Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City,

and to Evolve a Management Plan for Containing the

Rising Trend

FINAL REPORT

Sponsored by:
Ground Water Department
Government of Rajasthan
Jodhpur

Studied By:
National Institute of Hydrology,
Roorkee – 247 667
May, 2011
 Project Data

Title of the Study : Study on rising groundwater table in Jodhpur City,

and to evolve a management plan for containing
the rising trend.

Sponsoring Agency : Ground Water Department, Jodhpur

Government of Rajasthan.

Project Cost : Rs. 24.52 lakhs

Project Duration : October, 2009 – May, 2011

Executing Agency : National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee

ii
 Study Team

Project Director : Er. Raj Deva Singh

Director, National Institute of Hydrology.

Principal Investigator : Dr. N. C. Ghosh

Scientist-F & Head
Ground Water Hydrology Division (GWHD).

Scientists Team : 1. Mr. C. P. Kumar, Scientist-F, GWHD, Roorkee

2. Dr. Sudhir Kumar, Scientist-E2, HID, Roorkee
3. Dr. Anupma Sharma, Scientist-C, GWHD, Roorkee
4. Dr. Surjeet Singh, Scientist-C, GWHD, Roorkee
5. Mr. Rajan Vatsa, Scientist-B, GWHD, Roorkee

Scientific Staff : 1. Dr. Shobha Ram, PRA, GWHD, Roorkee

2. Mr. Sanjay Mittal, SRA, GWHD, Roorkee
3. Mr. Ram Chander, RA, GWHD, Roorkee

Project Officer : Mr. Dinesh Kumar, PO, GWHD, Roorkee

Project Associates :1. Dr. K. Servanan, SRF, GWHD, Roorkee

2. Mr. Vikrant Vijay Singh, JRF, GWHD, Roorkee
3. Ms. Parul Gupta, PO, GWHD, Roorkee.

Project Consultant : Prof. (Retd.) G. C. Mishra, WRD & M, IIT Roorkee

iii
 Foreword

The problem of rising groundwater level in some parts of the Jodhpur city
located in the Thar Desert of the western Rajasthan that is known for a water scarce
region is not only a matter of concern but also an eye opening issue from the hydrology
point of view. As such, groundwater is a hidden resource; the fact findings from the
study of such resource for a problem that has been originated from the human
interventions into the associated hydrological and hydro-geological components are, in
fact, a challenging task.

In order to find the source and causes of groundwater table rise and to develop
an appropriate management plan to revert back the rising trend and to contain the
groundwater at a safe level, the project entitled “Study on rising groundwater table in
Jodhpur City, and to evolve a management plan for containing the rising trend” has
been entrusted to the National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee. I put on records my
thanks to Government of Rajasthan, particularly to the Ground Water Department,
Jodhpur for considering NIH capable for this challenging task.

To accomplish the envisaged objectives, the comprehensive study involving

analyses related to hydrological and hydro-geological components has been carried out
using the data supplied by the Ground water Department, Public Health Engineering
Department, Jodhpur and also collected from the field investigations and
experimentations during the course of the study. Based on the analyses and modeling
exercises, specific conclusions outlining the reasons of the problem and suggesting the
possible options as to how the problem can be resolved have been brought out. I believe
that the findings and recommendations outlined in this report will help the Government
of Rajasthan for resolving the problem.

The study has been carried out by the group of scientists and scientific staff of
NIH under the coordination of Dr. N. C. Ghosh, Scientist-F and Principal Investigator of
the study. The study team deserves appreciation and thanks for their sincere and
commendable efforts. I put on record my appreciation to Prof. (Retd.) G. C. Mishra,
consultant of this project, for his contribution.

Date : 20th May, 2011

( Raj Deva Singh)
Director, NIH

iv
 Acknowledgement

Groundwater is a hidden resource. To identify the cause(s) of a problem that

has been originated from the groundwater hazards and to find the scientific solution
of it requires a huge database and analyses. If the causes of the problem are because
of the human interventions to the hydrologic and hydro-geologic regimes; then the
tasks to attain the logical solution to the problem become more cumbersome and
tedious. The problem of the rising groundwater level in Jodhpur city has been the
tasks of such category. The data support and the help extended by different
organizations and individuals to achieve the goal are thankfully acknowledged.

On behalf of the National Institute of Hydrology (NIH), I convey my sincere

thanks to the Ground Water Department, Jodhpur, Government of Rajasthan for
considering NIH to entrust this challenging task.

I thankfully acknowledge the help and data support provided by the officials
of the Ground Water Department and Public Health Engineering Department,
Jodhpur in general, and particularly to Shri K. N. Mathur then Chief Engineer,
PHED; Shri U. K. Mathur then Chief Engineer, GWD; Shri C. S. Sekhawat, Chief
Engineer, GWD; Shri G. S. Marwaha, Superintending Hydrogeologist; Shri G. L.
Bora, Senior Hydrogeologist; Shri Niranjan Mathur, TA–Hydrogeologist; Dr. P. S.
Rathore, TA-Hydrogeologist for their keen interest to the study and constant
support as and when requested during the course of the study. Thanks are due to
the members of the ‘Task Force’ for their keen interest and critical review of the
activities from time to time. The data support provided by the SRRSC, RRSC, and
CGWB are also duly acknowledged.

I convey my sincere gratitude to Prof. (Retd.) G. C. Mishra, IIT Roorkee for

working as a think tank to this scientifically challenged problem. The laboratory
analysis support given by the Environmental Hydrology Division and the Soil-
Water Laboratory of NIH is also thankfully acknowledged. The efforts given by all
the study teammates are earnestly acknowledged. Special thanks to my young
colleagues Shri Dinesh Kumar, Shri Vikrant Vijay Singh, and Dr. K. Servanan, all are
project staff, for their untiring efforts.

Last but not the least, the assistance provided by Shri Avdesh Sharma, PA
and Shri Haridas, Messanger-Sr. Gr. is also duly acknowledged.

Date : 20th May, 2011 ( N. C. Ghosh)

Scientist-F & Principal Investigator

v
 Executive Summary

The rise of groundwater table near to the ground surface in some parts of the
Jodhpur city has resulted in a hazard to the people living in the affected areas. Controlling
the rising trend of groundwater level in the urban area of Jodhpur city has emersed as a
challenging task to find the cause and an immediate problem resolving scientific solution
for the Public Health Department and Ground Water Department of the Government of
Rajasthan. In order to find the exact source and causes of groundwater table rise and to
develop an appropriate management plan to revert back the rising trend to contain the
groundwater at a safe level, the present study had been entrusted to the National Institute
of Hydrology, Roorkee, with the following objectives:

(i) Identification of cause(s) of rising ground water levels in Jodhpur city.

(ii) Development of an effective and sustainable management plan for maintaining
the water table of the area at a safe level to avoid any adverse impact on the civil
structures and population of the area.

To facilitate and accomplish the above objectives, a number of terms of

references (TORs) have been attached to the sponsored study. Those TORs were
emphasized primarily to ensure the attainment of the above goals.

For addressing the issues and to reach to logical conclusions and solution, a
systematic in depth analysis of the data/information related to topography, demography,
geological formations, hydrometeorology-hydrology and hydrogeology, groundwater
quantity and quality, sewage flows, inflows and outflows of waters to/from the Jodhpur
city and from the Kailana-Takhatsagar Reservoir have been carried out. The data have
mostly been supplied by the Ground Water Department (GWD) and the Public Health
Engineering Department (PHED) of Jodhpur; and some data have been collected by the
executing agency from the field investigations/surveys and from the other sources (IMD,
NRSC, local agencies) during course of the study.

vi
 To analyze the data, all spatially varying databases have been geo-referenced with
reference to the geographic coordinate system (WGS-1984) by their latitudes and
longitudes. Therefore, the analyzed data and results presented in this report can be
verified with the in situ field truth.

The data analyses and results have been reported in 17 Sections. The Section-1
presents an introduction to the problem; Section-2 elaborates geography and topographic
of the study area; Section-3 describes the geological formations of the area; Section-4
illustrates hydro-meteorological data analyses; Section-5 explains demography and water
usages and requirements; Section-6 brings out the Stage-Area-Capacity analyses and
curves for the Kailana-Takhatsagar and Umaid Sagar Reservoirs; Section-7 provides
analyses of Inflows-outflows data of the Kailana-Takhatsagar Reservoir and their water
balances; Section-8 contains analyses of the groundwater data; Section-9 illustrates
sewages flow measurements and data analyses; Section-10 describes the surface water
balance of the study area; Section-11 elaborates analyses of aquifer parameters
estimation; Section-12 focusses on groundwater quality data and scenario analyses;
Section-13 demonstrates the inputs data preparation for groundwater modelling of the
study area; Section-14 provides description of the modelling aspects and analyses of
results obtained from the modelling of water table evolution in the study area; Section-15
illustrates the possible management strategies to remediate the problem; Section-16
brings out the summary and conclusions of the study; and finally Section-17 states the
recommendations as to what actions would be necessary to resolve the problem.

The study area comprising of 76 sq. km. encompasses the old and the sprawled
Jodhpur city area including the waterlogged area. The Kailana and the Takhatsagar
Reservoirs, which are two naturally formed cascading type geological faults and are the
source of water supply to the city area, are located outside the boundary of the study area
as they are located in a different geological entity. The topography of the Jodhpur city
area, which has been analyzed making use of surveyed data supplied by the GWD,
Jodhpur in conjunction with the ASTER data, showed a general slope of the Jodhpur city
towards south-west, south, and south-east directions, except for the hilly terrain in the
north-western side. The southern terrain has flatter slope than that of the south-west, and

vii
south-east terrain. The topography level of the city area varies between 202 m and 360 m
above MSL (Mean Sea Level) with a small stretch near to the fort area having higher
elevation of 310 m, whereas most of the area in the city is largely flat terrain having
elevation below 250 m above MSL.

The geological formations of the Jodhpur city area have been analyzed making use of
the bore logs data of 93 locations supplied by the GWD, Jodhpur in ‘ROCKWORKS’
software. Based on the analysis one could infer that the Kailana and Takhatsagar area is
located on the Rhyolite formation, whereas Jodhpur city is mainly located on the
sandstone and shale formation. These two formations have different hydro-geological
properties and cannot be considered as a single system. The geological formations of the
Jodhpur city area are primarily composed of Shales, Sandstones and Rhyolites with the
Quaternary alluvium formations at the top particularly in the plain areas. The Quaternary
alluvium formations vary in thickness from few centimeters to about 75 m and form an
unconfined aquifer.

Analysis of thirty six years (1971-2006) daily rainfall data of the Jodhpur city
indicated that about 68% and 86% of the annual rainfall occurred respectively during
July-August and during the monsoon months (June through September) with average
annual rainfall of 378 mm. The maximum water surface evaporation is observed to be in
the month of May (14.127 mm/day) followed by June (13 mm/day), and minimum is in
the month of December (4.059 mm/day) followed by January (4.255 mm/day) every year.

The demographic data analysis showed a population of 11, 08,950 in the Jodhpur
city area by the year 2010. The population censuses of previous four decades indicated a
growth rate of 3.21% per year. The projected population by the year 2015 is 12, 74,830.

The water supply to the population in the city area has been made on the basis
of a thumb rule in accordance to the supply-demand norm. The quantities of water
supplied per capita per day to the population in the city area from the Kailana-
Takhatsagar Reservoir in different years were 17% to 60% higher than the quantity of
140 lcpd prescribed by the Ministry of Welfare and Housing (MoWH), Govt. of India .

viii
 The Stage-Area-Capacity relationships for the Kailana, Takhatsagar and Umaid
Sagar Reservoirs have been formulated which provide functional relationships of the
water spread areas and the reservoir capacities with depths of water in the respective
reservoirs.

The inflow-outflow components of the Kailana-Takhatsagar Reservoir and their

independent water balance analyses considering seepage losses from the reservoirs
could provide information as to how the water supplies pattern varied in different years
and also within a year.

The groundwater level contours prepared for the pre and post monsoon of the
years 1996 to 2008 indicated that groundwater flow from the Kailana-Takhatsagar side is
not causing water logging in the waterlogged area as the flow direction is not towards the
water logged area. The source of water causing water logging is generated locally.

To assess the daily sewages outflow from the city area, field investigations and
measurements have been carried out in the three sewerages drains; one near to the
Jodhpur Airport, other one near to the Jodhpur Polytechnic Institute, and the third one at
the Nandri sewage treatment site. The analyses of the measured sewages data show that
the total discharge of sewages from the city areas through these three sewerage systems is
37% of the daily water supplied. The wastewater generated is approximately 65% of the
water supplied during a year. Thus about 28% of the water supplied is joining the
unconfined aquifer below the city.

To ascertain the aquifer parameters, namely; Transmissivity and Storage

coefficient, pumping/recovery tests have been conducted at four different locations in the
study area, and the aquifer parameters have been estimated using tested advanced
algorithms.

The groundwater quality data supplied by the PHED, Jodhpur have been analyzed
The spatial variation of the parameters pH, Cl2, TDS, NO3 and SAR in the study area
indicated that the source of water logging and rise in groundwater level in the

ix
problematic area are due to the return flow of water from water supply system and from
the source other than the sewage waters originating from domestic supply. In some
pockets, the seepage from sewage system cannot be ruled out. The quality of
groundwater showed that the groundwater can safely be used for irrigation purposes.

The groundwater simulation modeling has been carried out using visual
MODFLOW software. The responses of the aquifer for different stress periods have been
simulated setting transient state model. Based on the analyses of data and modeling,
different management options have been analyzed, and the best one of those has been
recommended accordingly.

(i) Identification of Cause of Rising Ground Water Levels in Jodhpur City

Based on the analysis of satellite imageries, it is found that Jodhpur city is mainly
located on the sandstone and shale formations, which are relatively pervious. Kailana and
Takhatsagar area is located on the Rhyolite formation. As Rhyolite formation exhibits
low permeability (0.058 m/day), the seepage losses from the lake would be very small.

Considering two extreme situations ( i.e. in the first situation, the reservoirs are
hydraulically connected with the under lying aquifer implying that a rise in water table
position in the aquifer in the vicinity of the reservoir boundary would reduce the seepage
from the reservoir, and in such situation the water level in the reservoir forms as a known
water level contour line; in the second situation, in which any change in water level in
the aquifer near the reservoirs do not affect the seepage from the reservoir, and water
level in the reservoir is not linked to the water level in the aquifer), contours are drawn
and flow directions ascertained. As seen from the water level contours maps, the flow
directions are not converging towards the water logged area. Therefore, the seepage from
the reservoir irrespective of its quantity is not entering to the water logged area. The flow
directions are towards the south-east region only; and in the south east region, the water
table contours are having less value than those in the waterlogged area. From the
consideration of hydraulic principle, and from the consideration of the direction of flow,
it is evident that the seepage from the reservoirs is not entering to the waterlogged areas.

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 The contours of pH of groundwater in the study area exhibit three concentration
peaks, two in the water logged area, and another in the south west region. The contours
around each peak show evidence of mechanical dispersion. Mechanical dispersion is
caused by groundwater flow. The two peaks in water logged area indicate that the high
concentration of pH is caused locally as the contours nearer to each peak are mostly
circular. The gradient directions of the contours and decreasing trend around the peak
exhibited in the south west region indicate that groundwater is not entering to the water
logged area from the West or South-West.

Besides three peaks, there are two troughs one towards North and the other in
South East. The contours around each trough show evidence of dispersion. From the
gradient direction of the contours and decreasing trend of pH towards North in the
northern trough, it could be argued that no ground water flow is occurring from north to
the waterlogged area.

There is only one lineament, which is oriented towards the waterlogged area. The
Lineament analysis survey and the geological and geophysical study conducted
independently by the National Geophysical Research Institute (NGRI), Hederabad (2010)
surrounding the Kailana-Takhatsagar Reservoir indicated that the lineaments are oriented
in NNE-SSW to NE-SW directions with no connectivity to the city areas. A few
lineaments with ESE-WNW directions are present but these are small and do not have
connectivity to the city areas. The findings of the NGRI thus corroborate the present
finding based on hydraulic principle. The chances of seepage from the Kailana-
Takhatsagar Reservoir to the waterlogged areas through lineaments are, therefore, very
less.

As water is not entering to the part of the aquifer below the water logged area
from any side, it is evident that water logging is caused because of vertical infiltration of
sewage and return flow of domestic supply.

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(ii) Remedial Measures

1. As the first and foremost remedial measure, it is suggested to regulate the quantity
of water being supplied to the city area at the source itself, i.e., regulation of water
from the Kailana-Takhatsagar Reservoir. The regulation needs to be based on per
capita per day water requirement basis. The Jodhpur city being located in the arid
and water scarce region, about 110 liters per capita per day could be taken as the
guideline. The break up of 110 liters is as follows: 70 liter (drinking & toilet
flushing) + 20 liter (commercial uses) + 20% conveyance losses. Industrial water
requirements are to be included separately. For 110 lpcd supply, the quantity of
water requirement for the estimated population of 11,08,950 in the Jodhpur city
for the year 2010 is worked out to be 268.69 lac gallon per day. To meet water
requirement for domestic animals, and kitchen gardens, swimming pools, and
public parks 1/3 of the requirement for the population i.e., about 100 lac gallon
per day extra water be supplied, which will reduce the quantity by about 30%
over the quantity supplied (521.7 lac gpd) in the year 2009.

2. In the affected area, the water supply lines need to be thoroughly checked to find
the locations of leakages, and suitable remedial measures to stop the leakages
need to be taken up. The sewages/drainage lines in the affected area need to be
properly sealed to stop seepage, if any.

3. The topography of the city area in the northern and middle part is of undulating
type. The thickness of the alluvium formation varies from about 2.0 m to 13.0 m
in that part. Therefore, a single generalized safe ground water level is incorrect to
suggest. In general, considering the possibility of capillary rise in alluvium,
groundwater table should be at least 0.5m below the foundation level. In areas
where building basement floors are located, assuming that basement level is 3.5m,
and capillary rise is 0.5m, the groundwater table should be at 4.0 m below the
ground surface. The groundwater level in the affected area thus has to be lowered
down below 4.0 m from the respective ground surface elevation.

xii
4. The terrain being undulating , the area being an urban area, the requirement of
lowering the water table by 4m, minimum depth of alluvium being 2m in some
places, all these aspects do not promote provision of a usual horizontal sub
surface drainage system. However random sub surface drainage trench of 4m
depth, filled with coarse sand and gravel, where possible, can be constructed to
control the rising water. The water entering into such trenches can be led to a
collector caisson, from where water can be pumped out. Construction of such
trenches to control water table rise would depend upon the local terrain and
building locations.

5. Provision of vertical drainage system i.e. by pumping the water from the aquifer
in the problematic area looks feasible, as drainage wells can be constructed with
least interference with the urbanized area. The pumping rate and schedule can be
controlled, the number drainage wells can be increased in a locality as required,
and already such practice has been initiated in the area, all these factors favor
provision of vertical drainage. In region of low transmissivity area i.e.
transmissivity< 30m2 / day large diameter wells of 0.5m can be constructed.
However vertical drainage system would require electrical energy, and would
cause noise pollution.

6. There are three large ponds, namely; Baiji Ka Talab, Fateh Sagar, and Gulab
Sagar, located near to the problematic area. The pond beds are more or less
impervious, or if necessary these can be lined. The pumped water can be
discharged to these ponds through conveyance pipe. From these ponds surface
channel can be constructed to convey the water stored in the pond to the existing
surface drainage system through gravity.

7. A Bentonite clay grout curtain across the lineament which is terminating before
but directing towards the water logged area can be constructed proximity to the
reservoir site to check the groundwater flow, if any, from the reservoirs to the
water logged area.

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 Contents

Project Data ………………………………………………………………. ii

Study Team ………………………………………………………………. iii
Foreword ………………………………………………………………. iv
Acknowledgement………………………………………………………………. v
Executive Summary………………………………………………………………. vi
Contents ………………………………………………………………. xiv
List of Figures ……………………………………………………………… xvi
Section - 1.0: Introduction…………………………………………………. 1-6
Section - 2.0: The Study Area……………………………………………………. 7 - 12
2.1 Geography…………………………………………………………. 7
2.2 Topography…………………………………………………………. 9
Section - 3.0: Geological Formations and Aquifer Characterization…………. 13 - 19
3.1 Geological Formations………………………………………………. 13
3.2 Aquifer Characterization……………………………………………. 14
Section – 4.0: Hydro-Meteorological Data and Analysis………………………. 20 - 22
4.1 Rainfall……………………………………………………………... 20
4.2 Evaporation…………………………………………………………. 21
Section – 5.0: Demography and Water Requirement…………………………. 23 - 35
5.1 Demography ……………………………………………………. 23
5.2 Water Requirement and Distribution………………………………. 28
Section – 6.0: Stage-Area-Capacity Curves for Kailana, Takhatsagar and
Umaidsagar Reservoirs…………………………………………… 36 - 41
6.1 The Kailana Lake…………………………………………………… 36
6.2 The Takhatsagar Reservoir…………………………………………. 38
6.3 The Umaid Sagar Reservoir………………………………………… 41
Section – 7.0: Inflow-Outflow of The Kailana-Takhatsagar Reservoir………. 42 - 61
7.1 Water Balance of the Kailana Lake………………………………… 43
7.2 Water Balance of the Takhatsagar Reservoir………………………. 52
Section – 8.0: Groundwater Data and Analysis………………………………. 62 - 75

xiv
Section – 9.0: Sewerage and Drainage Data Analysis for Jodhpur City……. 76 - 82

Section – 10.0: Water Balance of The Study Area…………………………….. 83 - 84

Section – 11.0: Aquifer Parameters Estimation………………………………….85 - 91

11.1 Determination of Aquifer Parameters Applying Marquardt Algorithm to
Observed Drawdown at a Piezometer during Pumping……………. 85
11.2 Determination of Aquifer Parameters applying Marquardt Algorithm to
Observed Drawdown in a Well during Pumping; The Aquifer Test is
Conducted in a Large Diameter Well (Bowaris)…………………… 87
Section – 12.0: Groundwater Quality Data and Analysis……………………... 92-101

Section – 13.0: Discretization of The Study Area, And Input Data For Groundwater
Modeling………………………………………………………. 102 - 109
13.1 Discretization of the Study Area………………………………. 102
13.2 Boundaries of the Study Area……………………………………104
13.3 Water Bodies in the Study Area………………………………….105
13.4 Initial and Boundary Conditions………………………………….106
13.5 Aquifer Properties and Parameters………………………………. 106
13.6 Inflow and Outflow Stresses …………………………………….108
13.7 Time Step Size and Simulation Period……………………………109

Section – 14.0: Modelling Scenarios for Different Remedial Options……… 110-113

Section -15 : Management Plan and Options ……………………………… 114-118

Section-16 : Summary and Conclusions ……………………………………. 119 - 125

Section-17 : Recommendations ………………………………………...........126 - 127

References………………………………………………………………………128
Annexure ………………………………………………………………….. 129-159

xv
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Title Page

No. No.

2.1 A geo-referenced map of the Jodhpur city showing its sprawled area 8
and water bodies in and around the city

2.2 Topographic map of Jodhpur city showing topographical contour lines, 9

Kailana & Takhatsagar Reservoirs including locations of some of the
important places, and contours of water table up to a depth of 3m and 5
m below the ground surface

2.3 2-D Digital Elevation Map (DEM) for Jodhpur area showing locations 10
of Kailana & Takhatsagar, small water bodies and two contour lines
along which water table lies at 3 m and 5 m depth below ground
surface

2.4 3-D Digital Elevation Map (DEM) of the Jodhpur area showing 10
location of Kailana and Takhatsagar and area in which water table lies
up to 3 m and 5 m below ground surface

3.1 Geological groups of the geological formations of Jodhpur area as 14

observed from the satellite imageries

3.2 Map showing locations of 93 bore logs and their sectional lines along 15
which geological formations are shown

3.3 Stratigraphic model of the geological formations of the Jodhpur city 15

3.4 Geological formations of Jodhpur area along line A-A’ of Figure-3.2 16

3.5 Geological formations of Jodhpur area along line B-B’ of Figure-3.2 16

3.6 Geological formations of Jodhpur area along lines C-C’ of Figure-3.2 16

3.7 Geological formations of Jodhpur area along line D-D’ of Figure-3.2 17

4.1 Annual variation of rainfall in Jodhpur area during the last 36 years for 20
the period 1971-2006

4.2 Annual variation of rainfall in Jodhpur area during the last 25 years for 21
the period 1982-2006

4.3 Distribution of daily rainfall pattern in Jodhpur area during the last 28 21

xvi
 years for the period 1978-2006

4.4 Average monthly variation of water surface evaporation in the Jodhpur 22

area

5.1 Variation of Population growth in the Jodhpur 23

5.2 Municipal wards encompassed in the study area in the Jodhpur city 24

5.3 Water requirements as per MOWH norms and actually supplied per 29
day to the Jodhpur city in different years

6.1 Stage – Capacity curve of the Kailana Lake 36

6.2 Area-Capacity curve of the Kailana Lake 37

6.3 Area-Capacity curve of the Kailana Lake 37

6.4 Stage –Capacity curve of the Takhatsagar Reservoir 39

6.5 Area-Storage Capacity curve of the Takhatsagar Reservoir 40

6.6 Area-Storage capacity curve of the Takhatsagar 40

6.7 Stage–Capacity curve of the Umaid Sagar 41

7.1 Line diagram of Canal-Lake-Reservoir-City water supply system 42

7.2 Variation of average inflow per day in different years to the Kailana 43
Lake from the Rajiv Gandhi Lift Canal

7.3 Schematic of Water Balance components of the Kailana Lake 44

7.4 Variation of supply of water from Kailana Lake to Takhatsagar 46

Reservoir during the year 2003 staring from January,1 –December, 31
(red color line corresponds to without seepage component; blue color
line corresponds to with seepage component)

7.5 Variation of supply of water from Kailana Lake to Takhatsagar 47

Reservoir during the year 2005 staring from January,1 –December, 31
(red color line corresponds to without seepage component; blue color
line corresponds to with seepage component)

7.6 Variation of supply of water from Kailana Lake to Takhatsagar 47

Reservoir during the year 2008 staring from January,1 –December, 31
(red color line corresponds to without seepage component; blue color
line corresponds to with seepage component)

xvii
7.7 Variation of supply of water from Kailana Lake to Takhatsagar 48
Reservoir during the year 2009 staring from January,1 –December, 31
(red color line corresponds to without seepage component; blue color
line corresponds to with seepage component)

7.8 Variation of water balance components of the Kailana Lake during the 50
year 2003 staring from January,1 –December, 31

7.9 Variation of water balance components of the Kailana Lake during the 50
year 2005 staring from January,1 –December, 31

7.10 Variation of water balance components of the Kailana Lake during the 51
year 2008 staring from January,1 –December, 31

7.11 Variation of water balance components of the Kailana Lake during the 51
year 2009 staring from January,1 –December, 31

7.12 Water balance components of the Takhatsagar Reservoir 53

7.13 Water supply distribution arrangement of the Takhatsagar Reservoir 54

7.14 Rating curve of the Takhatsagar Reservoir outflow 55

7.15 Variation of supply of water from the Takhatsagar Reservoir to the 56

Chopasni Filter House during the year 2003 staring from January,1 –
December, 31 (red color line corresponds to without seepage
component; blue color line corresponds to with seepage component)

7.16 Variation of supply of water from the Takhatsagar Reservoir to the 57

Chopasni Filter House during the year 2005 staring from January,1 –
December, 31 (red color line corresponds to without seepage
component; blue color line corresponds to with seepage component)

7.17 Variation of supply of water from the Takhatsagar Reservoir to the 57

Chopasni Filter House during the year 2008 staring from January,1 –
December, 31 (red color line corresponds to without seepage
component; blue color line corresponds to with seepage component)

7.18 Variation of supply of water from the Takhatsagar Reservoir to the 58

Chopasni Filter House during the year 2009 staring from January,1 –
December, 31 (red color line corresponds to without seepage
component; blue color line corresponds to with seepage component)

7.19 Variation of water balance components of the Takhatsagar Reservoir 59

during the year 2003 staring from January,1 –December, 31

7.20 Variation of water balance components of the Takhatsagar Reservoir 60

xviii
 during the year 2005 staring from January,1 –December, 31

7.21 Variation of water balance components of the Takhatsagar Reservoir 60

during the year 2008 staring from January,1 –December, 31

7.22 Variation of water balance components of the Takhatsagar Reservoir 61

during the year 2009 staring from January,1 –December, 31

8.1 Pre (red color) and post (black color) monsoon groundwater table 64
contour map for 1996 with the assumption that the Kailana-
Takhatsagar is hydraulically connected to the aquifer below the
Jodhpur city ( Æ Indicates groundwater flow direction)

8.2 Pre (red color) and post (black color) monsoon groundwater table 64
contour map for 2000 with the assumption that the Kailana-
Takhatsagar is hydraulically connected to the aquifer below the
Jodhpur city ( Æ Indicates groundwater flow direction)

8.3 Pre (red color) and post (black color) monsoon groundwater table 65
contour map for 2004 with the assumption that the Kailana-
Takhatsagar is hydraulically connected to the aquifer below the
Jodhpur city ( Æ Indicates groundwater flow direction)

8.4 Pre (red color) and post (black color) monsoon groundwater table 65
contour map for 2008 with the assumption that the Kailana-
Takhatsagar is hydraulically connected to the aquifer below the
Jodhpur city( Æ Indicates groundwater flow direction)

8.5 Pre (red color) and post (black color) monsoon groundwater table 66
contour map for 1996 with the assumption that the Kailana-
Takhatsagar is not hydraulically connected to the aquifer below the
Jodhpur city( Æ Indicates groundwater flow direction)

8.6 Pre (red color) and post (black color) monsoon groundwater table 67
contour map for 2000 with the assumption that the Kailana-
Takhatsagar is not hydraulically connected to the aquifer below the
Jodhpur city( Æ Indicates groundwater flow direction)

8.7 Pre (red color) and post (black color) monsoon groundwater table 67
contour map for 2004 with the assumption that the Kailana-
Takhatsagar is not hydraulically connected to the aquifer below the
Jodhpur city( Æ Indicates groundwater flow direction)

8.8 Pre (red color) and post (black color) monsoon groundwater table 68
contour map for 2008 with the assumption that the Kailana-
Takhatsagar is not hydraulically connected to the aquifer below the
Jodhpur city( Æ Indicates groundwater flow direction)

xix
8.9 Pre (red color) and Post (black color) monsoon groundwater table 69
contour map for the year 2008 with assumption of the Kailana-
Takhatsagar reservoir to be hydraulically connected to the aquifer
below the Jodhpur city

8.10 Pre (red color) and Post (black color) monsoon groundwater table 70
contour map for the year 2008 with assumption of the Kailana-
Takhatsagar Reservoir not hydraulically connected to the aquifer
below the Jodhpur city

8.11 3-dimensional plot of the pre-monsoon groundwater table contour map 71

for the year 2008

8.12 3-dimensional plot of the post-monsoon groundwater table contour 71

map for the year 2008

8.13 Variation of Waterlogged area in different years 72

9.1 Water supplied from the Kailana-Takhatsagar Reservoir to the Jodhpur 76

city in different years during 1991-2009

9.2 Sewage measurement location near the Jodhpur Airport site; (a) 78
section chosen for measurement of cross-section and flow velocity, and
(b) temporary structural arrangement made for measurement of cross-
section and flow velocity, and measurement of depth of flow

9.3 Sewage measurement location near the Jodhpur Polytechnic Institute; 79

(a) pre-calibrated V-notch installed at the site by constructing a guided
channel for measurement of flow, and (b) depiction of flow over the V-
notch

9.4 Sewage measurement location at the Nandri sewage treatment plant 79

site; (a) calibration & fixation of the data logger connected to the
current meter, and (b) measurement taken from the current meter for
estimation of flow velocity

9.5 Generalized rating curve of the sewage flows in the sewerage drain 80
near to the Jodhpur Airport area; developed based on the continuous 7
days field measurements from 6:00 A.M to 11:00 P.M.(April, 2010)

9.6 Generalized rating curve of the sewage flows in the sewerage drain 81
near to the Jodhpur Polytechnic Institute; developed based on the
continuous 7 days field measurements from 6:00 A.M to 11:00
P.M.(June, 2010)

9.7 Generalized rating curve of the sewage flows in the sewerage drain at 82
Nandri Sewage Treatment Plant site; developed based on the

xx
 continuous 7 days field measurements from 6:00 A.M to 11:00
P.M.(July, 2010)

11.1 Observed and simulated drawdowns for T=0.03913 m 2 / min = 87

56.35 m 2 / day and storage coefficient, φ = 0.000271, Test Site at Paota

11.2 Observed and simulated drawdowns for T= 0.034 m 2 / min = 89

49.97 m 2 / day and Storage coefficient, φ = 0.046 estimated by
Marquardt Algorithm (Subhash Chowk)

11.3 Observed and simulated drawdowns for T=0.0396 m 2 / min = 89

57 m 2 / day , Storage coefficient, φ = 0.0298; estimated by Paul
Algorithm (Subhash Chowk)

11.4 Observed and simulated drawdowns for T = 0 .1156 m 2 / min =166.46 90

m 2 / day and Storage Coefficient, φ = 0.2337 Estimated Using
Marquardt Algorithm ( Suraj kund )

11.5 Observed and simulated drawdowns for T= 0.1 m 2 / min =144.00 90

m 2 / day and Storage coefficient, φ = 0.121 estimated using Paul
Algorithm (Suraj kund )

11.6 Observed and simulated drawdowns for T = 0 .17 91

m 2 / min =244.8 m 2 / day , Storage coefficient, φ = 0.181, estimated by
Marquardt Algorithm (Sanicherji ka than)

11.7 Observed and simulated drawdowns for T= 0.2 m 2 / min = 288.00 91

m 2 / day and Storage coefficient, φ = 0.25; estimated using Paul
Algorithm( Sanicherji ka than)

12.1 Spatial variation of pH of groundwater in the study area (• indicates 94

location of sampling points)

12.2 Spatial variation of Chloride (Cl2) concentration during pre-monsoon 95

season in the study area (• indicates location of sampling points)

12.3 Spatial variation of Chloride (Cl2) concentration during post-monsoon 96

season in the study area (• indicates location of sampling points)

12.4 Spatial variation of TDS concentration during pre-monsoon season in 97

the study area (• indicates location of sampling points)

12.5 Spatial variation of TDS concentration during post-monsoon season in 97

the study area (• indicates location of sampling points)

xxi
 12.6 Spatial variation of NO3 concentration during pre-monsoon season in 98
the study area (• indicates location of sampling points)

12.7 Spatial variation of NO3 concentration during post-monsoon season in 99

the study area (• indicates location of sampling points)

12.8 Spatial variation of SAR values in the study area 100

13.1 Discretized view of the study area including the water bodies and the 102
affected area within the Jodhpur city ( Number of grid along X
direction = 107; Number of grid along Y direction = 113; size of each
grid = 100 m x 100m)

13.2 Vertical section of the study area indicating discretized view of the 103
geological formations (Number of layers = 6 each of different
thickness)

13.3 Locations of water bodies in and around the Jodhpur city area 104

13.4 Spatial distribution of Transmissivity values (m2/day) of the Alluvium 105

formation in the study area; considered as the initial guess values for
each grid

13.5 Spatial distribution of Storativity values (dimensionless) of the 107

Alluvium formation in the study area; considered as the initial guess
values for each grid

13.6 Spatial distribution of Storativity values (dimensionless) of the 107

Alluvium formation in the study area; considered as the initial guess
values for each grid

13.7 A scheme of the input stresses assigned zone wise to the modelling 108
area
14.1 Comparison of the steady-state simulated and observed groundwater 111
table for the pre-monsoon period of the year 2004

14.2 Comparison of the steady-state simulated and observed groundwater 111

table for the post-monsoon period of the year 2004

14.3 Calibrated hydraulic conductivity (m/day) zones of the Aquifer 112

below Jodhpur city area

14.4 Calibrated storativity ( dimensionless ) zones of the Aquifer 113

below Jodhpur city area .

15.1 Location of ponds in the problematic area, and the alignment of 117
sewerage system in the Jodhpur city area.

xxii
 Section - 1.0: INTRODUCTION

The Jodhpur city (also known as Sun City), that had spread in an area of about
14.5 sq. km. in the year 1972 (Survey of India map, 1972), is presently sprawled over 76
sq. km. between latitudes 26015’ N to 260 20’ N and longitudes 730 0’ E to 730 4’ E in the
Thar Dessert in Western Rajasthan. Being a city of historical importance and the second
largest in the state having progressive infra-structural urban facilities, the city is
expanding very rapidly, mainly towards south-east, south and south-west directions
despite the area located in the arid region having sparse rainfall, hot and dry climatic
conditions. In order to facilitate human activities and their aspirations, administratively
the Jodhpur area has been categorized into 60 wards based on the households and
population. Domestic and other needs of water for the people living in those wards of the
city are mainly supplied by the Jodhpur Municipal Corporation; while the availability of
water from the source to the City is facilitated by the Public Health Engineering
Department (PHED), Jodhpur. The city has a network of organized water supply
distribution lines (not connected to every household) of which, some distribution lines,
mainly in the old city areas, had been developed long back, and some others have been
constructed with the passage of the progression of city’s extension. As the city and its
human habitations are expanding, the demands of water supply and networking of
distribution lines are also increasing, connecting more people and human activities to the
water supply system of the city. These are resulting towards more and more usages of
supplied water to the city. Waters supplied to the city areas are used for domestic uses for
the purposes of drinking, bathing, laundering, car washing, lawn watering, gardening,
etc., and in some areas for supporting minor to medium commercial activities. As such,
waters supplied to the city areas are not used for any major agricultural irrigation
activities. Whatever quantity of water is supplied for the domestic and other activities to
the city area, some fraction of the applied water in excess of the consumptive uses of
water, will be returned back in the form of wastewater from each household and from
water users after their usages. The wastewaters of different qualities, which depend on

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 1

the uses of water, are normally to be drained out from the city area to avoid
accumulation, water logging or water quality hazards in the city area. For draining out
wastewaters both domestic and municipal, the city has a network of underground
sewerage lines; some of which, mainly in the old city area, had been constructed long
back not connecting to every house developed within the area; even some of the areas
developed at a later states have also not been fully brought into the network of city’s
sewerage connection. The wastewaters generated from the city areas have the following
disposal patterns: large fraction is through network of sewerage drains, partially flows to
the Talabs located within the city through local nalas/drains, and the remaining infiltrates
in the form of return flow to join the underneath groundwater system

To support the water supply requirement to the city area for domestic, commercial
and industrial purposes, since the year 1997 the PHED had switched over from the earlier
mixed supply pattern of surface water and groundwater to the present completely canal
water based supply system through storages in the Kailna-Takhatsagar Reservoir.
According to the data of PHED, Jodhpur (GWD et al., 1999), the supplies of water to the
city were about 183.5 lacs gpd (i.e.,117 lpcd) in the year 1994, 278.6 lacs gpd (i.e., 164.8
lpcd) in the year 1998, 341.7 lacs gpd( i.e., 185.1 lpcd) in the year 2000, 462.4 lacs gpd
(i.e, 211.9 lpcd) in the year 2006, and 521.7 lacs gpd (i.e., 220 lpcd) in the year 2009. The
waters supplied to the city areas in the respective years were liable to generate
wastewaters. To maintain a perfect balance between water supply-disposal of
wastewaters of such quantities, and resulting shallow water table position, a fitting water
supply and drainage systems would be necessary. The conveyance losses during
transportation due to leakage/seepage or otherwise would cause accumulation of water in
the subsurface system.

The city is devoid of any perennial natural drainage system. The Jojri River,
which routes through the outer periphery about 10 km away from the city, is the only
natural ephemeral stream that flows intermittently during the monsoon. There are number
of small water bodies inside the city, some of those are manmade, constructed long back
to store monsoon water; while others are formed by the natural topographic depressions.

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 2

In addition to those small water bodies, there are two cascading type naturally formed
large depression storages, locally known by Kailana lake, and Takhatsagar Reservoir,
which are located about 5 km. away from the city towards the western side. The
monsoon runoffs that generate from the city’s catchment partially flow out through the
storm water drainage system and partially get accumulated in the water bodies located
within the city.

Prior to the current arrangement of water supply from the transit storage in the
Kailana lake, Takhatsagar Reservoir and Umaid sagar Reservoir , which are fed from the
IGNP linked Rajiv Gandhi Lift canal, the domestic and municipal water supply including
drinking water was met from hand-pumps, tube-wells, step-wells, baories, and from
surface water storage in the city. After the existing arrangement of the water supply
scheme to the city in the year 1996-‘97, i.e., feeding the Kailana Lake and Takhatsagar
Reservoir from the IGNP linked Rajiv Gandhi Lift canal and transferring the water from
the Kailana and Takhatsagar Reservoir largely by pumping and partially by gravity flow
for treatment of water and then supplying to the city, almost all the previous provisions of
water supply from the groundwater storages have been put into hold. The enhanced-
urban-water-supply-return-flows and the seepage from the water bodies would cause rise
in ground water level. The existing hydrogeological condition and water usages
transformation have consequently given rise to the problem of groundwater level
increase. The resulting impact of rise in groundwater level over the years was such that a
number of pockets and stretches in the city area have been experiencing waterlogged
conditions. The rising trend of groundwater level was noticed since the year 1997, and
over the years the situation had continued to be so aggravated that considerable area,
mainly in the old city area had come under the grim of water logging conditions. Many
depressed land surfaces along the built up groundwater flow direction had also
experienced the surface water logging conditions. To cope up with the situation of rising
groundwater levels and water logging conditions, the State Groundwater Department has
made several pumping stations to lower the groundwater levels in a number of affected
areas. Even people having basement floors in the affected areas have also regularly
drained out the accumulated groundwater in the basement floors. Pumping out of

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 3

accumulated groundwater through network of bore wells, from baories and from the
basement floors in the affected areas is being carried out on daily basis. It has been
reported that with the progression of time, the waterlogged areas are gradually spreading
towards southeasterly along the direction of built up groundwater flow.

To find the sources and causes of groundwater rise in the Jodhpur city, a number
of organizations investigated the problem; these organizations are: GWD, Jodhpur
(1998), joint study by GWD, PHED, MBM Engineering College, and RRSSC, Jodhpur
(1999); BARC, Mumbai (2000); GSI, Western Region (2001); CGWB, Western Region
(2001); GWD, Jodhpur (2006); RRSSC, Jodhpur (2007), etc. Different and mixed
opinions have been stated regarding the causes of groundwater rise in the above
investigations. For example, GWD et al., (1999) indicated the cause of groundwater rise
is due to seepage from the used water and the Kailana-Takhatsagar Reservoir ; BARC
(2000) indicated the reason to be direct seepage from the Kailana-Takhatsagar Reservoir
through rock fractured aligned to the city areas or seepage from pipelines carrying lake
water; CGWB (2001) explained the reasons as the seepage from the open drains and
sewerage lines, RRSSC (2007) strongly expressed the source as the Kailana-Takhatsagar
Reservoir and the cause of rise is due to seepage through lineaments/joints present in the
rocks. Different investigators had suggested several remedial measures to contain the rise
in groundwater level. However, the problem resolving issues are yet to be focused.

In order to find the exact source and causes of groundwater level rise in the
Jodhpur city and to develop an appropriate management plan to revert back the rising
trend or containing the groundwater at a safe level, the task has been entrusted to the
National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee with the following objectives:

(i) Identification of cause(s) of rising ground water levels in Jodhpur city.

(ii) Development of an effective and sustainable management plan for maintaining

the water table of the area at a safe level to avoid any adverse impact on the civil
structures and population of the area.

It was emphasized by the sponsoring agency, i.e., GWD-Jodhpur that a rigorous

investigation and analysis be made to fulfill the requirements of the above two objectives.

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 4

Thus, the framework of activities to attain the objectives is envisaged as: diagnosis
survey, field experimentation, rigorous data analysis, hydrologic analysis of different
components linked to the water balance of the area, and simulation of water table by
groundwater modeling.

Based on the preliminary analyses of the pertinent data supplied by GWD, PHED,
Jodhpur and collected till December, 2009, an interim report with the following prima-
facie observations had been provided in the month of April, 2010:

¾ The Kailana-Takhatsagar Reservoir and Jodhpur city are located in two different
geologic formations. The geological formation on which Kailana-Takhatsagar
Reservoir is located is of Malani group having low hydraulic conductivity.
Therefore, the seepage loss from the lake will not be very significant.

¾ The source of water causing water logging is getting originated locally in the
problematic area.

¾ The seepage from the Kailana-Takhatsagar Reservoir does not enter to the
waterlogged area.

¾ A lineament is noted orienting towards the waterlogged area. Near to the Kailana
Lake the connection of this lineament with the lake is not clear. If at all the flow
from the Kaikana Lake to the waterlogged area is occurring through this
lineament, it can be prevented by intercepting wells.

To cope up with the situation of rising groundwater level, the following

recommendations had been made in the interim report with the riders that the
observations are subjected to further verification and refinement by detailed analysis of
different hydrological components and groundwater modeling.
• The subsurface flow entering to the waterlogged area can be prevented constructing
intercepting vertical drainage wells along an equipotential boundary which is located
upstream of the problematic area.

• Two to three lines of drainage wells each line consisting of few staggered drainage
wells along equipotential lines will be required to restrict water logging.

• The pumping rates and number of wells can only be ascertained using groundwater
modelling.

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 5

• A grout curtain of Bentonite clay across the lineament directing towards the
waterlogged area needs to be constructed to check the possible seepage from the
Kailana-Takhatsagar Reservoir .

This report is the final outcome of the detailed analysis of different hydrologic and
hydro-geologic components and groundwater flow modeling. In order to analyze the data,
all spatially varying databases, such as locations, have been first geo-referenced with
reference to the geographic coordinate system (WGS-1984) by their latitudes and
longitudes. Therefore, the analyzed data and results can easily be verified with the field
conditions.

The report brings out the results of different remedial options, and suggests the
suitable one, fitting to the field conditions. The analyses in the report primarily deal with
the following:
(i) Detailed description of the problematic and the study area.
(ii) Geological formations and aquifer characterization.
(iii) Hydro-meteorological data and analysis.
(iv) Demography and water requirement,
(v) Stage-area-capacity data of the Kailana-Takhatsagar Reservoir.
(vi) Inflow-outflow data analysis of the Kailana-Takhatsagar Reservoir.
(vii) Groundwater data analysis.
(viii) Sewerage and city’s drainage data analysis.
(ix) Water balance of the study area.
(x) Aquifer parameters estimation.
(xi) Groundwater quality data and analysis.
(xii) Discritization of the study area, and input data for groundwater modeling.
(xiii) Modeling scenario for different remedial options.
(xiv) Remedial options and groundwater management plan.

***************

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 6

 Section - 2.0 : THE STUDY AREA

2.1 Geography

The Jodhpur city located in the Thar Desert is the second largest and one of the
fastest growing urban areas in the state of Rajasthan even though it has the characteristics
of arid, hot and dry climatic conditions. Presently, the city is on an area of about 76 sq.
km located between latitudes 26015’ N to 260 20’ N and longitudes 730 0’ E to 730 4’ E,
and it is sprawled mainly towards south-east, south and south-west directions (Figure
2.1). The old walled city area, which is thickly populated, is located on the hill slope area
and on the base of the fort hill ridge, whose surface topography is of undulating type. The
sloping area gradually turns to plain alluvial terrain towards south, east and south-west
sides. The north-western side of the city is largely comprised of hillocks covered with
shale and sandstone. The city area has been sprawled partially on the Malani group of
rock formations, mainly the old city area and the major part has been expanded on the
Quaternary Alluvium formations. As such, there is no river/stream passing through the
city except the ephemeral Jojri River, that routes through the outer periphery about 10 km
away from the city. There are number of small water bodies inside the city, some of those
are man-made, constructed long back to store monsoon water; while others are formed by
the natural topographic depressions. The Kailana and Takhatsagar Reservoir , which are
two naturally formed cascading type geological faults providing large storage volume
aligned towards north-south west direction, are located about 5 km away in the western
side of the city. The Kailana and the Takhatsagar Reservoir are located in a single
geological unit and form one continuous depression storage. For operational benefits,
these have been divided into two separate storage units by constructing an embankment
in-between them. The upper part is known as the Kailana Lake and the lower part is
named as Takhatsagar Reservoir. The Kailana Lake has larger water spread area than the
Takhatsagar Reservoir. The Takhatsagar Reservoir has been connected to the Kailana
Lake through gate operated pipes concealed inside the embankment at different operating
depths of water in the Kailana Lake. The flow from the Kailana Lake is also diverted
through open channel constructed at a particular height on the right bank of the Kailana
Lake. The Takhatsagar Reservoir storage has been created by constructing a dam across
the natural depression. The Kailana water level is maintained at higher level than the
Takhatsagar Reservoir level so as to enable the Kailana water to flow to Takhatsagar
Reservoir by gravity flow. The storage capacity of the Kailana Lake is 4.814MCM at its
maximum elevation level of 273.7 m, and that of the Takhatsagar Reservoir is 6.524

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 7

MCM at its maximum elevation level of 269.75 m. Both have a specific drainage area,
which is inadequate to fill their highest level from the monsoon runoff. The overall land-
use and land cover of the city area are urbanized area having less scope of infiltration and
percolation of water to the sub-surface formations. There is not much area in and around
the city having agricultural activity; however, the city has a good coverage of greenery,
mainly in the area located on the alluvium formations. The water supply requirements in
the city area for different uses since the year 1997 have been meeting from the Kailana
Lake and Takhatsagar Reservoir, which are fed from the IGNP linked Rajiv Gandhi Lift
canal. Prior to the existing arrangement of water supply from the transit storage in the
Kailana lake, Takhatsagar Reservoir and Umaid sagar Reservoir, the domestic and
municipal water supply including drinking water was from hand-pumps, tube-wells, step-
wells, baories, and from surface water storage in the city.

Jodhpur City

Figure 2.1: A geo-referenced map of the Jodhpur city showing its sprawled area and
water bodies in and around the city.

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 8

2.2 Topography
In general, the topographic slope of the Jodhpur city is towards south-west, south,
and south-east directions. Except, the hilly terrain in the north-western side, the slopes of
the city along the south-west, south, and south-east directions vary. The southern terrain
has flatter slope than the south-west, and south-east terrain. Based on the topographic
data supplied by the PHED, Jodhpur, that contained ground level elevations at 5m x 5 m
interval, a geo-referenced ground level contour map and a 3-Dimensional digital
elevation map (DEM) have been generated. Locations, where surveyed data were not
available, particularly in the western side of the city, ASTER data available at 30 m x 30
m grid interval were used to develop the DEM applying an interpretation technique. The
geo-referenced ground level contour map and the DEM are shown in Figures 2.2, 2.3
and 2.4. The DEM (Figures 2.3 and 2.4) showing general topographic features clearly
depicts that topographic slopes of the Jodhpur city are towards south-east, south and
south-west directions.

Figure 2.2: Topographic map of Jodhpur city showing topographical contour lines,
Kailana & Takhatsagar Reservoirs including locations of some of the
important places, and contours of water table up to a depth of 3m and 5 m
below the ground surface.

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 9

 Figure 2.3 : 2-D Digital Elevation Map (DEM) for Jodhpur area showing locations of
Kailana & Takhatsagar, small water bodies and two contour lines along
which water table lies at 3 m and 5 m depth below ground surface.

Figure 2.4: 3-D Digital Elevation Map (DEM) of the Jodhpur area showing location
of Kailana and Takhatsagar and area in which water table lies up to 3 m
and 5 m below ground surface.
Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 10
 The level of topography within the city area varies between 202 m and 360 m
above msl with a small stretch near to the fort area having higher elevation with peak
value of 310 m, whereas most of the area in the city is largely flat terrain having elevation
below 250 m above msl. The Kailana Lake and the Takhatsagar Reservoir, which have
the minimum bottom elevation of 254 m and 251 m above msl, have the maximum water
elevation level of 273.7 m and 269.75 m respectively, above msl. Grossly, the bottom
elevations of the Kailana Lake and the Takhatsagar Reservoir are above the elevation of
the most part of the Jodhpur city. The storage conditions in the the Kailana Lake and the
Takhatsagar Reservoir, apparently indicate that the Kailana Lake and the Takhatsagar
Reservoir have the potential of groundwater flow movement to the city area provided the
areas are hydraulically connected. However, the rising groundwater level and the
waterlogged conditions in the city were observed along the extreme northern side in the
old city area down below the Jodhpur fort area where the area has ground elevation
between 230m and 310m, and the problematic area has an alignment almost at the same
horizontal line if drawn from the Kailana and Takhatsagar Reservoir, which are separated
by two distinct watersheds divider by a distance of about 5 km from the city area
(Figures 2.2, 2.3, and 2.4). In Figures 2.2, 2.3 and 2.4, two contour lines of groundwater
table; one indicating depth at 3 m below ground level (bgl) and other one indicating depth
at 5m bgl have been shown. The orientation of the groundwater contour lines in the
problematic area, which have been developed from the groundwater level data, indicates
sprawling tendency towards south-easterly and south-westerly direction. The positional
setups of the Kailana and Takhatsagar Reservoir, and the problematic area do not show
any signature of homogeneous hydraulic connectivity rather has disjointed formations. If
at all, both the setups have any linkage between them; that may be possible by sub-
surface conduit created by rock fractures and lineaments.

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 11

Question then arises;

(i) Whether the Kailana Lake and the Takhatsagar Reservoir could be the source for
cause of rise in groundwater level in the area facing the water logging
conditions?

(ii) If yes, how? And if no, then what are other possible causes of such rise in
groundwater level?

(iii) What are the remedies, and how to contain the rising groundwater level in a
sustainable manner?

***************

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 12

 Section - 3.0 : GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS AND AQUIFER
CHARACTERIZATION

3.1 Geological Formations

Geologically, Jodhpur area is comprised of the rocks of Pre-Cambrian, Paleozoic
periods and Quaternary sediments. General stratigraphy of the Jodhpur area is given in
Table-3.1:
Table 3.1 : Stratigraphy of the Jodhpur area
Era Formation Group Lithology
Quaternary Recent to Sub Recent Wind blown sand and
alluvium
Unconformity
Paleozoic Marwar Super Group Jodhpur Group Sandstone and Shale
Unconformity
Pre-Cambrian Malani Igneous suite Rhyolite with tuffs and
Granite

The Malani suite of Igneous rocks is comprised of grey, buff and brown colored
volcanic flows of Rhyolite. These rocks constitute the basement rocks in the area. The
volcanic rocks are exposed as bold ridges with respect to regional ground level and
separate Jodhpur group of rocks into two distinct outcrops. These rocks are exposed
mainly in the western and northern part of the area.

The Jodhpur group of rocks is deposited over these moderately undulating

basement rocks (volcanic). The Paleozoic formations of the Jodhpur area are categorized
as upper and lower Vindhyans in the east and Marwar in the west, which are primarily
comprised of thick series of sedimentary rocks consisting of sandstone, limestone and
shales. These rocks are exposed in the central, eastern and north western part of the study
area. Quaternary alluvium comprising of sand, clay, silt and kankars, overlies the Jodhpur
group or Rhyolites in the southern part of the area (Figure 3.1).

From the analysis of satellite imageries, it is noted that Kailana and Takhatsagar
area is located on the Rhyolite formation, whereas Jodhpur city is mainly located on the
sandstone and shale formation (Figure 3.1). These two formations have different hydro-
and cannot be considered as a single system. Rhyolite is relatively impervious, whereas
sandstone is reasonably pervious.

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 13

Figure 3.1 : Geological groups of the geological formations of Jodhpur area as observed
from the satellite imageries.

3.2 Aquifer Characterization

The litholog data of 93 bore wells (details are given in Table-A3.1 in the
Annexure), supplied by the Groundwater Department, Jodhpur, have been analyzed using
ROCKWORKS 2006 software. The geo-referenced locations of the borelogs are shown
in Figure 3.2. From the analysis of the lithologs data, it is observed that the Jodhpur city
area is characterized by a number of flat-topped hills trending in N-S or NE –NW
direction and are primarily composed of Shales, Sandstones and Rhyolites (Figure 3.3),
while the plain terrain represents the Quaternary alluvium formations at the top, which is
formed by weathering of Rhyolites and Sandstones. The Quaternary alluvium formation
varies in thickness from few centimeters to about 75 m in depth. The alluvium formation
is underlain mainly by the Sandstone and Shale of Jodhpur group (Figure 3.4), which is
further underlain by the Rhyolites.

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 14

Figure 3.2: Map showing locations of 93 bore logs and their sectional lines along which
geological formations are shown.

Figure 3.3 : Stratigraphic model of the geological formations of the Jodhpur city.

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 15

 Figure 3.4: Geological formations of Jodhpur area along line A-A’ of Figure-3.2.

Figure 3.5: Geological formations of Jodhpur area along line B-B’ of Figure-3.2.

Figure 3.6: Geological formations of Jodhpur area along lines C-C’ of Figure-3.2.

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 16

 Figure 3.7: Geological formations of Jodhpur area along line D-D’ of Figure-3.2.

It can be seen from Figure 3.1 that, there are number of faults and lineaments
mostly oriented towards N-E to S-W direction and few from North to south direction.
There is only one fault and lineament that is aligned in west to east direction
perpendicular to the Kailana-Takhatsagar Reservoir and extended to the Jodhpur city
close to the problematic area, apparently showing not exactly connected near to the
proximity of the Kailana-Takhatsagar Reservoir, but are separated by two distinct
geological formations; one is comprised of Malani Group of rocks on which Kailana-
Takhatsagar Reservoir is situated, and the other one is Quaternary alluvium formation
encompassing the problematic area. However, whether these two formations are
connected to each other through fractures can be studied by hydraulic analysis of flow
in addition to the geophysical survey.

The geological formations underneath the Jodhpur city can be seen in details from
the cross-sectional views along different directions. The cross-sectional view along A-
A’ direction of Figure 3.2, that indicates formations along N-S direction, is shown in
Figure 3.4. It can be seen from Figure 3.4 that the top formation is of Quaternary
alluvium having thickness varying from about 7 m along northern side to a maximum
of about 75 m as one move along south direction. The Quaternary alluvium formation
is underlain by a thin layer of Sandstone formation, which is further underlain
respectively by; Shale, Sandstone, and finally by Rhyolite of varying thickness. As
such, the borelogs data representing formations up to a depth of 75 m below ground
surface do not represent existence of any other aquifer at larger depth except the one at

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 17

 the top comprised of Quaternary alluvium formation. The general slope of the alluvium
formation is towards southern direction.

The cross-sectional view along B-B’ direction of Figure 3.2, that indicates
formations along NW towards SE direction, is shown in Figure 3.5. It can be seen from
Figure 3.5 that the top formation is of Quaternary alluvium having thickness varying
from zero near the NW side to a maximum of about 21 m as one move to the SE
direction. The Quaternary alluvium formation is underlain by a thin layer of Sandstone
formation, which is further underlain respectively by; Shale, Sandstone, and finally by
Rhyolite of varying thickness. The general slope of the alluvium and Shale formations
are towards south-east direction; whereas the thickness of the Sandstone formation
gradually reduces in the south-east direction. The formations along this direction also
do not indicate presence of any deeper aquifer underneath the Rhyolite formation.

The cross-sectional view along C-C’ direction of Figure 3.2, that indicates
formations along NE towards SW direction, is shown in Figure 3.6. It can be seen from
Figure 3.6 that the top formation is of Quaternary alluvium having by and large
relatively less thickness varying from zero along NE direction to a maximum of about 6
m towards the SW direction. The Quaternary alluvium formation is underlain by a thin
layer of Shale formation, which is further underlain respectively by; Sandstone, and
finally by Rhyolite of varying thickness. The general slope of the alluvium and
Rhyolite formations are towards south-east; whose thickness varies from location to
location. The formations along this direction also do not indicate presence of any
deeper aquifer underneath the Rhyolite formation.

The cross-sectional view along D-D’ direction of Figure 3.2, that indicates
formations along W to E direction, is shown in Figure 3.7. It can be seen from Figure
3.7 that the top formation is of Quaternary alluvium formation having zero thickness
near to the western side and gradually increases to a large thickness of about 22 m as
one move towards east direction. The Quaternary alluvium formation is underlain by a
very thin layer of Sandstone formation that disappears in many locations, which is
further underlain respectively by; Share, Sandstone, and finally by Rhyolite of varying

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 18

 thickness. Thickness of the bottom Rhyolite formation increases to a large extent as the
formation approaches towards Kailana-Takhatsagar Reservoir. The general slope of
the alluvium formation is towards eastern direction; whose thickness gradually
increases from west to east direction. The formations along this direction also do not
indicate presence of any deeper aquifer underneath the Rhyolite formation.

Largely, the geological formations of the Jodhpur city indicate presence of an

unconfined aquifer comprised of Quaternary alluvium formation having thickness
varying from zero around the NW and NE direction, which increased gradually to a
large depth ranging from 6 and 75 m, as one moves from SW to SE direction, having
slope primarily towards south-easterly direction. The shape of the unconfined aquifer
can be categorized as Pan-shaped. The unconfined aquifer is underlain respectively by
Shale, Sandstone and finally by Rhyolite formation of different thickness varying from
location to location. As such, there is no existence of any deeper aquifer below the
Jodhpur city up to a depth of 75 m, below the ground surface.

****************

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 19

Section – 4.0 : HYDRO-METEOROLOGICAL DATA AND ANALYSIS

4.1 Rainfall

Thirty six years (1971-2006) daily rainfall data of the Jodhpur city obtained from
the IMD showed that average annual rainfall of the city is 378 mm with minimum of 91
mm in the year 2002 and maximum of 821 mm in the year 1990 (Figure 4.1), while the
last 25 years (1982-2006) annual rainfall data indicate an average annual rainfall of 357
mm (Figure 4.2). The main rainfall months are July and August. July is the most wetted
month, followed by August. About 68% and 86% of the annual rainfall occurs
respectively during July and August during the monsoon months (June through
September). The number of intensified rainy days in a year is reported to be about 15
days. Distribution of daily rainfall pattern in a year, analyzed based on the data of last 36
years (1971-2006) is shown in Figure 4.3. The variation of annual rainfalls in the
Jodhpur city during the year 1978-2006 is shown in Figure 4.3.

900
821

800
691
673

650

700
577
572
Rainfall (mm)

554
538

600
527
526

521
451

500
396
389
386

374

359
357

400
322
304

283
279
276

273
269

250

300
233

232
221

210
194

197

182
175
165

200
91

100
0
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006

Year

Figure 4.1: Annual variation of rainfall in Jodhpur area during the last 36 years for the
period 1971-2006.

The average maximum temperature and the average minimum temperature during
summer are reported to be 42.2°C, and 27.3°C respectively, and during winter the
average maximum temperature is 27.5°C and the average minimum temperature is 9.5°C.

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 20

 1000
821
800
598
Rainfall (mm)

600 548 526 525

439
396 374 411
400 353 334
321 304
267 282 260
220 197 233 232
175 165 151
200
50
0
0
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Year

Figure 4.2: Annual variation of rainfall in Jodhpur area during the last 25 years for the
period 1982-2006

Figure 4.3: Distribution of daily rainfall pattern in Jodhpur area during the last 28 years
for the period 1978-2006

4.2 Evaporation

Twenty five years (1978-2002) monthly Pan-A evaporation data of the Jodhpur
station (station no. 42339) obtained from IMD shown in Table-4.1 and Figure 4.4

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 21

 indicate that the maximum water surface evaporation is in the month of May (14.127
mm/day) followed by June (13 mm/day), and minimum is in the month of December
(4.059 mm/day) followed by January (4.255 mm/day) every year. The evaporation data
of the Jodhpur city indicate that the total evaporation losses from the 19 water bodies of
surface area about 1.66 sq. km, if the water bodies contain water over the year, would be
about 48,015,219 m3.

16
Monthly average daily evaporation
14 Yearly average daily evaporation
 Evaporation (mm/day)

12
10

8
6
4
2
0
Jan Feb. March April May June July Aug. Sept. oct. Nov. Dec.
Month

Figure 4.4: Average monthly variation of water surface evaporation in the Jodhpur area.

Table-4.1: Average monthly evaporation from Class 'A' Pan considering 25 years (1978-
2002) IMD data for Jodhpur city

Month Average Standard Deviation

Evaporation (mm/day)
January 4.255 0.7139
February 5.573 0.7034
March 8.300 0.8421
April 11.673 1.1576
May 14.127 1.7027
June 13.000 1.4340
July 8.709 2.0309
August 6.618 1.5349
September 7.045 1.6163
October 6.718 1.0928
November 5.036 0.8647
December 4.059 0.6998
*****************

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 22

 Section – 5.0: DEMOGRAPHY AND WATER REQUIREMENT

5.1 Demography
Because of its historical and commercial importance, strategic location and
infrastructural facilities, Jodhpur city has grown very fast in the past and is also growing
continuously. It being the Headquarters of the Western Air Command, it has a strategic
importance for the country. The Aerodrome is located in the city in the south-eastern
side. The city is known to be the second largest city in Rajasthan after Jaipur.

The city that had a population of about 3,65,000 in the year 1971, was expected to
have a population of 11,00,000 by the year 2010. According to the censuses of the years
1981, 1991, and 2001, the population of the Jodhpur city had been reported to be
5,05,000; 6,66,280 and 8,51,051, respectively. The population censuses of previous four
decades indicated a growth rate of 3.21% per year. The growth rate of 3.21% per year
gives the projected population of about 11,08,950 at the end of the year 2010, and
12,74,830 by the year 2015. The variation of population growth over different years since
the year 1971 is shown in Figure 5.1. The fitted population data give an exponential rise
satisfying the following equation:
P = 5.1 x 10 −19 Exp (0.02788 X ) ……………. (5.1)
in which, P is the population in a particular calendar year; X is the calendar year in its full
term, e.g.,1990, for which population is to be calculated. Equation (5.1) fits to the data
with a correlation coefficient, R2 = 0.9976.

Population growth in the Jodhpur city

1400000

1200000
0.02788 x
1000000
y = 5.1 E-19 e
2
R = 0.9976
Population

800000

600000

400000
Population growth rate = 3.21% per year
200000

0
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Year

Figure 5.1 : Variation of Population growth in the Jodhpur

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 23

 In order to facilitate human activities and their aspirations, administratively the
Jodhpur area has been categorized into 60 wards based on the households and population.
All these wards do not appear within the study area. Nearly, 34 wards fully and 17 wards
partially encompassed by the study area. The wards, encompassed within the study area
including their identification details, area, and population as of the year 2001, are given
in Figure 5.2 and Table-5.1. Considering a uniform growth rate of 3.21% per year on
the population of the year 2001 in each ward, the ward-wise projected population for
different years has been estimated and given in Table-5.2.

Red line - Boundary of each ward;

Black line – Boundary of the study area

Figure 5.2 : Municipal wards encompassed in the study area in the Jodhpur city

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 24

Table 5.1: Wards encompassed in the study area including their population by the year
2001, total area & area covered within the study area

Estimated Population
Position Approx. area
Wards Population Total area in the area
in study within study
No. (2001) (sq.km) encompassed by
area area (sq. km)
study area (2001)
1 Partially 11,857 39.79 3.75 1117
2 Partially 21,231 20.90 4.81 4883
3 Partially 22,339 3.43 0.79 5138
4 Outside 40,590 17.23 0.00
5 Partially 17,153 1.38 0.32 3945
6 Fully 12,905 1.60 1.60 12905
7 Partially 22,410 15.98 8.75 12268
8 Fully 14,313 0.30 0.30 14313
9 Fully 10,791 0.60 0.60 10791
10 Fully 15,842 1.10 1.10 15801
11 Fully 16,941 2.55 2.55 16910
12 Partially 9,556 0.85 0.20 2198
13 Partially 8,669 0.39 0.20 4437
14 Fully 11,756 0.12 0.12 11935
15 Fully 13,488 1.14 1.14 13519
16 Fully 8,841 0.39 0.39 8783
17 Fully 21,734 0.86 0.86 21732
18 Fully 11,012 0.50 0.50 10941
19 Fully 10,513 2.94 2.94 10498
20 Fully 12,586 1.00 1.00 12552
21 Fully 8,021 0.73 0.73 8015
22 Fully 11,555 0.80 0.80 11564
23 Fully 10,579 0.19 0.19 10447
24 Fully 9,063 0.16 0.16 9019
25 Fully 11,969 0.26 0.26 11816
26 Fully 13,117 0.23 0.23 13178
27 Fully 10,623 0.20 0.20 10497
28 Partially 11,702 0.91 0.25 3230
29 Partially 12,061 0.38 0.22 6935
30 Partially 7,115 0.40 0.35 6240
31 Fully 9,289 0.26 0.26 9115
32 Fully 8,104 0.36 0.36 8076
33 Fully 12,297 0.40 0.40 12326
34 Fully 8,161 0.49 0.49 8233
35 Fully 10,995 0.39 0.39 10863
36 Fully 12,492 0.66 0.66 12411
37 Fully 12,970 0.07 0.07 12251
38 Fully 10,282 0.40 0.40 10306
39 Fully 7,065 0.66 0.66 7014
40 Partially 10,499 1.74 1.55 9362

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 25

 41 Fully 7,081 1.52 1.52 7076
42 Partially 11,341 0.78 0.40 5799
43 Fully 13,116 1.62 1.62 13123
44 Fully 10,949 0.79 0.79 10961
45 Fully 13,652 1.27 1.27 13604
46 Partially 23,074 14.77 1.95 3047
47 Partially 22,605 13.35 1.45 2456
48 Outside 13,125 8.26 0.00
49 Outside 26,083 20.14 0.00
50 Partially 14,211 2.53 1.25 7031
51 Fully 8,722 0.75 0.75 8749
52 Fully 10,119 0.41 0.41 10200
53 Partially 17,435 2.03 1.05 9002
54 Outside 29,391 12.07 0.00
55 Outside 27,035 3.94 0.00
56 Outside 21,969 27.94 0.00
57 Outside 13,063 5.35 0.00
58 Outside 16,894 26.68 0.00
59 Partially 11,993 4.84 2.55 6313
60 Outside 16,707 31.82 0.00

TOTAL 8,41,505 303.44 55.55 4,80,731

Table 5.2: Projected population of each ward encompassed by the study area; calculated
on pro-rata basis with growth rate of 3.21% per year.

Population in the Population in the Population in the Population in the

Wards ward encompassed ward encompassed ward encompassed ward encompassed
No. by study area in by study area in by study area in by study area in
2001 2005 2010 2015

1 1117 1261 1440 1620

2 4883 5510 6294 7078
3 5138 5798 6622 7447
5 3945 4452 5085 5718
6 12905 14562 16633 18705
7 12268 13844 15813 17782
8 14313 16151 18448 20745
9 10791 12177 13909 15640
10 15801 17830 20366 22902
11 16910 19081 21795 24509
12 2198 2480 2833 3186
13 4437 5007 5719 6431
14 11935 13467 15383 17298
15 13519 15255 17425 19595
16 8783 9911 11321 12730

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 26

 17 21732 24523 28011 31499
18 10941 12346 14102 15858
19 10498 11846 13531 15216
20 12552 14163 16178 18192
21 8015 9044 10331 11617
22 11564 13048 14904 16760
23 10447 11789 13465 15142
24 9019 10178 11625 13073
25 11816 13333 15229 17126
26 13178 14870 16985 19100
27 10497 11845 13530 15215
28 3230 3645 4163 4682
29 6935 7826 8939 10052
30 6240 7042 8043 9045
31 9115 10286 11749 13212
32 8076 9113 10409 11705
33 12326 13909 15887 17866
34 8233 9290 10611 11933
35 10863 12258 14001 15745
36 12411 14004 15996 17988
37 12251 13824 15791 17757
38 10306 11630 13284 14938
39 7014 7915 9040 10166
40 9362 10564 12066 13569
41 7076 7984 9120 10256
42 5799 6544 7475 8405
43 13123 14808 16914 19020
44 10961 12368 14128 15887
45 13604 15351 17535 19718
46 3047 3438 3927 4416
47 2456 2771 3165 3560
50 7031 7934 9063 10191
51 8749 9872 11276 12681
52 10200 11510 13147 14784
53 9002 10158 11602 13047
59 6313 7124 8137 9150
TOTAL 4,80,731 5,42,457 6,19,615 6,96,772

Out of the total area of 303.44 sq. km of 60 wards covered by the Jodhpur city,
the area encompassed by 51 wards (34 fully, and 17 partially) within the study area is
nearly 55.55 sq. km. The total population in the 60 wards as per the year 2001 was about
8,41,505, out of which nearly 4,80,731 ( estimated on pro-rata basis in accordance with
the proportion of area of each ward encompassed by the study area) is estimated to be the
population in the study area. The ward-wise details of area and population can be seen in

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 27

Table 5.1. Based on the population growth rate of 3.21% per year, the projected
population of each ward for the year 2005, 2010, and 2015 have been calculated and
given in Table 5.2. It can be seen from Table 5.2, the population in the study area, which
was about 4,80,731, might had gone up to the tune of 5,42,457 by the year 2005, and
6,19,615 by the year 2010, and expected to increase to the order 6,96,772 by the year
2015 with the growth rate remaining same at 3.21% per year.

5.2 Water Requirement and Distribution

The water supply requirements to the population in the city area for their various
designated uses are primarily met by the Jodhpur Municipality through water supply &
distribution systems managed by the Public Health Engineering Department (PHED),
Jodhpur. As such, no specific guidelines towards quantity of water being supplied are
followed; it is based on thumb rule in accordance to the supply-demand norm. As the city
has expanded over the years, more areas and more number of people have been brought
under the coverage of the water supply distribution; and the water supply from the intake
has been increased accordingly on pro-rata basis. The city, by and large, has a large
network of water supply distribution lines not connecting to all households. In some
areas, the distribution lines are very old, constructed long back, and in some parts
people/houses are not connected to organized water supply lines, use water from the
hydrants constructed along the roadsides or from the nearby water supply points. Owing
to the unregulated and uncontrolled supply of water, people in the city area practice water
uses round the clock without understanding to its far reaching consequences.

As per the Ministry of Works and Housing (MOWH,1999) norms of water

requirement @ 140 litres per capita per day (lpcd), the water supply requirement of the
people living in the whole Jodhpur area was about 218.6 lacs gallon per day (gpd) in the
year 1994, 244.4 lacs gpd in the year 1998, 258.4 lacs gpd in the year 2000, 305.5 lacs
gpd in the year 2006, and about 332.1 lacs gpd in the year 2009, excluding the industrial
requirements in those years in the city area. According to the data of the PHED, Jodhpur

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 28

(GWD et al., 1999), the supplies of water to the city were about 183.5 lacs gpd (i.e.,117
lpcd) in the year 1994; 278.6 lacs gpd (i.e., 164.8 lpcd) in the year 1998; 341.7 lacs gpd
( i.e., 185.1 lpcd) in the year 2000; 462.4 lacs gpd (i.e, 211.9 lpcd) in the year 2006; and
521.7 lacs gpd (i.e., 220 lpcd) in the year 2009; that showed average yearly rate of
increase about 6.1 lcpd since the year 1994. The percent increase of per capita water
supplied to the city area during the year 1998 to 2009 varied between 17% - 60% with
respect to the standard norms of 140 lcpd. Year-wise variations of water supply
requirements as per the MOWH norms and the water supplied by the PHED to the city
area have been given in Figure 5.3 and Table 5.3. It can be seen from Figure 5.3 and
Table 5.3 that the quantities of water supplied to the city from the Kailana-Takhatsagar
Reservoir in different years are much higher than the quantity actually required as per the
MOWH norms. Even, the water supply norm of MOWH of 140 lcpd is also very much on
higher side particularly, for the arid and semi-arid regions where water is scarcely
available.

Water requirement in lac gallon/day Water actually supplied to the city area in lac gallon/day
600
Water Supplied to the city

500

400

300

200

100

0
1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

Year

Figure 5.3 : Water requirements as per MOWH norms and actually supplied per day to
the Jodhpur city in different years

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 29

Table 5.3 : Water requirements as per MoWH norms and actually supplied from the
Kailana-Takhatsagar Reservoir in different years

Year Population Water required Water actually

in supplied to the
lac gallon/day city
in lac gallon/day
1994 709875 218.62
1995 729944 224.80
1996 750582 231.15
1997 771802 237.69
1998 793623 244.41 287.64
1999 816060 251.32 330.99
2000 839132 258.42 341.66
2001 862857 265.73 455.83
2002 887252 273.24 346.82
2003 912336 280.97 330.76
2004 938130 288.91 343.52
2005 964653 297.08 401.70
2006 991926 305.48 462.35
2007 1019970 314.11 505.95
2008 1048807 322.99 516.47
2009 1078459 332.13 521.67
2010 1108950 341.52

As such, no specific data were available on the area-wise water supplied to the
different locations in the city. Based on the ward-wise population and their projections in
different years, a conservative estimate of water requirement (MOWH norm) and water
supplied in different years on pro-rata basis has been made, and the estimated values are
given in Table- 5.4. For projection of ward-wise population, the criterion of uniform
growth rate of 3.21% per year on the basic data of population (year, 2001) in the
respective ward has been considered. The quantities of water supplied in different years
to the respective wards are also considered for further analysis. As the sum total of water
distribution in the different wards satisfies the total quantity of water supplied in the city
area, hence, it assures the overall water balance.

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 30

Table 5.4 : Ward-wise water requirements and actually supplied in different years.
Water requirement as per MOWH Water actually supplied on pro-
Wards norm (1999) rata basis
Year Population
No.
( gallon/day) ( gallon/day)
2001 1117 34399 59009
2005 1261 38834 52510
1
2009 1437 44254 69510
2015 1620 49890
2001 4883 150378 257959
2005 5510 169688 229447
2
2009 6291 193740 304307
2015 7078 217976
2001 5138 158231 271430
2005 5798 178557 241440
3
2009 6619 203841 320173
2015 7447 229340
2001 3945 121491 208406
2005 4452 137105 185390
5
2009 5082 156507 245825
2015 5718 176093
2001 12905 397426 681745
2005 14562 448456 606390
6
2009 16630 512143 804423
2015 18705 576045
2001 12268 377809 648094
2005 13844 426344 576491
7
2009 15810 486890 764758
2015 17782 547620
2001 14313 440788 756127
2005 16151 497391 672559
8
2009 18445 568038 892218
2015 20745 638869
2001 10791 332323 570067
2005 12177 375007 507074
9
2009 13906 428253 672658
2015 15640 481654
2001 15801 486612 834735
2005 17830 549098 742475
10
2009 20363 627105 984995
2015 22902 705297
2001 16910 520766 893321
2005 19081 587624 794569
11
2009 21792 671113 1054118
2015 24509 754787
2001 2198 67690 116116
12
2005 2480 76375 103272

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 31

 2009 2830 87154 136892
2015 3186 98117
2001 4437 136643 234398
2005 5007 154197 208501
13
2009 5716 176032 276493
2015 6431 198051
2001 11935 367554 630502
2005 13467 414734 560792
14
2009 15380 473647 743958
2015 17298 532714
2001 13519 416335 714182
2005 15255 469798 635247
15
2009 17422 536533 842733
2015 19595 603454
2001 8783 270484 463988
2005 9911 305222 412713
16
2009 11318 348553 547472
2015 12730 392037
2001 21732 669265 1148058
2005 24523 755218 1021185
17
2009 28008 862543 1354797
2015 31499 970053
2001 10941 336942 577991
2005 12346 380211 514111
18
2009 14099 434197 681994
2015 15858 488368
2001 10498 323300 554588
2005 11846 364813 493290
19
2009 13528 416612 654374
2015 15216 468597
20 2001 12552 386555 663097
2005 14163 436168 589774
2009 16175 498130 782414
2015 18192 560246
2001 8015 246832 423416
2005 9044 278522 376609
21
2009 10328 318064 499584
2015 11617 357761
2001 11564 356128 610903
2005 13048 401830 543344
22
2009 14901 458896 720788
2015 16760 516146
2001 10447 321729 551894
2005 11789 363058 490917
23
2009 13462 414580 651181
2015 15142 466318
2001 9019 277752 476456
24
2005 10178 313445 423831

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 32

 2009 11622 357915 562177
2015 13073 402600
2001 11816 363889 624216
2005 13333 410607 555212
25
2009 15226 468905 736509
2015 17126 527418
2001 13178 405834 696167
2005 14870 457941 619215
26
2009 16982 522983 821450
2015 19100 588209
2001 10497 323269 554535
2005 11845 364782 493249
27
2009 13527 416582 654325
2015 15215 468566
2001 3230 99472 170634
2005 3645 112253 151785
28
2009 4160 128113 201227
2015 4682 144188
2001 6935 213572 366362
2005 7826 241012 325890
29
2009 8936 275196 432250
2015 10052 309564
2001 6240 192169 329647
2005 7042 216868 293242
30
2009 8040 247602 388909
2015 9045 278553
2001 9115 280708 481527
2005 10286 316771 428329
31
2009 11746 361733 568175
2015 13212 406881
2001 8076 248711 426639
2005 9113 280647 379483
32
2009 10406 320466 503357
2015 11705 360471
2001 12326 379595 651158
2005 13909 428346 579197
33
2009 15884 489168 768338
2015 17866 550207
2001 8233 253546 434933
2005 9290 286098 386853
34
2009 10608 326687 513128
2015 11933 367492
2001 10863 334540 573870
2005 12258 377501 510447
35
2009 13998 431087 677108
2015 15745 484888
2001 12411 382213 655648
36
2005 14004 431271 583153

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 33

 2009 15993 492525 773610
2015 17988 553964
2001 12251 377286 647196
2005 13824 425728 575658
37
2009 15788 486212 763694
2015 17757 546850
2001 10306 317387 544445
2005 11630 358161 484295
38
2009 13281 409006 642426
2015 14938 460035
2001 7014 216005 370536
2005 7915 243753 329596
39
2009 9037 278306 437136
2015 10166 313075
2001 9362 288315 494576
2005 10564 325332 439905
40
2009 12063 371496 583509
2015 13569 417875
2001 7076 217915 373811
2005 7984 245878 332469
41
2009 9117 280770 441006
2015 10256 315847
2001 5799 178588 306350
2005 6544 201531 272505
42
2009 7472 230110 361434
2015 8405 258843
2001 13123 404140 693262
2005 14808 456032 616634
43
2009 16911 520796 818015
2015 19020 585746
2001 10961 337558 579048
2005 12368 380889 515027
44
2009 14125 434998 683252
2015 15887 489261
2001 13604 418953 718672
2005 15351 472754 639245
45
2009 17532 539921 848054
2015 19718 607242
2001 3047 93836 160967
2005 3438 105878 143165
46
2009 3924 120845 189811
2015 4416 135996
2001 2456 75636 129746
2005 2771 85337 115390
47
2009 3162 97378 152952
2015 3560 109635
2001 7031 216529 371434
50
2005 7934 244338 330387

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 34

 2009 9060 279015 438248
2015 10191 313845
2001 8749 269437 462192
2005 9872 304021 411089
51
2009 11273 347167 545295
2015 12681 390528
2001 10200 314122 538845
2005 11510 354465 479298
52
2009 13144 404787 635799
2015 14784 455293
2001 9002 277228 475558
2005 10158 312829 422999
53
2009 11599 357206 561064
2015 13047 401799
2001 6313 194417 333503
2005 7124 219393 296657
59
2009 8134 250497 393456
2015 9150 281786

*******************

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 35

 Section - 6.0: STAGE-AREA-CAPACITY CURVES FOR KAILANA,
TAKHATSAGAR AND UMAIDSAGAR RESERVOIRS

6.1 The Kailana Lake

The Kailana lake is situated at an altitude of 256 m above m.s.l. between the
latitudes from 26° 17´ 58˝ N to 26° 19´ 21˝ N and longitudes from 72° 58´ 01˝ E to 72° 58´
50˝ E. The full level of the Kailana Lake is 273.7 m above msl. The water spread area
and the capacity of the Kailana Lake at its full level are 0.88 sq. km and 4.814 mcm,
respectively. The stage-capacity and area-capacity curve of the Kailana lake including
their functional relationships developed based on the surveyed data supplied by the
PHED are given in Figures 6.1, 6.2 and 6.3, respectively, and the stage-area-capacity
table indicating the numerical values is given in Table-A6.1 in the annexure. The
Kailana Lake is fed directly by the Rajiv Gandhi lift canal, locally known as Hathi canal.
It also receives some quantities of water during monsoon period through surface runoffs
from the catchments encompassing the lake. The Rajiv Gandhi Lift canal, that travels a
total of 650 kilometers in Rajasthan and ends at Ramgarh, near Jaisalmer, takes water
from the Indira Gandhi Canal. The Indira Gandhi Canal is one of the biggest canal
projects in India. It starts from the Harike Barrage at Sultanpur, a few kilometers below
the confluence of the Sutlej and Beas rivers in Punjab state. The supply of water to the
Kailana Lake, being linked to the Indira Gandhi Canal, has an ensured inflow, unless
otherwise the canal supply is disrupted.

Figure 6.1 : Stage – Capacity curve of the Kailana Lake

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 36

 1

0.8
Area, A (Sq.KM)

0.6

0.4
A = 0.0064 V3 - 0.0496 V2 + 0.2756 V + 0.0224
0.2 R2 = 0.9991

0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Capacity, V (MCM)

Area-Capacity Curve of the Kailana Lake

Figure 6.2 : Area-Capacity curve of the Kailana Lake

4
Capacity, V (MCM)

1 2
V = 2.585 A + 3.791 A - 0.102
R² = 0.998
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Area, A (Sq.KM)

Area-Capacity Curve of Kailana Lake

Figure 6.3 : Area-Capacity curve of the Kailana Lake

The functional relationships that hold good to estimate the capacities for varying
stages and capacities for different wetted areas of the Kailana Lake are as follow:

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 37

(a) Stage-Capacity relationship:
V = 0.001 h 3 − 0.004 h 2 + 0.05 h − 0.049 …………….. (6.1)
(b) Area-Capacity relationship
V = 2.585 A 2 + 3.791 A − 0.102 .....………….. (6.2)
or

A = 0.0064 V 3 − 0.0496 V 2 + 0.2756 V + 0.0224 ……………… (6.3)

V is the storage capacity of the Kailana Lake in MCM (million cubic m); h is the stage of
water measured above the bottom of the Lake in meter, and A is the water spread area of
the Lake in sq. km. The above three equations fitted to the field data have the correlation
coefficients , R2 > 0.998, and hence can satisfactorily be used for estimation of storage
capacity of the Kailana Lake from known stage or water spread area. Alternately, when
the storage capacity of the Lake is known from the measurement of stages, the
corresponding water spread area can be computed using equation (6.3).

6.2 The Takhatsagar Reservoir

The Takhatsagar Reservoir , which is fed by the Kailana Lake through regulated
gates, is situated at an altitude of 241 m above msl between the latitude ranges from 26°
16´ 51˝ N to 26° 17´ 58˝ N and longitude ranges from 72° 57´ 51˝ E to 72° 58´ 25˝E . The
Takhatsagar Reservoir has been created by constructing a masonry dam across the
depressed valley formed by natural geological faults. In fact, the Kailana-Takhatsagar
Reservoir is situated on the same geological faults, but separated by a man-made earthen
dam in between. The bed levels as well as the water surface levels of the Kailana and
Takhatsagar Reservoirs are different, and the bed level and water surface level of the
Kailana Lake are at considerably higher elevation than those of the Takhatsagar
Reservoir. The full level of the Takhatsagar Reservoir is 269.75 m above msl. The area
and capacity of the Takhatsagar Reservoir at its full level are estimated to be 0.601 sq.
km and 6.523 mcm, respectively. The stage-capacity and the area-capacity curve of the
including their functional relationships are given in Figures 6.4, 6.5 and 6.6, respectively
and the stage-area-capacity table is given in Table-A6.2 in the annexure. The water is

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 38

supplied to the Jodhpur city from both the Kailana and Takhatsagar Reservoirs after
treatment.

The functional relationships that hold good to estimate the capacities for varying
stages and capacities for different wetted areas of the Takhatsagar Reservoir are as
follow:
(a) Stage-Capacity relationship:
V = 0.019 h1.89 ………………………….. (6.4)
(c) Area-Capacity relationship
V = 14.75 A 2 + 1.673 A − 0.12 .....………….. (6.5)
or

A = − 0.006 V 2 + 0.129 V + 0.0972 ……………… (6.6)

V is the storage capacity of the Takhatsagar Reservoir in MCM (million cubic m); h is
the stage of water measured above the bottom of the Lake in meter, and A is the water
spread area of the in sq. km.

Figure 6.4 : Stage –Capacity curve of the Takhatsagar Reservoir.

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 39

 Area‐Capacity Curve of the Takhatsagar Reservoir
0.80

0.70
0.60
Area, A (Sq.KM)

0.50

0.40
0.30
2
0.20 A = ‐0.006 V  + 0.129 V + 0.071
R² = 0.972
0.10
0.00
0.000 1.000 2.000 3.000 4.000 5.000 6.000 7.000 8.000 9.000
Capacity, V (MCM)

Figure 6.5 : Area-Storage Capacity curve of the Takhatsagar Reservoir.

12

9
Capacity, V (MCM)

3 2
V = 14.75 A + 1.673 A - 0.120
R² = 0.996
0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
-3
Area, A (Sq.KM)

Area-Capacity Curve of the Takhatsagar Reservoir

Figure 6.6 : Area-Storage capacity curve of the Takhatsagar.

All three equations fitted to the field data have correlation coefficients, R2 >
0.972, and hence can satisfactorily be used for estimation of storage capacity of the
Takhatsagar Reservoir from known stage or water spread area. Alternately, when the
storage capacity of the Reservoir is known from the measurement of stages, the
corresponding water spread area can be computed using equation (6.6).

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 40

6.3 The Umaid Sagar Reservoir
The Umaid Sagar Reservoir, which is fed by the Takhatsagar Reservoir by gravity
flow, is situated between latitudes 26° 17´ 07˝ N and 26° 17´ 13˝ N and between
longitudes 73° 02´ 40˝ E to 73° 02´ 53˝E. The full depth of water in the Umaid Sagar
Reservoir is 11.58 m above its bed level. The capacity of the Umaid Sagar Reservoir is
9.854 mcm at full level. The stage-capacity curve of the lake is given in Figure 6.7 and
the stage- capacity table of the lake is given in Table-A6.3 in the annexure.

The functional relationships that hold good to estimate the capacities for varying
stages of the Umaidsagar are as follow:

(a) Stage-Capacity relationship:

V = 0.015 h 2.262 ………………………….... (6.7)
in which, V is the storage capacity of the Umaidsagar in MCM; h is the stage of water
measured above bottom of the in meter.
Equation (6.7) fitted to the field data has the correlation coefficient, R2 = 0.998,
and hence can satisfactorily be used for estimation of storage capacity of the Umaidsagar
corresponding to a known stage.

Figure 6.7: Stage–Capacity curve of the Umaid Sagar .

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 41

 Section - 7.0 : INFLOW-OUTFLOW OF THE KAILANA-
TAKHATSAGAR RESERVOIR

The Kailana-Takhatsagar Reservoir receives its inflow from the Indira Gandhi
Canal through Rajiv Gandhi Lift Canal by pumping at PS-8 pumping station. There are six
pumps to lift water from the Indira Gandhi canal; out of which normally, 3-4 pumps
operate almost round the clock. There is no gate that regulates the flow between the
pumped out water till it reaches to the Kailana Lake. The regulation of flow is based on
some pre-decided thumb rules, which are based on the supply of water to the city area and
to the downstream reservoirs, namely Takhatsagar and Umaidsagar; i.e., a constant rate of
inflow is maintained, and as and when the water level in the Kailana Lake goes down
below a specific level, the inflow rate is increased by operating more number of pump. A
line diagram of Canal-Lake-Reservoir-City water supply management practice is shown in
Figure 7.1.
Indira Gandhi Canal
R
A
J
I
V Inflow through Pumping
G
A
N
D
H
I

C
A
N
A
L

SUPPLY TO JODHPUR CITY

KAILANA LAKE BY PUMPING

Gravity Flow Bypass through

connecting channel

TAKHATSAGAR
RESERVOIR

Gravity Flow

UMAIDSAGAR SUPPLY TO JODHPUR CITY

RESERVOIR BY PUMPING

Figure 7.1 : Line diagram of Canal-Lake-Reservoir-City water supply system.

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 42

 The quantities of flow of water supplied to the Kailana Lake through the Rajiv
Gandhi Link canal during the period year 2002 through 2009, which are obtained from the
PHED- Jodhpur, are shown in Figure 7.2. It can be seen from Figure 7.2 that during the
period from the year 2002 to 2009, the supply of water from the intake to the Kailana
Lake had increased exponentially satisfying the following equation:

y = 58.802 exp (0.0997 X ) ……………….. (7.1)

in which, y is the inflow to the Kailana Lake in MCM/day (million cubic meter/day)
during a year; X is the calendar year. Equation (7.1) fits to the yearly variation of inflow
with a correlation coefficient, R2 = 0.9318.

140.52
0.0997 x
y = 58.802 e

119.14
160

106.17
Inflow to Kailana Lake 

2
140 R  = 0.9318
90.21

120
81.10

80.88
(MCM/day)

72.04

68.31

100
80
60
40
20
0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Year

Figure 7.2 : Variation of average inflow per day in different years to the Kailana Lake
from the Rajiv Gandhi Lift Canal

7.1 Water Balance of the Kailana Lake

After the inflow of water to the Kailana Lake through the Rajiv Gandhi Lift canal,
locally known as Hathi canal, some part of water is, thereafter, pumped to the nearby
treatment plant for preliminary treatment before supply to the city through water supply
system; and some part is diverted to the Takhatsagar Reservoir through gate operated
pipes and regulated diversion canal, which flow under gravity. The regulation of flow to
the Takhatsagar Reservoir depends on the downstream requirement, which is decided
based on the gauge height in the Takhatsagar Reservoir. The Kailana Lake has a small
catchment encompassed by its surrounding sloping topography. Whatever rainfall occurs
on its catchment area, some fraction of it in the form of runoff, in addition to the direct

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 43

rainfall on the water surface area also accumulates in the Kailana Lake as its storage
water. During the course of accumulation of water in the Kailana Lake, a component of
accumulated water is lost in the form of water surface evaporation, and another
component has the opportunity to seep/infiltrate-percolate below the Kailana Lake bed to
the underneath aquifer/groundwater whose rate depends on the potential head, lake bed
material, geological formations and their hydraulic properties. Higher the potential head
and the values of hydraulic properties, larger is the rate of seeping through the Lake bed.
A schematic diagram showing the different components, involved in the water balance of
the Lake, is given in Figure 7.3.

The water balance equation connecting the hydrological components involved in the
Kailana Lake shown in Figure 7.3 can be written as:

[(Q ik + Qrk + Qsrk ) − ( Qok1 + Qok 2 + Qevk + Qgwk + Q0 kc ) ] Δt = A(H ) ΔH .. (7.2)

in which, Qik is the quantity of inflow from the Rajiv Gandhi lift canal to the Kailana
Lake in L3T-1; Qrk is the quantity of rainfall over the Kailana Lake in L3T-1; Qsrk is the

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 44

quantity of surface runoff from the Kailana catchment in L3T-1; Qok1 is the quantity of
outflow from the Kailana Lake to the Reservoir through regulated pipe flow in L3T-1; Qok2
is the quantity of outflow from the Kailana Lake to the Takhatsagar Reservoir through
regulated canal diversion in L3T-1; Qevk is the quantity of water surface evaporation from
the Kailana Lake in L3T-1; Qgwk is the quantity of groundwater seeping (recharge) through
the Kailana Lake bed in L3T-1; Qokc is the quantity of water pumped from the Kailana
Lake to the city area which is supplied after treatment in L3T-1; ∆t is the time step in unit
of time(T); and ∆h is the change in water level in the Kailana Lake in unit of length (L);
A(H ) is the lake area which is a function of lake stage H .

The components, Qik is known from the daily inflow data of the Kailana Lake
obtained from the PHED; Qrk is known from the daily rainfall data obtained from the
IMD as shown in Figures 4.1, 4.2 & 4.3 in section 4; Qsrk can be estimated from the
rainfall data using suitable rainfall-runoff relationship; Qok1 and Qok2 although are
regulated flow, however, are not known in exact quantities as to how these are regulated
and hence are to be ascertained; Qevk can be estimated externally from the evaporation rate
data given in Figure 4.4 and Table 4.1 in section 4.0 for the corresponding water spread
area at a particular head of water above the lake bottom; Qgwk can be estimated for a
particular head of water above the lake bottom using seepage theory; ∆t can be chosen
suitably for which the water balance is to be performed; and ∆H is known from the
measurement of heads of water in the lake = H2 – H1, in which H1 is the head of water at
time T1, and H2 is the head of water at time T2; and ∆t = T2 – T1.

To compute the evaporation component,(Qevk) for a particular water spread area of

the Lake, the water spread area has been estimated using the relationships given by
Eqs.(6.1)-6.3) and Figs.(6.1)-(6.3) in section 6.0 for the corresponding head of water in
the Lake. The groundwater seepage component, (Qgwk) has been calculated for two
situations: (i) the lake has a permeable bed through which water is continuously seeping to
the underneath formation in which water table lies at a large depth, (ii) the lake bed is
impermeable that seepage is very much negligible. To compute the seepage when water
table lies at a large depth, Kozeny’s equation (vide Harr, 1962) has been used.

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 45

 q = k (B + 2H ) ) ………….. (7.3)
in which, q = the seepage per unit length of the Lake , L2T-1; B = representative width of
the Lake at the water surface, L; H = the depth of water in the Lake, L; k = the hydraulic
conductivity of the lake bed material, LT-1. The representative width B has been
computed from the water spread area and longitudinal length of the lake.

The parameter, k of the Lakebed materials, which represent Rhyolite formation, is

suitably chosen from literature, and k is taken to be 0.058 m/day. Making use of the
measured data, such as; inflow to Kailana Lake, rainfall, outflow to city, depth of water in
the Lake, the water balance components, namely; Qik, Qrk, Qsrk, Qokc, and Qevk have been
estimated on daily basis for different years. Using the estimated values of these
components in Eq.(7.2) along with other known component , namely ∆S; the unknown
component the sum of diverted flow from Kailana to Takhatsagar Reservoir, Qok1 and
Qok2, has been estimated on daily basis (i.e., ∆t = 1 day) by inclusion and without
inclusion of groundwater seeping component. The variations of the diverted flow from the
Kailana to the Takhatsagar Reservoir for the years 2003, 2005, 2008 and 2009 are shown
in Figures 7.4-7.7, respectively.
Diversion of flow from Kailana to Takhatsagar reservoir during year 2003

Without GW component

With GW component

0.20
0.18
0.16
0.14
Flow (MCM/day)

0.12
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00
106
121
136
151
166
181
196
211
226
241
256
271
286
301
316
331
346
361
16
31
46
61
76
91
1

Day

Figure 7.4 : Variation of supply of water from Kailana Lake to Takhatsagar Reservoir
during the year 2003 staring from January,1 –December, 31 (red color line
corresponds to without seepage component; blue color line corresponds to
with seepage component).

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 46

 Diversion of flow from Kailana to Takhatsagar reservoir during year 2005
Without GW component

With GW component

0.35

0.30

0.25
Flow (MCM/day)

0.20

0.15

0.10

0.05

0.00
106
121
136
151
166
181
196
211
226
241
256
271
286
301
316
331
346
361
16
31
46
61
76
91
1

Day

Figure 7.5 : Variation of supply of water from Kailana Lake to Takhatsagar Reservoir
during the year 2005 staring from January,1 –December, 31 (red color line
corresponds to without seepage component; blue color line corresponds to
with seepage component).

Diversion of flow from Kailana to Takhatsagar reservoir during year 2008

Without GW component

With GW component
0.40

0.35

0.30
Flow (MCM/day)

0.25

0.20

0.15

0.10

0.05

0.00
106

121

136

151

166
181

196

211

226

241
256

271

286

301

316
331

346

361
16
31

46

61

76

91
1

Day

Figure 7.6 : Variation of supply of water from Kailana Lake to Takhatsagar Reservoir
during the year 2008 staring from January,1 –December, 31 (red color line
corresponds to without seepage component; blue color line corresponds to
with seepage component).

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 47

 Diversion of flow from Kailana to Takhatsagar reservoir during year 2009
Without GW component

With GW component
0.50
0.45
0.40
0.35
Flow (MCM/day)

0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
106

121

136

151

166

181

196

211

226

241

256

271

286

301

316

331

346

361
16

31

46

61

76

91
1

Day

Figure 7.7 : Variation of supply of water from Kailana Lake to Takhatsagar Reservoir
during the year 2009 staring from January,1 –December, 31 (red color line
corresponds to without seepage component; blue color line corresponds to
with seepage component).

It can be seen from Figs. 7.4-7.7 that, the supplies of water from the Kailana to the
Takhatsagar Reservoir varied during a year, and even year to year. In some of the days in
a year, virtually there was no supply of water from the Kailana to the Takhatsagar
Reservoir. The variation of seepage below the lakebed has been estimated to be varied
very marginally following the same trend as that of the outflow pattern from the Kailana
Lake, i.e., higher the rate of outflow from the Kailana Lake to the Takhatsagar Reservoir,
larger is the rate of seepage below the lakebed. It can, in other way, be explained in the
following way: large inflow to the Takhatsagar Reservoir means increased outflows from
the accumulated storages in the Kailana Lake; larger storages designate higher potential of
head, and thereby more seepage through the lakebed. Moreover, larger the inflow rates
from the Rajiv Gandhi lift canal to the Kailana Lake, higher is the outflows from the
Kailana to the Takhatsagar Reservoir, which can be seen from Figs.7.8-7.11. Figs. 7.8-
7.11 show year-wise variation of inflows to the Kailana Lake from the Rajiv Gandhi lift
canal, supply of water from the Kailana Lake to the city, and the outflows from the
Kailana Lake to the Takhatsagar Reservoir. It can be seen from Figs.7.8-7.11 that, the
inflows to and outflows from the Kailana followed almost a similar trend except during
certain period, while the supply to the city area remained largely uniform in a year. The

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 48

 inflows to the Kailana Lake from the Rajiv Gandhi lift canal have also found to be varied
over the year, as well as, from year to year. The flow diverted from the Kailana to the
Takhatsagar Reservoir formed the inflow to the Takhatsagar Reservoir.

The year-wise sum of each water balance component which is involved in the
water balance equation of the Kailana Lake is given in Table-7.1. It can be seen from
Table-7.1 that the differences between the change in storage estimated from the inflow-
outflow balance and the change in storage calculated independently are very minor. These
minor differences may be due to the errors in the fitting of the rating curve.

Table 7.1 : Water balance components of the Kailana Lake in different years.

Inflow
Change in Change in
Components Outflow Components (MCM) storage = storage
(MCM) ∑ Inflow - Calculated
Diversion Diversion
Year
Pumping from Kailana from Kailana
∑ Outflow ( MCM)
Ground ( MCM)
Inflow to Rainfall from to to
water Evaporation
Kailana Volume Kailana Takhatsagar Takhatsagar
Component
to City without GW with GW
Component Component
2003 69.31 0.38 25.03 45.86 34.27 11.56 1.48 - 2.68 -1.57
(- 2.65)*
2005 85.46 0.24 32.49 54.16 40.91 12.20 1.40 - 2.35 -1.70
(- 2.30)*
2008 125.94 0.10 49.13 78.26 64.78 13.50 1.47 - 2.82 -1.07
(- 2.84)*
2009 144.15 0.00 46.23 96.02 81.75 14.25 1.66 0.24 0.00
(0.26)*
(*) indicates change in storage with ground water component.

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 49

 Water balance of the Kailana Lake for the year 2003 without groundwater Inflow to Kailana
component Supply to City

Diversion to Takhatsagar

0.25

0.20
Flow (MCM/day)

0.15

0.10

0.05

0.00
106
121
136
151
166
181
196
211
226
241
256
271
286
301
316
331
346
361
16
31
46
61
76
91
1

Day ( Year : 2003)

Figure 7.8 : Variation of water balance components of the Kailana Lake during the year
2003 staring from January,1 –December, 31.

Water balance of the Kailana Lake for the year 2005 without groundwater Inflow to Kailana
component Supply to City

Diversion to Takhatsagar

0.45
0.40
0.35
Flow (MCM/day)

0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
106
121
136
151
166
181
196
211
226
241
256
271
286
301
316
331
346
361
16
31
46
61
76
91
1

Day ( Year : 2005)

Figure 7.9 : Variation of water balance components of the Kailana Lake during the year
2005 staring from January,1 –December, 31.

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 50

 Water balance of the Kailana Lake for the year 2008 without groundwater Inflow to Kailana
component Supply to City

Diversion to Takhatsagar

0.50
0.45
0.40
Flow (MCM/day)

0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
106
121
136
151
166
181
196
211
226
241
256
271
286
301
316
331
346
361
16
31
46
61
76
91
1

Day ( Year : 2008)

Figure 7.10 : Variation of water balance components of the Kailana Lake during the year
2008 staring from January,1 –December, 31.

Water balance of the Kailana Lake for the year 2009 without groundwater Inflow to Kailana
component Supply to City

Diversion to Takhatsagar

0.50
0.45
0.40
Flow (MCM/day)

0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
106
121
136
151
166
181
196
211
226
241
256
271
286
301
316
331
346
361
16
31
46
61
76
91
1

Day ( Year : 2009)

Figure 7.11 : Variation of water balance components of the Kailana Lake during the
year 2009 staring from January,1 –December, 31.

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 51

7.2 Water Balance of the Takhatsagar Reservoir

The diverted outflow from the Kailana Lake to the Takhatsagar Reservoir through
gate operated pipes and regulated diversion canal, which flow under gravity, form the
inflow to the Takhatsagar Reservoir. The stored water in the Takhatsagar reservoir is
further diverted to the downstream Chopasni Filter House by gravity flow for supply to
some of the areas in the city after necessary treatment. The regulation of the flow from the
Takhatsagar Reservoir depends on the downstream requirement, which is decided based
on the gauge height in the reservoir. The Takhatsagar Reservoir has a small catchment
encompassed by its surrounding sloping topography. Whatever rainfall occurs on its
catchment area, some fraction of it in the form of runoff, in addition to the direct rainfall
on the water surface area also accumulates in the reservoir as its storage water. During the
course of accumulation of water in the Takhatsagar Reservoir, a component of the
accumulated water is lost as water surface evaporation, and another component may
seep/infiltrate-percolate below the Takhatsagar Reservoir bed to the underneath
aquifer/groundwater whose rate depends on the potential head, reservoir bed material;
geological formations & their hydraulic properties. A schematic diagram showing the
components involved in the water balance of the reservoir is given in Figure 7.12.

The water balance equation for the Takhatsagar reservoir can be written as:

[( Q it + Qrt + Qsrt ) (
− Qot + Qevt + Q gwt ) ] Δt = A(H ) ΔH …….. (7.4)

in which, Qit is the quantity of inflow from the Kailana Lake to the Takhatsagar Reservoir
in L3T-1; Qrt is the quantity of rainfall over the Takhatsagar Reservoir in L3T-1; Qsrt is the
quantity of surface runoff from the Takhatsagar catchment in L3T-1; Qot is the quantity of
outflow from the Takhatsagar Reservoir to the Chopasni Filter House through regulated
pipe flow in L3T-1; Qevt is the quantity of water surface evaporation from the Takhatsagar
Reservoir in L3T-1; Qgwt is the quantity of groundwater seeping (recharge) through the
Takhatsagar Reservoir bed in L3T-1; ∆t is the time step in unit of time(T); and ∆H is the
change in water level in the Takhatsagar Reservoir in unit of length (L), A(H ) is water
spread area which depends on reservoir stage.

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 52

 Figure 7.12 : Water balance components of the Takhatsagar Reservoir.

The components, Qit is known from the daily diverted flow from the Kailana Lake;
Qrt is known from the daily rainfall data obtained from the IMD as shown in Figures 4.1,
4.2 and 4.3 in Section 4; Qsrt can be estimated from the rainfall data using suitable
rainfall-runoff relationship; Qot although is regulated flow, however, is not known in exact
quantities as to how this is regulated and hence is to be determined; Qevt can be estimated
externally from the evaporation rate data given in Figure 4.4 and Table 4.1 in Section 4.0
for the corresponding water spread area at a particular head of water above the reservoir
bottom; Qgwt can be estimated for a particular head of water above the reservoir bottom
using seepage theory; ∆t can be chosen suitably for the water balance; and ∆H is known
from the measurement of heads of water in the reservoir = H2 – H1, in which H1 is the
head of water at time T1, and H2 is the head of water at time T2; and ∆t = T2 – T1, A(H ) =
water spread corresponding to height, H .

The components, Qevt and Qgwt have been calculated following the similar
approach as explained in the case of Kailana water balance. As the daily outflows from
the Takhatsagar Reservoir to the Chopasni Filter House, Qct is not exactly known though
this is regulated flow; however, this quantity is computed by developing suitable rating

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 53

curve adopting the following approach. A schematic of the arrangement of outflow system
from the Takhatsagar Reservoir to the Chopasni Filter House is shown in Figure 7.13.

Figure 7.13: Water supply distribution arrangement of the Takhatsagar Reservoir.

The flow of water from the Takhatsagar Reservoir to the Chopasni Filter House is
primarily regulated through the imbedded pipe of diameter 1m whose inlet point is placed
near to the bed of the reservoir at an elevation of 255.42 m above m.s.l (Fig.7.13). The
pipe is of about 80 m long aligned obliquely with a slope of 0.91 m vertical for a length of
80 m horizontal. After this slanting, the pipe line has moderate alignment up to the
Chopasni Filter House. In addition to this gravity pipe flow, there is an additional
diversion arrangement located at an elevation of 266.56 m (above msl) i.e., about 11 m
above the bottom pipe, that operates when water level in the Takhatsagar Reservoir
exceeds the level of 266.56 m.

Using the following formula of flow through pipe, the discharges of flow for
varying heads of water in the reservoir have been calculated.

Q1 = C d A 2 g (H 1 + h f ) ……………………………………… (7.5)

in which, Q1 is the discharge of flow through the pipe ( L3T-1 ); Cd is the coefficient of
discharge that ranges 0.60 to 0.75; A is the cross-sectional area of the pipe (L2); g is the

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 54

acceleration due to gravity (LT-2); H1 is the height of water above the centre line of the
pipe (L); and hf is the head loss due to friction in the pipe. By considering the value of the
frictional factor, f = 0.025; the hf is calculated using the Darcy -Weishback formula as
follows:

2
f L Vm
hf = ……………………………… (7.6)
2gd
in which, L is the length of the pipe = 80 m; Vm is the mean flow velocity in the pipe =
2 g H 1 ; d is the diameter of the pipe = 1.0 m.

As the diversion of flow through the upper pipe takes place when the water level in
the reservoir exceeds the level of 266.56 m, the combined affects of discharge of flows are
calculated for varying heads of water in the reservoir by taking into account both the flows
separately, and then added to have complete rating curve. The rating curve so develop is
shown in Figure 7.14.

Rating Curve of the outflow of the Takhatsagar reservoir

10.0
Discharge (Cumec)

3 2
8.0 Q = 0.0075 h - 0.18 h + 1.6615 h - 0.9045
2
R = 0.9658
6.0

4.0

2.0

0.0
10.36

17.37
0.00

0.50

1.00

1.52

2.44

3.05

3.66

4.57

6.10

7.62

8.84

9.75

Head (m)

Figure 7.14 : Rating curve of the Takhatsagar Reservoir outflow.

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 55

 Making use of the measured data, such as; inflows from the Kailana Lake to
Takhatsagar Reservoir, rainfall, depths of water in the reservoir, and the water surface
evaporations corresponding to the water spread areas, the water balance components,
namely; Qit, Qrt, Qsrt, and Qevt have been estimated on daily basis for different years. Using
the estimated values of these components in Eq.(7.4) along with other known components,
namely ∆H; and the corresponding A(H ) , the unknown component i.e. the diverted flow
from the Takhatsagar Reservoir to the Chopasni Filter House, Qot has been estimated on
daily basis (i.e., ∆t = 1 day) by inclusion and without inclusion of seepage component.
The variations of the diverted flow from the Takhatsagar Reservoir to the Chopasni Filter
House for the years 2003, 2005, 2008 and 2009 are shown in Figures 7.15-7.18,
respectively.

Diversion of flow from the Takhatsagar to Chopasni Filter House during year 2003
0.80

0.70 Without GW component

0.60 With GW component
Flow (MCM/day)

0.50

0.40
0.30

0.20

0.10

0.00
16
31
46
61
76
91
106
121
136
151
166
181
196
211
226
241
256
271
286
301
316
331
346
361
1

Day

Figure 7.15 : Variation of supply of water from the Takhatsagar Reservoir to the
Chopasni Filter House during the year 2003 staring from January,1 –
December, 31 (red color line corresponds to without seepage component;
blue color line corresponds to with seepage component).

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 56

 Diversion of flow from the Takhatsagar to Chopasni Filter House during year 2005

0.35

0.30 Without GW component

0.25 With GW component

Flow (MCM/day)

0.20

0.15

0.10

0.05

0.00
1
16
31
46
61
76
91
106
121
136
151
166
181
196
211
226
241
256
271
286
301
316
331
346
361
Day

Figure 7.16 : Variation of supply of water from the Takhatsagar Reservoir to the
Chopasni Filter House during the year 2005 staring from January,1 –
December, 31 (red color line corresponds to without seepage component;
blue color line corresponds to with seepage component).

Diversion of Flow from the Takhatsagar to Chopasni Filter House during year 2008

1.80
1.60
1.40 Without GW component
Flow (MCM/day)

1.20 With GW component

1.00
0.80
0.60

0.40
0.20
0.00
1
16

31

46
61

76

91
106

121

136
151

166
181

196

211
226

241

256
271

286
301

316

331
346

361

Day

Figure 7.17: Variation of supply of water from the Takhatsagar Reservoir to the Chopasni
Filter House during the year 2008 staring from January,1 –December, 31
(red color line corresponds to without seepage component; blue color line
corresponds to with seepage component).

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 57

 Diversion of flow from the Takhatsagar to Chopasni Filter House during year 2009
4.00

3.50
3.00
Without GW component
Flow (MCM/day)

2.50
With GW component
2.00
1.50

1.00

0.50

0.00
1
16
31
46
61
76
91
106
121
136
151
166
181
196
211
226
241
256
271
286
301
316
331
346
361
Day

Figure 7.18: Variation of supply of water from the Takhatsagar Reservoir to the Chopasni
Filter House during the year 2009 staring from January,1 –December, 31
(red color line corresponds to without seepage component; blue color line
corresponds to with seepage component).

It can be seen from Figs. 7.15-7.18 that, the supplies of water from the
Takhatsagar to the Chopasni Filter House varied during a year, and even year to year. In
some of the days in a year, virtually there was no supply of water from the Takhatsagar
Reservoir, and the variation of flows followed the similar pattern as that of the supplies
from the Kailana Lake to the Takhatsagar Reservoir. The variation of seepage below the
reservoir bed has been estimated to be varied very marginally following the same trend as
that of the outflow pattern from the Takhatsagar Reservoir, i.e., higher the rate of outflow
from the Takhatsagar Reservoir to the Chopasni Filter House, larger is the rate of seepage
below the reservoir bed.

The water balances of the Takhatsagar Reservoir, in terms of inflows and

outflows, with and without groundwater seepage component for the year 2003, 2005,
2008, and 2009 have been shown in Figs. 7.19-7.22. In these figures, the differences
between inflows and outflows even for the case without the groundwater seepage
component are due to the losses of water by the surface water evaporation.

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 58

 The year-wise sum of each water balance component which is involved in the
water balance equation of the Takhatsagar Reservoir is given in Table-7.2. It can be seen
from Table-7.2 that the differences between the change in storage estimated from the
inflow-outflow balance and the change in storage calculated independently are very
minor. These minor differences may be due to the errors in the fitting of rating curve.

Table 7.2 : Year-wise water balance components of the Takhatsagar Reservoir.

Year Inflow ( MCM) Outflow (MCM) Change in
storage = Change in
Inflow to Rainfall Diversion to Diversion to Ground Evaporation ∑ Inflow - storage
Takhatsagar volume Chopasni Chopasni water component calculated
Filter Hose Filter Hose component ∑ outflow (MCM)
without GW with GW (MCM)
component component
2003 45.86 0.3823 47.23 37.72 10.29 1.0767 - 2.0644 - 1.401
(- 2.844)*
2005 54.13 0.2422 52.29 42.42 10.55 1.0571 1.0251 1.274
(- 0.3451)*
2008 78.26 0.1049 78.01 67.09 11.30 1.1045 - 1.000 - 0.200
(- 1.1296)*
2009 96.02 0.000 95.87 85.43 10.58 1.0778 - 0.9278 - 0.110
(- 1.0678)*
• Indicates change in storage with groundwater component.

Water balance of the Takhatsagar reservoir for the Year 2003

0.80
Inflow to Takhatsagar
0.70
Takhatsagar to Chopasni Filter House without GW component
0.60 Takhatsagar to copasni with GW component
Flow (MCM/day)

0.50

0.40

0.30

0.20

0.10

0.00
1

16
31

46

61

76
91

106

121
136

151

166

181
196

211

226

241
256

271

286

301
316

331

346

361

Day ( Year : 2003)

Figure 7.19 : Variation of water balance components of the Takhatsagar Reservoir during
the year 2003 staring from January,1 –December, 31.

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 59

 Water Balance of the Takhat Sagar reservoir for the year 2005

Inflow to the Takhatsagar

0.35
Supply to the Chopasni Filter House without GW com ponent

0.30 supply to the chopasni Filter House with GW com ponent

0.25
Flow (MCM/day)

0.20

0.15

0.10

0.05

0.00
1

16

31

46

61

76

91

106

121

136

151

166

181

196

211

226

241

256

271

286

301

316

331

346

361
Day ( Ye ar : 2005)

Figure 7.20 : Variation of water balance components of the Takhatsagar Reservoir during
the year 2005 staring from January,1 –December, 31.

Water balance of the Takhatsagar reservoir for the Year 2008

1.80
1.60
Inflow to Takhatsagar
1.40
Takhatsagar to Chopasni Filter House without GW component
Flow (MCM/day)

1.20
Takhatsagar to copasni with GW component
1.00

0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
1
16
31
46
61
76
91
106
121
136
151
166
181
196
211
226
241
256
271
286
301
316
331
346
361

Day ( Year : 2008)

Figure 7.21 : Variation of water balance components of the Takhatsagar Reservoir during
the year 2008 staring from January,1 –December, 31.

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 60

 Water balance of the Takhatsagar reservoir for the year 2009
4.00
Inflow to the Takhatsagar
3.50
Supply to the Chopasni Filter House without GW component

3.00 Supply to the Chopasni Filter House with GW component

Flow (MCM/day)

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00

0.50

0.00
1

16

31

46

61

76

91

106

121

136

151

166

181

196

211

226

241

256

271

286

301

316

331

346

361
Day ( Year : 2009)

Figure 7.22 : Variation of water balance components of the Takhatsagar Reservoir during
the year 2009 staring from January,1 –December, 31.

******************

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 61

 Section – 8.0 : GROUNDWATER DATA AND ANALYSIS

Evolution of groundwater levels in an area is a combined response of the geologic

formation in the area to the past and present recharge originating from transfer of water to
the region and recharge to aquifer resulting from the water use, rainfall recharge, and
ground water withdrawal by pumping, and change in hydrologic boundary conditions. In
order to monitor the evolution of water table, the GWD, Jodhpur has set up 54
observation stations within the city area up to the year 2008, among which, there are 26
open wells, 7 tube wells , and remaining are either hand pumps or step wells. Types of
wells, their locations in latitude and longitude co-ordinate system are given in Table-
A8.1 in the Annexure. From the year 1984 to 1994, the GWD used to monitor pre and
post monsoon groundwater levels at 15 observation stations. Later on by the year 2000,
when the groundwater level started rising in the city area, the observation points had been
increased to 32 for monitoring the pre and post monsoon groundwater levels. After the
year 2000, a number of new observation wells have been constructed and presently the
groundwater levels are monitored at 54 observation points on monthly basis. The pre-
monsoon groundwater level monitoring period is from 15th May to15th June, and the post-
monsoon period is from15th October to15th November in every year. With 54 observation
points in the area of about 76 sq. km., the observation network density is estimated to be
0.71 observation point per 100 hectare (106 sq. m), which is adequate to develop a
representative water level contour map.

The groundwater levels data, supplied by the GWD, had been measured from the
ground surface at the respective locations, and all those levels thus represent the depth to
groundwater table. Identifying the latitude and longitude of each observation location by
GPS and making use of the ground level contour map, the groundwater level at each
observation point with respect to a common datum i.e., the mean sea level (MSL) is
obtained. After this conversion, considering the observed data to be consistent, the pre
monsoon and post monsoon water table contour maps for the years; 1996, 2000, 2004,
and 2008 have been prepared.

Reservoirs are prone to seepage depending upon the hydraulic conductivity of the
underlying geologic formation. The Kailana and the Takhatsagar Reservoirs, which
approximately conform to a rectangular strip of long length, may be prone to seepage.The

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 62

hydraulic conductivity of the hard rock geologic formation near the reservoirs is
estimated to be 0.058m / day Corresponding to the hydraulic conductivity value, k =
0.058 m/day, the probable quantities of seepage from the Kailana and Takhatsagar
Reservoirs have been estimated for varying heads of water in the reservoirs and are given
in section 7.0. As the reservoirs conform to a long strip, a water ridge, i.e. a line contour
for the maximum water table height under the reservoirs aligned along the reservoir
axses, is likely to be formed below the reservoirs resulting from seepage. The other
contours lines will be parallel to the ridge in the vicinity of the reservoir.

Presently, there are no observation wells in the close vicinity of the Kailana and
Takhatsagar Reservoirs. Therefore, contours of equal water table height above MSL have
been drawn for two limiting situations. In situation 1, it is envisaged that, the Kailana and
Takhatsagar Reservoirs are hydraulically connected to the aquifer under the Jodhpur city.
With this assumption, the reservoirs perform as a line of observation wells. Accordingly
contour lines incorporating the reservoir water level have been drawn. The parallel line
contours near the Kailana and the Takhatsagar Reservoir conform to this assumption.
This is the most favorable condition for seepage from the Kailana-Takhatsagar to flow to
the aquifer below the Jodhpur city to cause water logging.

In situation 2, it is assumed that seepage from the Kailana and Takhatsagar is

insignificant. Therefore, no mound is formed under the reservoir axis. The Kailana and
Takhatsagar are not hydraulically connected to the aquifer below the Jodhpur city. The
contours have been drawn excluding the reservoir water level. This is the most
unfavorable condition to cause water logging by seepage water from the reservoirs.

Assuming the Kailana-Takhatsagar having hydraulic connection with the aquifer

below the Jodhpur city, the pre and post monsoon water table contour maps for the years
1996, 2000, 2004, and 2008 are drawn and shown in Figs. 8.1-8.4. In the year 2008,
water level observations have been made at more number of observation points.
Therefore, the contour maps of the year 2008 predict the cause water logging more
precisely as compared to other contour maps. In these figures, the direction of
groundwater flow, the water logged area in which water table lies within a depth of 3m
below ground surface, and the area in which the water table lies between 3 and 5 m from
ground surface are shown.

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 63

Figure 8.1: Pre (red color) and post (black color) monsoon groundwater table contour
map for 1996 with the assumption that the Kailana-Takhatsagar is
hydraulically connected to the aquifer below the Jodhpur city ( Æ Indicates
groundwater flow direction).

Figure 8.2: Pre (red color) and post (black color) monsoon groundwater table contour
map for 2000 with the assumption that the Kailana-Takhatsagar is
hydraulically connected to the aquifer below the Jodhpur city ( Æ Indicates
groundwater flow direction).

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 64

Figure 8.3: Pre (red color) and post (black color) monsoon groundwater table contour
map for 2004 with the assumption that the Kailana-Takhatsagar is
hydraulically connected to the aquifer below the Jodhpur city ( Æ Indicates
groundwater flow direction).

Figure 8.4: Pre (red color) and post (black color) monsoon groundwater table contour
map for 2008 with the assumption that the Kailana-Takhatsagar is
hydraulically connected to the aquifer below the Jodhpur city( Æ Indicates
groundwater flow direction).

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 65

 For the second case case, in which the Kailana-Takhatsagar are assumed not to
be hydraulically connected with the aquifer of Jodhpur city, the corresponding water
table contour maps are shown in Figs. 8.5-8.8. In these figures, the direction of
groundwater flow, the water logged area in which water table lies within a depth of 3m
below ground surface, and the area in which the water table lies between 3 and 5 m from
ground surface are shown.

Figure 8.5 Pre (red color) and post (black color) monsoon groundwater table contour
map for 1996 with the assumption that the Kailana-Takhatsagar is not
hydraulically connected to the aquifer below the Jodhpur city( Æ Indicates
groundwater flow direction).

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 66

Figure 8.6 : Pre (red color) and post (black color) monsoon groundwater table contour
map for 2000 with the assumption that the Kailana-Takhatsagar is not
hydraulically connected to the aquifer below the Jodhpur city( Æ Indicates
groundwater flow direction).

Figure 8.7 : Pre (red color) and post (black color) monsoon groundwater table contour
map for 2004 with the assumption that the Kailana-Takhatsagar is not
hydraulically connected to the aquifer below the Jodhpur city( Æ Indicates
groundwater flow direction).

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 67

Figure 8.8: Pre (red color) and post (black color) monsoon groundwater table contour
map for 2008 with the assumption that the Kailana-Takhatsagar is not
hydraulically connected to the aquifer below the Jodhpur city( Æ Indicates
groundwater flow direction).

In the year 2008, water level observations have been made at more number of
observation points. Therefore, the observed data in the year 2008 have been considered for
comparison of the pre and post monsoon groundwater table contours. The comparison of
the pre and post monsoon groundwater table contours maps for the cases of Kailana-
Takhatsagar Reservoir hydraulically connected and hydraulically not connected with the
aquifer underneath of the Jodhpur city are shown in Figs.8.9 and 8.10, respectively. It can
be seen from the Figs. 8.9 and 8.10 that the groundwater table contour lines in both the
cases follow the similar trend with variation in the level differences between the pre and
post monsoon contours, viz., at a particular location the elevation of the post monsoon
groundwater table has higher elevation than that of the pre-monsoon groundwater table. It
indicates that the observed groundwater data and the generated groundwater contour maps
are consistent, and the aquifer below the Jodhpur city area has a good response to the
monsoon rainfall recharge.

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 68

Figure 8.9 : Pre (red color) and Post (black color) monsoon groundwater table contour
map for the year 2008 with assumption of the Kailana-Takhatsagar reservoir
to be hydraulically connected to the aquifer below the Jodhpur city.

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 69

Figure 8.10: Pre (red color) and Post (black color) monsoon groundwater table contour
map for the year 2008 with assumption of the Kailana-Takhatsagar Reservoir
not hydraulically connected to the aquifer below the Jodhpur city.

A 3-dimensional view of the pre and post monsoon groundwater table elevation
map for the year 2008 has been shown in Figs. 8.11 and 8.12, respectively. These figures
clearly depict the groundwater table mounds in the uppermost region of the study area.
The difference between highest (in the northern part) and the lowest (in the southernmost
part) groundwater table elevetation in the study area is of the order of about 90-95 m.

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 70

Figure 8.11 : 3-dimensional plot of the pre-monsoon groundwater table contour map for
the year 2008.

Figure 8.12 : 3-dimensional plot of the post-monsoon groundwater table contour

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 71
map for the year 2008.
 Since the year 1996, due to continuous rise in ground water level, the waterlogged
area is spreading and has increased manifold in the Jodhpur city area particularly in the
uppermost part of the study area (Figs. 8.1-8.8). Year-wise spreading of the waterlogged
areas, and areas encompassed by groundwater levels at: (i) 3.0 m below the ground
surface, (ii) 5.0 m below the ground surface, and area between 3.0-5.0 m below the
ground surface, have been ascertained and are shown in Figure 8.13. It is found that over
the period of 12 years (1996-2008), the waterlogged areas have been increased gradually
to 3 times of the waterlogged area that existed in the year 1996.

7
Area between level 0 - 3m
6 5.8101
Area between level 3 - 5m

Area between level 0 - 5m 5.024

5
Affected area (Sq. km)

4 3.735

3.074 3.028
3 2.7821

2.208
2.0586 1.95
2
1.527
0.9816 1.077
1

0
1996 2000 2004 2008
Year

Figure 8.13: Variation of Waterlogged area in different years.

The following inference is drawn analyzing the water table contour maps:

(a) The directions of groundwater flow during all the years from 1996 to 2008 (Figs.
8.1-8.8), the pre as well as post monsoon seasons, are observed to be broadly
from the north to the south and southeasterly direction with some minor
deviations at local pockets,

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 72

 (b) In the waterlogged region, the water table contours are closely spaced. In the
southern region, the spacing between two consecutive contours is comparatively
wider. The region in which the contours are closely spaced is a region of low
transmissivity. This means either the hydraulic conductivity is low or the
thickness of the Quaternary alluvium formation is small. The region in which the
contours are widely spaced is a region of comparatively higher transmissivity
indicating larger thickness of the Quaternary alluvium formation. The
waterlogged area is located in the geological unit having low transmissivity where
the contours are closely spaced. From hydraulics principle, water flows from a
region having contours of higher water level to region with contours of lower
water level. In the waterlogged area, the water table contours have higher values
than those in the southern side. Since water is flowing from the waterlogged
region and the North side is a hilly region and no water is coming to the
waterlogged region from the north side, the source of water causing water logging
is thus generated locally which is likely to be the return flow from the water
supply including sewerage,

(c) The possibility of seepage from the Kailana-Takhatsagar Reservoir entering the
waterlogged area is investigated making use of the contour maps. The water table
contours shown in Figs 8.5-8.8 are based on the assumption that Kailana-
Takhatsagar Reservoir is not hydraulically connected with the aquifer underneath
the Jodhpur city. As seen from these figures, the water table contours in the
waterlogged area are having higher values than those of the contours which are in
the vicinity of the region where the Kailana-Takhatsagar is located. As the
waterlogged area is located on a region having higher water table contours than
those in the region near Kailana-Takhatsagar, from hydraulic principle, the
waterlogged area will not receive any flow from the southwest side i.e., from the
reservoir side, where hydraulic head is less than that in the waterlogged area. So it
is inferred that groundwater flow from the Kailana-Takhatsagar side is not
causing water logging in the waterlogged area,

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 73

 (d) The water table contours shown in Figs 8.1-8.4 are based on the assumption that
Kailana-Takhatsagar Reservoir is hydraulically connected with the aquifer
underneath the Jodhpur city. The direction of flow lines, which are orthogonal to
the equipotential lines, i.e., the water table contours, is not towards the
waterlogged area (Figs. 8.1-8.4). The direction of flow in all the cases is broadly
towards south-east direction. The seepage from the Kailana-Takhatsagar
Reservoir is not entering the waterlogged area. Thus, whether the Kailana-
Takhatsagar Reservoir is hydraulically connected with the aquifer underneath the
Jodhpur city or not, the seepage from the lake is not flowing towards the
waterlogged area in either situation,

(e) From the configurations of the flow nets (Figs.8.1-8.8), it is concluded that the
Kailana-Takhatsagar Reservoir being located in the Malani group of rocks, and
the Malani group of rocks have low permeability; the seepage losses from the lake
will be very small, which can be quantified from a water balance study. This
seepage is entering towards the south-east region in which the water table
contours are having less value than those in the waterlogged area. From the
consideration of hydraulic principle (flow takes place from region with higher
hydraulic head to region with lower hydraulic head), and from the consideration
of the direction of flow, it can be postulated that the seepage from the reservoir is
not entering to the waterlogged areas.

(f) Analysis of evolution of depth to water table below ground surface in the area
affected progressively due to water logging indicates that area getting
waterlogged has increased every year, and dynamic equilibrium has not been
reached yet.

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 74

 (g) As such, there is no sign of bulk groundwater seepage from the Kailana-
Takhatsagar Reservoir to the Jodhpur city area through the underneath geological
formations of the respective areas. If at all seepage is taking place, it may be
occurring through lineaments. The orientation of the lineaments can be seen in
Fig.3.1. There is only one lineament, which is oriented towards the waterlogged
area. Near to the Kailana-Takhatsagar Reservoir the connection of this lineament
with the lake is not clear. The Lineament analysis survey and the geological and
geophysical study conducted independently by the National Geophysical
Research Institute (NGRI), Hederabad (2010) surrounding the Kailana-
Takhatsagar Reservoir indicated that the lineaments are oriented in NNE-SSW to
NE-SW directions with no connectivity to the city areas. A few lineaments with
ESE-WNW directions are present but these are small and do not have
connectivity to the city areas. The findings of the NGRI thus corroborate the
present conclusion obtained flow analysis of flow direction. Therefore, the
chances of seepage from the Kailana-Takhatsagar Reservoir to the waterlogged
areas through lineaments are ruled out.

********************

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 75

 Section -9.0 : SEWERAGE AND DRAINAGE DATA ANALYSIS
FOR JODHPUR CITY

Before the year 1996-’97, the water supply of the Jodhpur city for domestic and
municipal water including drinking water used to meet partly from about 1962 numbers
of hand pumps, 109 numbers of tube wells/open wells, 4 numbers of step wells &
baories, surface water bodies in the city and from the monsoon storage available in the
Kailana-Takhatsagar Reservoir. After the year 1996-‘97, all the groundwater based
supplies have been put into hold, and the water supply to the city has been fully switched
over to meet from the Kailana Lake and Takhatsagar Reservoir through continuous
feeding from the IGNP linked Rajiv Gandhi Lift canal by partly pumping and partly by
gravity flow, after treatment. Water from the Kailana-Takhatsagar Reservoir to the city
area is transported through large diameter pipes. The quantity of water supplied from the
Kailana-Takhatsagar Reservoir in different years during the period 1991-2009 is shown
in Figure 9.1. It can be seen from Figure 9.1 that, the supplies of water from the Kailana-
Takhatsagar Reservoir to the city have increased gradually over the years from 228 lacs
gallon per day in the year 1996 to 522 lacs gallon per day by the year 2009 to meet the
rising demands for water by the growing population and their allied activities.

600
522
516
506
Water Supply (lac g/day)

476

500
420
392
378

374
373

365

366

400
337

309
259

300
228
218
204

188

183
180

200

100

0
1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

Year

Figure 9.1: Water supplied from the Kailana-Takhatsagar Reservoir to the Jodhpur city
in different years during 1991-2009.

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 76

 To dispose the wastewaters generated from the use of the supplied water, the city
has a network of sewerage system serving most part of the city area. The old city area, in
which the waterlogged area is located, has a very older sewerage/drainage system
constructed a long back than those in the areas where the city has been extended in later
stages. It is necessary to ascertain whether all households located in the waterlogged area
are connected to the sewerage/drainage systems. For ascertaining this aspect, a random
door-to-door survey in the problematic area has been carried out making use of a simple
questionnaire. A copy of the questionnaire that has been used for gathering the requisite
information is given in the Annexure A9.1. The gist of the analyzed information derived
from the questionnaire is given in Table 9.1. It can be seen from Table 9.1 that out of the
23 families responded, about 43% indicated disposal of domestic wastewaters through
Nallahs and Soak Pits, which may join to the underneath aquifer subsequently. However,
almost all the families have indicated connectivity of their toilet wastewaters to the
sewerage system.

Table 9.1: Analyzed information on the random door-to-door survey carried out in the
problematic area for ascertaining usages of waters and wastewaters by the
householders.
Nos. of family Source of water Method of disposal of Method of disposal of
responded to supply & no. of domestic wastewater & toilet water & no. of
questionnaire family no. of family family
Nagar Nigam : 21 Sewerage system : 13 Sewerage system : 22
23 PHED : 2 Nallah, etc. :5 Nallah, etc. :1
Soak Pit :5
Total : 23 Total : 23 Total : 23

In most part of the old city area, the sewerage/drainage systems are found to be
chocked by debris, and the flow velocity is sluggish. Therefore, leakage/seeping of
wastewaters and return flow to the aquifer from the households, which are not connected
to the sewerage system, can not be ruled out, in such cases. Currently, the city’s
wastewaters are drained out through three main sewerage systems, one towards the
Nandri area, and the other one to the Jodhpur Airport side, and the third one is near to the
Polytechnic Institute, which have the disposal outlets to the Jojri River. Of these, Nandri
site has an organized sewage treatment plant having capacity of 20 MLD (Million liter
per day). In the other two cases, they are directly discharged to the Jojri River without
treatment. Whether or not the wastewaters generated from the water supplied to the city

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 77

area, which could be of the order of 65% of the supplied water, have the clear passage to
flow through the existing sewerage network, need an assessment. Some parts of the
generated wastewaters in excess of the wastewaters drained out from the city area, which
would remain as the accumulated storage, would join to the groundwater. In order to
assess the quantity of sewages which outflows daily from the city area through the
existing sewerage channels, field investigations and measurements have been carried out
in the three sewerages drains; one near to the Jodhpur Airport, other one near to the
Jodhpur Polytechnic Institute, and the third one at the Nandri sewage treatment site.
Measurements of sewage flows from morning 6:00 A.M to evening 11:00 P.M. for a
continuous 7 days at all the three locations (Figs. 9.2-9.4) have been carried out during
the months of April-July, 2010 by engaging a local agency. Based on the measured
velocities of flows, sectional geometries, and depths of flows; the time varying discharges
of sewage flows have been computed. Averaging the 7 days flows, a generalized graph of
time-varying discharges of flows for 24 hours for each of the three sites has been
developed and given in Figs. 9.5-9.7.

(a) (b)

Figure 9.2 : Sewage measurement location near the Jodhpur Airport site; (a) section
chosen for measurement of cross-section and flow velocity, and (b)
temporary structural arrangement made for measurement of cross-section
and flow velocity, and measurement of depth of flow.

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 78

(a) (b)

Figure 9.3 : Sewage measurement location near the Jodhpur Polytechnic Institute; (a)
pre-calibrated V-notch installed at the site by constructing a guided
channel for measurement of flow, and (b) depiction of flow over the V-
notch.

(b)
(a)

Figure 9.4 : Sewage measurement location at the Nandri sewage treatment plant site; (a)
calibration & fixation of the data logger connected to the current meter, and
(b) measurement taken from the current meter for estimation of flow
velocity.

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 79

Figure 9.5 : Generalized rating curve of the sewage flows in the sewerage drain near to
the Jodhpur Airport area; developed based on the continuous 7 days field
measurements from 6:00 A.M to 11:00 P.M.(April, 2010).

From the rating curves (Figs. 9.5-9.7) it can be seen that sewage flows in all the
three drains vary during 24 hours in a day. Largely, in a day the flows are found to be
minimum in morning 6-7 A.M., thereafter, the flows gradually increase and attain to a
peak value between 10:00 – 11:30 A.M; after that flows gradually reduces. A second
peak is also found common in all the three cases between 9:00 P.M. to 10:30 P. M.
Thereafter, the flows decrease to attain the minimum in the morning. The pattern of
sewage flows depend on the uses of the supplied water by the households in the city
areas. In general, the maximum uses of water are seemed to be during the morning 8:00
A.M to 12 noon, followed by evening 6:30 P.M. to 10:00 P.M.

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 80

Figure 9.6 : Generalized rating curve of the sewage flows in the sewerage drain near to
the Jodhpur Polytechnic Institute; developed based on the continuous 7 days
field measurements from 6:00 A.M to 11:00 P.M.(June, 2010).

Out of the three sewerage drains, the Jodhpur Airport drain disposed off
maximum sewages of about 71279 m3/day (157 lacs gallon per day) followed by Nandri
Treatment Plant drain of about 13235 m3/day (29.15 lacs gallon per day); while the
Polytechnic Institute drain disposed off an average of about 3325 m5/day (7.12 lacs
gallon per day). The total discharge of sewages from the city areas through these three
sewerage systems in terms of the water supplied in the year 2009 is about 37%. The
sewage flows may vary from season to season, even from month to month that depend on
the supplies and uses of water. In addition to the three major drains, there are number of
small uncounted drains, which are connected to the nearby Talabs located in the city area.

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 81

Figure 9.7 : Generalized rating curve of the sewage flows in the sewerage drain at
Nandri Sewage Treatment Plant site; developed based on the continuous 7
days field measurements from 6:00 A.M to 11:00 P.M.(July, 2010).

Assuming that the wastewaters generated and their outflows from the city area are
respectively, 65% and 37% of the water supplied in the respective years. The probable
quantities of the wastewaters, which have been generated and disposed off from the city
areas in different years, are given in Table 9.2.
Table 9.2: Probable quantities of wastewaters generated and disposed off from the city
areas in different years.
Year Water supplied Probable quantity of Probable quantity of
(Lac gallon per day) wastewaters generated wastewaters disposed off
(Lac gallon per day) (Lac gallon per day)
2000 378 245.7 139.86
2002 392 254.8 145.04
2004 366 237.9 135.42
2006 476 309.4 176.12
2008 518 335.4 190.92
****************

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 82

 Section -10 : WATER BALANCE OF THE STUDY AREA

An assessment of the unknown fraction of surface water supply that joins the
aquifer system causing water level rise in the city area has been made from surface water
balance study for the city area. In water balance, one is required to confirm that the
quantitative difference between sum of all inputs and outputs of the hydrological
components, those are involved in the governing physical processes in a system for a
specific time period, is equal to the change in water storage in the system during that time
period. In the case of the present study area, the hydrological components of inputs are:
(i) water supplied to the city area, and (ii) rainfalls and the corresponding runoffs; while
the outputs are: (i) sewage outflows from the city area, (ii) evapotraspiration, and (iii)
groundwater recharge. The surface water balance considering these components can be
written as:

[(Qws ]
+ QRi + QRo ) − ( f Qws + Qsw + Qevp + Q gr ) Δt = ΔV …………………. (10.1)

in which Qws is the rate of water supply from the Kailana-Takhatsagar Reservoir to the
city area (L3T-1); QRi is the rainfall rate over the city area (L3T-1) = Ri As, Ri is the rainfall
quantity (L), and As is the surface area on which rainfall occurs ( L2); QRo is the runoff
rate to the area corresponding to the rainfall (L3T-1); f is the fraction of the water, Qws that
is lost by the consumptive use (dimensionless), Qsw is the sewage & storm water outflows
from the city area (L3T-1); Qevp is the evapotranspiration rate of water from the study area
(L3T-1); Qgr is the rate of ground recharge from the study area (L3T-1); ΔV is the change in
storage of water in the city area (L3); and Δt is the time period (T).

The daily rate of water supply from the Kailana-Takhatsagar Reservoir to the city
area, Qws has been given in section 7. The daily and annual variation of rainfall, Ri have
been discussed in section 4. The water surface evaporation rate has also been explained in
section 4. The sewage & storm water outflows rate, Qsw and the fraction of consumptive
use (assumed to be, f = 0.35) have been elaborated in section 9. The study area, As is
measured to be 76 sq. km. Making use of the respective data, and assuming the time
period to be annual, i.e., Δt = 1 year, the water balance of the study area is carried out.
The information/data used for calculation are given in Table 10.1:
Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 83
Table 10.1 : Data used for calculation of components of water balance equation of the
Jodhpur study area.

Year Study Rainfall & Runoff data Wastewater Groundwater

area components & recharge
Consumptive use factor
factor
2000, 76 40% of the annual rainfall is considered Wastewater : 65% of 15% of the
2002, sq. km. as immediate evaporation; Remaining the supplied water; rainfall.
2004, 60% characterizes runoff, infiltration, Consumptive use
2006 & interception, depression storages, etc. factor, f = 0.35
2008 Sewage outflows from
Runoff = (1- 0.4 – 0.15 - 0.15) * Rainfall the city area: 37% of
the water supplied.
Assuming 15% of the rainfall as the
interception & depression storage, and
15% as the infiltration rate.

The water balance components can vary during monsoon and non-monsoon days,
even during different hours in a day, which depend on water supplied to the city area,
water usages pattern, rainfall and its intensity and duration, land-uses and land cover,
storage retention, temperature, etc. However, making use of the data given in Table 10.1,
a lumped water balance of the study area has been made for the years 2000, 2002, 2004,
2006 and 2008 and is given in Table 10.2. The lumped storage volumes shown in Table
10.2, which are the differences of Inflow components and the outflow components, are
the quantities of water those might have joined to the underneath aquifer through return
flow over the respective year in addition to the normal rainfall recharge.

Table 10.2: Water balance components of the study area in different years.
Year Inflow components Outflow components Storage (ΔV)
Water supply, Runoff Consumptive Sewage + Groundwater (MCM) =
Vws (MCM) volume use compo- runoff recharge
(VRi +VRo) nent; f Vws outflow from component, ∑ Inflow -
(MCM) (MCM) the city area, Vgr (MCM) ∑ Outflow
Vsw (MCM)
2000 56.62 6.087 19.82 27.036 8.492 7.356
2002 57.47 2.075 20.11 23.339 8.621 7.476
2004 56.92 6.430 19.92 27.492 8.539 7.404
2006 76.62 3.443 26.82 31.791 11.492 9.956
2008 85.57 8.618 29.95 40.281 12.836 11.124
(MCM : Million Cubic Meter)
***************

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 84

 Section - 11.0: AQUIFER PARAMETERS ESTIMATION

In a hard rock region in Jodhpur city, aquifer tests have been conducted in small
radius tube wells and in large diameter wells locally known as Bowaris. In this study, for
the aquifer test conducted in the wells with small radii, the inverse problem has been
solved using the Theis’ basic solution treating the aquifer to be confined. For the tests
conducted in large diameter wells, Hantush’ basic solution for well with finite radius has
been used considering well storage effect on drawdown data. Unit pulse kernel
coefficients are generated and used in a Marquardt Algorithm as described in
Appendices. The convolution technique used to compute drawdown is quite versatile.
The parameters have also been estimated using a simpler Paul algorithm search
technique.

11.1 Determination of aquifer parameters Applying Marquardt Algorithm to

observed drawdown at a Piezometer during Pumping

Location: Jodhpur, Paota; Pumping Rate: Q=0.21 m3 / min ;

Distance of Observation Well from Pumping Well = 24.5m.

Table 11.1: Observed drawdown data at Paota

Time of observation Observed Time of observation Observed
(min) Drawdown(m) (min) Drawdown(m)
1 0 60 1.65
2 0.08 70 1.719
3 0.13 80 1.762
4 0.23 90 1.802
5 0.33 100 1.836
6 0.41 120 1.902
7 0.48 140 1.938
8 0.55 160 1.974
9 0.64 180 2.004
10 0.71 200 2.03
12 0.82 230 2.052
14 0.93 260 2.082
16 1.02 290 2.102
18 1.08 320 2.122
20 1.14 350 2.132
25 1.26 380 2.142

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 85

 30 1.35 410 2.17
35 1.42 440 2.172
40 1.46 470 2.172
45 1.5 480 2.172
50 1.58

Starting transmissivity value, T * ( m 2 / min ) = 0 .010; starting storage coefficient, φ * = 0.0003.

Table 11.2 :Transmissivity and Storage coefficient as obtained through successive iteration.

Iteration T
*
φ* ΔT Δφ Error: C(1) Error: C(2)
no
1 0.017997 0.000373 8.00E-03 7.33E-05 0.00E+00 0.00E+00
2 0.028653 0.000338 1.07E-02 -3.55E-05 0.00E+00 0.00E+00
3 0.036955 0.000276 8.30E-03 -6.21E-05 0.00E+00 0.00E+00
4 0.039092 0.00027 2.14E-03 -5.46E-06 0.00E+00 0.00E+00
5 0.039129 0.000272 3.65E-05 1.32E-06 0.00E+00 0.00E+00
6 0.039133 0.000271 4.43E-06 -9.17E-08 2.78E-17 8.88E-16
7 0.039132 0.000271 -5.05E-07 1.11E-08 0.00E+00 0.00E+00
8 0.039133 0.000271 6.01E-08 -1.31E-09 -4.34E-19 0.00E+00
9 0.039133 0.000271 -7.14E-09 1.56E-10 5.42E-20 0.00E+00

Iterated Transmissivity, T= 0 .03913 m 2 / min =56.35 m 2 / day

Iterated Storage Coefficient, φ = 0.000271

Table 11.3: Comparison of observed drawdowns with simulated drawdowns

Time Observed Computed Time Observed Computed

(min) drawdown(m) drawdown(m) (min) drawdown(m) drawdown(m)
1 0 0.0875 60 1.65 1.4921
2 0.08 0.2287 70 1.719 1.5569
3 0.13 0.3417 80 1.762 1.6132
4 0.23 0.4326 90 1.802 1.6628
5 0.33 0.5081 100 1.836 1.7073
6 0.41 0.5725 120 1.902 1.7845
7 0.48 0.6285 140 1.938 1.8498
8 0.55 0.6781 160 1.974 1.9064
9 0.64 0.7226 180 2.004 1.9564
10 0.71 0.7629 200 2.03 2.0011
12 0.82 0.8337 230 2.052 2.0605
14 0.93 0.8945 260 2.082 2.1127
16 1.02 0.9477 290 2.102 2.1591
18 1.08 0.995 320 2.122 2.201
20 1.14 1.0376 350 2.132 2.2392
Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 86
 25 1.26 1.1285 380 2.142 2.2742
30 1.35 1.2035 410 2.17 2.3066
35 1.42 1.2672 440 2.172 2.3366
40 1.46 1.3227 470 2.172 2.3647
45 1.5 1.3717 480 2.172 2.3737
50 1.58 1.4158

Square root of sum of square of error =0. 82m; average error = 0. 02 m.

2.5

2
Drawdown (m)

1.5

1 Observed drawdown
Simulated drawdown
0.5

0
0 100 200 300 400
Time (Min)

Figure 11.1: Observed and simulated drawdowns for T=0.03913 m 2 / min =

56.35 m 2 / day and storage coefficient, φ = 0.000271, Test Site at Paota.

11.2 Determination of aquifer parameters applying Marquardt Algorithm to

observed drawdown in a Well during pumping; the aquifer test is conducted in
a large diameter Well ( Bowaris)

Location: Jodhpur, Subhash Chowk; Pumping Rate, Q=0.225 m3 / min ;

Radius of the Well = 1.725m

Table 11.4: Observed drawdown at Subhash Chowk

Time of Observed Drawdown(m) Time of observation Observed

observation (min) (min) Drawdown(m)
2 4.00E-02 30 4.45E-01
3 5.50E-02 35 5.10E-01
4 7.00E-02 40 5.70E-01
Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 87
 5 8.50E-02 45 6.35E-01
6 1.00E-01 50 7.00E-01
7 1.15E-01 60 8.00E-01
8 1.30E-01 70 9.80E-01
9 1.45E-01 80 1.03E+00
10 1.60E-01 90 1.13E+00
12 1.90E-01 100 1.24E+00
14 2.25E-01 120 1.43E+00
16 2.45E-01 140 1.58E+00
18 2.75E-01 160 1.71E+00
20 3.00E-01 180 1.83E+00
25 4.00E-01 200 1.97E+00

Table 11. 5: Transmissivity and storage coefficient as obtained through successive iteration

Iteration
no T* φ* ΔT Δφ Error: C(1) Error: C(2)
1 0.024 0.01 -0.0518 0.117059 5.70E-06 3.44E-06
2 0.024 0.127059 -0.03277 0.418365 -7.69E-06 -6.00E-07
3 0.024 0.127059 -0.03485 0.423725 -7.69E-06 -6.00E-07
4 0.024 0.127059 -0.03485 0.423725 -7.69E-06 -6.00E-07

Iterated Transmissivity, T= 0 .024 m 2 / min =24.56 m 2 / day

Iterated Storage Coefficient, φ = 0.127

Table 11.6 : Comparison of observed drawdowns with simulated drawdowns for T=

0.024 m 2 / min =24.56 m 2 / day and Storage coefficient, φ = 0.127

Time(min) Observed Simulated Time(min) Observed Simulated

drawdown(m) drawdown(m) drawdown(m) drawdown(m)
2 0.04 0.0444 30 0.445 0.5196
3 0.055 0.0656 35 0.51 0.5884
4 0.07 0.0862 40 0.57 0.6539
5 0.085 0.1063 45 0.635 0.7164
6 0.1 0.126 50 0.7 0.7763
7 0.115 0.1453 60 0.8 0.8887
8 0.13 0.1643 70 0.98 0.9926
9 0.145 0.1829 80 1.03 1.0892
10 0.16 0.2012 90 1.13 1.1793
12 0.19 0.237 100 1.235 1.2638
14 0.225 0.2717 120 1.43 1.418
16 0.245 0.3054 140 1.58 1.5557
18 0.275 0.3383 160 1.71 1.6798
20 0.3 0.3703 180 1.83 1.7924
25 0.4 0.447 200 1.97 1.8952

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 88

 2.5

1.5
Drawdown (m)

Observed drawdown

1
Simulated drawdown

Difference between observed and

0.5 simulated

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

-0.5
Time (min)

Figure 11.2: Observed and simulated drawdowns for T= 0.034 m 2 / min =

49.97 m 2 / day and Storage coefficient, φ = 0.046 estimated by
Marquardt Algorithm (Subhash Chowk).

2.5

1.5
Drawdown (m)

Observed drawdown

1 Simulated drawdown

Difference between observed and

0.5 simulated

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

-0.5
Time (min)

Figure 11.3: Observed and simulated drawdowns for T=0.0396 m 2 / min = 57 m 2 / day ,
Storage coefficient, φ = 0.0298; estimated by Paul Algorithm (Subhash
Chowk).

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 1.2

0.8

Observed drawdown
Drawdown (m)

0.6
Simulated drawdown

0.4
Difference between observed and
simulated
0.2

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
-0.2
Time (min)

Figure 11.4: Observed and simulated drawdowns for T = 0 .1156 m 2 / min =166.46
m 2 / day and Storage Coefficient, φ = 0.2337 Estimated Using Marquardt
Algorithm ( Suraj kund ).

1.2

0.8
Observed drawdown
Drawdown (m)

0.6
Simulated drawdown

0.4
Difference between observed and
simulated
0.2

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
-0.2
Time (min)

Figure 11.5: Observed and simulated drawdowns for T= 0.1 m 2 / min =144.00 m 2 / day
and Storage coefficient, φ = 0.121 estimated using Paul Algorithm (Suraj
kund ).

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 0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4
Drawdown (m)

Observed drawdown
0.3
Simulated drawdown

0.2
Difference between observed
and simulated
0.1

0
0 50 100 150 200
-0.1
Time (min)

Figure 11.6: Observed and simulated drawdowns for T = 0 .17 m 2 / min =244.8 m 2 / day ,
Storage coefficient, φ = 0.181, estimated by Marquardt Algorithm
(Sanicherji ka than).

0.7 Observed drawdown

0.6 Simulated drawdown

0.5
Difference between observed and
simulated
0.4
D rawdown (m )

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 50 100 150 200
-0.1

-0.2
Time (min)

Figure 11.7 : Observed and simulated drawdowns for T= 0.2 m 2 / min = 288.00 m 2 / day
and Storage coefficient, φ = 0.25; estimated using Paul Algorithm
( Sanicherji ka than).
*******************

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 91

 Section -12.0: GROUNDWATER QUALITY DATA AND ANALYSIS

The significance of groundwater quality analysis is to detect the dominant water

quality constituents in groundwater which exceed the permissible limit as prescribed by IS-
10500, 1991 for various designated uses. The detection of water quality constituents helps
not only to identify the zones of good water qualities which are within permissible limits
for various uses, but also to identify their possible sources of contamination, if beyond the
permissible limit. The water quality constituents are characterized by three major
properties: physical properties, chemical properties and biological properties. The physical
properties are: Temperature, Turbidity & Color, Salinity, Suspended Solids, and Dissolved
Solids. The chemical properties are pH, BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand), DO
(Dissolved Oxygen), COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), Nutrients, Organic and Inorganic
constituents; and the biological properties are Coliforms, Bacteria, and Algae. The
indication of occurrence of some of the dominant chemical constituents in water in excess
to the permissible limit can be explained as follows: presence of high concentration of
TDS indicates contamination by chemical constituents, presence of high BOD
concentration indicates contamination of water by organic matters, presence of high NO3
concentration indicates contamination of water by sanitary sewages or agricultural refusal,
and presence of high concentration of coliform indicates pollution of water from mixing of
cattle excreta, sanitary sewages and landfills wastes to the groundwater. The standards
prescribed by the BIS-10500 (Bureau of Indian Standards), 1991 for different chemical
constituents are given in Tables -A12.1 and A12.2 in the Annexure.

In order to find the possible causes of waterlogging in the city area and their
sources, the groundwater quality data are also considered for analysis. The PHED, Govt.
of Rajasthan has monitored groundwater quality at 53 locations in the city area during the
year 2009, and analyzed the monitored samples for determination of concentration of 13
chemical constituents, namely; pH, Cl2, TDS, NO3, EC (Electrical Conductivity),
Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Carbonate and Bicarbonate ions, Thorium,
Fluorine. Out of these 13 chemical constituents monitored at 53 locations, data of pH,
TDS, Cl2, NO3, Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Carbonate and Bicarbonate

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 92

ions for 30 locations are considered for analysis of spatial variation of concentration of
different constituents in the study area. The location details of the groundwater quality
monitoring sampling sites and concentration of the measured chemical constituents are
given in Tables A12.3 and A12.4 in the Annexure.

The reason of selecting pH, TDS, Cl2, NO3, Sodium (Na+), Potassium (K+), Calcium
(Ca++), Magnesium (Mg++), Carbonate (CO3-) and Bicarbonate (HCO3-) ions is; they
represent dominant characteristics of water quality fate, viz., pH is one of the basic
properties of water that indicates acid and alkaline characteristics of water, TDS gives
concentration of total dissolved solids those include cations and anions, and is an indicator
of taste of water; Cl2 indicates salty taste, that is mostly associated with fresh/brackish
water; NO3 concentration is associated with the occurrence of sanitary/landfill/agricultural
wastes; Na+, K+, Ca++, Mg++, CO3- and HCO3- ions are indicators to detect fitness of water
for irrigation uses. Making use of SURFER software and employing kriging method, the
thematic maps of the spatial variation of pH, Cl2, TDS and NO3 for pre and post monsoon
within the study area have been prepared and are shown in Figures 12.1-12.7. The Sodium
Adsorption Ratio (SAR) that gives the measure of the suitability of water for use in
agricultural irrigation, has been estimated using the following formula (Richards, 1954):
Na +
SAR = …………………………….. (12.1)
(Ca 2 + + Mg 2 + ) / 2

in which all ionic concentrations are expressed in mill equivalent per litre.

A low SAR (2 to 10) indicates no danger from sodium; SAR between 7 and 18
indicates low to medium hazards, between 11 and 26 high hazards, and a SAR > 26
indicates very high hazards. The lower the Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ ionic strength of the solution,
the greater is the sodium hazards for a given SAR (Richards, 1954). The water used for the
irrigation purpose can have a SAR value maximum up to 26. The recommended
classification with respect to electrical conductivity, sodium content, Sodium Absorption
Ratio (SAR) and Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC) is given in Table 12.1.

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 Table 12.1: Guidelines for evaluation of irrigation water quality

Water class Na, % EC, μS/cm SAR RSC, meq/l

Excellent < 20 < 250 < 10 < 1.25
Good 20-40 250-750 10-18 1.25-2.0
Medium 40-60 750-2250 18-26 2.0-2.5
Bad 60-80 2250-4000 > 26 2.5-3.0
Very bad > 80 > 4000 > 26 > 3.0

Figure 12.1: Spatial variation of pH of groundwater in the study area (• indicates location
of sampling points).

It can be seen from Figure 12.1 that the pH values within the study area vary from
7.4 to 8.20, with slightly higher values in the waterlogged area. The pH values are within
the permissible limit showing no sign of interference by other chemical constituents. There
are three concentration peaks, two in the waterlogged area, and another in south-west. The
contours around each peak show evidence of dispersion. Mechanical dispersions are
caused by groundwater flow. The two peaks in water logged area indicate that the high

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concentration of pH is caused locally. The gradient directions of the contours and
decreasing trend around the peak present in South West indicate that groundwater is not
entering to the water logged area from the West or South-west.

There are two troughs one towards North and the other in South East. The contours
around each trough show evidence of dispersion. From the gradient direction of the
contours and decreasing trend to wards north corresponding to the trough in the North, it
could be seen that no ground water flow is occurring from north to the waterlogged area.

Figure 12.2: Spatial variation of Chloride (Cl2) concentration during pre-monsoon season
in the study area (• indicates location of sampling points).

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Figure 12.3: Spatial variation of Chloride (Cl2) concentration during post-monsoon season
in the study area (• indicates location of sampling points).

Figures 12.2 and 12.3, which show distribution of Cl2 concentration in the study
area during pre and post monsoon period, respectively, indicate the variation between 50
and 3550 mg/l, with higher values at a concentrated pocket down below the waterlogged
area. Within the waterlogged area the concentrations of Cl2 range between 100 mg/l and
1450 mg/l. The permissible limits range between 100 mg/l and 600 mg/l. The peak of
highest chlorine concentration is out side water logged area. The reason of higher Cl2
concentration at this particular location needs further verification. The Cl2 concentration is
low in the north-western part of the waterlogged area and increases further as one move
towards the south-east direction. In general, the concentrations Cl2 in the waterlogged area
and within the study area do not indicate the source of water logging to be from the
leakage of sewerage lines.

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Figure 12.4: Spatial variation of TDS concentration during pre-monsoon season in the
study area (• indicates location of sampling points).

Figure 12.5: Spatial variation of TDS concentration during post-monsoon season in the
study area (• indicates location of sampling points).

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 The spatial distribution of concentration of TDS for pre and post monsoon period
has been shown in Figures 12.4 and 12.5, respectively. It can be seen from the figures
that the TDS concentrations vary between 200 mg/l and 5000 mg/l within the study area
with higher values mostly in the southern part and some concentrated zone having values
range from 3000 mg/l to 5000 mg/l down below the waterlogged area. In the waterlogged
area, the concentrations of TDS vary between 500 mg/l and 2300 mg/l, while the
permissible limit of TDS is between 500 mg/l and 2100 mg/l. These indicate that the
water being accumulated in the waterlogged areas are not influenced by leakages from the
sewerage lines. The areas where the concentrations of TDS observed to be high may be
due to the local intrinsic mineral composition in the aquifer.

Figure 12.6: Spatial variation of NO3 concentration during pre-monsoon season in the
study area (• indicates location of sampling points).

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Figure 12.7: Spatial variation of NO3 concentration during post-monsoon season in the
study area (• indicates location of sampling points)

Figures 12.6 and 12.7 show the spatial variation of NO3 concentration in the study
area for the pre and post monsoon period, respectively. The variation of NO3 concentration
is observed to be between 10mg/l and 850mg/l; while the permissible limit ranges between
20 mg/l and 50 mg/l. The higher values are mainly observed in the southern part of the
study area. In the waterlogged area, the values range from 50 mg/l to 350 mg/l. It indicates
that the waterlogged area has some effects of NO3 contamination. The possibilities of
sewage leakage at different pockets can not be over ruled. The southernmost part of the
study area has larger effect of NO3 contamination. As stated earlier, the source of NO3 is
mainly from the septic tanks/sewage outflows or agricultural refusal. In the southern part
of the study area where NO3 concentration is more are mostly agricultural areas which are
generally irrigated by city’s sewage waters, mostly used for producing winter crops.

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The spatial variation of SAR in groundwater of the study area is shown in Figure 12.8.

Figure 12.8: Spatial variation of SAR values in the study area.

The spatial variation of SAR in the study area calculated using eq.(12.1) based on
the concentration of Na+, Ca++, and Mg++ is shown in Figure 12.8. It can be seen from the
Fig. 12.8 that the SAR values vary between 0 and 14 within the study area. The value is
higher in the eastern part of the waterlogged area and gradually decreases as one move
towards the western direction. The water which can safely be used for the irrigation
purpose can have the SAR value below 26. That means, the groundwater in the study area
can safely be used for irrigation purposes without environmental hazards.

From the analysis following inferences are drawn:

(i) The pH values of the groundwater in the Jodhpur city area are within the
prescribed permissible limit having slight leaning towards alkalinity, which
may be because of excessive Chloride concentration. The Chlorine is used as a
disinfectant chemical during treatment of water.

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 100

 (ii) The gradient directions of the pH contours and decreasing trend around the
peak present in South West indicate that groundwater is not entering to the
water logged area from the West or South West.

(iii) Presence of excessive Chloride in groundwater of the Jodhpur city area

indicates accumulation of relatively freshwater, which may enter into the
groundwater domain through leakage from water supply lines or from the
waters which are used for other than sanitary purposes.

(iv) The higher TDS values, which are mostly observed in the southern part far way
from the problematic area, may be due to the local intrinsic mineral
composition in the aquifer.

(v) The Nitrate concentrations in the study area have been found much higher than
the permissible limit, mostly in the southern part, which are influenced by the
agricultural activities using the city’s sewages water. In the problematic area, in
some pockets concentration of Nitrate is also observed to be beyond
permissible limit. Therefore, leakage of sewerage lines or connectivity of the
septic tanks outlets to the groundwater system in those pockets can not be ruled
out.
(vi) The source of water logging and rise in groundwater level in some parts of the
city area appears to be due to return flow of water other than the sewages.

(vii) The quality of groundwater in the city area indicates that the groundwater can
safely be used for irrigation purposes.

********************

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 Section -13.0 : DISCRETIZATION OF THE STUDY AREA, AND
INPUT DATA FOR GROUNDWATER MODELING

13.1 Discretization of the Study Area

The study area of about 76 sq. km. bounded between latitude of 26015’ N to 260 20’
N and longitudes 730 0’ E to 730 4’ E has been discretized into 107 x 113 grids (along x
direction = 107 nos; along y direction = 113 nos) of each grid size 100 m x 100 m.
Vertically along z-direction, the maximum aquifer thickness of about 78.6 m which
varies from location to location has been divided into 6 layers in accordance with the
variation of geological formations and their hydraulic properties. Each layer has different
thickness. A schematic view of the discretized study area and its sectional view
indicating the vertical discretization prepared using the Visual MODFLOW software
(version 9.1) is shown in Figs. 13.1 and 13.2.

Figure 13.1: Discretized view of the study area including the water bodies and the affected
area within the Jodhpur city (Number of grid along X direction = 107; Number of
grid along Y direction = 113; size of each grid = 100 m x 100m).

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City - NIH 102

Figure 13.2: Vertical section of the study area indicating discretized view of the
geological formations (Number of layers = 6 each of different thickness).

Within the discretized rectangular area (Fig. 13.1) that encompasses an area of
120.91 sq. km, the study area of 76 sq. km constitutes 7600 grids out of 12091 grids. The
remaining 4491 grids constitute cells outside the ambit of the study area. For calculation
purposes, the grids which fall outside the study area are considered to be inactive cells,
and those come within the study area are considered to be active cells. The active cells
mean they respond to perturbation, while the inactive cells do not respond to
perturbation. The conceptualized domain of the study area is shown in Fig. 13.3.

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 Inactive cell
Inactive
cell

General
head
boundar
y
Active cell
General
head
Active cell boundar
y

Figure 13.3 : Conceptualized setting of the modeling area showing position of the active
and inactive cells.

13.2 Boundaries of the Study Area

The boundaries of the study area are shown in Fig. 13.3. Most of the northern part
of the boundary constitutes hilly terrain and no flows are expected through this boundary,
and hence the cells encompassing the hilly terrain are considered to be no flow boundary.
The southern part of the study area has the general groundwater flow direction, and hence
considered as the General Head Boundary (GHB). The western part, which is directed
towards Kailala-Takhatsagar Reservoir, is partly considered as GHB and partly no flow
boundary depending upon the geological formations. The eastern part of the study is
considered as the GHB.

Vertically along Z-direction, the thickness of the alluvium formation varies from
location to location from few centimeters to a maximum of 78.6 m below ground surface.
The elevation difference of the surface topography is about 86.7 m between the
maximum (269.3m) and the minimum (182.6 m) elevation in the study area. To account

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for the total alluvium formation in the study area, the vertical depth of 78.6 m below the
ground surface has been divided into 6 layers of different thickness.

13.3 Water Bodies in the Study Area

In addition to the Kailana-Takhatsagar Reservoir from where the city’s water

supply is met, there are 19 small water bodies located within and in the fringe area of the
city. The list of the water bodies identified with their locations and surface areas is given
in Figure 13.4 and in Table-A13.1 in the annexure. These water bodies are mostly fed by
monsoon runoffs. Few water bodies also receive sewerage water from the surrounding
areas. The city is devoid of any natural perennial stream.

These water bodies may act repositories of groundwater recharge through

seepage. The water bodies located within the study area are also considered for
simulation of the groundwater levels.

Figure 13.4 : Locations of water bodies in and around the Jodhpur city area.

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13.4 Initial and Boundary Conditions

The status of groundwater condition in the year 2004 during the pre-monsoon
period is considered as the initial condition.
Two types of boundary conditions are considered; one is General Head Boundary
(GHB) and the other one is No Flow Boundary (NFB). The GHB is the one through
which cells just adjacent to the boundary can exchange flow in either side of the
boundary depending upon the gradient of heads in the cells. The NFB is the one through
which no flows are allowed get in or out of the boundary.

13.5 Aquifer Properties and Parameters

The aquifer is considered to be unconfined, i.e., under water table condition. The
hydraulic properties of the geological formations are initially considered as given in
Table 13.1:

Table 13.1: Hydraulic properties of the geological formations, considered as the initial
guess values.

Geological formations Values of the parameters

Porosity Transmissivity Storativity
(dimensionless) (m2/day) (dimensionless)
Quaternary Alluvium 0.30 50 - 245 2.71 x10-4 – 2.337 x 10-1

Sandstone 0.27 4.32 3 x 10-4

Rhyolite weathered 0.02 3.0 3 x 10-5
Rhyolite 0.015 2.25 3 x 10-6
Shale 0.06 10 2 x 10-5

The spatial variation of the Transmissivity and Storativity values estimated for the
alluvium formations from the pumping tests data (given in Section 11), which are
considered as the initial guess values for each grid are shown in Figures 13.5 and 13.6,
respectively.

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Figure 13.5: Spatial distribution of Transmissivity values (m2/day) of the Alluvium formation
in the study area; considered as the initial guess values for each grid.

Figure 13.6: Spatial distribution of Storativity values (dimensionless) of the Alluvium

formation in the study area; considered as the initial guess values for each grid.

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13.6 Inflow and Outflow Stresses

The inflow and outflow stresses are those based on which the responses of the
aquifer are to be ascertained. The inflows to the study are: return flow from the
accumulated wastewaters, rainfall recharge to groundwater, seepage from water bodies,
and the inflows through boundaries; while the outflows from the study area are:
evapotranspiration, withdrawal from the groundwater, and outflows through the
boundaries. The magnitude of spatial variation of inflow and outflow components for
different years, and in different period in a year have been calculated and assigned to
each grid accordingly. A scheme of the input stresses which have been assigned zone
wise is shown in Figure 13.7.

In active cell

Figure 13.7: A scheme of the input stresses assigned zone wise to the modelling area.

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13.7 Time Step Size and Simulation Period

The time step size for simulation of the groundwater levels is considered 1 day.
This will constitute 365 time intervals in a year. The time step size of 1 day indicates that
all input and output stresses are to be assigned on per day basis with time step size, Δt = 1
day. The simulation is carried out setting a transient-state model considering uniform
stresses between pre-monsoon to post monsoon and post monsoon to pre-monsoon, and
so on. That means within a period between pre to post monsoon, the stresses are
considered constant.

With the above inputs data, values of the parameters and variables; the
mathematical model has been set to ascertain the responses of the aquifer using the visual
MODFLOW software (version 9.0 pre.) developed by the USGS .

**********************

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 Section-14.0: MODELLING SCENARIOS FOR DIFFERENT
REMEDIAL OPTIONS

The inputs data required for developing the simulation model have been explained
in the Section 13.0. To develop the simulation model, one has to first calibrate the model
parameters from the comparison of the computed and the corresponding observed
groundwater table contour profiles. The calibrated parameters have thereafter to be
validated with another set of computed and observed groundwater table contour profiles.
If the responses of the parameters are found to be comparable with the profiles which are
considered for the validation, the model parameters and the setting of the model are said
to be calibrated. The calibration a model is thus a trial and error approach.

Making use of the inputs stresses and boundary conditions as explained in the
Section 13.0, the model has been calibrated for steady state scenario employing the pre-
monsoon groundwater profile of the year 2004. For developing the model, the software
Visual Modflow 9.1 has been utilized. The model parameters were calibrated by
comparing the computed and the observed water table. In absence of any physical
boundary like a river or large surface water body, use has been made of the general head
boundary to simulate the flux into/out of the system. Figure 14.1 shows the comparison
between the pre-monsoon computed water table and the observed water table for the year
2004.

Taking the steady state scenario as the initial condition for the transient
simulation, the water table elevations are computed for post-monsoon 2004. The total
simulation period is taken as 180 days. During this period, the return flow from the
wastewater and rainfall recharge are also taken into account. The simulated profile is
shown in Fig. 14.2 along with the observed water table for the post monsoon of the year
2004.

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Figure 14.1 : Comparison of the steady-state simulated and observed groundwater table
for the pre-monsoon period of the year 2004.

Figure 14.2 : Comparison of the steady-state simulated and observed groundwater table
for the post-monsoon period of the year 2004.

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 From Figures 14.1 and 14.2 it can be seen that the observed and the computed
groundwater table profiles match reasonably. The hydraulic properties namely: hydraulic
conductivity and storativity corresponding to these scenarios are taken as the calibrated
parameters of the aquifer. The calibrated parameters are shown in Figs. 14.3 and 14.4.
Making use of these calibrated parameters, the responses of the aquifer for any given
stresses can be calculated, and different scenarios can be obtained.

Figure 14.3 : Calibrated hydraulic conductivity (m/day) zones of the Aquifer below
Jodhpur city area

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Figure 14.3 : Calibrated storativity ( dimensionless ) zones of the Aquifer below
Jodhpur city area .

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 Section- 15.0: MANAGEMENT PLAN AND OPTIONS

For evolving the management plan to contain the rise in groundwater table, the
following options are attempted:

(i) Envisaging the scope of putting horizontal sub-surface drainage system to

drain out the water from the problematic area.
(ii) Envisaging the scope of putting network of vertical pumping wells to pump
out the water from the problematic area.
(iii) Combination of horizontal sub-surface drainage system and pumping wells.

Option-1: Horizontal Sub-surface Drainage System

The topography of the city area in the problematic and adjoining part is of
undulating type. The thickness of the alluvium formation varies from about 2.0 m to 13.0
m in this region. In general, considering the possibility of capillary rise in alluvium
formation, groundwater table should be at least 0.5m below the foundation level. In areas
where building basement floors are located, assuming that basement depth is 3.5m, and
capillary rise is 0.5m, the groundwater table should be at 4.0 m below the ground surface.
The groundwater level in the affected area thus has to be lowered down to a depth of 4.0
m from the ground surface elevations. Nevertheless, the problematic area is densely
populated with concentrated residential and commercial buildings, and practically has
very thin scope to construct horizontal sub-surface drainage system at a depth of 4.0m
below the ground surface. Moreover, laying of horizontal subsurface drains will be very
difficult as the required excavation will interfere with the already existing building
foundation structures. All these aspects do not promote provision of a usual horizontal
sub surface drainage system in the problematic area. Therefore, this option is not
appeared to be a logical proposition.

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Option-2: Network of Vertical Pumping Wells

Constructing vertical pumping wells is not that complicated as compared to the

construction of horizontal sub-surface drainage in urban area. It requires minimum land
space. Technological advancement has made construction of bore wells easier. The yields
of a pumping well depend on the hydraulic properties of the aquifer and the location of
the screen depth. Higher the values of hydraulic properties of the aquifer and larger the
screen depth, more will be the yield of a well for a given drawdown. The disadvantages
with the pumping well are: it would require continuous energy supply to run the well, and
would cause noise pollution in the nearby area, and would also require provision of
surface drainage system to dispose the pumped water from the problematic area.

The problematic area being located in the densely populated and congested area,
provision of network of vertical pumping wells looks to be a logical proposition and can
be constructed with least interference to the area. Already, a number of vertical pumping
wells are in operation in the problematic area.

It is intended here to assess the number of pumping wells required to lower the
water table to the required depth and to maintain its position at the desired level. It is also
intended to examine how to dispose the pumped water more effectively.
The aim is to lower the groundwater table up to 4.0 m below the ground surface.
The volume of water existing up to a depth of 4.0 m below ground surface in the
saturated zone is assessed using the following equation:

Vs = Ai ∗ H i * S y …………………………………………….. (15.1)

in which, Vs is the volume of groundwater existing up to a depth of 4.0 m below ground

surface in the saturated zone (m3); Ai is the surface area of the zone for which estimation
is being made (m2); Hi is the height of saturated water column within the depth of 4.0 m

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from ground surface(m); Sy is the specific yield (dimensionless), and the suffix, i
indicates zone number.
In case of an unconfined aquifer, the storage coefficient is equal to the specific
yield. From pumping test, the average specific yield has been estimated to be 0.01. Using
the groundwater contours map for the year 2007 and 2008, the volume of water existing
up to a depth of 4.0 m below ground surface has been calculated employing equation
(15.1). Within an estimated problematic area, Ai, of 2440000 sq. m, the volume of the
accumulated groundwater is estimated to be 201136 m3. The probable estimate of
wastewater joining the aquifer during pre to post monsoon period is 7001 m3. Intending
to pump out these accumulated storages of 208137 m3 within a period of six months, the
number of pumping wells with a discharge of 96 m3/day (aquifer thickness being within
the range of 2 m to 13 m) for continuous 8 hours running is found to be 12. Smaller the
pumping rate more is the number of wells. Already some pumping wells are present in
the problematic area in which water table is within 3 m below the ground surface and
within 3 and 5 m below ground surface These wells are running successfully. The
required 12 numbers of wells should be constructed along two contour lines which are
separated by approximately 700 m. Along one contour line six number of wells should be
constructed. The wells on the two contour lines should be staggered. All the wells should
be provided with screen which should be opened to the entire thickness of the aquifer at
the site.
The city’s surface water drainage systems are meant to dispose the sewages flow.
The quality of accumulated groundwater is safe to use for irrigation purposes. If the
pumped waters are discharged to the existing nearby surface water drains to avoid
additional drain/conveyance system, the good quality pumped water can not be used for
irrigation purpose. Since, in an arid zone, water is very precious, it is worth to construct
separate drainage system to take away the pumping water to the nearby irrigation fields
instead of mixing it with the sewages water. On reconnaissance survey, it is found that
three large ponds, namely; Baiji Ka Talab, Fateh Sagar, and Gulab Sagar, which have
considerable storage capacities, are located in the problematic area. The location details,
top and bottom elevation, and the groundwater table contour elevation in the nearby area of
these ponds are given in Table 15.1.

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 Table 15.1: Details of the ponds located within the problematic area.

Name of Talab Longitude Latitude Surface Bottom Near by elevation of

Elevation (m) Elevation (m) water table(m)
Max Min
Baiji Ka Talab 73.03361 26.300136 250 242.5 256 245
Fateh Sagar 73.02949 26.296538 240 208 245 240
Gulab Sagar 73.02539 26.297016 249 219 250 240

The location of the ponds in the problematic area, groundwater table contour map,
and the alignment of the major sewerage systems in the Jodhpur city area are shown in
Figure 15.1.

Figure 15.1 : Location of ponds in the problematic area, and the alignment of sewerage
system in the Jodhpur city area.

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 The ponds’ beds are more or less impervious, or if necessary, these can be made
impervious by lining. The pumped water can be discharged to these ponds through
conveyance pipe. From these ponds, surface channel can be constructed to convey the
water stored in the pond to the surface drainage system through gravity.

Option-3: Combination of horizontal sub-surface drainage and pumping wells

As mentioned in the Option-1, construction of horizontal sub-surface drainage

system exclusively is not a feasible solution owing to the geological formations,
constructional difficulties and space problem. However, random sub surface drainage
trench of 4m depth, filled with coarse sand and gravel can be constructed to control the
rising water. The water coming to the trenches can be led to a collector caisson, from
where water can be pumped out. Construction of such trenches to control water table rise
would depend upon the local terrain and building locations. In places, where construction
of subsurface drainage is not feasible, vertical pumping well(s) can suitably be adopted.

The similar approach of discharging the pumped water to the ponds located in the
problematic area through conveyance pipe can suitably be implemented. From these
ponds, surface channel can be constructed to convey the water stored in the pond to the
surface drainage system through gravity.

*******************

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 Section – 16.0: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

16.1 Summary

In order to identify the source of water, that has caused water logging, and to
suggest appropriate remedial measures to control the rising trend of ground water levels
in Jodhpur city, detailed analyses of the data related to topography, demography,
geological formations, hydrometeorology-hydrology and hydrogeology, groundwater
quantity and quality, sewage flows, inflows and outflows of waters to/from the Jodhpur
city including the Kailana-Takhatsagar Reservoir have been carried out. These data have
been supplied mostly by the Ground Water Department (GWD) and the Public Health
Engineering Department (PHED) of Jodhpur, Government of Rajasthan; some data,
which were not made available but were required for the study, have been collected from
the field investigations/surveys and from other sources during course of the study.

In order to analyze the data, all spatially varying databases have been geo-referenced
with reference to the geographic coordinate system (WGS-1984) by their latitudes and
longitudes. Therefore, the analyzed data and results presented in this report can be
verified with the field ground truth.

The study area is comprised of 76 sq. km., and encompasses the old and the sprawled
Jodhpur city area including the waterlogged area. The Kailana-Takhatsagar Reservoir is
located outside the boundary of the study area as the study area and the reservoir are
located in different geological entities. The topography of the Jodhpur city area has been
analyzed making use of surveyed data supplied by the GWD, Jodhpur in conjunction with
the ASTER data. The geological formations of the Jodhpur city area have been analyzed
making use of the borelogs data at 93 locations supplied by the GWD, Jodhpur using
‘ROCKWORKS’ software.

The demographic data of the city area have been analyzed based on the
population census of the decades from the year 1971 to 2001. The water supply

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City – NIH 119

requirements and the water actually supplied to the Jodhpur city area have been assessed
for different years and compared with the norms prescribed by the MoWH (Ministry of
Welfare and Housing, Govt. of India).

The existing arrangement of the water supply to the city area, which is based on
feeding the Kailana-Takhatsagar Reservoir from the IGNP linked Rajiv Gandhi Lift canal
and transferring the water from the Kailana-Takhatsagar Reservoir largely by pumping
and partially by gravity flow for treatment of water and then supplying to the city, has
been analyzed in details.

The Stage-Area-Capacity curves for the Kailana Lake, Takhatsagar and Umaid Sagar
Reservoirs have been developed. The water balance of the Kailana Lake and Takhatsagar
Reservoir involving the associated hydrological components has been carried out
exclusively for two situations: (i) in the first situation, it has been assumed that the lake
has a permeable bed through which water is seeping to the underneath formation in which
water table lies at a large depth, (ii) in the other situation, the lake bed is impermeable,
therefore, the seepage is negligible.

The groundwater levels data supplied by the GWD, Jodhpur for the years 1996-2009
have been analyzed considering two situations; (i) the Kailana-Takhatsagar Reservoir is
assumed to be hydraulically connected to the aquifer below the Jodhpur city, and (ii) the
Kailana-Takhatsagar is not hydraulically connected to the aquifer below the Jodhpur city.
The increase in waterlogged areas in different years has been ascertained.

The sewages generated from the refusal of water usages, and the drainage data of the
city area have been analyzed in details. In order to assess the quantity of sewages flown
out daily from the city area through the existing sewerage channels, field investigations
and measurements have been carried out in the three major sewerages drains.
Measurements of sewages’ flows from morning 6:00 A.M to evening 11:00 P.M. for a
continuous 7 days in all the three drains have been made during the months of April-July,
2010.

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City – NIH 120

 A lumped water balance of the study area has been carried out for different years
making use of the associated hydrological components in order to asses the probable
fraction of the surface water supplied to the city getting recharged to the aquifer below
the Jodhpur city.

To ascertain the aquifer parameters, namely; Transmissivity and Storage

coefficient, pumping/recovery tests have been conducted at four different locations in the
study area, and the aquifer parameters have been estimated using advanced algorithms.

The groundwater quality scenarios in the study area for the year 2009 have been
analyzed based on the data supplied by the PHED, Jodhpur. The spatial variations of the
parameters pH, Cl2, TDS, NO3 and SAR have been analyzed and their possible reasons of
occurrence and fate in the study area have been analyzed in details.

Making use of the estimated hydrological and hydro-geological components and

their variability in the Visual MODFLOW software, a groundwater flow model for the
study area after proper calibration and validation has been developed. The developed
model has been extended to evolve management plan and to suggest remedial measures
to the water logging problem of the Jodhpur city.

16.2 Conclusions

Based on the analyses of data and detailed results reported in different chapters,
the following conclusions are drawn:

(i) The waterlogged area and it’s extent are mainly located in the Quaternary
alluvium formation below the Jodhpur city area.

(ii) The Kailana-Takhatsagar Reservoir forms one continuous depression storage

reservoir. The reservoir is located in a single geological unit, which is separated
by a divider of two distinct watersheds at a distance of about 5 km from the city
area.

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City – NIH 121

(iii) Largely, the topographic slope of the Jodhpur city area is towards south-west,
south, and south-east directions, except in the hilly terrain in the North-Western
side. The southern terrain has flatter slope than the South-West and South-East
terrains. The topographic level within the city area varies between 202 m and 360
m above msl with a small stretch near to the fort area, which has higher elevation.
Much of the city area has mostly a flat terrain having elevation below 250 m,
above msl.

(iv) The Kailana-Takhatsagar and the Jodhpur city areas are located on two distinct
geological units. The Kailana-Takhatsagar area is located on Rhyolite formation,
whereas, Jodhpur city area is mainly located on the Quaternary alluvium,
Sandstone and Shale formation. These formations have different hydro-geological
properties and hence, cannot be considered as a single system.

(v) The geological formations of the Jodhpur city area indicated presence of an
unconfined aquifer comprised of Quaternary alluvium formation having thickness
varying from few centimeters around NW and NE direction, to a large depth
ranging from 6 to 75 m in the SW to SE direction. The unconfined aquifer is
underlain by Shale, Sandstone and Rhyolite formation of different thickness
varying from location to location. As such, there is no existence of any deeper
aquifer below the Jodhpur city area up to a depth of 75 m, below the ground
surface.

(vi) Thirty six years (1971-2006) daily rainfall data of the Jodhpur city showed the
average annual rainfall of 378 mm.

(vii) The Jodhpur city that had a population of about 3,65,000 in the year 1971, was
expected to have a population of the order of 11,00,000 by the year 2010. The
population censuses of previous four decades (1971-2001) indicated a growth rate
of 3.21% per year.

(viii) The water supply requirements to the population in the city area are primarily met
by the Jodhpur Municipality through water supply & distribution systems
managed by the Public Health Engineering Department (PHED), Jodhpur. As
such, no prescribed guidelines towards quantity of water per capita per day to be
supplied are followed; it is based on thumb rule in accordance to the supply-
demand norm.

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City – NIH 122

(ix) The quantities of water supplied per capita per day to the population in the city
area from the Kailana-Takhatsagar Reservoir in different years were 17% to 60%
on higher side than the quantity of 140 lcpd prescribed by the MoWH .

(x) For both pre and post monsoon seasons, the directions of groundwater flow are
broadly observed from the north to the south and southeasterly direction with
some deviations at local pockets.

(xi) In the waterlogged area, the water table contours are closely spaced. In the
southern region, the spacing between two consecutive contours is comparatively
wider. The region in which the contours are closely spaced is a region of low
transmissivity. The region in which the contours are widely spaced is a region of
comparatively higher transmissivity indicating larger thickness of the Quaternary
alluvium formation. The waterlogged area is located in the geological unit having
low transmissivity where the contours are closely spaced. In the waterlogged
area, the water table contours have higher values than those in the southern side.
Since water has flown from the waterlogged region and the North side is a hilly
region and no water has come to the waterlogged region from the north side, the
source of water causing water logging is thus appeared to be generated locally
which is likely to be the return flow from the water supply including sewages.

(xii) The possibility of seepage from the Kailana-Takhatsagar Reservoir entering the
waterlogged area investigated making use of the contour maps assuming that the
Kailana-Takhatsagar Reservoir is not hydraulically connected with the aquifer
underneath the Jodhpur city, and the Kailana-Takhatsagar Reservoir is
hydraulically connected with the aquifer underneath the Jodhpur city. For the
former case, it is noted that the waterlogged area does not receive any flow from
the southwest side i.e., from the reservoir side. So it is inferred that groundwater
flow from the Kailana-Takhatsagar side is not causing water logging in the
waterlogged area. For the later case, it is noted that the direction of flow lines is
not towards the waterlogged area. The direction of flow in all the cases is broadly
towards south-east direction. The seepage from the Kailana-Takhatsagar
Reservoir is not entering the waterlogged area. Thus, whether the Kailana-
Takhatsagar Reservoir is hydraulically connected with the aquifer underneath the
Jodhpur city or not, the seepage from the lake is not flowing towards the
waterlogged area in either situation.

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(xiii) The Kailana-Takhatsagar Reservoir being located in the Malani group of rocks
and the Malani group of rocks has low permeability; the seepage losses from the
lake, if at all, will be very small. This seepage is entering towards the south-east
region in which the water table contours are having less value than those in the
waterlogged area. From the consideration of hydraulic principle, and from the
consideration of the direction of flow, it is postulated that the seepage from the
reservoirs is not entering to the waterlogged areas.

(xiv) Evolution of the water table has caused water logging progressively. Area getting
waterlogged has increased every year, and a dynamic equilibrium has not been
reached.

(xv) As such, there is no sign of bulk groundwater seepage from the Kailana-
Takhatsagar Reservoir to the Jodhpur city area through the underneath geological
formations of the respective areas. If at all seepage had taken place, it might have
occurred through lineaments. There is only one lineament, which is oriented
towards the waterlogged area. The Lineament analysis survey and the geological
and geophysical study conducted independently by the National Geophysical
Research Institute (NGRI), Hederabad (2010) surrounding the Kailana-
Takhatsagar Reservoir indicated that the lineaments are oriented in NNE-SSW to
NE-SW directions with no connectivity to the city areas. A few lineaments with
ESE-WNW directions are present but these are small and do not have
connectivity to the city areas. The findings of the NGRI thus corroborate the
present finding based on hydraulic principle. The chances of seepage from the
Kailana-Takhatsagar Reservoir to the waterlogged areas through lineaments are,
therefore, ruled out.

(xvi) The measurements and analyses of the sewages data of the year 2009 indicated
sewages disposal of about 37% of the supplied water through three major
sewerage systems, i.e., Airport drain, Polytechnic Institute drain and Nandri
sewage treatment plant drain.

(xvii) The pH values of the groundwater in the Jodhpur city area are within the
prescribed permissible limit having slight leaning towards alkalinity, which may
be because of excessive Chloride concentration. The Chlorine is used as a
disinfectant chemical during treatment of water. The contours of pH concentration
indicate that the ground water flow direction is not towards the water logged area.

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(xviii) Presence of excessive Chloride in groundwater of the Jodhpur city area indicates
accumulation of relatively freshwater, which may enter into the groundwater
domain through leakage from water supply lines or from the waters which are not
used for sanitary purposes.

(xix) The higher TDS values, which are mostly observed in the southern part far way
from the problematic area, may be due to the local intrinsic mineral composition
in the aquifer.

(xx) The nitrate concentrations in the study area have been found much higher than the
permissible limit, mostly in the southern part, which are influenced by the
agricultural activities using the city’s sewages water. In the problematic area, in
some pockets concentration of nitrate is also observed to be beyond permissible
limit. Therefore, leakage from sewerage lines or connectivity of the septic tanks’
outlets to the groundwater system in those pockets can not be ruled out.

(xxi) The source of water logging and rise in groundwater level in some parts of the
city area appears to be due to return flow of water from water supply system and
from the source other than the sewage waters. In some pockets, the seepage from
sewage system cannot be ruled out.

(xxii) The quality of groundwater in the city area indicates that the groundwater can
safely be used for irrigation purposes.

(xxiii) Vertical drainage system is feasible and easy to construct in the urbanized area.
Constructing subsurface horizontal drain is not feasible because of the existing
basements.
(xxiv) Pumped water can also be used for irrigating gardens and parks. Therefore, the
pumped water should not be discharged into the existing surface drains which are
meant for disposal of sewages.

****************

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 Section -17: RECOMMENDATIONS

Towards remedial measures, the following recommendations are made:

1. As the first and foremost remedial measure, it is suggested to regulate the quantity
of water being supplied to the city area at the source itself, i.e., regulation of water
from the Kailana-Takhatsagar Reservoir. The regulation needs to be based on per
capita per day water requirement basis. The Jodhpur city being located in the arid
and water scarce region, about 110 liters per capita per day could be taken as the
guideline. The break up of 110 liters is as follows: 70 liter (drinking, bathing &
toilet flushing) + 20 liter (commercial uses) + 20% conveyance losses. Industrial
water requirements are to be included separately. For 110 lpcd supply, the
quantity of water requirement for the estimated population of 11,08,950 in the
Jodhpur city for the year 2010 is worked out to be 268.69 lac gallon per day. To
meet water requirement for domestic animals, and kitchen gardens and public
parks 1/3 of the requirement for the population i.e., about 73 lac gallon per day
extra water be supplied, which will reduce the quantity by about 35% over the
quantity supplied (521.7 lac gpd) in the year 2009. The per capita per day water
supply requirement is estimated to be 140 litre.

2. In the affected area, the water supply lines need to be thoroughly checked to find
the locations of leakages, and suitable remedial measures to stop the leakages
need to be taken up. The sewages/drainage lines in the affected area need to be
properly sealed to stop seepage, if any.

3. The topography of the city area in the northern and middle part is of undulating
type. The thickness of the alluvium formation varies from about 2.0 m to 13.0 m
in that part. Therefore, a single generalized safe ground water level is incorrect to
suggest. In general, considering the possibility of capillary rise in alluvium
formation, groundwater table should be at least 0.5m below the foundation level.
In areas where building basement floors are located, assuming that basement
height is 3.5m, and capillary rise is 0.5m, the groundwater table should be at 4.0
m below the ground surface. The groundwater level in the affected area thus has
to be lowered down below 4.0 m from the respective ground surface elevation.
The highest groundwater table elevation in the affected area is about 285 m.

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City – NIH 126

4. The terrain being undulating, the area being an urban area, the requirement of
lowering the water table by 4m, minimum depth of alluvium being 2m, all these
aspects do not promote provision of a usual horizontal sub surface drainage
system. However random sub surface drainage trench of 4m depth, filled with
coarse sand and gravel can be constructed to control the rising water which can be
led to a collector caisson, from where water can be pumped out. Construction of
such trenches to control water table rise would depend upon the local terrain and
building locations.

5. Provision of vertical drainage system i.e., by pumping the water from the aquifer
in the problematic area looks feasible; as drainage wells can be constructed with
least interference in the urbanized area. The pumping rate and schedule can be
controlled, the number drainage wells can be increased in a locality as required,
and already such practice has been initiated in the area, all these factors favor
provision of vertical drainage. In region of low transmissivity area i.e.,
transmissivity < 30m 2 / day , large diameter wells of 0.5m can be constructed.
However, vertical drainage system would require electrical energy, and would
cause noise pollution.

6. There are three large ponds, namely, Baiji Ka Talab, Fateh Sagar, and Gulab
Sagar (details given in table below), located near to the problematic area. The
pond beds are more or less impervious, or if necessary, these can be made
impervious by lining. The pumped water can be discharged to these ponds
through conveyance pipe. From these ponds surface channel can be constructed to
convey the water stored in the pond to the existing surface drainage system
through gravity. These waters can be used for agricultural irrigation purposes. It
should not be mixed with sewage waters.

Name of Talab Longitude Latitude Surface Bottom Near by elevation of

Elevation (m) Elevation (m) water table(m)
Max Min
Baiji Ka talab 73.03361 26.300136 250 242.5 256 245
Fateh Sagar 73.02949 26.296538 240 208 245 240
gulab Sagar 73.02539 26.297016 249 219 250 240

7. A Bentonite clay grout curtain across the lineament which is terminating before
but directing towards the water logged area can be constructed proximity to the
reservoir site to check the groundwater flow, if any, from the reservoirs to the
water logged area.
Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City – NIH 127
 REFERENCES

1) Abramowitz, M. and Stegun, I. A. (1970). Handbook of Mathematical Functions.

Dover Publications, INC., New York, 231.

2) Carslaw, H. S., and Jaeger, J. C. (1959). Conduction of Heat in Solids. Oxford

Univ. Press, London and New York. 261

3) Harr, M. E., (1962). Groundwater and Seepage. McGraw-Hill Book Company,

New York, 315p.

4) Morel-Seytoux, H. J. (1975). Optimal legal conjunctive operation of surface and

ground water. Proc. Second World Congress. Intl. Water Resour. Assoc., New
Delhi, Vol. IV, 119-129.

5) Model-Seytoux, H. J. and C. J. Daly (1975). A discrete kernel generator for

stream-aquifer studies. Water Resour. Res., 11(2): 253-260.

6) Mahdi S. Hantush (1961). Drawdown around a partially penetrating well. J. Hydr.

Div., ASCE, 87(HY4),83-98.

7) Sandford, H.J. (1938).”Diffusing pits for recharging water into underground

formation: chemical well cleaning methods”. American Water Works Association
Journal, 30(11):1755-1766.

8) Todd, D.K. (1985) Groundwater Hydrology. New York.

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City – NIH 128

 ANNEXURES

Table A3.1 : Locations of 93 borelogs of the Jodhpur Area ( Reference : Section-3.0)

Bore Township Latitude Longitude Elevation Total

Depth
Bh-01 12th Road, Sardarpura 26016'33" 73000'07'' 243 45
Bh-02 Ajeet colony park 26017'00" 73002'10" 230.8 56
Bh-03 Ajit colony 26017'01.0" 73002'9.5'' 231 37.5
Bh-04 Bacha Ki Gali 26017'44" 73001'26'' 246.6 55.5
Bh-05 Badlon ka chowk 26017'56" 73001'31'' 253 43.5
Bh-06 Bagar chowk 26018'01" 73001'38'' 253.47 92
Bh-07 Bager, Rawat Building 26017'58" 73001'38'' 254 52.52
Bh-08 Bagri Basti 26016'24'' 72059'55'' 243.5 70
Bh-09 Baiji Talab, Jalori Gate 26017'10'' 73001'13'' 242 39
Bh-10 Bhadwasiyal near school 26018'54" 73003'15'' 239.69 64
Bh-11 Bambs 26017'33" 73001'47.2'' 239 49
Bh-12 Bank colony 26017'24.2" 73002'37.8'' 233.8 44
Bh-13 Beldar Basti 26020'18" 72059'16'' 280 61
Bh-14 Beldaron Ka Mohalla 26017'21" 73001'20'' 242 54
Bh-15 Bhakri Bas soorsagar 26017'18'' 73000'55'' 248 61
Bh-16 Bhatiya Choraya Harijan Basti 26016'35" 73002'13.4'' 236 67
Bh-17 Bhil Basti 73003'58'' 221 61
26017'38.9"
Bh-18 Bhil Basti, Soorsagar, W.W. Tank 73000'35'' 282 46
0
26 18'19.1"
Bh-19 Bhiyali Bera Mandore 26021'03" 73002'37'' 241 59
Bh-20 Bhuta Basti 26018'04" 73001'53'' 247.79 51
Bh-21 Chandana Bhaker II 26016'15.9" 72059'07.7'' 247 54
Bh-22 Chopasmi Village 26015'36.3" 72056'37.9'' 237.5 60
Bh-23 Digadi village chowk 26017'40.5" 73005'5.2'' 216.8 38
Bh-24 Digadi, Brahmanon Ka mohalla 26017'30.5" 73005'11.3'' 216.59 46
Bh-25 Gandhi Hospital 26018'01" 73001'09'' 306 55
Bh-26 Ghasmandi 26017'28" 73001'26'' 242 49
Bh-27 Ghoron Ka Chowk II Harijan Basti 26017'18" 73001'19'' 292.7 61
Bh-28 Gorind Baori 26017'30.9" 73001'20.4'' 243.5 37
Bh-29 Gulab sagar, near choki 26017'45'' 73001'25'' 247.5 48.15
Bh-30 Gulzarpura Behind kesi House 26017'26" 73001'45'' 238 64
Bh-31 Hanwant School 26018'18" 73003'37'' 230.17 49
Bh-32 Hathi chowk 26016'18.9" 73001'37.6'' 227.29 50
Bh-33 High court Colony 26016'18.9" 73001'39.6'' 226.8 39
Bh-34 Jakir Hussin Col. I 26017'03.6" 73000'19.6'' 255.7 55
Bh-35 Jalori gate, Norsingh house 26017'16" 73001'04'' 246 45
Bh-36 Jalori Gate, Roshnidan 26017'00'' 73001'01'' 243.5 40.52

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City – NIH 129

Bore Township Latitude Longitude Elevation Total
Depth
Bh-37 Jatio ki Dahni. Bilada 26019'26.1" 73001'2.4'' 276 47
Bh-38 Jawahar Khana 26017'31" 73000'27'' 284.15 49
Bh-39 Jogiyon Ka bas, Siw. Gate 26017'20'' 73000'43.6'' 252.5 43
Bh-40 Kabutaro Ka Chowk in jal 26017'19" 73001'05'' 247 43.5
Bh-41 Kabutaron Ka Chowk 26017'18" 73001'0.6'' 246.6 57
Bh-42 Kaga 26018'32'' 73001'57'' 294.5 58
Bh-43 Kagdi Bhil Basti 26018'19" 73001'57'' 247.7 50
Bh-44 Kamla Nehru Nag. Rly Gate 26016'38.2" 72059'15.6'' 250.7 66
Bh-45 Karni bagh locality , High Court Col. 26016'17" 73001'32" 228 92
Bh-46 Khetandi I 26019'22" 73002'33.6'' 271 52.5
Bh-47 Khetandi II 26019'23" 73002'30.3'' 267.7 53
Bh-48 Kuldeep Type writer, Naya Talab 26017'47" 73001'59'' 239.39 55.5
Bh-49 Kumaron Ki Dhani Digari 26017'44.6" 73005'56.2'' 211.87 38.4
Bh-50 M.G. Hospital road 26017'01'' 73001'07'' 242 45.1
Bh-51 Mahavir chowk , Fateh sagar 26017'45" 73001'47'' 243 52.52
Bh-52 Maliyon Ka Bas sursagar 26019'00" 73000'13'' 270 52
Bh-53 Masliyia Meghwal Basti 26016'30.5" 72059'55.6'' 246 55
Bh-54 Masurie Bhil Basti 26016'22.5" 72059'46.0'' 245.15 55
Bh-55 Merti gate, guide ki gali 26017'38" 73001'49'' 240.34 45
Bh-56 Merti silavion Ka bas inside Sojati Gate 26017'22" 73001'21'' 242 58
Bh-57 Middle Raj Mahal School 26017'58" 73001'39'' 253.7 55.5
Bh-58 Mochi Basti, Siw. Gate 26017'09.9'' 73000'42.7'' 249 55
Bh-59 Mooliyaon Ki chowk Siw. gate 26017'18.2" 73000'44.9'' 251.4 45.72
Bh-60 Moti chowk Kbapta 26017'33.9" 73001'11.2'' 247 46
Bh-61 Nagori gate of nansida patehsagar 26017'45" 73001'43'' 243.5 49
Bh-62 Nanak Chowk 26017'43" 73001'21'' 257.42 43.5
Bh-63 Nandore Near Bank 26020'58" 73002'16'' 246 92
Bh-64 Navdiyon Ki Ghati 26018'12.9" 73005'41'' 216.56 58
Bh-65 Near Chorbhuija 26017'18" 73001'29'' 242.18 68
Bh-66 Udai Mandir, Harijan Basti 26017'37" 73001'12'' 247.8 54
Bh-67 Patehsagar near obs 26017'40" 73001'41'' 241.33 61
Bh-68 PHED campus Riktitya 26016'07" 73001'10.9" 229.5 100
Bh-69 Puajla, Mandore 26020'12" 73003'33'' 240 53
Bh-70 Raj mahal girls school 26017'50'' 73001'37'' 248 52.52
Bh-71 Ram Bovra Road Hasurian 26016'19.1" 72059'45.4'' 244.5 53
Bh-72 Ram Dev Petrol pump sursagar 26018'06" 72059'46'' 263 59
Bh-73 Ramola 26018'20" 73002'08'' 247.3 52
Bh-74 Ratanada, Ganesh mandir 26016'33.2" 73002'19.8'' 246 49
Bh-75 Ratnada Kesar Bag, Harijan, Basti 26016'35.8" 73002'11.2'' 229 36
Bh-76 Rupawaton Ka Bear 26020'52" 72059'13'' 272 50
Bh-77 Sakina colony 26017'03.1" 73000'29.1'' 248.7 52
Bh-78 Satya narain Mandir, hathi ram ka oda 26017'41" 73001'34'' 243.25 60

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City – NIH 130

Bore Township Latitude Longitude Elevation Total
Depth
Bh-79 Shiv Mandir 26017'47.4" 73001'48.1'' 244.15 58.5
Bh-80 Sindhi Ka Nayati Siw. gate inside 26017'17.2" 73000'42.6'' 251 52
Bh-81 Sindhi Mohalla( Katiyaron Ka chowk 26017'12" 73000'44'' 249.29 43.5
Bh-82 Sindhiyon Ka Mohalla, Siw. gate 26017'13" 73000'49'' 248.65 56
Bh-83 Siw. Gate Goshala 26017'15.2" 73000'35.6'' 252.5 52
Bh-84 Siw. Gate Middle school infront 26017'15.2" 73000'27.9'' 264.7 45.71
Bh-85 Siw. Gate, Bus stand 26017'11.5'' 73000'36.9'' 251 54
Bh-86 Siw. Gate, Nagriyon Ka bas 26017'14" 73000'33'' 253.29 52.5
Bh-87 Turje Ka Jhalra 26017'49" 73001'26'' 248 61
Bh-88 Udai Mandir 26017'39" 73002'10'' 235.18 37
Bh-89 Umed chowk 26017'54'' 73001'28'' 252 45.1
Bh-90 Umed hospital 6017'07.5'' 73000'41.5'' 248.5 58
Bh-91 Vedik Kanyapath Sala,Bagar 26018'06" 73001'45'' 251.7 60
Bh-92 Vijay chowk 26018'01" 73001'47'' 250 48
Bh-93 Zakir Hussain Colony (III) Kabutaraon Ka 26017'19" 73001'05'' 247 50
chowk

Table A 6.1 : Area and Capacity data of the Kailana for different stages of water level in
the Lake ( Reference : Section 6.0).

Stage ( meter) Area ( sq. km) Capacity (MCM)

0.000 0.013 0.000
0.305 0.014 0.000
0.610 0.016 0.006
0.914 0.019 0.011
1.219 0.022 0.017
1.524 0.025 0.023
1.829 0.028 0.031
2.134 0.032 0.037
2.438 0.034 0.047
2.743 0.039 0.057
3.048 0.042 0.069
3.353 0.046 0.095
3.658 0.051 0.106
3.962 0.059 0.126
4.267 0.067 0.147

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City – NIH 131

 4.572 0.074 0.162
4.877 0.080 0.190
5.182 0.087 0.215
5.486 0.093 0.244
5.791 0.098 0.275
6.096 0.104 0.302
6.401 0.111 0.365
6.706 0.118 0.377
7.010 0.126 0.414
7.315 0.137 0.456
7.620 0.149 0.487
7.925 0.163 0.549
8.230 0.177 0.597
8.534 0.190 0.657
8.839 0.204 0.714
9.144 0.219 0.783
9.449 0.232 0.850
9.754 0.246 0.920
10.058 0.258 0.994
10.363 0.274 1.079
10.668 0.289 1.184
10.973 0.302 1.252
11.278 0.317 1.354
11.582 0.330 1.450
11.887 0.344 1.557
12.192 0.359 1.664
12.497 0.379 1.767
12.802 0.399 1.892
13.106 0.422 2.010
13.411 0.441 2.141
13.716 0.467 2.294
14.021 0.491 2.415
14.326 0.515 2.577
14.630 0.539 2.704
14.935 0.567 2.911
15.240 0.597 3.105
15.545 0.622 3.276
15.850 0.650 3.446
16.154 0.683 3.639

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 16.459 0.713 3.865
16.764 0.749 4.131
17.069 0.787 4.361
17.374 0.837 4.616
17.678 0.880 4.814

Table A6.2: Area and Capacity data of the Takhatsagar Reservoir for different stages of
water level in the reservoir (Reference: Section -6.0).

Stage ( meter) Area ( sq. km) Capacity (MCM)

0 0.002 0.000
3.048 0.074 0.120
6.096 0.186 0.535
9.144 0.278 1.260
12.192 0.342 2.195
15.24 0.431 3.373
18.288 0.517 4.817
21.336 0.601 6.523

Table A6.3 : Stage - Capacity data of the Umaidsagar Reservoir (Reference : Section-6.0).

Stage ( meter) Capacity (MCM)

0.610 0.003
0.762 0.007
0.914 0.014
1.067 0.021
1.219 0.028
1.372 0.042
1.524 0.050
1.676 0.057
1.829 0.071
1.981 0.099
2.134 0.113
2.286 0.142
2.438 0.156
2.591 0.184
2.743 0.204
2.896 0.241
3.048 0.283
3.200 0.326
3.353 0.368
3.505 0.413
3.658 0.462

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 3.810 0.510
3.962 0.566
4.115 0.629
4.267 0.691
4.420 0.765
4.572 0.838
4.724 0.920
4.877 0.991
5.029 1.090
5.182 1.161
5.334 1.274
5.486 1.359
5.639 1.444
5.791 1.557
5.944 1.648
6.096 1.784
6.248 1.903
6.401 2.010
6.553 2.129
6.706 2.265
6.858 2.413
7.010 2.520
7.163 2.662
7.315 2.775
7.468 2.959
7.620 3.115
7.772 3.285
7.925 3.426
Stage ( meter) Capacity (MCM)
8.077 3.568
8.230 3.738
8.382 3.964
8.534 4.163
8.687 4.361
8.839 4.587
8.992 4.814
9.144 5.040
9.296 5.267
9.449 5.522
9.601 5.748
9.754 6.003
9.906 6.230
10.058 6.485
10.211 6.754
10.363 7.079
10.516 7.306
10.668 7.646
10.820 7.929
10.973 8.269
11.125 8.608
11.278 9.005
11.430 9.401
11.582 9.854

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 Table A 8.1: Location of the groundwater level observation points ( Reference : Section -8.0).

R.L.of ground
S.no Well Location Type of Well Latitude Longitude
surface
1 Raj Basera Open Well 26° 15' 59.04" 73° 3' 43.80" 206.875
2 Polo ground Tube Well 26° 15' 47.99" 73° 2' 10.98" 219.8
3 New Campus Univ. Piezometer 26° 14' 49" 73° 00' 59" 224.6
4 Thorion Ki Dhani 26° 14' 18" 72° 58' 16" 228.375
5 Subhash Chowk Open Well 26° 16' 41.36" 73° 1' 54.42" 229.375
6 R. T. O. Office Hand Pump 26° 18' 23.18" 73° 3' 41.52" 230.58
7 Jetta Bera,Opp Chand Baori Open Well 26° 17' 50.99" 73° 0' 56.0" 265.5
8 Ground Water Dept. Piezometer 26° 15' 36" 73° 0' 42.0 231.8
9 Gauesala/Umed Club Open Well 26° 17' 15.79" 73° 2' 2.04" 233.8
10 Ajeet Bhawan Open Well 26° 17' 7.19" 73° 2' 21.40" 233.9
11 Laxmi Nagar Open Well 26° 18' 3.32" 73° 2' 58.56" 234.21
26° 16'
12 Nehru Park Open Well 73° 0' 50.31" 234.5
32.1456"
13 Rai Ka Bag(Near RAE) 26° 17' 21.06" 73° 2' 43.02" 234.65
14 High Court Hand Pump 26° 17' 25.90" 73° 2' 8.09" 235.28
Tar Ghar Mahavir Complex
15 26° 16' 40.80" 73° 0' 57.70" 235.28
Sardar pura
16 Jalam Singh ka Hatta Hand Pump 26° 17' 51" 73° 2' 42" 236.53
Paota"B"Road(Near Ghanshyam
17 Open Well 26° 17' 46" 73° 2' 30" 236.8
Singh)
18 Amritiya Bera(Mahamandir) Open Well 26° 18' 7" 73° 2' 44" 237
19 Khema Ka Kua Open Well 26° 15' 16.82" 72° 58' 56.69" 237.45
20 CAZRI Piezometer 26° 15' 17" 72° 59' 42" 239.52
21 Sardarpura 3 road Open Well 26° 16' 46.28" 73° 0' 29.12" 241.37
22 Mahamandir Ka Jhalra Step Well 26° 18' 22" 73° 2' 37" 241.85
23 Nai Sarak(mehro Ka Chowk) 26° 17' 27" 73° 1' 32" 243.15
24 Gorinda Baori Step Well 26° 17' 31" 73° 1' 20.39" 243.38
25 Gantaghar/Do Kotho Ke Beech Open Well 26° 17' 42" 73° 1' 31" 244.39
26 Ramanuj Kot Open Well 26° 17' 47" 73° 1' 44" 244.85
27 Deo Nagar Open Well 26° 16' 6" 72° 59' 20" 245.38
28 Siwanchi Gate Open Well 26° 17' 4" 73° 0' 44.3" 246.85
29 Moti Chowk 26° 17' 33.9" 73° 1' 11.20" 247.35
30 Katla Bazar Hand Pump 26° 17' 37" 73° 1' 13" 247.38
31 Sindhi Bhtoo Ki Maszid 26° 18' 4" 73° 1' 53" 248.39
32 Tunwar Ji Ka Jhalra Step Well 26° 17' 49" 73° 1' 26" 248.68
33 Bhram Bag(Galori Gate) Open Wel 26° 16' 59" 73° 2' 44" 248.85
34 Khanda Falsa Open Wel 26° 17' 22.24" 73° 0' 50.2194" 249.78
35 Dau Ki Dhani Open Well 26° 17' 22" 72° 59' 14" 252.41
36 Akhe Raj ji ka Talab Open Well 26° 17' 49.30" 72° 59'5" 254.63
37 Kaylana I Piezometer 26° 17' 41.89" 72° 59' 32.60" 258.85
38 Nav Chokiya 26° 17' 43" 73° 0' 52" 259.68
39 Ganwa(Pratap Nagar) Open Well 26° 17' 46" 72° 59' 38" 260.12
40 Kailana II Piezometer 26° 17' 41.87" 72° 59' 38.80" 262.85

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City – NIH 135

 R.L.of ground
S.no Well_Location Type_of Well Latitude Longitude
surface
41 Chand Baori Step Well 26° 17' 51" 73° 0' 56" 268.29
42 J.N Vyas Park Open Well 26° 17' 46" 73° 0' 42.64" 269.38
43 Hathi nahar Jhalra Step Well 26° 19' 30" 72° 58' 7.20" 277.125
44 Chandpole Open Well 26° 17' 59" 73° 0' 41.79" 279.85
Opposite Diet (Vidya Shala
45 Hand Pump 26° 18' 12.89" 73° 0' 41" 280.75
School)
46 Raghunath baori Step Well 26° 18' 12.89" 73° 0' 37.50" 281.84
47 Kriya Ka Jhalra Step Wel 26° 18' 12.01" 73° 0' 49.12" 285.5
48 Kaga ji Open Well 26° 18' 32" 73° 1' 56" 291.85
49 Chaukha Open Well 26° 16' 58" 72° 55' 23" no contour
50 Golasni 26° 18' 27" 72° 56' 54" no contour
51 Kali Beri Open Well 26° 20' 30.72" 72° 59' 17.29" no contour
52 Roopawaton Ka Bera Open Well 26° 21' 21.23" 72° 59' 3" no contour
53 Chopasani Step Well 26° 15' 39.75" 72° 56' 44.87" no contour
54 Mandore police Thana Piezometer 26° 22' 2" 73° 3' 47" no contour

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City – NIH 136

Table A 9.1 : Questionnaire used for door-to-door survey to assess the connectivity of
the households to the sewerage/drainage systems in the problematic area
(Reference : Section 9.0).

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City – NIH 137

 Annexure A11.1 ( Reference : Section 11.0)
(A) The Marquardt Algorithm
Introduction
Predicting response of an aquifer to a pumping pattern, whose transmissivity and
storage coefficient are known a priori, is classified as a direct problem. Estimating the
aquifer parameters from a set of observed response of the aquifer to a known pumping
pattern is an inverse problem. An inverse problem could be solved provided the
corresponding direct problem has been solved a priori.

Using Theis’ basic solution i.e. by matching the time drawdown curve with Theis’
type curves, we can determine the parameters of an aquifer which is confined,
homogeneous, isotropic, and is of infinite area and the pumping well has small radius.
The aquifer is to be initially at rest condition, and the aquifer test is conducted under
constant pumping rate. These are the assumptions on which Theis’ solution is based.

Mishra Chachadi’s type curves (Mishra, Chachadi, 1986) could be used for
determining parameters of a confined aquifer if the test is conducted in a large diameter
well. These type curves include both the pumping phase and recovery the recovery phase

To avoid human error while curve matching, the inverse problem could be solved
conveniently using Marquardt Algorithm (Marquardt, 1963). Berg (1971), and Chander
et.al.(1981) have used the algorithm to predict parameters of aquifers in different hydro
geological settings.

The Theis’ solution, which provides evolution of drawdown in a confined aquifer

in response to constant continuous pumping from a fully penetrating well with small
radius having negligible well storage, is

⎧ Q ⎫⎡ ∞ e−u ⎤
s (Q, T , φ , r , t ) = ⎨ ⎬ ⎢∫ 2 du ⎥ = F1 ( Q, r , t , T , φ ) ………. (A11.1)
⎩ 4π T ⎭ ⎣ r φ / ( 4Tt ) u ⎦

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City – NIH 138

 where s ( Q, T , φ , r , t ) = is the draw down in piezometric surface at distance r and time t

after the onset of pumping ; Q = constant pumping rate; T = transmissivity of the

confined aquifer, and φ = storage coefficient.

Partial derivative of s (Q, T , φ , r , t ) with respect to T is

∂s ( Q, T , φ , r , t ) ⎧ −Q ⎫ ⎡ ∞ e −u ⎤ ⎧ Q ⎫ ⎡ ⎛ e − r φ /(4Tt ) ⎞ ⎛ r 2φ ⎞ ⎤
2

2 ⎬ ⎢∫ 2
=⎨ du ⎥ + ⎨ ⎬ ⎢− ⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎜ − 2 ⎟⎥
∂T ⎩ 4π T ⎭ ⎣ r φ /(4Tt ) u ⎦ ⎩ 4π T ⎭ ⎢⎣ ⎜⎝ r φ / (4Tt ) ⎟⎠ ⎝ 4T t ⎠ ⎥⎦

⎧ Q ⎫ ⎡ − r 2φ /(4Tt ) ∞ e−u ⎤
=⎨ 2 ⎬⎢
e −∫2 du ⎥ = F2 ( Q, r , t , T , φ ) ….(A11.2)
⎩ 4π T ⎭ ⎣ r φ /(4Tt ) u
⎦
Partial derivative of s (Q, T , φ , r , t ) with respect to φ is

∂s ( Q, T , φ , r , t ) ⎧ Q ⎫⎡ ⎛ e
− r 2φ / ( 4Tt ) ⎞
⎛ r 2 ⎞⎤ Q − r 2φ / ( 4Tt )
=⎨ ⎬ ⎢ − ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎥=− e = F3 ( Q, r , t , T , φ ) …. (A11.3)
∂φ ⎩ 4π T ⎭ ⎢⎣ ⎝ r φ / ( 4Tt ) ⎟⎠ ⎝ 4Tt ⎠ ⎥⎦ 4π T φ

F1 ( Q, r , t , T , φ ) , F2 ( Q, r , t , T , φ ) , F3 ( Q, r , t , T , φ ) are functions of T φ Q, r, and t.

Let T * and φ * be the approximate values of transmissivity and storage coefficient near to

the true values of transmissivity and storage coefficient. Initially, T * and φ * are to be
guessed. Let ΔT and Δφ be incremental values in transmissivity and storage coefficient

so that T * + ΔT and φ * + Δφ are nearer to the true values. ΔT and Δφ are unknown and
are to be predicted by Marquardt algorithm. Performing Taylor series expansion of
drawdown s (Q, T , φ , r , t ) about T * and φ * , and neglecting the higher order terms, the
following equation is obtained:

∂s ( Q, T , φ , r , t ) ∂s ( Q, T , φ , r , t )
s (Q, T , φ , r , t ) = s (Q, T , φ , r , t ) + ΔT + Δφ
T * +ΔT ,φ * +Δφ T * ,φ *
∂T T * ,φ *
∂φ T *φ *

( ) ( ) (
= F1 Q, r , t , T * , φ * + F2 Q, r , t , T * , φ * ΔT + F3 Q, r , t , T * , φ * Δφ ……..(A11.4) )

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City – NIH 139

 The pumping rate Q and the distance r of the piezometer from the pumping well

being constants, we abbreviate s (Q, T , φ , r , t ) by s (t , T , φ ) , F1 Q, r , t , T * , φ * ( ) by

( ) ( ) ( ) (
F1 t , T * , φ * , F2 Q, r , t , T * , φ * by F2 t , T * , φ * and F3 Q, r , t , T * , φ * by F3 t , T * , φ * . ) ( )

Let so ( i ) be the i th observed drawdown in piezometric surface in the piezometer

(
at time ti . The predicted drawdown , sc ti , T * + ΔT , φ * + Δφ , at observation time ti from )
equation (A11.4) is

( ) ( ) (
sc ti , T * + ΔT , φ * + Δφ = F1 ti , T * , φ * + F2 ti , T * , φ * ΔT + F3 ti , T * , φ * Δφ ) ( ) …….(A11.5)

The error in the i th prediction, E ( i ) , is,

(
E ( i ) = so ( i ) − sc ti , T * + ΔT , φ * + Δφ )
{ ( ) (
= so ( i ) − F1 ti , T * , φ * + F2 ti , T * , φ * ΔT + F3 ti , T * , φ * Δφ ) ( ) } …….. (A11.6)

The Marquardt algorithm minimizes sum of the squares of error for a set of N
observations and the minimization problem is,
⎧N
{ ( ) ( ) ⎫
( ) }
2
Min ⎨∑ ⎡ s0 ( i ) − F1 ti , T * , φ * + F2 ti , T * , φ * ΔT + F3 ti , T * , φ * Δφ ⎤ ⎬ …….. (A11.7)
ΔT , Δφ
⎩ i =1 ⎣ ⎦ ⎭

Differentiating sum of the squares of the error with respect to ΔT and equating it to zero

∑ {−2 ⎡⎣ s ( i ) − {F ( t , T ) ( ) ( ) } ( )} = 0
N
*
, φ * + F2 ti , T * , φ * ΔT + F3 ti , T * , φ * Δφ ⎤ F2 ti , T * , φ * .. (A11.8)
i =1
0 1 i
⎦

Simplifying, equation (A11.8) reduces to

⎧N ⎡ ⎤ ⎫⎬ ΔT + ⎧⎨∑ ⎡ F3 ti , T * , φ * F2 ti , T * , φ *
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )⎤⎦ ⎫⎬ Δφ
N

⎨∑ ⎣ F2 ti , T , φ F2 ti , T , φ
* * * *

⎩ i =1 ⎦⎭ ⎩ i =1 ⎣ ⎭

( ) ( ) ( )
N N
= ∑ ⎡⎣ s0 ( i ) F2 ti , T * , φ * ⎤⎦ − ∑ ⎡⎣ F1 ti , T * , φ * F2 ti , T * , φ * ⎤⎦ ……. … (A11.9)
i =1 i =1

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 Differentiating sum of the squares of the error with respect to Δφ and equating it to zero

∑ {−2 ⎡⎣ s ( i ) − {F ( t , T ) ( ) ( ) } ( )} = 0 … (A11.10)
N
*
, φ * + F2 ti , T * , φ * ΔT + F3 ti , T * , φ * Δφ ⎤ F3 ti , T * , φ *
i =1
0 1 i
⎦

Simplifying, equation (A11.10) reduces to

⎧N ⎡
( ) ( )⎤⎦ ⎫⎬ ΔT + ⎧⎨∑ ⎡⎣ F ( t , T ,φ ) F ( t , T ) ⎫
N

⎨∑ ⎣ F2 ti , T , φ F3 ti , T , φ , φ * ⎤⎦ ⎬ Δφ
* * * * * * *
3 i 3 i
⎩ i =1 ⎭ ⎩ i =1 ⎭

( ) ( ) ( )
N N
= ∑ ⎡⎣ s0 ( i ) F3 ti , T * , φ * ⎤⎦ − ∑ ⎡⎣ F1 ti , T * , φ * F3 ti , T * , φ * ⎤⎦ ………. (A11.11)
i =1 i =1

Equations (A11.9) and (A11.11) are written as

a (1,1)ΔT + a (1, 2)Δφ = c (1) ………………. (A11.12)

a (2,1)ΔT + a (2, 2)Δφ = c ( 2 ) ………………….. (A11.13)

Solving for Δφ and ΔT , we get

c(1) c(2)
−
a(1,1) a (2,1)
Δφ = ………………………. (A11.14)
a (1, 2) a(2, 2)
−
a(1,1) a(2,1)
and
c(1) a(1, 2)
ΔT = − Δφ ……………………. (A11.15)
a(1,1) a (1,1)
where

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
N N
a (1,1) = ∑ ⎡⎣ F2 ti , T * , φ * F2 ti , T * , φ * ⎤⎦; a (1, 2) = ∑ ⎡⎣ F3 ti , T * , φ * F2 ti , T * , φ * ⎤⎦
i =1 i =1

( ) ( ) ( )
N N
c(1) = ∑ ⎡⎣ s0 ( i ) F2 ti , T * , φ * ⎤⎦ − ∑ ⎡⎣ F1 ti , T * , φ * F2 ti , T * , φ * ⎤⎦
i =1 i =1

and

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
N N
a (2,1) = ∑ ⎡⎣ F2 ti , T * , φ * F3 ti , T * , φ * ⎤⎦; a (2, 2) = ∑ ⎡⎣ F3 ti , T * , φ * F3 ti , T * , φ * ⎤⎦
i =1 i =1

( ) ( ) ( )
N N
c(2) = ∑ ⎡⎣ s0 ( i ) F3 ti , T * , φ * ⎤⎦ − ∑ ⎡⎣ F1 ti , T * , φ * F3 ti , T * , φ * ⎤⎦
i =1 i =1

The improved transmissivity and storage coefficient are given by

T* = T* + ΔT ………………….. (A11.16)
new old

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City – NIH 141

 φ * new = φ * old + Δφ ……………………….. (A11.17)

This iteration procedure is to be repeated till ΔT and Δφ tend to very small values.

Evaluation of the Functions F1 ti , T * , φ * ( ) and F2 ti , T * , φ * ( )

( ) (
The functions F1 Q, r , ti , T * , φ * and F2 Q, r , ti , T * , φ * are evaluated for different )
observation time ti using a convolution technique. Let the observation time span be
discretized by uniform time steps. In case of aquifer test, a convenient time step size is
one minute as observations are generally made at different intervals of minutes.

( ) (
Accordingly, in the functions F1 Q, r , ti , T * , φ * , F2 Q, r , ti , T * , φ * and F3 Q, r , ti , T * , φ * , ) ( )
the unit of pumping rate is 1 m3 per minute, and unit of transmissivity is m 2 per minute.
Let Q ( i ) be pumping rate during i th time period. During recovery period, the pumping

rate is zero. Under variable pumping rate, Q ( t ) , the drawdown s (Q ( i ) , T * , φ * , r , n) at the

end of n minutes is derived as follows (Morel- Seytoux, 1975)

r 2φ *
n
Q (τ ) −
s (Q ( t ) , T * , φ * , r , n) = ∫ e 4T * ( n −τ )
dτ
0
4π T * ( n − τ )
r 2φ * r 2φ *
1
Q (1) −
4T * ( n −τ )
2
Q ( 2) −
4T * ( n −τ )
=∫ e dτ + ∫ e dτ + ...
0
4π T * ( n − τ ) 1
4π T * ( n − τ )
r 2φ * r 2φ *
γ
Q (γ ) −
4T * ( n −τ )
n
Q (n) −
4T * ( n −τ )
+∫ e dτ .., + ∫ e dτ
γ −1 4π T * ( n − τ ) n −1
4π T * ( n − τ )
n
= ∑ Q ( γ )δ ( n − γ + 1) ………………… (A11.18)
γ =1

The unit response function coefficient δ ( m ) is given by:

r 2φ * m −1 r 2φ *
m − * − *
1 1
δ (m) = ∫ e 4T ( m −τ )
dτ − ∫ e 4T ( m −1−τ )
dτ
0
4π T *
( m − τ ) 0
4π T * ( m − 1 − τ )

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City – NIH 142

 ∞ ∞
1 e−u 1 e−u
=
4π T * ∫ u
du −
4π T * ∫ u
du
r 2φ * r 2φ *
4T * m 4T * ( m −1)

1 ⎛ r 2φ * ⎞ 1 ⎛ r 2φ * ⎞
= W ⎜ * ⎟ − W ⎜ ⎟⎟ …………………….. (A11.19)
⎜
4π T ⎝ 4T m ⎠ 4π T ⎝ 4T ( m − 1) ⎠
* * *

⎛ r 2φ * ⎞ r 2φ * ⎛ r 2φ * ⎞
W ⎜ * ⎟ is Theis’ Well function with argument . W ⎜ * ⎟ is an exponential
⎝ 4T m ⎠ 4T *m ⎝ 4T m ⎠
integral. For argument X, the exponential integral, W ( X ) , is computed using the following
polynomial approximation.

For X ≤ 1
W ( X ) = − ln ( X ) − 0.57721566 + 0.99999193X − 0.24991055X 2

+0.05519968* X3 − 0.00976004X 4 + 0.00107857X5 …….A11.20)

For X > 1
X 4 +8.5733287X 3 + 18.059017X 2 + 8.6347608X +0.26777373
Xe X W ( X ) = ….(A11.21)
X 4 + 9.5733223X 3 + 25.632956X 2 + 21.099653X +3.9584969

An Example

A set of synthetic observation data generated using T = 0.1m 2 / min and storage
coefficient φ = 0.001 are as given in Table 1. Predict the T , φ making an initial guess

T * = 0.01m 2 / min and φ * = 0.003 . The piezometer is located at a distance of 20m from

the pumping well. The pumping rate is Q = 0.2m3 / min .

Table A11.1: Synthetic drawdown data generated using equation (A11.18)

Time of Observed Time of observation (min) Observed

observation Drawdown(m) Drawdown(m)
(min)
1 0.035 60 0.562
2 0.089 70 0.587
3 0.132 80 0.608
4 0.166 90 0.626
5 0.195 100 0.643

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City – NIH 143

 6 0.219 120 0.671
7 0.24 140 0.696
8 0.258 160 0.717
9 0.275 180 0.736
10 0.29 200 0.752
12 0.317 230 0.774
14 0.339 260 0.794
16 0.359 290 0.811
18 0.377 320 0.827
20 0.393 350 0.841
25 0.427 380 0.854
30 0.455 410 0.866
35 0.478 440 0.877
40 0.499 470 0.888
50 0.534 480 0.891

Table A11.2: Convergence of T * and φ * with Successive Iteration

Iteration T
*
φ* ΔT Δφ C(1) C(2)
no
1 0.020507 0.004138666 1.05E-02 1.14E-03 0.00E+00 3.64E-12
2 0.040832 0.003697811 2.03E-02 -4.41E-04 -1.14E-13 0.00E+00
3 0.07088 0.001491592 3.00E-02 -2.21E-03 1.42E-14 0.00E+00
4 0.092492 0.001075698 2.16E-02 -4.16E-04 0.00E+00 -1.14E-13
5 0.099488 0.001004064 7.00E-03 -7.16E-05 0.00E+00 1.42E-14
6 0.099998 0.001000018 5.10E-04 -4.05E-06 0.00E+00 0.00E+00
7 0.1 0.001 2.42E-06 -1.81E-08 0.00E+00 0.00E+00
8 0.1 0.001 5.43E-11 -4.07E-13 0.00E+00 2.12E-22
9 0.1 0.001 2.98E-16 -9.44E-18 0.00E+00 -8.08E-28

Thus using synthetic drawdown data, we have checked that Marquardt Algorithm
successfully predicts the true transmissivity and storage coefficient when the initial guess
was different from the true value.

B. Determination of Transmissivity and Storage coefficient using data of an

aquifer test conducted in a large diameter Well

In hard rock region, the shallow aquifers have low transmissivity ranging from 25
to 100 m 2 / day Therefore, in hard rock region, wells with diameter ranging from 1 to 2
m are constructed to have reasonable yield. An aquifer test can be conducted in a large

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City – NIH 144

diameter well and the recovery data can be used for a reasonable estimate of storage
coefficient and transmissivity.

Solution to unsteady flow to a dug-cum-bore well, that takes well storage into
account, has been derived by Papadopulos and Cooper (1967). According to them, the

(
well storage dominates the time-drawdown curve up to a time, t, given by t = 25rc2 / T)
where rc is radius of the well casing, and T is transmissivity of the aquifer. If a short

duration aquifer test is conducted in a large diameter well, the transmissivity can be
estimated reasonably well, but the storage coefficient may differ by an order of
magnitude. This is because, the type curves presented by Papadopulos and Cooper
contain straight line portions, which are parallel, and a short duration time-drawdown
curve if matched with one of the straight lines, it could be matched as well with either of
the adjacent straight lines. Discretising the time domain by uniform time steps, and
generating unit response function coefficients from Thies’ basic solution for unsteady
flow to a well with small radius, Patel and Mishra (1983), Mishra and Chachadi (1985)
have derived simple analytical solutions to unsteady flow during pumping, and during
recovery respectively. These solutions, as well as that by Papadopulos and Cooper are
applicable for a bore well with small radius having large casing.

Hantush has derived an analytical solution to unsteady flow to a well with finite
radius assuming that all the water pumped is from aquifer storage. The effect of well
storage on time drawdown curve has not been taken into account in the solution.
Discretising the time domain by uniform time steps, and generating unit response
function coefficients from Hantush’s basic solution, we derive a simple analytical
solutions to unsteady flow to a large diameter well during pumping and recovery. The
well storage contribution during pumping, and well storage effect on drawdown have
been accounted. After solving the direct problem, the inverse problem has been solved
using the Marquardt Algorithm as described below. Pumping as well as recovery data
could be used for estimating the aquifer parameters.

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City – NIH 145

 Let the total time of observation including pumping and recovery periods be
discretised to N units of equal time steps of size Δt . Let the pumping continued until the
end of mth time step. During any time step n, the quantity of water pumped is sum of the
quantity drawn from aquifer storage and the quantity drawn from well storage. Therefore,
Qa {( n − 1) Δt} + Qa ( nΔt ) Qw {( n − 1) Δt} + Qw ( nΔt ) Q p {( n − 1) Δt} + Q p ( nΔt )
Δt + Δt = Δt (1)
2 2 2
in which, Qa ( nΔt ) , Qw ( nΔt ) and Q p ( nΔt ) are withdrawal rates from aquifer storage
and well storage, and pumping rate respectively at time t = nΔt . The time step size
Qa {( n − 1) Δt} + Qa ( nΔt )
Δt can be chosen conveniently. Incorporating = Qa ( n )
2
Qw {( n − 1) Δt} + Qw ( nΔt ) Q p {( n − 1) Δt} + Q p ( nΔt )
= Qw ( n ) and = Q p ( n ) in equation(1),
2 2
Qa ( n ) + Qw ( n ) = Q p ( n ) ………………………. (A11.23)

Let the well discharge be constant equal to Q p . For n ≤ m, Q p ( n ) = Q p ; and

for n > m, Q p ( n ) = 0 .

Drawdown, sw ( n ) ,at the well face at the end of time step n is given by (Patel and

Mishra, 1983)

n
1
sw ( nΔt ) =
π rc2
∑
γ
Q ( γ ) Δt
=1
w ………………….………. (A11.24)

in which, Qw ( γ ) is average withdrawal rate from well storage during time step γ . Qw ( γ )

values are unknown a priori. A negative value of Qw ( γ ) means replenishment of well

storage from aquifer storage during time of recovery. rc is radius of well casing. For

some well rc is equal to well bore radius rw .

Following Duhamels’ principle and method of convolution, drawdown at the well face at
the end of time step n ( t = nΔt ) due to abstraction from aquifer storage is given by

(Morel-Seytoux, 1975)

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City – NIH 146

 n
sa ( rw , nΔt ) = ∑ Qa ( γ ) δ ( rw , Δt , n − γ + 1) ………………… (A11.25)
γ =1

where δ ( rw , Δt , N ) is a unit pulse response function coefficient derived from unit step

response function using a time step size Δt (Morel-Seytoux, 1975) , and N is an integer.
The kernel coefficient δ ( rw , Δt , N ) is given by

δ ( rw , Δt , N ) =
1
Δt
{ }
U ( rw , N Δt ) − U ( rw , ( N − 1) Δt ) ; N > 1 …………. (A11.26)

1
For N = 1, δ ( rw , Δt ,1) = U ( rw , Δt ) .
Δt

For well with small radius U ( r , I Δt ) is the drawdown corresponding to unit

pumping rate which could be computed using Theis’ solution. The time step size Δt can
be chosen conveniently. In an aquifer test, draw down observations are made at different
intervals of minutes. Therefore, for solving an inverse problem, it is convenient to choose
Δt = 1 minute. Accordingly, pumping rate is to be chosen in m3 per minute and
transmissivity in m 2 per minute. For a well with finite radius, the unit step response
function has been derived by Hantush as given in Annexure A11.1

Assuming that there is no surface of seepage at the well face, the drawdown in the
well is equated to the drawdown in the aquifer at the well face i.e. sw ( n ) = S a ( rw , n ) .

Equating equations (A11.24) and (A11.25)

Δt n n

π rc2
∑ Qw (γ ) = ∑ Qa (γ ) δ ( rw , Δt , n − γ + 1) ……………………..
γ =1 γ =1
(A11.27)

From equation (A11.23)

Qw ( n ) = Q p ( n ) − Qa ( n ) ……………………… (A11.28)

Incorporating (A11.28) in (A11.27)

Δt
{Q (γ ) − Q (γ )} = ∑ Q (γ ) δ ( r , Δt, n − γ + 1) ……………
n n

π rc2
∑
γ=1
p
γ
a
=1
a w (A11.29)

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City – NIH 147

Splitting each temporal summation into two parts, the first part up to ( n − 1) step, and
th

the second part the nth step, incorporating Δt = 1 minute and solving for Qa (n)
n n −1 n −1

∑
γ
Q ( γ ) − ∑ Q ( γ ) − π r ∑ Q ( γ ) δ ( r , Δt , n − γ + 1)
=1
p
γ =1 γ
a c
2

=1
a w

Qa (n) = ………. (A11.30)

1 + π rc2δ ( rw , Δt ,1)

In particular for time step n = 1

Q p (1)
Qa (1) = …………………. (A11.31)
1 + π rc2δ ( rw , Δt ,1)

Assuming Qa ( 0 ) to be very near to zero,

2Q p (1)
Qa (1) = ………………………. (A11.32)
1 + π rc2δ ( rw , Δt ,1)

Qa (n) , n = 1,..., N are solved in succession. After solving Qa (n) , for n=1, 2,…,N, the
drawdown in the aquifer at any distance r is found generating the corresponding kernel
⎡ 1 ⎤
coefficients δ ( r , Δt , N ) ⎢ =
⎣ Δt
{
U ( r , N Δt ) − U ( r , ( N − 1) Δt ) ⎥
⎦
} and applying the

convolution technique.

Having solved the direct problem, the inverse problem is solved next.

Solution to the Inverse Problem

Let T * and φ * be approximate values differing by ΔT and Δφ from the true

transmissivity and storage coefficient of the confined homogeneous and isotropic aquifer
which was at rest prior to the aquifer test. For solving the inverse problem, the objective
function to be minimized is sum of the squares of the error, i.e., squares of the differences
in observed drawdowns and predicted drawdowns corresponding to T * and φ * .

⎧N
{ (
Min ⎨∑ s0 ( i ) − sc ti , T * + Δt , φ * + Δφ )} ⎫⎬
2
………………. (A11.33)
ΔT , Δφ
⎩ i =1 ⎭

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An initial guess is made for T * , φ * and ΔT and Δφ are solved through minimizing the

error. The Taylor series expansion of sc ( ti , T , φ ) at T = T * and φ = φ * , and neglecting

higher order terms,

∂sc ( ti , T , φ ) ∂sc ( ti , T , φ )
sc ( ti , T * + ΔT , φ * + Δφ ) = sc ( ti , T , φ ) T * ,φ * + ΔT + Δφ …..(A11.34a)
∂T T * ,φ *
∂φ T * ,φ *

The partial derivatives are to be determined numerically as follows:

∂sc ( ti , T , φ )
=
( )
sc ti , T * + ε1 , φ * − sc ti , T * , φ * (
…………. (A11.34b)
)
∂T T ,φ
* * ε 1

∂sc ( ti , T , φ )
=
( ) (
sc ti , T * , φ * + ε 2 − sc ti , T * , φ * ) …………... (A11.34c)
∂φ T * ,φ *
ε2
where ε1 , ε 2 are small increments in transmissivity and storage coefficient.

( )
Incorporating sc ti , T * + ΔT , φ * + Δφ i.e. equation (A11.34a), in equation (A11.33), the
minimization problem reduces to
⎡N ⎧ ⎛ ⎞ ⎪⎫ ⎤
2

⎪ ∂s (
Min ⎢ ∑ ⎨ s0 ( i ) − ⎜ sc ( ti , T , φ ) T * ,φ * + c i
t , T , φ ) ∂s (
ΔT + c i
t , T , φ ) Δφ ⎟ ⎬ ⎥ ….. (A11.35)
ΔT , Δφ ⎢ ⎜ ∂ T ∂ φ ⎟ ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎪⎩ ⎝ ⎠ ⎪⎭ ⎥⎦
i =1 T * ,φ * T * ,φ *

Equating the partial derivative of the above objective function with respect to ΔT with
zero
⎡N ⎧ ⎛ ⎞ ⎪⎫ ∂s ( t , T , φ ) ⎤
⎢ ∑ −2 ⎪⎨ s0 ( i ) − ⎜ sc ( ti , T , φ ) * * + c ( i
∂s t , T , φ ) ∂sc ( ti , T , φ )
Δ T + Δ φ ⎟⎬ c i ⎥ = 0 (15)
⎢ i =1 ⎪ ⎜ T ,φ
∂T ∂φ ⎟ ∂T ⎥
⎣ ⎩ ⎝ T * ,φ * T * ,φ * ⎠ ⎪⎭ T * ,φ * ⎦

Simplifying
⎡ N ⎧⎛ ⎞ ⎫⎪⎤
2

⎢ ⎪ ∂s ( t , T , φ ) ⎟ ⎬ ⎥ ΔT
⎢∑ ⎨⎜
c i

i =1 ⎪⎜ ∂ T ⎟ ⎥
T * ,φ * ⎠ ⎪
⎣⎢ ⎩⎝ ⎭⎦⎥
⎡ N ⎧⎛ ∂s t , T , φ ⎞ ⎫⎪ ⎤
⎪ c( i ) ∂sc ( ti , T , φ )
+ ∑⎨
⎢ ⎜ ⎟ ⎬ ⎥ Δφ
⎢ i =1 ⎪⎜ ∂φ ∂ T ⎟ ⎥
T ,φ ⎠ ⎪
⎣ ⎩⎝ T ,φ ⎭⎦
* * * *

N ⎧ ∂s ( t , T , φ ) ⎫⎪ N ⎧⎪ ∂sc ( ti , T , φ ) ⎫⎪
⎪
= ∑ ⎨ s0 ( i ) c i ⎬ −∑ ⎨ sc ( ti , T , φ ) T * ,φ * ⎬ …….. (A11.37a)
i =1 ⎪ ∂T * * ⎪ i =1 ⎪ ∂T * * ⎪
⎩ T ,φ ⎭ ⎩ T ,φ ⎭
or
a (1,1)ΔT + a (1, 2)Δφ = c (1) …………………… (A11.37b)
where

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City – NIH 149

 ⎧⎛ ⎞ ⎫⎪ N ⎧⎛ ∂s t , T , φ
) ∂sc ( ti , T , φ ) ⎞⎟ ⎫⎪ and
2
N
a (1,1) = ∑ ⎨
⎪⎜ ∂sc ( ti , T , φ ) ⎪
⎟ ⎬ ; a (1, 2 ) = ∑ ⎨⎜ c i
(
⎬
i =1 ⎪⎜ ∂T ⎟ ⎪ ⎪ ⎜ ∂φ ∂ T ⎟⎪
⎩⎝ T ,φ ⎠ ⎩⎝ T ,φ ⎠ ⎭
i =1 T ,φ
⎭
* * * * * *

N ⎧ ∂s ( t , T , φ ) ⎫⎪ N ⎧⎪ ∂sc ( ti , T , φ ) ⎫⎪
⎪
c(1) = ∑ ⎨ s0 ( i ) c i ⎬ −∑ ⎨ sc ( ti , T , φ ) T * ,φ * ⎬
i =1 ⎪ ∂T * * ⎪ i =1 ⎪ ∂T * * ⎪
⎩ T ,φ ⎭ ⎩ T ,φ ⎭

Similarly, equating the partial derivative of the objective function with respect to Δφ with
zero

⎡N ⎧ ⎛ ⎞ ⎫⎪ ∂s ( t , T , φ ) ⎤
⎢ ∑ −2 ⎪⎨ s0 ( i ) − ⎜ sc ( ti , T , φ ) * * + c ( i
∂s t , T , φ ) ∂sc ( ti , T , φ )
ΔT + Δφ ⎟ ⎬ c i ⎥ = 0 (17)
⎢ i =1 ⎪ ⎜ T ,φ
∂T ∂ φ ⎟ ∂ φ ⎥
⎣ ⎩ ⎝ T * ,φ * T * ,φ * ⎠ ⎪⎭ T * ,φ * ⎦

Simplifying
⎡ N ⎧⎛ ∂s t , T , φ ⎞ ⎫⎪⎤ ⎡ N ⎧⎛ ⎞ ⎫⎪⎤
2
⎪
⎢ ∑ ⎨⎜ c i ( ) ∂sc ( t i , T , φ ) ⎪
⎟ ⎬⎥ ΔT + ⎢ ∑ ⎨⎜ c i
∂ s ( t , T , φ ) ⎟ ⎬⎥ Δφ
⎢ i =1 ⎪⎜ ∂φ ∂ T ⎟ ⎥ ⎢ ⎜ ∂ φ ⎟ ⎥
T * ,φ * ⎠ ⎪
⎣ ⎩⎝ ⎢⎣ ⎪⎩⎝ T * ,φ * ⎠ ⎪
i =1
T * ,φ * ⎭⎦ ⎭⎥⎦
N ⎧ ∂s ( t , T , φ ) ⎫⎪ N ⎧⎪ ∂sc ( ti , T , φ ) ⎫⎪
⎪
= ∑ ⎨ s0 ( i ) c i ⎬ −∑ ⎨ sc ( ti , T , φ ) T * ,φ * ⎬ …. (A11.39a)
i =1 ⎪ ∂φ * * ⎪ i =1 ⎪ ∂φ * * ⎪
⎩ T ,φ ⎭ ⎩ T ,φ ⎭
or
a (2,1)ΔT + a (2, 2)Δφ = c ( 2 ) …………………. (A11.39b)
where
⎧⎪⎛ ∂s ( t , T , φ ) ⎞ ⎫⎪ N ⎧⎛ ⎞ ⎫⎪
2
N
a (2,1) = ∑ ⎨⎜ c i
∂sc ( t i , T , φ ) ⎪
⎟ ⎬; a (2, 2) = ∑ ⎨⎜ c i
∂s ( t , T , φ ) ⎟ ⎬ and
i =1 ⎪ ⎜ ∂ φ ∂ T ⎟⎪ ⎪⎜ ∂ φ ⎟
⎩⎝ T ,φ ⎠ ⎭ T ,φ ⎠ ⎪
⎩⎝
T ,φ i =1
⎭
* * * * * *

N ⎧ ∂s ( t , T , φ ) ⎫⎪ N ⎧⎪ ∂sc ( ti , T , φ ) ⎫⎪
⎪
c(2) = ∑ ⎨ s0 ( i ) c i ⎬ −∑ ⎨ sc ( ti , T , φ ) T * ,φ * ⎬
i =1 ⎪ ∂φ * * ⎪ i =1 ⎪ ∂φ * * ⎪
⎩ T ,φ ⎭ ⎩ T ,φ ⎭
The unknown ΔT and Δφ are solved from the algebraic equations (A11.37b) and
(A11.39b)

Solving for Δφ and ΔT we get

c(1) c(2)
−
a(1,1) a (2,1)
Δφ = ……………………… (A11.40)
a (1, 2) a(2, 2)
−
a(1,1) a(2,1)
and
c(1) a (1, 2)
ΔT = − Δφ ……………………… (A11.41)
a (1,1) a(1,1)

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City – NIH 150

An Example

A set of synthetic observation data generated using T = 0.015m 2 / min and

storage coefficient φ = 0.3 are as given in Table 1. Predict the T , φ making an initial

guess T * = 0.01m 2 / min and φ * = 0.2 . The drawdown is measured in the large diameter

well of radius 1.725m. The pumping rate is Q = 0.225m3 / min .

Table 11.3: Synthetic drawdown data

Time of observation Observed Time of observation Observed

(min) Drawdown(m) (min) Drawdown(m)
2 4.39E-02 30 5.12E-01
3 6.47E-02 35 5.81E-01
4 8.50E-02 40 6.47E-01
5 1.05E-01 45 7.10E-01
6 1.24E-01 50 7.70E-01
7 1.43E-01 60 8.85E-01
8 1.62E-01 70 9.92E-01
9 1.80E-01 80 1.09E+00
10 1.98E-01 90 1.19E+00
12 2.33E-01 100 1.28E+00
14 2.67E-01 120 1.44E+00
16 3.00E-01 140 1.59E+00
18 3.33E-01 160 1.73E+00
20 3.64E-01 180 1.86E+00
25 4.40E-01 200 1.98E+00

Table 11.4: Convergence of T * and φ * with Successive Iteration

Iteration T* φ* ΔT Δφ C(1) C(2)

no
1 0.01 0.2 0.002018 0.160276 0.00E+00 2.32E-09
2 0.012018 0.360276 0.002534 -0.05646 0.00E+00 -6.99E-09
3 0.014552 0.303812 0.000435 -0.00361 8.88E-16 3.81E-10
4 0.014987 0.300203 0.000012 -0.00018 0.00E+00 -2.10E-11
5 0.014999 0.300024 0.000001 -2.2E-05 1.73E-18 -2.50E-12
6 0.015 0.300002 0 -2E-06 0.00E+00 5.66E-13

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City – NIH 151

Thus using synthetic drawdown data in a large-diameter well, we have checked that
Marquardt Algorithm successfully predicts the true transmissivity and storage coefficient
starting with an initial guess different from the true value.

C. Discrete Kernel, δ ( rw , Δt , N )

Hantush(1964) has derived the well function for computation of drawdown in an

artesian aquifer due to pumping from a fully penetrating well of finite radius starting
from the basic solution given by Carslaw and Jaeger (1959) for an analogous heat
conduction problem. Let the unit step response function for piezometric rise at the well
face of a fully penetrating recharge well and a confined aquifer system be designated as
U ( rw , I Δt ) . According to Hantush (1964) it is given by :

1 ⎡4 ∞ ⎤
U ( rw , N Δt ) = ⎢ ∫ {1 − exp(−τ x )} f1 ( x)dx ⎥
2
……………….… (A11.41)
4π T ⎣π 0 ⎦
in which,
Tt J ( x )Y0 ( ρx ) − J 0 ( ρx )Y1( x ) r
τ=
ϕ rw 2
; t = N Δt ; f1 ( x ) = 1
2
[
2 2
x J 1 ( x ) + Y1 ( x ) ] ; ρ=
rw
= 1 ; J0(x), J1(x) =

Bessel functions of first kind of zero and first order respectively; Y0(x) Y1(x)= Bessel
functions of second kind of zero and first order respectively; T= transmissivity (m2/day),
and φ=storativity of the aquifer; rw = radius of the well or shaft(m).

The integral in (A11.41) is an improper integral as the upper limit of integration is

infinite. The improper integral is reduced to a proper integral as described below.

[ ]
∞
I= ∫ 1 − exp( −τx 2 ) f1( x )dx
0

[ ] [ ]
1 ∞
= ∫ 1 − exp( −τx 2 ) f1( x )dx + ∫ 1 − exp( −τx 2 ) f1( x )dx
0 1
=I1+I2

[ ]
1⎡
− τ ( 1 + v )2 ⎤
1
1+ v
I1= ∫ 1 − exp( −τx ) f1( x )dx = 0.5 ∫ ⎢1 − exp{
2
}⎥ f1 ( )dv
−1⎣⎢ ⎦⎥
4 2
0

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City – NIH 152

Expanding the exponential term, and applying L’ Hospital’s rule, it can be shown that as
v tends to -1, the integrand tends to 0. The integral I1 is a proper integral and can be
evaluated numerically using Gauss qudrature.

[ ] [ ]
∞ 1
dv
I2= ∫ 1 − exp( −τx 2 ) f1( x )dx = ∫ 1 − exp( −τ / v 2 ) f1 ( 1 / v )
1 0 v2
1
⎡ ⎧ −4τ ⎫⎤ 2 4dy
= 0.5 ∫ ⎢1 − exp ⎨ 2 ⎬⎥ 1
f( )
⎩ (1 + y ) ⎭⎦ 1 + y (1 + y )
2
−1 ⎣

Limit of the integrand at the lower is found as described below.

⎡ ⎧⎪ − 4τ ⎫⎪⎤
As y→ -1, ⎢1 − exp ⎨ ⎬⎥ → 1
⎢⎣ ⎪⎩( 1 + y ) 2 ⎪⎭⎥⎦
2 2 2 2
J1( )Y0 ( ρ ) − J0( ρ )Y1( )
4 2 ⎡ 4 ⎤ 1+ y 1+ y 1+ y 1+ y
[ ] f1 ( )= ⎢ ⎥
(1 + y )2 1 + y ⎢⎣ ( 1 + y ) 2 ⎥⎦ 2 2⎡ 2 2 2 ⎤
) ⎢ J1 ( ) + Y12 (
1 + y ⎥⎦
( )
1+ y ⎣ 1+ y

2 2 2 2
J1( )Y0 ( ρ ) − J0( ρ )Y1( )
1+ y 1+ y 1+ y 1+ y
=
⎡ 2 2 2 2 ⎤
⎢ J1 ( 1 + y ) + Y1 ( 1 + y )⎥
⎣ ⎦

2 2 2 2
J1( )Y0 ( ρ ) J0( ρ )Y1 ( )
1+ y 1+ y 1+ y 1+ y
= −
⎡ 2 2 2 2 ⎤ ⎡ 2 2 2 2 ⎤
⎢ J1 ( 1 + y ) + Y1 ( 1 + y )⎥ ⎢ J1 ( 1 + y ) + Y1 ( 1 + y )⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

2
As y→-1, Y1( ) →0 ; hence,
1+ y
2 2
J1( )Y0 ( ρ )
1+ y 1+ y
⎡ 2 2 2 2 ⎤
⎢ J1 ( 1 + y ) + Y1 ( 1 + y )⎥
⎣ ⎦

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City – NIH 153

 2 2 2 (1 + y ) ⎛ 2ρ π ⎞
J1( )Y0 ( ρ ) Y0 ( ρ ) sin⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟
1+ y 1+ y 1+ y ρπ ⎝1+ y 4 ⎠
≅ =
J 12 (
2 2 (1 + y ) ⎛ 2 3π ⎞
) J1( ) cos⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟
1+ y 1+ y π ⎝1+ y 4 ⎠

=1 (since ρ =1)

Similarly,

2 2
J0( ρ )Y1( )
1+ y 1+ y
→1
⎡ 2 2 2 2 ⎤
⎢ J1 ( 1 + y ) + Y1 ( 1 + y )⎥
⎣ ⎦

Thus I2 can be evaluated using Gauss qudrature.

Table A12.1 : Designated best uses of water

Designated Best Use Class Criteria

Drinking Water Source A 1.Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100ml should be less than 50
without conventional treatment 2. pH between 6.5 and 8.5
but after disinfection 3. Dissolved Oxygen 6mg/l or more
4. Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20 °C, 2mg/l or less
Outdoor bathing (Organised) B 1.Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100ml should be less than 500.
2. pH between 6.5 and 8.5
3. Dissolved Oxygen 5mg/l or more
4. Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20 °C, 3mg/l or less
Drinking water source which C 1. Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100ml may be 5000 or less
will be subjected to 2. pH between 6 and 9
conventional treatment and 3. Dissolved Oxygen 4mg/l or more
disinfection 4. Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20 °C, 3mg/l or less
Propagation of Wild life and D 1. pH between 6.5 and 8.5
Fisheries 2. Dissolved Oxygen 4mg/l or more
3. Free Ammonia (as N)
4. Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20 °C, 2mg/l or less
Irrigation, Industrial Cooling, E 1. pH between 6.0 and 8.5
Controlled Waste disposal 2. Electrical Conductivity at 25 °C micro mhos/cm, maximum 2250
3. Sodium absorption Ratio Max. 26
4. Boron Max. 2mg/l
Below-E Not meeting any of the A, B, C, D & E criteria

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City – NIH 154

 Table A12.2: Water Quality Standards in India (Source: IS 10500:1991)

Characteristics Designated best use

A B C D E
Dissolved Oxygen (DO)mg/l, min 6 5 4 4 -
Biochemical Oxygen demand (BOD)mg/l, max 2 3 3 - -
Total coliform organisms MPN/100ml, max 50 500 5,000 - -
pH value 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 6.0-9.0 6.5-8.5 6.0-8.5
Colour, Hazen units, max. 10 300 300 - -
Odour Un-objectionable - -
Taste Tasteless - - - -
Total dissolved solids, mg/l, max. 500 - 1,500 - 2,100
Total hardness (as CaCO3), mg/l, max. 200 - - - -
Calcium hardness (as CaCO3), mg/l, max. 200 - - - -
Magnesium hardness (as CaCO3), mg/l, max. 200 - - - -
Copper (as Cu), mg/l, max. 1.5 - 1.5 - -
Iron (as Fe), mg/l, max. 0.3 - 0.5 - -
Manganese (as Mn), mg/l, max. 0.5 - - - -
Cholorides (as Cu), mg/l, max. 250 - 600 - 600
Sulphates (as SO4), mg/l, max. 400 - 400 - 1,000
Nitrates (as NO3), mg/l, max. 20 - 50 - -
Fluorides (as F), mg/l, max. 1.5 1.5 1.5 - -
Phenolic compounds (as C2H5OH), mg/l, max. 0.002 0.005 0.005 - -
Mercury (as Hg), mg/l, max. 0.001 - - - -
Cadmium (as Cd), mg/l, max. 0.01 - 0.01 - -
Salenium (as Se), mg/l, max. 0.01 - 0.05 - -
Arsenic (as As), mg/l, max. 0.05 0.2 0.2 - -
Cyanide (as Pb), mg/l, max. 0.05 0.05 0.05 - -
Lead (as Pb), mg/l, max. 0.1 - 0.1 - -
Zinc (as Zn), mg/l, max. 15 - 15 - -
Chromium (as Cr6+), mg/l, max. 0.05 - 0.05 - -
Anionic detergents (as MBAS), mg/l, max. 0.2 1 1 - -
Barium (as Ba), mg/l, max. 1 - - - -
Free Ammonia (as N), mg/l, max - - - 1.2 -
Electrical conductivity, micromhos/cm, max - - - - 2,250
Sodium absorption ratio, max - - - - 26
Boron, mg/l, max - - - - 2

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City – NIH 155

Table A12.3 : Locations, date of sampling and concentration of chemical constituents
measured in the Jodhpur city area (Reference : Section 12.0)

S.NO. PLACES DATE CHEMICAL PARAMETERS (mg/L)

TDS Cl2 NO3 F

24-2-09 877 150 5 0.50
1 13-8-09 897 140 5 1.10
19-9-09 903 160 5 0.60
2 24-2-09 1625 290 500 1.20
Toorji Ka Jhalra 18-9-09 1176 160 90 0.90
3 24-2-09 1300 190 450 0.30
Gorinda Bawdi 25-3-09 1200 170 150 0.50
17-9-09 1111 160 90 0.40
4 Golnadi 24-2-09 305 44 300 0.20
18-9-09 682 100 5 0.60
5 Satya 24-2-09 903 140 15 0.20
Narayan Bawdi 13-8-09 1014 170 70 2.60
19-9-09 1157 180 60 0.40
6 Mirchi Bazar 24-2-09 1430 240 50 0.30
Ghantaghar 19-9-09 1332 210 100 0.50
7 Loharo Ki Gali, 24-2-09 1560 300 80 0.10
Panna Niwas 19-9-09 1261 220 75 0.20
8 Bamba Masjid 24-2-09 871 150 10 0.40
24-3-09 3220 740 350 3.50
9 17-8-09 1430 220 175 3.40
Police line Bawdi
19-9-09 4420 1350 1870 3.00
21-9-09 4420 1350 1875 3.20
21-10-09 4322 1040 400 6.20
24-12-09 4550 1120 900 7.17
24-3-09 11560 3700 1500 3.60
10
19-9-09 9100 2800 1250 5.00
Police line Kuyan
21-9-09 9100 2800 1200 4.60
21-10-09 9295 3650 1125 4.50
24-12-09 9035 2840 2500 4.00
11 Fateh nagar Talab 24-3-09 540 100 5 0.40
12 Old campus Kuyan 24-3-09 4630 1040 800 1.60
13 Gayu shala 24-3-09 5630 1680 800 1.00
maidan kuya 24-12-09 6012 2060 1250 0.64
14 Kharbooja bawdi 24-3-09 960 180 30 0.40
19-8-09 702 100 40 0.50
19-9-09 643 80 20 0.50
15 Tapi bawdi 25-3-09 732 80 20 0.30
17-9-09 695 80 50 0.10
16 Ladji Ka Kuya 25-3-09 925 110 60 0.40
17-9-09 780 90 60 0.30
17 Braham Bagh 25-3-09 1620 240 250 0.70

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City – NIH 156

 17-9-09 1820 250 330 0.30
18 Harnathji Kuya 25-3-09 2000 330 215 1.70
17-9-09 1950 340 250 0.60
19 Baiji ka talab 25-3-09 2900 770 5 0.40
20 Jalap bawdi 25-3-09 770 100 80 0.30
17-9-09 754 100 40 0.20
21 Bodo ka kuya 25-3-09 950 120 125 0.30
17-9-09 955 130 80 0.20
22 Narsingh Thada 25-3-09 780 100 100 0.30
17-9-09 832 80 70 0.50
23 Dabgaro ka 25-3-09 1360 180 250 0.50
Kuyan 17-9-09 1495 200 200 0.70
24 Najraji ki bawdi 25-3-09 1000 120 15 0.30
13-8-09 838 100 70 0.50
17-9-09 845 100 60 0.20
25 Vimalraj ji ka 25-3-09 1200 140 150 0.80
Kuyan 17-9-09 1189 140 100 0.70
26 Achalnath bawdi 25-3-09 1590 220 300 0.60
17-9-09 1189 140 100 0.70
27 Nehru park 25-3-09 2330 460 175 1.00
17-9-09 1170 180 100 0.60
28 Bheru Bagh 26-3-09 1050 120 100 3.70
17-8-09 2470 600 350 1.30
29 Krishan Mandir
24-3-09 2080 430 350 0.80
Ratanada
18-9-09 6045 1950 500 0.80
21-9-09 2275 480 400 0.80
21-10-09 2210 470 400 1.10
30 Kiya Ka Jhalra 19-8-09 533 80 20 0.80
19-9-09 525 80 20 1.00
31 Jalechi Jhalra 19-8-09 708 100 60 0.60
19-9-09 663 100 40 0.40
32 Vidhyashala 19-8-09 975 160 90 0.80
19-9-09 650 80 35 0.30
33 Ram bawdi 19-8-09 682 100 30 0.40
19-9-09 650 100 35 0.40
34 Raghunath bawdi 19-8-09 663 90 20 0.60
19-9-09 650 90 30 0.30
24-3-09 1760 340 250 1.00
35 Vishnoi
19-9-09 1690 310 100 0.80
dharamshala
21-9-09 1690 310 100 0.90
21-10-09 1657 320 175 1.40
24-12-09 1625 340 300 1.20
24-3-09 5320 1380 700 1.50
36 Subhash chowk
18-9-09 4875 1950 625 0.60
21-9-09 4875 1950 625 0.80
21-10-09 4582 1280 900 1.10
24-12-09 3770 1080 900 1.45
37 Jnana park bawdi 24-3-09 7360 2080 1500 0.70

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City – NIH 157

 19-9-09 5981 2200 800 0.80
21-10-09 3445 830 450 1.40
24-12-09 4550 1320 1500 1.23
38 Chand bawdi 25-3-09 640 120 25 0.30
39 Kotwali bera, 25-3-09 350 62 12 0.20
Navchowkiya 17-9-09 468 60 20 0.20
40 Vyas park 25-3-09 480 70 16 0.40
17-9-09 240 30 5 0.30
41 Naleshwar Kuya 25-3-09 430 68 5 0.40
17-9-09 240 30 5 0.20
42 Tapadiya bera 25-3-09 540 80 30 0.60
43 Mata ka kund 25-3-09 820 150 60 0.50
19-9-09 201 28 6 0.20
19-9-09 7280 3600 800 0.90
44 Navlakha bawdi
21-9-09 7280 3600 750 0.60
21-10-09 5980 1900 800 0.70
24-12-09 4485 1400 1500 1.12
45 Shanicharji ka than 17-9-09 2080 360 175 0.60
19-9-09 2080 500 160 2.20
46 West Patel nagar
21-9-09 2080 500 150 2.40
21-10-09 1430 280 80 1.60
24-12-09 1775 390 225 1.60
19-9-09 6045 1900 875 0.60
47 Maheshwario Ka
Bagicha 21-9-09 6045 1800 800 0.60
21-10-09 6045 1520 900 1.00
24-12-09 5915 1560 1500 1.25
48 Suraj kund 19-9-09 377 60 20 0.50
49 Aasan Kuya 18-9-09 1495 280 150 0.50
50 Pawta B. Road 24-8-09 2730 730 300 4.00
51 Lakshmi nagar II 24-8-09 1495 290 375 3.40
52 Shakti nagar II 7/9/2009 1625 350 300 3.00
53 Lakshmi nagar 7/9/2009 1495 230 125 1.80
park

Table A12.4 : Concentration of groundwater quality constituents of different locations in

the Jodhpur City area (2009).

Location EC*106
S.NO. micro-
siemens/cm
TDS pH Na+ K+ Ca++ Mg++ Cl- SO42- Co32- HCo32- No3-
at 250c

Chand
1 Baori 440 240 7.9 14 5 62 12 28 0 0 207 14
2 Raghu nath 1220 645 7.7 62 16 108 44 85 34 0 500 46
Baori
3 Suraj kund 680 454 8.1 30 11 104 19 50 53 0 342 16
4 Ram Baori 450 252 8.1 17 30 46 12 28 0 0 220 8

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City – NIH 158

 Jalechi
5 baori 1300 834 8.2 100 27 144 23 142 72 0 403 124
6 Kriya Jhalra 2300 1215 7.7 150 176 92 36 177 120 0 513 207
7 Kharbooja 1730 1077 7.6 175 44 114 56 241 163 0 537 15
Baori
132 205
8 Umaid 10200 7372 8.2 7 70 371 328 7 985 0 488 1990
Umaid 100
9 Udhyan 6400 3895 7.8 649 141 289 173 7 432 0 488 961
Toorji ka
10 Jhalra 2300 1489 8.1 251 285 20 66 305 255 0 574 21
Gorunda
11 Baori 1120 684 7.8 78 34 92 44 142 10 0 452 59
Shardul 3700 2242 7.8 338 188 186 64 440 298 0 513 471
12 Bhawan
Baori
Kailana, 180 8.2 56 50 30 106 2
13 Filter House 180 7.4 56 54 30 110 2

Table A13.1 : Details of the small water bodies in and around the Jodhpur city
(Reference : Section 13.0).

S.No Waterbody Name Longitude Latitude Perimeter (km) Area (Sq. km)

1 Baiji ka talab 73.0336 26.3001 0.5676 0.017702

2 Bal samand Lake 73.0217 26.3324 1.3688 0.058785
3 Fateh sagar 73.0295 26.2965 0.5291 0.015306
4 Gulab Sagar 73.0254 26.2970 0.6139 0.017686
5 Guru ka talab 72.9820 26.2979 2.1151 0.061934
6 Jaswant thada 73.0246 26.3040 0.5394 0.007698
8 Kaylana Lake 72.9732 26.3079 23.6186 0.824213
9 Manasagar 73.0431 26.3082 0.4653 0.012666
10 Padamsar talab 73.0157 26.2994 0.6296 0.008227
11 Ranisar talab 73.0166 26.2990 0.5490 0.006955
12 Sursagar 73.0110 26.3129 1.0337 0.048338
13 Takht sagar 72.9692 26.2889 12.0486 0.486942
14 Tal sagar 73.0554 26.3314 1.6055 0.038024
15 72.9621 26.2973 0.3079 0.001735
16 72.9624 26.2986 0.6593 0.010696
17 73.0464 26.2860 0.8684 0.023305
18 73.0378 26.2746 0.4230 0.009298
19 73.0388 26.3134 0.4116 0.006187
Total 48.3543 1.66

Study on Rising Groundwater Table in Jodhpur City – NIH 159