of the data or
3. Needs explains the same data more elegantly.

Belief Knowledge Why do Science? Individual Perspective

The spirit of the individual who believes. • collecting information to test new ideas
or to disprove old ones.
Research Knowledge
• discover new things
>the methodology of observation and testing • explains something problem previously
allows one to choose one “fact” over another. not explained,
• overturns some previously accepted
Belief VS Research Knowledge
idea.
• Research Knowledge • get pay checks or promotion

Even when you have tons of evidence, doubt Why does a society devote some of its
what you see resources to this business of developing new
knowledge about the natural world?
• Belief Knowledge
What has motivated these scientists to
Even without a single piece of evidence, believe devote their lives to developing this new
in what you can’t see. knowledge?
The Research Knowledge: Fact Why do Science? Societal Perspective
• A mini – hypothesis, subject to testing by • the desire to improve people's lives
repeated observations. • society's desires for economic
• Perception of facts varies > > > doesn’t get development
easily accepted. • humanity's increasing control over our
• Some facts become dominant but others planet and its environment.
are open to testing. • societies support science because of
A hypothesis simple curiosity and because of the
satisfaction and enlightenment that
An explanation for the pattern created by two come from knowledge of the world
or more facts. around us.
> Based on observations
How Research becomes Scientific Knowledge Hallmark of good science: DOUBT

• doing research is not necessarily a What is good science?

contribution to a body of knowledge
• Eliminates as many variables while
unless peer reviewed and published.
entertaining as many possible alternate
• science becomes knowledge by
interpretations of the observations as
publication of research results.
possible.
Science and Change • Studies the material universe
• Understanding changes overtime
-If scientists are constantly trying to make new
• There is order in nature and therefore the
discoveries or to develop new concepts and
material universe is knowable
theories, then the body of knowledge produced
• The human mind is capable of knowing this
by science should undergo constant change.
order.
-Change is progress toward a better • Knowable within limits: human mind;
understanding of nature (Constant question). culture; technology
• Has PARADIGMS
Scientific Knowledge
• An interpretation of the Physical world to
-Science does not presently, and probably never which scientist subscribe.
can, give statements of absolute eternal truth - • Changes as anomalies arise and gets
it only provides theories. replaced as knowledge develops
-It can be modified. Spotting Pseudoscience
-It can be discarded. • Repeated reference to authority rather
than primary observation.
Approaches to Research Knowledge
• Unwillingness to admit ignorance or
Formal Science exceptions.
• Unwillingness to try to disprove own
-formal sciences are both logically and
hypothesis or to seek contradictory
methodologically a priori, for their content and
examples
validity are independent of any empirical
• Consistent presentation of hypothesis
procedures.
in a simplistic manner
-reason or reflection alone is considered • Failure to add new arguments and data
evidence for the truth or falsity of some with time.
propositions • Example: Astrology
Empirical Science The Scientific Method
-Deals with objects and observations • Science use the scientific method
-source of knowledge acquired by means of the • It is a set of techniques for investigating
senses, particularly by observation and phenomena
experimentation • Acquiring knowledge
• Correcting and integrating previous
-information that justifies the truth or falsity of understanding
a claim
Is the Scientific Method cut out?

-Science follows a basic method and that is

thinking, observing, and experimenting.

But there is no strict recipe…

Involves serendipity, imagination, dreams and

luck…

How do you scientifically cut a cake?

Sir Francis Gaston’s Scientific Cake Cutting

Method involves slicing all the way through the
diameter of the cake to extract a long slice, then
pushing the now reduced but still intact halves
of the cake together to seal in moisture.

Characteristics of a Good Method

• Verifiable and repeatable

• Controlled but unbiased
• Narrowed but flexible
• Accurate and Precise
• Deductive and inductive
• Useful and Significant

How to spot a scientist

• Curious about how nature works

• Stay current with latest news in their
field
• Benefit from advances in other fields
• Integrate work done by others to see
the bigger picture
• Benefit from serendipity
• Compete for grant of money
• Police themselves
• May be suppressed by wealthy
corporations
• Can be brutally competitive
• Very much like ordinary people