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Chapter 2 PDF

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Lee Qiang
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Chapter 2 Chapter 2 Transmission Line Theory 2.1 The Lumped-Element Circuit Model for a Transmission Line 2.2 Field Analysis of Transmission Lines 2.3 The Terminated Lossless Line 2.4 The Smith Chart 2.5 The Quarter-Wave Transformer 2.6 Generator and Load Mismatches 2.7 Lossy Transmission Lines Field analysis Basic circuit theory (0, J,H,E,...) wave propagation (V,1,R, C,L,...) HW 19, 30 Due: 3/17 1 ESS5271 Microwave Engineering KC Leow, Spring 2025 Chapter 2 2.1 The lump-element circuit model for transmission line " circuit theory transmission line theory | L electrical size << A distributed Transmission line —> parameter network lumped element, R, L, C, ... Vz), H(z) * Basic Model : ‘Two-wire line (or any wave ————— _ . : 0 OED) piggy LUE 22a a oz ot time-domain transmission a line (telegraphs ) equations BIC) Gyre, CRED — gy | le legrarhs) equations | a Ped= Re(V(ze™) se i(z,t)=Re(i(z)e) => phasor from : a AV) __(Rs jot)I(2), 23a =, jo a ot dl ©) __(G4 jocv(e). 2.36 az 4 F$85271 Microwave Engineering KC Leou, Spring 2023, Chapter? Wave Propagation on a Transmission Line ‘The two equation of (2.3) can be solved simultaneously to give wave equations for V(z) and I(z) : (2.35) £230) £7) ye) =0, 24a (2.34)->4 (239) #10) _s2@)=0, 24 dz dz’ where y=a+jB=(R+jol\G+joC) 2.5 (complex propagation constant) Traveling-wave solution : V(z)=Vie" +V,e, 2.6a I(z)= Tye? +15e%, 2.6b 7 propagation in +z direction —2 direction s ESS5271 Microwave Engineering KC Leou, Spring 2023 + from (23a) 1(z)=-—1_, ave) _ —! _ ret Vee” ome (R+ jal) dz (R+jaL)"° ° Ere + Ie") Define characteristic impendence : Vy -Ve R+jol_ iy [R¥jol Z, =a au WV . G+joC \G+joC 2.7, I ( = ejaber her (ag) Converting back to the time domain, the voltage waveform can be expressed as *| cos(or— fe +6" e+ v,| cos(or + fz +9 Je"? (2.9) propagating voltage wave where Vi =|V;'\e" F$85271 Microwave Engineering KC Leou, Spring 2023, - Chapter 2 The Lossless Line - In general, 7, Z, are complex. - In many practical cases, the loss of the line is very small and so can be neglected. ie, R=G=0 y=a+ jPp=jovLC, B=oVLC, 2.12a v= (R+ jalL)G+ jaC) a=0. 2.126 R+jol Z “VG+ joc (real) 2.13 2.144 Solutions : 2.14b 2.15 2.16 7 $8527! Microwave Engineering KC Leou, Spring 2023 Chapter 2 2.2. Field Analysis of Transmission Lines conductors jion Line Parameters S + Consider a | m section of a uniform T-L. Figure 2.2 Field lines on an arbitrary TEM transmission line. + two conductor C, & C) : => Voltage between C, & C, is uniform at each section & RW E(z)> Ee —+ V(z)=Ke'” current : surface current flowing on C, or C, . c > H()>Hye*™ —+ M(z)= he [ [= fa-dl F$85271 Microwave Engineering KC Leou, Spring 2023, Chapter? T= he" EM wave Circuit theory t + from “energy” point of view : energy stored in L an inductor W, =A [HW ds ——- W,,=11, /4 magnetic energy T-L eross stored in 1-m_ section, section of T-L > r= 4] -H'ds Him) 2.17 [ol EM wave Circuit theory t w-£[E wacyp/4 © TV = heel =a he / electric energy stored in 1-m| éro section of T-L = Weds 2.18 el 9 F$$5271 Microwave Engineering KC Leou, Spring 2023 Chapter2 + From (1.131), the power loss per unit length due to finite conductivity of the metallic conductors is a tangential to S,( H,) H-H dé +0: (1.131) > P, integration over conductor boundaries from circuit theory: P, = Se (: “dl Qim | 2.19 => |R= Re Mol + Power loss in dielectric ( between C,, C, ) e=e'—je" oe oo, =e'(I-jtand) (eq.1.92) P,=22 [ E-E'ds 2 H= My circuit theory : P,-GiL [E-E'ds Sim | 2.20 10 F$85271 Microwave Engineering KC Leou, Spring 2023, a cage Chapter 2 Example 2.1 Transmission Line Parameter of a Coaxial Line 4 pedo pinbla TEM wave (lossless) eae’ je" Dv H= Uylt, Y) : papdg =< H Ind ja Him, “eh hus me Figure 2.3 Geometry of a coaxial me" 3, im Sf pa pi PPM = Fim, line with surface resistance R, on the loa p) bla ! inner and outer conductors, ta woah 2nwe" *(inbjay woah WL. peda te ba u ES$5271 Microwave vce KC Leou, Spring 2023 Chapter 2 TABLE 2.1 Transmission Line Parameters for Some Common Lines COAX TWO-WIRE PARALLEL PLATE, 2 Q =, d + Hn? # cosh (2 pa L ra £ cosh" ( ?) 7 zi 2me’ ne’ ew inb/a cos (D2) 4 Revd RB 2Rs e glets) ma ¥ 2mwe" moe” we"w O Inbla cosh (D2a) d T F$85271 Microwave Engineering KC Leou, Spring 2023, Chapter 2 The Telegrapher Equations Derived from Field Analysis of a Coaxial Line circuit parameter. ~—+ field parameter consider TEM wave in a coaxial line, a VxE=-jopH, 2.21 2) Maxwell's eq: |Y*2 = Jou, “ () VxH = jos, 2.21b [e=e'— je" (allow lossy dielectrics ) assume { (=H (real) wall -> perfect conductors (no conductor loss ) TEM wave => E,,H,=0 & avimuthally symmetry of boundaries => E, Hinde. of ¢ s +0 13 FS$5271 Microwave Engineering KC Leow, Spring 2023 . . Chapter2 Maxwell’s eq. become ( in component form ) 0, 1 +2 é . » x pap Pha) = Hen pH, +GH1,), 2.220 oH, & 218 oa z +27 5 (ells) = Joel BE, + E,) 2.226 ). MW z-component of RHS=0 =>0 => pEy & pE, > indep. of p LQ 9034 but £,=0 at p=a,b, => ee Hu, =&2 2.236 f)_f)_9 5 po Mbp a b plnb/a . = 1¢ From (2.22a), p - component : aut a E, -E,=-ja, =0 al 3, be = —Joutl, = H,=0 also ofp only A F$85271 Microwave Engineering KC Leou, Spring 2023, . Chapter? Then, eq. (2..22) becomes recall H, = g(z) Pp -joull,, 2.24a a oH, = =-jok,. 2.24b He) __ ieayeg(z), 2.264 A(z) & > E,= > Pe 2 _- =jo(z). —2.26b the voltage between the two conductors can be evaluated as Vi)= f E,(p,2)dp 2.27a L wal = yn, 4 the total current on the inner conductor at p= a can be evaluated using (2.23b) as aa { 1(2)= fH ,(a,2)adg =2ng(z) 2.27 Is 955271 Microwave Engineering KC Leou, Spring 2023 aves) in inh he , Chapter2 (2.27) > (2.26) > ae) - 5 aa ane a heen 22 Jeo 5) a jal (e io, | © @Q Transmission-line model : p=Hin? VE) __ jet t(z), 2.284 aa & __2ae" a@) -+(G+ joCWV(z) 2.28 In(b/a) & . _ 2no8' ~ In(b/a) Conductor loss > series resistance R (see Table 2.1) for good conductor, conductor loss can be estimated by using the concept : surface resistance & surface current density At conductor surface : F$85271 Microwave Engineering / _ (2H, J, =AxHt = pra -2H, 6 KC Leon, Spring 2023 roo el, Chapter? but J,=o£ — inaconductor _ pe Pr > E40 if #0 Em inbla® but for good conductor, E,< one can write for +z propagating wave: — I . Similarly H,(z)= (see Example 2.1) \ 2ap \ 19 F$85271 Microwave Engineering KC Leou, Spring 2023 _ Chapter? ' : then Z,=—0=—22 SO 7 = [a in(b/a) (2.32) i H,2ap Qa Ne 2x same result ! + For power flow : on a Ve pal[Exit-av=1[" tole 2.33 Qos 2 604-0 279" Inb/a _ ve (2-6, -p—l er oe where we used J e" pinbja _ . sit @® r-dn,-3 be l oH *mp° = Power is transmitted through £, H fields (in between conductors), not through conductor itself ! For finite conductivity (of conductor), fee > power loss but not transmit along the T-L. P.-» power loss inside conductor” P' es — Power flow into conductors. 20 ESS5271 Microwave Engineering KC Leou, Spring 2023, Chapter 2 2.3 The Terminated Lossless Transmission Line ms + Terminated -> load impedance Z, Veo, Ke --- ony ¢, If Z,#Z, => wave reflected ZB A ( yte ile --- incidence wave | V0 ® SSS + o-be \ Tye z=-l 0 , 2 Welz Veet? Figure 2.4 A transmission line reflected + 9 “ite terminated in a load impedance Z, Tye : load Z, > 4 L I total voltage , current on T-L = incident + reflected V(z)=Vee" +V5e"* — (2.34a) 1e)=Fe atk e* (2.346) 0 ol ES$5271 Microwave Engineering KC Leou, Spring 2023 a + - V(2), Hz) I ---— Py atload(e=0) z, =2O_ Ve tVe oa 10) Vi; -V; ZnB a \ Matched load: Z, = Z, => T=0) Vo ve The total voltage and current on the line then can be written as V(z)=V, fe" +Te”] 2.362 =IVy 0 1(z)= : fe" re] 2.360 0 F$85271 Microwave Engineering KC Leou, Spring 2023, Chapier2 Now consider the time-average power flow along the line at the point z : " Pry = Reve) + WEL gel Det 4 Te? Ir) °} Poop ree / (re) =2j1m(re*”*) = P,, independent of z (lossless line) > Power deliver to the load = P,, = P;— P, 2 Lhe ; incident power |= > Z --- ° ZB ve [& 2 2 ---—— reflected power |p =1¥e = Lipp Ho ST" (' 22, 2'' Z, A + “Return loss” = power lose due to load mismatch (power reflected instead of delivered to the load ) RL = -20og|P'|=-10log = (a3) (2.38) RL>0 for passive logd !! ES$5271 Microwave Engineering - KC Leou, Spring 2023 r Chapter 2 matchedload = RL=0 dB 4 | total reflection RL=0 dB + matched load Z,=Z, => Vj =0,(T=0) the TL “flat” |V(2)) + mismatched load Z, # Z,,T #0 => standing wave V(2)|=|Vi i+ re”*|=|n\ f+ rer” (r=e*) We) 1+ |re??9| 2.39 => Voltage amplitude is not a constant along T-L \V@)| Ven|=|70 +e = velere +20 |cos(0- 2B0)° al2' z= 0 4 885271 Microwave Engineering KC Leou, Spring 2023 z=-l Chapter 2 V@)|,_, = Vill We? |= vel + |) +20] cos(0—20))' Voltage maximum : (enero = \ Vag “\(l+|r) 2.404 Voltage minimum: (e526 1) ¥y,=(7el-[h) 2.406 y 140 Define : the standing wave ratio(SWR) SWR = = = a 2.41 (also know as the voltage standing wave ratio, VSWR) => SWR- areal number } ) distance between a maximum and a minimum min _prmx|_ A |r —Igs|= = = 6 2p 4 ES$5271 Microwave Engineering KC Leow, Spring 2023 Chapier2 + Reflection Coefficient [(@) T(z)=V7(2)/V'(z). —a function of = ™ V(z), Ma) 28 vy [ee at 2=-/ (loadatz=0) [(0)>T oe | r(é)= =T)e" 2.42 (r)=|re”) Gr + Impedance looking into the line (toward load ) : e200) , VEO) _VleM+re |), 14Te 2 243 26 TD Ve re | re 2 Q235)> 7 = > Z a7 Zarhye™ +(Z,-Z)e™ Z,+Z, /- *(Z, + Ze (2, - Ze" Z,,cos Bl+ jZ, sin Bl Z,, cos Bl + jZ, sin Bl input impedance Z,, (I) (2.44) » ESS5271 Microwave Engineering KC Leou, Spring 2023 Chapter2 @ Special Cases of Lossless Terminated Lines ee Z, 140 + Shorteireuited TL: short Z,=0 r= SWR : Z,+Z, 1-|r) 5 fol V(2)=Vi fe — "| =-2 0, sin Bz, 2.45a SWR= 20) (ey = fer? +002] = 240 cos pz, 2.456 Zz, Z V,=V(z=0)=0 (at load ) > 2V," 1, =1(2=0)= Zz. (maximum ) --- 008 i. 2B ve [2 --- 41 . OF? — Input impedance at z=-/: 7 Zz 0 vel) Z,,(I)=—— = JZ, tan Bl = jX, in(l) Tel) 20 an Bl = Kn (pure imaginary ) 28 F$85271 Microwave Engineering KC Leou, Spring 2023, Short-Circuited Transmission Line: short > Z, = V(z), I(z) inductive > 0 inductive <0 capacitive Figure 2.6 (a) Voltage, (b) current, and (c) impedance ( Rj, = 0 or 2) variation along a short-circuited transmission line. ES$5271 Microwave Engineering ©. 223 Chapter 2 + Open-Circuited TL: Z=0 > P=1, SWR>@ V(2)=V,' [eo +e] = 24; cos fe, 2.46a (2.36) => ye _2yye 1(z) = [e-#* — |= 7 V0 sin pe, 2.466 =F lee |- Fs sin => IL=I(z=0)=0 — OPEN Cireuit ! =V(c=0)=2V)" Input impedance : Z,,(1) = Z, <4 nl) Z, + jZ, tan Bl Z, n(0) == J2 cot Be cot Be (2.46) (VQ), HZ), Zig(2) > see Fig. 2.8 ) 30 KC Leou, Spring 2023, F$85271 Microwave Engineering * For a T-L terminated with a load Z; : Sone (244) => Z,(¢=A/2)=Z, => Input impedance = load impedance (tan AI = tan 2 = 0) a tan fl = tan © (repeat every 1/2) z (2.44) > Lua - quarter-wave transformer Ai [2 Z,+ jZ, tan pe (real) * Consider : => tomatch Z, to Zj,, choose Z,, and / I= 4 (in FL Z,) such that > Z, (matched load) Zy= Vln, 31 955271 Microwave Fngineering KC Leou, Spring 2023 Chapter 2 + Power delivered to the load (power transmitted): Insertion loss (IL) consider Z, # Z, _t po Z, |Z, or Z, ee z=0 => Reflection coefficient: I Voltage on T-L : amplitude of the incident wave VyaWi(e"+Te), 2<0, 2.500 V(z)=ViTe™, z>0. 2.50b (2.50a) ,..=(2.50b)..) , we obtain Transmission Coefficient : = rare 274-74 2.51 2 F$85271 Microwave Engineering KC Leou, Spring 2023, Chapter? + Insertion loss IL = P,,, /P, ( . . Pryax = Maximum available power from the generator { =the power the generator delivered to a matched load P, = Power delivered to a matched load with a network inserted >) Pax | i Z,=Z, | ne 2, [las ma 0] | network matched load Zo => Ib=&= 10 log (IL) > Il. = -20 log | dB 3 955271 Microwave Engineering KC Leou, Spring 2023 Chapter2 POINT OF EREST: Decibels and Nepers power Vorl Often the ratio of two power levels, P, and P,, in a microwave system is expressed in decibels (dB) as £ lologh gp pTO1>-10 ae P, 243 dB 0.5->-3 dB power loss ( or gain ) in a series of components : 1 Y 1.3 — total=23-6=17 4B 123dB -6dB pe * Voltage ratio : e.g., voltages at two different point on a transmission line Ne it AJ-asina Np NoPeS v p> tae > wyrj=t. Y, 34 F$85271 Microwave Engineering KC Leou, Spring 2023, ‘Chapter 2 > 10loge?=8.686 dB ie. 1 Np=8.686 dB + dBm : Power expressed with reference power | mW P P,=1mW=0 dBm ; 3 ie 10log > dBm 10 mW=10 dBm 100 mW = 20 dBm 35 ESS5271 Microwave Engineering KC Leou, Spring 2023 Che 2 2.4 The Smith Chart | - Polar plot of the voltage reflection coefficient ne Biter youtube.com/watch?v=vDUS: we We write [=e (polar form ) For passive devices, |[|sl-2sO1 ) In Smith Chart, [<> normalized impedance imped load ( or Z; impedance of load (oF Z) + Normalized Impedance: z 2) — character impedance of TL lower Case + lossless line : atload = 24740 24-1 = re” Z,+Z, 2,41 normalized load impedance 585271 Microwave Engineering KC Leow, Spring 2023 ‘Chapter 2 14+e” 14r >, ait = = 2.54 *"1-\Pe” 1-9 + in terms of real and imaginary parts, C=T, + j0, 62, ="%+/% 54) => r+ jx,-0t d-f)—JT, “pp net asa (-1,)° +1; > 2 x= 2h a ssp (-F,) +I 37 ESS5271 Microwave Engineering KC Leou, Spring 2023. Chapter 2 . Chapter 2 rearranging (2.55) gives ( T- 2 2 i_| are 1), 2.56a ltr, ltr, confess (2.56a) -> constant r;, circles (2.56b) > constant x; circles on(F,,I;) cordinates (I plane) Pr, =0.5 center : r eg. :r= Leircle : r=0 radius : 0.5 t Center of constant 7, circles : (% | L Ter, Center of constant x, circles : ( 2) 39 ESS5271 Microwave Engineering KC Leou, Spring 2023, Chapter 2 constant r, circles 2 Ly r,-_] +r?= ier vy, 40 ESS5271 Microwave Engineering KC Leou, Spring 2023 Figure 2.10 The Smith chart + Smith Chart + solve the transmission line impedance equation Graphically |"""""* at =I, eq. (2.43) : Z,-2,. reflection [ere wee 1+|ret2#0 TST 7. coefficient + Zp at load [ret 07 plea tlre? arg “Tre “49 T __*— phase shift reflection tz =—/ = cooficien 8% atz =0 (load) Ire" 2pt)) on Smith chart : r ie. ES$5271 Microwave Engineering KC Leou, Spring 2023 Chapter 2 => 1=4 & a0=2n afullcircle on Smith chart => input impedance of a load is unchanged if seen through a 4/2 line (Z,,()=Z,, if 1=A/2) Example 2.2. Basic Smith Chart Operations , r Z A), 22 T,SWR,RL, (0.34), Z;,(0.34), 2? 2-500 a 2, =1304 j900 Solution os The normalized load impedance is 2.6, x, = 18 2, = 2. =2.60+ 1.80 ie, Zo =>||=0.6 measured by using a ruler and compass 14 — SWRe Th =z,,(at 26/+0=27)=3.98 r, value at intersection of SWR circle and + horizontal axis 4 KC Leou, Spring 2023, — RL=~20 log || dB =4.4 dB 885271 Microwave Fngineering Chapter 2 * Z,=502 Z, =130+ j902 r=1(0)=|[\e” \*—— 0.32 — r= 26 Zn x,= 18 1+ (er z 0.22 Zin = 1 0.02 2, ‘ wey 0.3% 0.52 —at 2=00.224 at 2=0.3A 0.522 (0.52-0.5 = 0.02) swe 7, value 0.255 + 0.117 © wr ltl 1-{T) n(O- 2B = 0) 2 %q= Fino \ [P= cirele y =12.74+ 7589 5 $5271 Microwave Engineering KC Leou, Spring 2023 The Combined Impedance-Admittance Smith Chart Chapter 2 AdmittancesL 0 y = normalized ¥ 1 v "Lin admittance % z Recall that ” A=! 180 2, 2 Ne > 2,22 = 2-1 a4 % 0 % Alt 2.4/4) =, 4 1 . . normalized: |i | |= = Still read impedance numbers 4 . aye (r, x) at this position => a 7/4 transmission line converts a normalized andy, = (r+ sx rout 180° om 7, impedance to a normalized admittance 2/4 rotate 180° on Smith chart 44 885271 Microwave Engineering KC Leou, Spring 2023 + Admittance Smith Chart Le 1 _1-[Te” ar z, 1+|Ne” » _(-0)-i0 set ¥, = 8, + J, “fe > 1-1? -I? &-Gryer r+8_) +r-/—t Tee) ' Ute, - 1y (ay T, +1) +{T,+ = wore) -E5] ES$5271 Microwave Engineering Chapter 2 normalized admittance ~21, ~ 04D) +17 } constant g, circles constant h, circles 45 KC Leou, Spring 2023 Chapter2 = on (F,, [)) plane = 8, + jb, constant g; circles: center ,0) 7 arr ras | , Admittance Smith Chart radius :| —— ee +8, constant 6, circles: center radius : constant b, circles constant g, circles 46 F$85271 Microwave Engineering KC Leou, Spring 2023, + Example 2.3 2, (on impedance scales) 1, (on admittance scales) Pherae ao) Pip lee tete ys ales pas -locate Z, ee -read Y, 4 NS Figure 2.12 ZY Smith chart solution for Example 2. 885271 Microwave Engineering pe . Chapter 2 The Slotted Line [ERIN rm probe slot. + sampling E field amplitude in a terminated T-L > |V(@)| => SWR, location of Ist V,, >Z + have been replaced by vector network analyzer Zo except for special purposes ( eg. millimeter-wave ), but it is a good load for learning the basic concepts of standing wave and mismatched transmission lines. to detector Ive) load |_| from signal source Figure 2.13 An X-band waveguide slotted line. (Hewlett-Packard) ESS5271 Microwave Engineering KC Leou, Spring 2023, + Slotted line measurement -» [(c=0) —> load impedance Z, Copies SwR Inin (distance from the load to first Voy) . Vou, —1+|0| jy SWR-1 Vea s R= = 1 . see WR I] WIP swt | 243: Zn 1-2) 1+ TPe?#! From (2.39) |V(z)|=|V,'|l+Te?|=|V. [1+|Ke"’™| Tore2 79 1+[Ple-209 = Ire” (0-260) . 1 (P=|Fle”) Vain at e829 =—1 (repeat every 2/2) 20] pea => IN Vig At O-2Pl pig =H SA+2Bl yg — —— (2.59) >I (reflection coefficient at load ) 2) iw ee OTe 49 ESS5271 Microwave Engineering KC Leou, Spring 2023 Ghapie,2 Example 2.4 Impedance Measurement with a Slotted Line (two-step procedure = Ire® * Measurement Results : r=|Te 1. use a “short circuit” first ( calibration, define reference plane ) S>SWRoO% /, 2. placed with the unknown load, Z, SWR=1.5 Vain at: 2=0.72 cm, 2.72 cm, 4.72 em (effective) load position at: 7=0.2 om, 2.2 em, 4.2 om . reading from ruler 2a a = > Bp A O=T+2Plsin Figure 2.14 Voltage standing wave pattems for Example 2.4 (a) Standing wave for short-circuit load ( b) Standing wave for unknown load t o F$85271 Microwave Engineering KC Leou, Spring 2023 a Chapter 2 from 1.=> 4=2em (confirmed with 2.'s results ) + standing wave patterns repeat every 4/2. => we can pick any Vy, position of the “short” measurement as the load (a short ) position. pick 4.2 em + then, the Ist V,,;, from the measurement with Z, is 2.72 em. => Ijin =4.2-2.72 = 1.48 em =0.37 4 (A=4e0m) SWR-1_ 15-1 SWR+I 1541_ “|= © ORT +2 in a1 +42 (0372)=864 T=|Tle® = 0.0126 + 70.1996 > 473+ 19.7 nn) $5271 Microwave Engineering KC Leou, Spring 2023 . Chapter 2 + Use Smith Chart : 2=4em || Inin= 0.37 A SWR = 1.5 > SWR Circle s ras (reading on, > 0 axis ) P(e)=P(0)e?” =|es2" at, efl?-20) <1 T@=T--~ at, e020) =} voltage min voltage r=-r)---e i) as ‘ XN Ivy V()= Po" f+ let Vom Vouin @=-) Unknown Figure 2.15 ia ESS5271 Microwave Engineering KC Leou, Spring 2023, 2.5 The Quarter-Wave Transformer Chapter 2 r 7a 14 + match a resistive load to the T-L * two view points to explain : 2 4 R — Impedance — multiple reflections Zin The Impedance Viewpoint Figure 2.16 The quarter-wave matching transformer 2.61 6=(2/4) > ple=(2a/Ala/4)=7/2, tan Pl > 0 7 Z,-2 2.62 R, . 7 5 TG geometric mean of load PaO Zy=%y or Z=VZoZ, ana TsLimpedances 955271 Microwave Engineering KC Leou, Spring 2023 Chapter2 = No standing wave on the feed line (Z), SWR= 1 = But, there be standing wave on the 4/4 matching section — perfect match at discrete frequencies only ( fo, 3fy» 5foe---+) Example 2.5 Frequency Response of a Quarter-Wave Transformer Z=? —_—_— Aa Z=50Q ZZ, t=44n% = |r\=0 A=? 42 H4 in Z, = [(50)(100)]'2 = 70.71 Q 03 op Bat it,san Bl ua 3N4 1) |Za~Ze "7 + jZ, tan Bl 02 Z+Z, pet A-zL A4 2h Figure 2.17 Reflection coefficient versus normalized “919720. 304) wai frequency for the quarter-wave transformer of Example 2.5 F885271 Microwave Engineering KC Leou, Spring 2023 Chapter 2 up quarter-wave The Multiple Reflection Viewpoint Ap 1 transformer 1 q 1 Ty 3 “LTT 3 . te Ts 17,130, ~—— 5 Tr Figure 2.18 Multiple reflection analysis of the quarter-wave transformer 55 KC Leou, Spring 2023 ES$5271 Microwave Engineering 2 T= overall, of total, reflection coefficient of a wave incident on the A/4-transformer (same as I’ in Example 2.5 ) artial reflection coefficient of a wave incident on a load Z,, from the Z, line. artial reflection coefficient of a wave incident on a load Z,, from the Z, line. artial reflection coefficient of a wave incident on a load R,, from the Z, line. | = partial transmission coefficient of a wave from the Z line into the Z, line. T, = partial transmission coefficient of a wave from the Z, line into the Z, line. 2.64a T= 22, . 2.64d Z,+Z, i 2.64e aT, 2646 1, => Z,+Z, 2.64¢ > Bae => round trip = 180° phase shift * total reflection coefficient : Pet 1004400 =n -7E Chr)" 2.65 ” KC Leou, Spring 2023, F$85271 Microwave Engineering Chapter2 Since |T,| < 1 and [P| < 1, the infinite series in (2.65) can be summed using the geometric series results that > 0 for |x| <1 AMT, _N+ND -7h0; togive P=r,- 1+D0; 1+T,T; -Z,y" Nioazypt@azy MZ +2) (Z+Zo)". from (2.64) T,-Ty(CP +77) =1, nit 1 W,=T) = =0 if z= GZrZyR,+Z) OO BAA) => Superposition of all the partial reflections add to zero. Exactly in phase ot out of phase but add to zero 955271 Microwave Engineering KC Leou, Spring 2023 2.6 Generator and load Mismatches Supe , | generator impedance may be complex Z, load impedance U 1), 2 R,, ~onsi roll (R +R) +(X, +X,)° Consider : nt R, nt X, lossless transmission line > Z, real . 7 > Tin Z, <> length : / a . YQ) %n> Vin 28 2, Propagation constant: 8 * a * 1 ° 7 both the generator & load are mismatched ! Figure 2.19 ‘Transmission line => multiple reflection on the line ! cireuit for mismatched load and generator + Zp, toward the terminated T-L at 2 =—/ LeTe” 7 Ze+ jZ,tan Beg 6 1-he Z, + jZ, tan Be ° 58 ESS5271 Microwave Engineering KC Leou, Spring 2023, Chapter 2 reflection coefficient of the load 2.68 The voltage on the line can be written as V=Vile™ +e") 2.69 at generator end, z = —/ V-O=v, =Vi (eM + Te) = Z,,+Z, 1 rr) Z,+Z, (ce +0) =_h but (2.67) _, _, Ithe a no ae = constant 2.71 (/ fixed ) 9 955271 Microwave Engineering KC Leou, Spring 2023 , fa a Chapter 2 Define: I, = the reflection coefficient seen looking into the generator : Z,-%, 2.72 The standing wave ratio on the line is then 1+, 2.69) sHR= ir The power delivered to the load is p=1Rety, Ty-t V, = 5 ReWlind = 5a Now let Ziq = Rin +/Xiq and 60 ESS5271 Microwave Engineering KC Leou, Spring 2023, —_ . . Chapter? + Next, assuming Z, fixed, consider three special cases 1. Load Matched to Line Zj=Zy > T=0, SWR=1, Z,=Zy t 2 Z real p=-W,) ——“*__ 2.76 2 (Z,+R,Y +X¢ _ Zn 2. Generator Matched to Loaded Line t V, Zi, Zp Bl, Ze) = Z, ‘ & [lz 24-2, Z,+Z, atz=-l >T no reflection at z=—/ but T, may not be zero => standing wave on the line !--- - Power delivered to the load: (R,, =R,.X,,=X,) 1p (2.75) P=, z 2.78 all a(R? + x2 6 ES$5271 Microwave Engineering KC Leou, Spring 2023 Chapter2 Conjugate Matching —> Maximum power transfer ( Z, fixed ) R, 1. find Z;, to maximize power delivered to the load eR y+, +k? io +R) +X +X, P maximized (P(Z,.)=P(Ry,X;,)) (4. 2.75) ap 1 = Ry (Rn + Re) ap 0> DauP Pay ay? Tp uP YaYuYyp aR, (RAR Y +X +X) (RAR +%, +X) | * | op _ = 2X n(Xn Xe) _ yg x, (RAR HK AX ST RI-R,4+(X,, +X, =0 2.79a X,,(X, +X) =0 2.79b Solving for R,, & Xi, (2.79b)) > X,, ( 1 (2.794) | => R, = F$85271 Microwave Engineering conjugate matching a KC Leou, Spring 2023 P= fe 7 2S 2 (Rit Re + Xin +X) + Power delivered to the load : ( maximized ) Zina Rin + iXiy Zp= Ry + IX, ik — compare with (2.76), (2.78) | generator output power to load (Zin) => Poa, = (from (2.81)) (the other half power lost on Z, ) 6 955271 Microwave Engineering KC Leou, Spring 2023 , wo Chapter 2 2.7 Lossy Transmission lines The low-loss line (<< ol, G << @C) The general expression for the complex propagation constant is, from (2.5), R+ jol\G+ joc) 2.82 which can be rearranged as (jal joC 1a G y jol J” joc » se {)- Vy “let oc) wc RGR GC 1 _, neglected! @LC ~~ ol oC 2.83 low loss => G => y=joVLC he (4 2.84 V oL x) 64 ES$5271 Microwave Engineering KC Leou, Spring 2023, Chapter 2 oR oXpne ~; J F =l+> EC 1-2, = 2 ~ ese | (£+5)] [c (Rk =<) R\24@)=|=-) +62, =i" if (rt Yo )- if | Z, 2.85a (see Example 2.6) 2.856 a . B same as lossless line low-loss line * Characteristic Impedance — afk =A sez, = [Rtioe 2.86 lz } Ver joc Ve B=ovLC R 6\) o£ Ese 1- Vo\" 270) 270c ; RG, J 2jal 2j0C ) same order (2.85) & (2.86) -> high freq. & low loss approximation 955271 Microwave Engineering 65 KC Leou, Spring 2023 The Distortion-less Line 8 Chapter 2 Boo => > = v,,= constant (independent of frequency) © The TL is dispersion-less (distortion-less) a special case : BI ala [RR (2.83) y= jovEC 1-2) —- \ ol. OL R = jovtc(l -j ) ol [c = RS + joVEC = 0+ ip 2.88 => Beo The T-L is dispersion-less (distortion-less) 885271 Microwave Engineering 66 KC Leou, Spring 2023, The Terminated Lossy Line V@),1@. Low loss > Z, = real Z,=> Za, B Z ip 7 complex (account for attenuation) 0 Figure 2.20 A lossy transmission V()=Vy ler +Te"], 2.894 line terminated in the impedance Z, 1(2) =e" -Te"*], 2.89b % TO) ( atz=—l, TO) =Te?e =re* 299 >It, Oly VCO Sara) forward wave amplitude at z= 0 P, 5 Re or (j= -rer Jerr Pe 2.92 0 955271 Microwave Engineering KC Leo, Spring 2023 Chapter 2 P, = pre or (-o}= eet er Pew} pe abil | rcp fem 2.92 + Power delivered to the load (/= 0): J Vi(z=0) wap Vo a ==ReV(o (}=""" (1-1 2.93 Voro)}=7-(-Hf) Viz), H(z), 1 Zg=> 20,8 Zi, —_—— + Power lost in the line : a 0 z Pas =P, —P, iT =1)+(r/°- | 2.94 2Z, power loss in forwardwave _"éflected wave + voltage standing wave pattern, |/(/)|, ona lossy transmission line ?? + impedance, Z,(/), on the Smith chart for a lossy transmission line?? |, F$85271 Microwave Engineering KC Leou, Spring 2023, Chapter 2 The Perturbation Method for Calculating Attenuation (for low loss line ) * the fields of the low loss line are the same as fields _ of the lossless line low loss — a perturbation Viay=Vyer" *foralossy TL, y= «+ jf : y r@eer Z (2.92) power flow P(z)=Pe**™ 2.95 (when I= 0) \ =P(z=0) power loss perunit| | ag length on P= =2aPe* =2aP(z), > a 2.96 L 2P(z) 2h, » P, & P, canbe computed from the fields of the lossless line, © ES$5271 Microwave Engineering KC Leou, Spring 2023 Example 2.7 Using the perturbation Method to Find the Attenuation Constant” Using the perturbation method to find the attenuation constant of a coaxial line having a lossy dielectric and lossy dielectric and lossy conductors. Solution: Fe Vp om The fields fora plndja z,-2ne lossless coaxial ine | > 1,9 im __Ved Qn a 2ap 2npZ, power flow : hy=SRe | Bx ai gel 7s i i Ip-a earn oF (22, loss/unit length: P,=P,,+ Pj (conductor loss + dielectric loss) [ Lele =a) adg + ("JH ,(0 = of aaghic LR, Rial yo S unit length “4nZ2 \a 5 J 70 ES$5271 Microwave Engineering KC Leou, Spring 2023 Chapter 2 8" ap oe" pl opb ax 2 mos" toe Zsa av TD ale alPol add pdpde=* Ml exe'—je = Feta R (1,1), on = Jule (2.26) => on iqind (2 ot} 5 n= ule agree with Ex. 2.6 Wheeler incremental Inductance Rule - for practical evaluation of attenuation due to conductor loss for TEM or quasi-TEM lines. _— (2.17) baralt Fas fia o compare (7k ce Rtg ot (2.19) keel ‘dl s ES$5271 Microwave Engineering KC Leou, Spring 2023 . - : Chapter 2 power loss into good conductor (into a cross section S) : " Rice P fas == [\F, ds W/m? 2.97 power loss/unit leng 2.98 over cross sectional contours of both conductors ! inductance per unit length of a T-L, (assuming lossless conductor) (2.17) => “(a Pads 2.99 “ loss in conductor => fields penetrate into conductor => contribute a small additional “incremental” inductance, AL: skin depth Al as AIT |H/ dpdl= Se Lia dl) 2.100 a ole \ / i ei dp =65,/2 into conductor. Hee [ can be evaluated as the change in L when conductor walls receded by 0, /2, F$85271 Microwave Engineering KC Leou, Spring 2023, Chapter 2 write P, in terms of AL: - R= Vlon)/26 =1/(08,) RiP aL [AL uP oat P, - = W/m 2.101 M6, O10; 2 attenuation due to conductor loss becomes, (e, (IP Z,, /2) P, (2.102)=> a, =— = OAL 2.102 2h 22, in terms of change in characteristic impedance 2 Ly, 2.103 Vv same as plane wave phase velocity in dielectrics (TEM wave), independent of T-L geometry ! ee ange of Z, 2.194 __When conductor walls receded by B ES$5271 Microwave Engineering KC Leou, Spring 2023 _— os . Chapter 2 a more useful form of incremental inductance rule: 6, dZ, Taylor series expansion of Z): Z,| 2*|=z, +2: 2.105 2 2 de 6). dz, [ inneG aurea 4 fee It, 7 7 (%\_9 2 => az, =2{%)- y= characteristic impedance when walls receded by 6, /2. 1; distance into conductor, * Q2,104)=> a, = 14 F$85271 Microwave Engineering KC Leou, Spring 2023, Chapter 2 Effect of surface roughness?? attenuation corrected for surface roughness: 2 an empirical formula a! =a, 12a) (2.107) = @,: attenuation due to perfectly smooth conductors A: ms surface roughness 45 ESS5271 Microwave Engineering KC Leou, Spring 2023 Chapter 2 236a: V(z)=%; fe" +e] V(c)=vy few sre re +1e] =(14 Te" +20 Vy sin Bz atraveling wave _a standing wave 16 F$85271 Microwave Engineering KC Leou, Spring 2023, to find y, on Smith Chart: - rotate 180° (1/4) from z, - read impedance (z;,) 2 (4\o2 nl =h FSS5271 Microwave Er. 7B - = . Chapter 2 Maximizing power transfer versus power efficiency p:/enwikipediaorwiki Maximum, power theorer ‘The theorem was originally misunderstood (notably by |.) to imply that a system consisting of an electric motor driven by a battery could not be more than 50% efficient since, when the impedances were matched, the power lost as heat in the battery would always be equal to the power delivered to the motor. In 1880 this assumption was shown to be false by either or his colleague . Who realized that maximum efficiency was not the same as maximum power transfer. To achieve maximum efficiency, the resistance of the source (whether a battery or a ) could be made close to zero, Using this new understanding, they obtained an efficiency of about 90%, and proved that the ‘was a practical alternative to the The condition of maximum power transfer does not result in maximum, - If'we define the n efficiency as the ratio of power dissipated by the load to power developed by the source, then it is straightforward to calculate from the above circuit diagram that Rosa 1 7 Rima + Reource T+ Sasa ny Consider three particular cases: Rs = Risa = Raource = 0.5, ca Rioat = 00 Reousce = 0; ~ 000 OSS Ria =0 9 =0. Fir/Rs ‘The efficiency is only 50% when maximum power transfer is achieved, but approaches 100% as the load resistance approaches infinity, though the total power level tends towards zero. Efficiency also approaches 100% if the source resistance can be made close to zero. When the load resistance is zero, all the power is consumed inside the source (the power dissipated in a is zero) so the efficiency is zens ES$5271 Microwave Engineering KC Leou, Spring 2023

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