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Performance of Overhead Transmission Line

The transmission line is the medium of transferring the power from the generating
station to the load centre.

❖ Main function of OHTL:

• Power transmits.
• Interconnection between different system.

The classification of the transmission lines depends on its voltage and the length of
the conductor. It is mainly classified into two types.

❖ AC Transmission Line
• Short-Transmission Line.
• Medium Transmission Line.
▪ Pi Model of a Medium Transmission Line.
▪ T Model of a Medium Transmission Line.
• Long Transmission Line (Exact model).
❖ DC Transmission Line
1) AC Transmission Line
The transmission line has resistance R, inductance L, capacitance C and the
shunt or leakage conductance G. These parameters along with the load and
the transmission line determine the performance of the line. The term
performance means the power loss in the line, efficiency of the transmission
line and voltage regulation (voltage drop). The comparison chart of the
transmission line is shown in the figure below.

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❖ Short Transmission Line

If the line is not more than 80 km or if the voltage is not over than
66 kV then the line is known as the short transmission line. The capacitance
of the line is governed by their length. The effect of capacitance on the short
transmission line is negligible.
• Short T.L modeling
The equivalent circuit is shown in the figure.
where,
𝑉𝑠 is the sending end voltage per phase
𝐼𝑠 is the sending end current per phase
𝑍 is the total impedance of the line per
phase
𝑉𝑟 is the receiving end voltage per phase
𝐼𝑟 is the receiving end current per phase
∵ 𝑉𝑠 = 𝑉𝑟 + 𝐼𝑟𝑍 (1)
∵ 𝐼𝑠 = 𝐼𝑟 (2)
General form of T.L by using two port
network is shown in the figure.
∵ 𝑉𝑠 = 𝐴𝑉𝑟 + 𝐵𝐼𝑟 (3)
∵ 𝐼𝑠 = 𝐶𝑉𝑟 + 𝐷𝐼𝑟 (4)
By comparing (1,3) (3,4)
∴ 𝐴 = 1, 𝐵 = 𝑍, 𝐶 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷 = 1
Phasor diagram at lagging power factor is
shown in the figure.
❖ Medium Transmission Line
The line which is ranging from 80 to 240 km is termed as a medium
transmission line. The capacitance of the medium transmission line cannot be
ignored. The capacitance of the medium transmission line is considered to be
lumped at one or more point of the lines. The medium transmission line is
sub-divided into Pi – model and T – model.
• Pi Model of a Medium Transmission Line
In nominal Pi model, it is assumed that
the half of the capacitance concentrate
at each end of the line. From this circuit
∵ 𝑉𝑆 = 𝑉𝐶2 = 𝐼𝐿 𝑍 + 𝑉𝐶1 = 𝐼𝐿 𝑍 + 𝑉𝑟
𝑉 1
∵ 𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝑟 + 𝐼𝐶1 , ∵ 𝐼𝐶1 = 𝑋𝐶1 , ∵ 𝐵 = 𝑋
𝐶1 𝐶1
Where, B is the susceptance (Siemen)

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∵ the shunt or leakage conductance G is neglected

∴ the admittance is equal to the susceptance(Y=B)
𝑌 𝑌 𝑌 𝑌𝑍
∴ 𝐼𝐶1 = 2 𝑉𝑐1 = 2 𝑉𝑟, 𝑉𝑆 = (𝐼𝑟 + 2 𝑉𝐶1 ) 𝑍 + 𝑉𝑟 = (1 + ) 𝑉𝑟 + 𝑍𝐼𝑟 (1)
2
𝑌 𝑌
∵ 𝐼𝑠 = 𝐼𝐿 + 𝐼𝑐2 , 𝐼𝑐2 = 2 𝑉𝑐2 = 2 𝑉𝑠 , 𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝑟 + 𝐼𝑐1
𝑌 𝑌 𝑌𝑍 𝑌𝑍 𝑌𝑍
∴ 𝐼𝑠 = 𝐼𝑟 + 2 𝑉𝑟 + 2 ((1 + ) 𝑉𝑟 + 𝑍𝐼𝑟) = 𝑌 (1 + ) 𝑉𝑟 + (1 + ) 𝐼𝑟 (2)
2 4 2
∵ 𝑉𝑠 = 𝐴𝑉𝑟 + 𝐵𝐼𝑟 (3)
∵ 𝐼𝑠 = 𝐶𝑉𝑟 + 𝐷𝐼𝑟 (4)
By comparing (1,3) (3,4)
𝑌𝑍 𝑌𝑍
∴ 𝐴 = 𝐷 = (1 + ) , 𝐵 = 𝑍 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 = 𝑌(1 + )
2 4
Phasor diagram at lagging power factor
is shown in the figure.

• T Model of a Medium Transmission Line

In T model, it is assumed that the capacitance is concentrated at the
centre of the line. From this circuit
𝑍 𝑍
∵ 𝑉𝑆 = 𝑉𝐶 + 𝐼𝑠 , 𝑉𝐶 = 𝐼𝑟 + 𝑉𝑟 , 𝐼𝑐 = 𝑌𝑉𝑐
2 2
∵ 𝐼𝑆 = 𝐼𝑟 + 𝐼𝑐
𝑍 𝑍
∴ 𝑉𝑆 = 𝑉𝑟 + 𝐼𝑟 + (𝐼𝑟 + 𝐼𝑐)
2 2
𝑌𝑍 𝑌𝑍
∴ 𝑉𝑆 = (1 + 2 ) 𝑉𝑟 + 𝑍 (1 + 4 ) 𝐼𝑟 (1)
𝑍 𝑌𝑍
∴ 𝐼𝑆 = 𝐼𝑟 + 𝑌 (𝑉𝑟 + 𝐼𝑟) = 𝑌𝑉𝑟 + (1 + ) 𝐼𝑟 (2)
2 2
∵ 𝑉𝑠 = 𝐴𝑉𝑟 + 𝐵𝐼𝑟 (3)
∵ 𝐼𝑠 = 𝐶𝑉𝑟 + 𝐷𝐼𝑟 (4)
By comparing (1,3) (3,4)
𝑌𝑍 𝑌𝑍
∴ 𝐴 = 𝐷 = (1 + ) , 𝐵 = 𝑍 ( 1 + ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 = 𝑌
2 4
Phasor diagram at lagging power factor
is shown in the figure.

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❖ Long Transmission Line (Exact)

The line having a length more than 240 km is considered a long transmission
line. All the four parameters (resistance, inductance, capacitance, and
leakage conductance) are found to be equally distributed along the entire
length of the line.
∵ 𝑉𝑠 = 𝐴𝑉𝑟 + 𝐵𝐼𝑟
∵ 𝐼𝑠 = 𝐶𝑉𝑟 + 𝐷𝐼𝑟
𝑍
∴ 𝐴 = 𝐷 = cosh(𝜃) , 𝐵 = sinh(𝜃)
𝜃
𝑌
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 = sinh(𝜃)
𝜃
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝜃 = √𝑍𝑌
Z: total impedance per phase
Y: total susceptance per phase
Note
√𝑋∠𝛼 = √𝑋∠(𝛼/2)
cosh(𝐴 + 𝑗𝐵) = cosh(𝐴) cos(𝐵) + 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝐴) sin(𝐵)
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ = sinh(𝐴) cos(𝐵) + 𝑗𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝐴) sin(𝐵)
Sinh, cosh , sin and cos in radian
❖ Performance of OHTL
1. Efficiency
The ratio between receiving end active power and sending end active
𝑃𝑟
power. 𝜉 = 𝑃𝑠 ∗ 100
𝑃𝑟 = 3𝑉𝑟𝐼𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜙𝑟), 𝑃𝑠 = 3𝑉𝑠𝐼𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜙𝑠)
2. Line losses
The difference between sending and receiving end power.
𝑆𝑙 = 𝑆𝑠 − 𝑆𝑟 , 𝑆𝑠 = 3𝑉𝑠𝐼𝑠 ∗ , 𝑆𝑟 = 3𝑉𝑟𝐼𝑟 ∗
3. Voltage regulation
The difference between the no load and full load voltage and receiving
end.
∵ 𝑉𝑠 = 𝐴𝑉𝑟 + 𝐵𝐼𝑟 𝑎𝑡 𝑛𝑜 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 (𝐼𝑟 = 0)
𝑉𝑠 |𝑉𝑟𝑛𝑙| − |𝑉𝑟|
∴ 𝑉𝑟|𝑛𝑙 = , ∴ 𝑉. 𝑅 = ∗ 100
𝐴 |𝑉𝑟|
4. Percentage voltage error
V (long) −V s (medium or short)
error % = s
V s (long)

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EX1: A 3-phase, 220 kV, 50 Hz overhead transmission line transmits a load of 75

MW at 0.8 power factor lagging. The line parameters are given in the following
table:

Resistance/phase/km(Ω) Reactance/phase/km(Ω) Susceptance/phase/km ( )

0.08 0.8 6  10 −6
Study:

1. The length changing on percentage voltage error.

2. The power factor changing on percentage voltage error.
3. The loading condition changing on percentage voltage error.
4. The line parameters changing on percentage voltage error.
Using
a) Medium (π) Model.
b) Medium (T) Model.
c) Short Model.
General m. file in long case

General m. file in short case

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General m. file in medium pi case

General m. file in medium T case

m. file to draw the relation between long and short transmission line

m. file to draw the relation between long and medium PI transmission line

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m. file to draw the relation between long and medium T transmission line

The impact of length

The impact of power factor

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The impact of loading condition

The impact of resistance

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The impact of inductive reactance

The impact of susceptance