A typical floor plan for an office building is as

shown. The building is assumed to be subjected 7200 8400 7200

to only vertical load.

(lateral loading is insignificant)

3500
Design specification:

7000

3500
Building exposure class XC3 2400

structural class S4
fire resistance 2 hrs

5000
fyk = 500 N/mm2; fck = 25 N/mm2 2800 2800 2800

Permanent actions, gk:

• ceiling & services = 1.00 kN/m2 2400

• slab finishes = assume 50mm thick concrete

6000
• brick wall = 2.6 kN/m2 (for 120 mm thick)
Variable actions, qk: refer to Table 6.1 & 6.2 of
BS EN 1991-1-1: 2002
Floor height, H = 3000 mm Full height brickwall sitting on beams:
A/5-8; 5/A-B; 8/A-B; C/5a-7a and BM5
Most of the beam loadings are transferred from the supported slabs.
It is important to obtain all permanent action and variable action acting on the slabs.

For these examples, we assumed all the slabs have been analysed and designed.

To start the beam design process, we are going to estimate thicknesses for the slabs supported by
the beams in this examples here：

Slab S5 and S5A: continuous one-way (one end span and one interior span)
end span: use 30 → l/h = 30 → h = 110 mm
interior span: use 35 → l/h = 35 → h = 100 mm

Fire requirement: Table 5.8 EC2 Pt1-2

R120 → hmin = 120 ➔ hence min thickness for slabs in this plan = 120 mm

➔ we propose h = 125 for S5 and S5A

Loading on slabs:
gk: SW = 0.125 x 25 = 3.125 kN/m2
Finishes = 0.05 x 24 = 1.2 kN/m2 (50 mm thick; material - concrete)
ceiling = 1.0 kN/m2
gk ,total = 3.125 + 1.2 + 1.0 = 5.325 kN/m2
qk: Office = 2.5 kN/m2 (Table 6.1 & 6.2 EC1: category B; 2.0 – 3.0 kN/m2)

Cover:
Durability – XC3; S4 → cmin = 25 mm
Bonding – separated (assumed bar diameter 16 mm – 25 mm) → cmin = 20 mm (assumed mostly H20)
Fire (2 hrs) – bmin = 200 & a = 45 (Table 5.6 EC2 Pt1-2)
→ cmin,fire = 45 – 10 – 20/2 = 25 mm (assume link = 10 mm)
➔ Cmin to be used = 25 mm
➔ Cnom = 25 + 10 = 35 mm (cdev = 10 mm)

Minimum beam width for this plan = 200 mm

Example 2: Design of beam BM2
Beam BM2: continuous 3 spans (7.2 m , 8.4 m, 7.2 m)

Use uniform beam height, h for all the 3 spans.

Try l/h = 16 (end span); l/h = 20 (interior span) → h = 7200/16 = 450; h = 8400/20 = 420
→ Propose h = 500 mm; b = 200
➔ Beam size = 200 x 500

Loading on beam:
• SW of beam
gk = 0.2 x 0.5 x 25 = 2.5 kN/m
• Slab S5 and S5A on one side of beam (both are one-way slabs: ly/lx > 2.0):
gk = 5.325 x 3.5/2 = 9.32 kN/m
qk = 2.5 x 3.5/2 = 4.375 kN/m
• Brick wall with 3 m height
gk = 2.6 x 3 = 7.8 kN/m

➔ gk,total = 2.5 + 9.32 + 7.8 = 19.62 kN/m; qk,total = 4.375 kN/m

(This beam: similar values for all spans)
Analysis

The coefficients from Table 3.5 (BS8110) can be applied to this continuous beam analysis if all the
provisions stated are fulfilled:
1. qk ≤ gk : 4.375 < 19.62 (OK)
2.Loads should be uniformly distributed over 3 or more spans: 3 spans (OK)
3.Variation in span length should not exceed 15% of the longest: 7.2 > 0.85(8.4) (OK)
→ Table 3.5 from BS8110 can be used in the analysis.

Design load acting on beam BM2, w = 1.35gk + 1.5qk = 1.35(19.62) + 1.5(4.375) = 33.04 kN/m
BMD & SFD
w = 33.04 kN/m
F1 = 237.89 kN F2 = 277.54 kN F3 = 237.89 kN

7.2 m 8.4 m 7.2 m

0.45F1 0.6F2 0.6F3

= 107.05kN = 166.52kN = 142.73kN

0.6F1 0.6F2 0.45F3

= 142.73kN = 166.52kN = 107.05kN
max{0.11F1L1; 0.11F2L2} max{0.11F2L2; 0.11F3L3}
= 256.45kNm = 256.45kNm

0.09F1L1 0.07F2L2 0.09F3L3

= 154.15kNm = 163.19kNm = 154.15kNm
Critical sections to be designed

166.52kN 142.73kN
107.05kN

1-1 1-2 1-3 2-1 2-2 2-3 3-1 3-2 3-3

107.05kN
142.73kN 166.52kN

B D
256.45kNm 256.45kNm

A C E

154.15kNm 163.19kNm 154.15kNm

Design bending reinforcements: (since symmetrical beam → 3 critical locations to be designed: A. middle
of end span, B. middle of interior span, C. at first interior support)

Calculate the effective depth, d.

d
Assume bar = 20 mm; link = 10 mm
d = h – c - link - bar/2 = 500 – 35 – 10 - 20/2
= 445 mm

A. Location 1: At middle of end spans (can be designed as flanged or rectangular section)

End span: lo = 0.85 (7200) = 6120 mm
Calculate the effective width of flange, bf
beff =  beff,i + bw  b; beff,i = 0.2 bi + 0.1 l0  0.2 l0
b1 = (3500 - 200)/2 = 1650 mm
beff,1 = 0.2(1650) + 0.1(6120) = 942 mm  0.2(6120) = 1224 mm (→ use 942)

beff = beff,1 + bw = 942 + 200 = 1142 mm < b = 1650 + 200 = 1850

(→ use 1140)
Design the main reinforcement

0.26𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 𝑏𝑑 0.26(2.6)(200)(445)
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ; 0.0013𝑏𝑑 = ; 0.0013(200)(445) = 120 mm2
𝑓𝑦𝑘 500
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.04𝐴𝑐 = 0.04 200 500 = 4000 mm2

ℎ𝑓 125
𝑀𝑓 = 0.567𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏ℎ𝑓 𝑑 − = 0.567 25 1140 125 445 − = 772 kNm
2 2
Compare Mf with the design moment, MEd: MEd =154.15 kNm < Mf = 772 kNm
→ compressive stress block lies in flange →Design the beam like a rectangular section.

𝑀𝐸𝑑 154.15×106
𝐾= = = 0.027 < 𝐾𝑏𝑎𝑙 → compression reinforcement not required
𝑏𝑑2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 1140×4452 ×25

𝐾 0.025
𝑧 = 𝑑 0.5 + 0.25 − 1.134 = 0.5 + 0.25 − 1.134 𝑑 = 0.97𝑑 > 0.95d → use = 0.95d

𝑀 154.15×106 2 > A
𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 0.87𝑓𝐸𝑑 𝑧
= 0.87×500×0.95×445
= 838 𝑚𝑚 s,min → use 838 mm2
𝑦𝑘

Proposed: 3H20 (As,prov = 942 mm2) < As,max (can install in one single layer? → chk c.b.s!)

Assume max aggregate size 20 mm → c.b.sallow = max{20(1); 20+5; 20} = 25 mm  c.b.sactual = 27 mm (OK?)
What is the result if you design it as a rectangular section (200 x 500)?
B. Location 2: At first interior support (can only design as a rectangular section)
𝑀𝐸𝑑 256.45×106
𝐾= = = 0.26 < 𝐾𝑏𝑎𝑙 → compression reinforcement required
𝑏𝑑2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 200×4452 ×25

𝐾′
𝑧𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 𝑑 0.5 + 0.25 − 1.134 = 0.82𝑑 d’ = 35 + 10 + 20/2 = 55 mm
′ 𝐾−𝐾′ 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑2 (0.26−0.167)(25)(200)(445)2
𝐴 𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 = = = 543 𝑚𝑚2 → Propose 3H16 (603 mm2)
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑑−𝑑′ 0.87(500)(445−55)
𝐾′ 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑2 ′ 0.167(25)(200)(445)2
𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 = + 𝐴 𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 = + 543 = 1584 𝑚𝑚2 > As,min (120) → use 1584 mm2
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑧 0.87(500)(0.82×445)

Proposed: 2H25 + 2H20 (As,prov = 1610 mm2) < As,max (can install in one single layer? → chk c.b.s!)

Assume max aggregate size 20 mm → c.b.sallow = max{25(1); 20+5; 20} = 25 mm > c.b.sactual (x OK)
→ Provide 2H25 + 2H20 (1610) – 2 layers
C. Location 3: At middle of interior spans (can be designed as flanged or rectangular section)
End span: lo = 0.7 (8400) = 5880 mm
Calculate the effective width of flange, bf
beff =  beff,i + bw  b; beff,i = 0.2 bi + 0.1 l0  0.2 l0
b1 = 3500 - 200)/2 = 1650 mm
beff,1 = 0.2(1650) + 0.1(5880) = 918 mm  0.2(5880) = 1176 mm (→ use 918)

beff = beff,1 + bw = 918 + 200 = 1118 mm < b = 1650 + 200 = 1850

(→ use 1100)

Design the main reinforcement

ℎ𝑓 125
𝑀𝑓 = 0.567𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏ℎ𝑓 𝑑 − = 0.567 25 1100 125 445 − = 745 kNm > MEd (163.19)
2 2
→ compressive stress block lies in flange →Design like a rectangular section.
 𝑀𝐸𝑑 163.19×106
𝐾= = = 0.03 < 𝐾𝑏𝑎𝑙 → compression reinforcement not required
𝑏𝑑2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 1100×4452 ×25

𝐾 0.03
𝑧 = 𝑑 0.5 + 0.25 − 1.134 = 0.5 + 0.25 − 1.134 𝑑 = 0.97𝑑 > 0.95d → use = 0.95d

𝑀𝐸𝑑 163.19×106
𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 = = = 887 𝑚𝑚2 > As,min → use 887 mm2
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑧 0.87×500×0.95×445

Proposed: 3H20 (As,prov = 942 mm2) < As,max (can install in one single layer? → chk c.b.s!)

Assume max aggregate size 20 mm → c.b.sallow = max{20(1); 20+5; 20} = 25 mm  c.b.sactual = 27 mm (OK?)
What is the result if you design it as a rectangular section (200 x 500)?
Design the shear reinforcement (common practice: to carry out design for 3 locations for each span –
approximately one-third of the span)

1st span - location 1: near 1st support:

VEd = 0.45F = 107.05 kN
Proposed reinforcements for the end span: 3H20 at mid span. Assume no curtailment. Asl = 942 mm2
k = 1 + (200/445)1/2 = 1.67  2.0; l = Asl/bwd = 942/(200x445) = 0.011 < 0.02
1Τ 3Τ 1Τ
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 0.12𝑘(100𝜌𝑙 𝑓𝑐𝑘 ) 3 ; 0.035𝑘 2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 2 𝑏𝑑 = max{53.83; 33.61} = 53.83 kN
VEd (107.05) > VRd,c (53.83) → shear reinforcement is required
Calculate VRd,max (22    45)
𝑓 25
0.36𝑏𝑑 1− 𝑐𝑘ൗ250 𝑓𝑐𝑘 0.36(200)(445)(1− )(25)
𝑉𝑅𝑑,max(22) = cot 𝜃+tan 𝜃
= (cot 22+tan 22)
250
= 250.39 𝑘𝑁 > VEd (107.05)

→ (concrete strut is safe - use  = 22)

Design shear reinforcement

𝐴𝑠𝑤 𝑉𝐸𝑑 107.05×103
= = = 0.25 mm2 /mm
𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞 0.78𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑑 cot 𝜃 0.78(500)(445) cot 22

Propose H8-200 (Asw/s = 0.5 mm2/mm)  how to obtain 0.5?

smax = min{0.75d = 333.75 mm; min dimension = 200 mm} ≥ proposed s = 200 mm (OK)

1st span - location 2: near 1st interior support:

VEd = 0.6F = 142.73 kN
Proposed reinforcements: 2H25+2H20 at support. Asl = 1610 mm2 (tension reinf’t = hogging reinf’t!)
k = 1 + (200/445)1/2 = 1.67  2.0; l = Asl/bwd = 1610/(200x445) = 0.018 < 0.02
1 3Τ 1Τ
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 0.12𝑘(100𝜌𝑙 𝑓𝑐𝑘 ) Τ3 ; 0.035𝑘 2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 2
𝑏𝑑 = max{63.44; 43.23} = 63.44 kN < VEd (142.73)
→ shear reinforcement is required
Calculate VRd,max (22    45)
𝑓 25
0.36𝑏𝑑 1− 𝑐𝑘ൗ250 𝑓𝑐𝑘 0.36(200)(445)(1− )(25)
𝑉𝑅𝑑,max(22) = cot 𝜃+tan 𝜃
= (cot 22+tan 22)
250
= 250.39 𝑘𝑁 > VEd (142.73)

→ (concrete strut is safe - use  = 22)

Design shear reinforcement

𝐴𝑠𝑤 𝑉𝐸𝑑 142.73×103
= = = 0. 33 mm2 /mm
𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞 0.78𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑑 cot 𝜃 0.78(500)(445) cot 22

Propose H8-200 (Asw/s = 0.5 mm2/mm) proposed s = 200 mm  smax (OK)

2nd span - location 1: near 1st interior support:

VEd = 0.6F = 166.52 kN
Proposed reinforcements: 2H25+2H20 at support. Asl = 1610 mm2 (tension reinf’t = hogging reinf’t!)
k = 1 + (200/445)1/2 = 1.67  2.0; l = Asl/bwd = 1610/(200x445) = 0.018 < 0.02
1 3Τ 1Τ
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 0.12𝑘(100𝜌𝑙 𝑓𝑐𝑘 ) Τ3 ; 0.035𝑘 2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 2
𝑏𝑑 = max{63.44; 43.23} = 63.44 kN < VEd (166.52)
→ shear reinforcement is required
Calculate VRd,max (22    45)
𝑓 25
0.36𝑏𝑑 1− 𝑐𝑘ൗ250 𝑓𝑐𝑘 0.36(200)(445)(1− )(25)
𝑉𝑅𝑑,max(22) = cot 𝜃+tan 𝜃
= 250
(cot 22+tan 22)
= 250.39 𝑘𝑁 > VEd (166.52)

→ (concrete strut is safe - use  = 22)

Design shear reinforcement

𝐴𝑠𝑤 𝑉𝐸𝑑 166.52×103
= = = 0. 39 mm2 /mm
𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞 0.78𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑑 cot 𝜃 0.78(500)(445) cot 22

Propose H8-200 (Asw/s = 0.5 mm2/mm) proposed s = 200 mm  smax (OK)

(Asw/s)min = 0.08bw/fyk x fck1/2 = 0.16 (provide H8 – 200) for locations where VEd < VRdc
Continue shear design for other critical locations: Span 1 – location 3; internal span – location 2, 3 →
student homework.
Check beam’s capacity against deflection.
Check only at mid section (sagging moment) of each span. Support not required!
Location 1: middle of end span
 = As,req/bwd = 838/(200x445) = 0.0094 > 0 = (25)1/2x10-3 = 5.0x10-3 → use eq. 7.16b:
From table 7.4N, K = 1.3 (end span of continuous beam)
𝑙 𝜌 1 𝜌′
𝑑𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐
0
= 𝐾 11 + 1.5 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝜌−𝜌 ′ + 12 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝜌0
= 19.49
modification factor - reinforcement:
310/s = (500/500) x (942/838) = 1.12 < 1.5
modification factor - section shape:
the section was designed as a flanged section. bf/bw = 1140/200 = 5.7 > 3
What is the result if you
→ need to multiply 0.8
design it as a rectangular
modification factor - span length: section (200 x 500)?
span length = 7.2 m > 7 m → length MF = 7/7.2 = 0.97
(l/d)allowable = 19.49 x 1.12 x 0.8 x 0.97 = 16.93 > (l/d)actual = 7200/445 = 16.18 (OK)
Location 2: middle of interior span
 = As,req/bwd = 887/(200x445) = 0.01 > 0 = (25)1/2x10-3 = 5.0x10-3 → use eq. 7.16b:
From table 7.4N, K = 1.5 (end span of continuous beam)
𝑙 𝜌0 1 𝜌′
𝑑𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐
= 𝐾 11 + 1.5 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝜌−𝜌 ′ + 12
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝜌0
= 22.12
modification factor - reinforcement:
310/s = (500/500) x (942/887) = 1.06 < 1.5
modification factor - section shape:
the section was designed as a flanged section. bf/bw = 1100/200 = 5.5 > 3
→ need to multiply 0.8 What is the result if you
design it as a rectangular
modification factor - span length: section (200 x 500)?
span length = 8.4 m > 7 m → length MF = 7/8.4 = 0.83
(l/d)allowable = 22.12 x 1.06 x 0.8 x 0.83 = 15.57 < (l/d)actual = 8400/445 = 18.88 ( not OK)

Propose two layers of reinf’t 3H20 + 2H12 (1168) – 2H12 to be curtailed at supports
310/s = (500/500) x (1168/887) = 1.32 < 1.5
(l/d)allowable = 22.12 x 1.32x 0.8 x 0.83 = 19.38 < (l/d)actual = 8400/445 = 18.88 (OK)
Check the beam for cracking.
Check at all tension zones.
Location 1: mid span of end span (left) s for location 1 (3H20) = 45 mm
Location 2: interior supports s for location 2 (2H25+2H20) = 85
Location 3: mid span of end span (right) s for location 3 (3H20+2H12) = 45 mm
fs = fyk/1.15 x (Gk + 0.3Qk)/(1.35Gk + 1.5Qk)
= 500/1.15 x (19.62 + 0.3x4.375)/(1.35x19.62 + 1.5x4.375)
= 275 MPa
Taking wk = 0.3 mm → maximum allowable bar spacing  150 mm > s for all locations → Passed

Detailing

3H16
Example 3: Design of beam BM3
Beam BM3: continuous 3 spans (7.2 m , 8.4 m, 7.2 m)

Use uniform beam height, h for all spans, variable loading heavier than BM2 → h should be larger.
Try l/h = 14 (end span); l/h = 18 (interior span) → h = 7200/14 = 514; h = 8400/18 = 466
→ Propose h = 600 mm; b = 200
➔ Beam size = 200 x 600

Loading on beam:
• SW of beam
gk = 0.2 x 0.6 x 25 = 3.0 kN/m
• Slab S5 and S5A on one side of beam (both are one-way slabs: ly/lx > 2.0):
gk = 5.325 x 3.5/2 x 2 = 18.6375 kN/m
qk = 2.5 x 3.5/2 x 2 = 8.75 kN/m
• Brick wall → none

➔ gk,total = 3.0 + 18.6375 = 21.6375 kN/m; qk,total = 8.75 kN/m

(This beam: similar values for all spans)
Analysis

The coefficients from Table 3.5 (BS8110) can be applied to this continuous beam analysis if all the
provisions stated are fulfilled:
1. qk ≤ gk : 8.75 < 21.6375 (OK)
2.Loads should be uniformly distributed over 3 or more spans: 3 spans (OK)
3.Variation in span length should not exceed 15% of the longest: 7.2 > 0.85(8.4) (OK)
→ Table 3.5 from BS8110 can be used in the analysis.

Design load acting on beam BM2, w = 1.35gk + 1.5qk = 1.35(21.6375) + 1.5(8.75) = 42.33 kN/m
BMD & SFD
w = 42.33 kN/m
F1 = 304.77 kN F2 = 355.57 kN F3 = 304.77 kN

7.2 m 8.4 m 7.2 m

0.45F1 0.6F2 0.6F3

= 137.14 kN = 213.34 kN = 182.86 kN

0.6F1 0.6F2 0.45F3

= 182.86 kN = 213.34 kN = 137.14 kN
max{0.11F1L1; 0.11F2L2} max{0.11F2L2; 0.11F3L3}
= 328.54 kNm = 328.54 kNm

0.09F1L1 0.07F2L2 0.09F3L3

= 197.49 kNm = 209.07 kNm = 197.49 kNm
Critical sections to be designed
213.34kN 182.86kN
137.14kN

1-1 1-2 1-3 2-1 2-2 2-3 3-1 3-2 3-3

137.14kN
182.86kN 213.34kN

B D
328.54kNm 328.54kNm

A C E

197.49kNm 209.07kNm 197.49kNm

Design bending reinforcements: (since symmetrical beam → 3 critical locations to be designed: A. middle
of end span, B. middle of interior span, C. at first interior support)

Calculate the effective depth, d.

d
Assume bar = 20 mm; link = 10 mm
d = h – c - link - bar/2 = 600 – 35 – 10 - 20/2
= 545 mm

A. Location 1: At middle of end spans (can be designed as flanged or rectangular section)

End span: lo = 0.85 (7200) = 6120 mm
Calculate the effective width of flange, bf
beff =  beff,i + bw  b; beff,i = 0.2 bi + 0.1 l0  0.2 l0
b1 = b2 = (3500 - 200)/2 = 1650 mm
beff,1 = beff,2 = 0.2(1650) + 0.1(6120) = 942 mm  0.2(6120) = 1224 mm (→ use 942)

beff = beff,1 + beff,2 + bw = (942 + 942) + 200 = 2084 mm < b = 1650 + 1650 + 200 = 3500
(→ use 2080)
Design the main reinforcement

0.26𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 𝑏𝑑 0.26(2.6)(200)(545)
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ; 0.0013𝑏𝑑 = ; 0.0013(200)(545) = 147 mm2
𝑓𝑦𝑘 500
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.04𝐴𝑐 = 0.04 200 600 = 4800 mm2

ℎ𝑓 125
𝑀𝑓 = 0.567𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏ℎ𝑓 𝑑 − = 0.567 25 2080 125 545 − = 1409 kNm
2 2
Compare Mf with the design moment, MEd: MEd =197.49 kNm < Mf = 1778 kNm
→ compressive stress block lies in flange →Design the beam like a rectangular section.

𝑀𝐸𝑑 197.49×106
𝐾= = = 0.0128 < 𝐾𝑏𝑎𝑙 → compression reinforcement not required
𝑏𝑑2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 2080×5452 ×25

𝐾 0.011
𝑧 = 𝑑 0.5 + 0.25 − 1.134 = 0.5 + 0.25 − 1.134 𝑑 = 0.99𝑑 > 0.95d → use = 0.95d

𝑀 197.49×106 2 > A
𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 0.87𝑓𝐸𝑑 𝑧
= 0.87×500×0.95×545
= 876 𝑚𝑚 s,min → use 876 mm2
𝑦𝑘

Proposed: 3H20 (As,prov = 942 mm2) < As,max (can install in one single layer? → chk c.b.s!)

Assume max aggregate size 20 mm → c.b.sallow = max{20(1); 20+5; 20} = 25 mm  c.b.sactual = 27 mm (OK?)
What is the result if you design it as a rectangular section (200 x 600)?
B. Location 2: At first interior support (can only design as a rectangular section)
𝑀𝐸𝑑 328.54×106
𝐾= = = 0.22 < 𝐾𝑏𝑎𝑙 → compression reinforcement not required
𝑏𝑑2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 200×5452 ×25

𝐾′
𝑧𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 𝑑 0.5 + 0.25 − 1.134 = 0.82𝑑 d’ = 35 + 10 + 20/2 = 55 mm
′ 𝐾−𝐾′ 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑2 (0.22−0.167)(25)(200)(545)2
𝐴 𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 = = = 369 𝑚𝑚2 > As,min → Propose 2H16 (402 mm2)
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑑−𝑑′ 0.87(500)(545−55)
𝐾′ 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑2 ′ 0.167(25)(200)(545)2
𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 = + 𝐴 𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 = + 369 = 1644 𝑚𝑚2 > As,min (147) → use 1644 mm2
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑧 0.87(500)(0.82×545)

Proposed: 4H25 (As,prov = 1963 mm2) < As,max (can install in one single layer? → chk c.b.s!)

Assume max aggregate size 20 mm → c.b.sallow = max{25(1); 20+5; 20} = 25 mm > c.b.sactual (x OK)
→ Provide 2H25 + 2H25 (1963) – 2 layers
C. Location 3: At middle of interior spans (can be designed as flanged or rectangular section)
End span: lo = 0.7 (8400) = 5880 mm
Calculate the effective width of flange, bf
beff =  beff,i + bw  b; beff,i = 0.2 bi + 0.1 l0  0.2 l0
b1 = b2 = (3500 - 200)/2 = 1650 mm
beff,1 = beff,2 = 0.2(1650) + 0.1(5880) = 918 mm  0.2(5880) = 1176 mm (→ use 918)

beff = beff,1 + beff,2 + bw = (918 + 918) + 200 = 2036 mm < b = 1650 + 1650 + 200 = 3500
(→ use 2000)

Design the main reinforcement

ℎ𝑓 125
𝑀𝑓 = 0.567𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏ℎ𝑓 𝑑 − = 0.567 25 2000 125 545 − = 1709 kNm > MEd (209.07)
2 2
→ compressive stress block lies in flange →Design like a rectangular section.
 𝑀𝐸𝑑 209.07×106
𝐾= = = 0.014 < 𝐾𝑏𝑎𝑙 → compression reinforcement not required
𝑏𝑑2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 2000×5452 ×25

𝐾 0.012
𝑧 = 𝑑 0.5 + 0.25 − 1.134 = 0.5 + 0.25 − 1.134 𝑑 = 0.98𝑑 > 0.95d → use = 0.95d

𝑀𝐸𝑑 209.07×106
𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 = = = 928 > As,min → use 928 mm2
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑧 0.87×500×0.95×545

Proposed: 3H20 (As,prov = 942 mm2) < As,max (can install in one single layer? → chk c.b.s!)

Assume max aggregate size 20 mm → c.b.sallow = max{20(1); 20+5; 20} = 25 mm  c.b.sactual = 27 mm (OK?)
What is the result if you design it as a rectangular section (200 x 500)?
Design the shear reinforcement (common practice: to carry out design for 3 locations for each span –
approximately one-third of the span)

1st span - location 1: near 1st support:

VEd = 0.45F = 137.14 kN
Proposed reinforcements for the end span: 3H20 at mid span. Assume no curtailment. Asl = 942 mm2
k = 1 + (200/545)1/2 = 1.6  2.0; l = Asl/bwd = 942/(200x545) = 0.0086 < 0.02
1Τ 3Τ 1Τ
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 0.12𝑘(100𝜌𝑙 𝑓𝑐𝑘 ) 3 ; 0.035𝑘 2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 2 𝑏𝑑 = max{58.19; 38.61} = 58.19 kN
VEd (137.14) > VRd,c (58.19) → shear reinforcement is required
Calculate VRd,max (22    45)
𝑓 25
0.36𝑏𝑑 1− 𝑐𝑘ൗ250 𝑓𝑐𝑘 0.36(200)(545)(1− )(25)
𝑉𝑅𝑑,max(22) = cot 𝜃+tan 𝜃
= (cot 22+tan 22)
250
= 306.65 𝑘𝑁 > VEd (137.14)

→ (concrete strut is safe - use  = 22)

Design shear reinforcement

𝐴𝑠𝑤 𝑉𝐸𝑑 137.14×103
= = = 0.26 mm2 /mm
𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞 0.78𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑑 cot 𝜃 0.78(500)(545) cot 22

Propose H8-200 (Asw/s = 0.5 mm2/mm)

smax = min{0.75d = 408.75 mm; min dimension = 200 mm} ≥ proposed s = 200 mm (OK)

1st span - location 2: near 1st interior support:

VEd = 0.6F = 182.86 kN
Proposed reinforcements: 2H25+2H25 at support. Asl = 1963 mm2 (tension reinf’t = hogging reinf’t!)
k = 1 + (200/545)1/2 = 1.6  2.0; l = Asl/bwd = 1963/(200x545) = 0.018 < 0.02
1 3Τ 1Τ
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 0.12𝑘(100𝜌𝑙 𝑓𝑐𝑘 ) Τ3 ; 0.035𝑘 2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 2
𝑏𝑑 = max{74.43; 38.61} = 74.43 kN < VEd (182.86)
→ shear reinforcement is required
Calculate VRd,max (22    45)
𝑓 25
0.36𝑏𝑑 1− 𝑐𝑘ൗ250 𝑓𝑐𝑘 0.36(200)(545)(1− )(25)
𝑉𝑅𝑑,max(22) = cot 𝜃+tan 𝜃
= (cot 22+tan 22)
250
= 306.65 𝑘𝑁 > VEd (182.87)

→ (concrete strut is safe - use  = 22)

Design shear reinforcement

𝐴𝑠𝑤 𝑉𝐸𝑑 182.86×103
= = = 0. 35 mm2 /mm
𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞 0.78𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑑 cot 𝜃 0.78(500)(545) cot 22

Propose H8-200 (Asw/s = 0.5 mm2/mm) proposed s = 200 mm  smax (OK)

2nd span - location 1: near 1st interior support:

VEd = 0.6F = 213.34 kN
Proposed reinforcements: 2H25+2H25 at support. Asl = 1963 mm2 (tension reinf’t = hogging reinf’t!)
k = 1 + (200/545)1/2 = 1.6  2.0; l = Asl/bwd = 1963/(200x545) = 0.018 < 0.02
1 3Τ 1Τ
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 0.12𝑘(100𝜌𝑙 𝑓𝑐𝑘 ) Τ3 ; 0.035𝑘 2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 2
𝑏𝑑 = max{74.43; 38.61} = 70.05 kN < VEd (213.34)
→ shear reinforcement is required
Calculate VRd,max (22    45)
𝑓 25
0.36𝑏𝑑 1− 𝑐𝑘ൗ250 𝑓𝑐𝑘 0.36(200)(545)(1− )(25)
𝑉𝑅𝑑,max(22) = cot 𝜃+tan 𝜃
= 250
(cot 22+tan 22)
= 306.65 𝑘𝑁 > VEd (213.34)

→ (concrete strut is safe - use  = 22)

Design shear reinforcement

𝐴𝑠𝑤 𝑉𝐸𝑑 213.34×103
= = = 0. 41 mm2 /mm
𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞 0.78𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑑 cot 𝜃 0.78(500)(545) cot 22

Propose H8-200 (Asw/s = 0.5 mm2/mm) proposed s = 200 mm  smax (OK)

(Asw/s)min = 0.08bw/fyk x fck1/2 = 0.16 (provide H8 – 200) for locations where VEd < VRdc
Continue shear design for other critical locations: Span 1 – location 3; internal span – location 2, 3 →
student homework.
Check beam’s capacity against deflection.
Check only at mid section (sagging moment) of each span.
Location 1: middle of end span
 = As,req/bwd = 876/(200x545) = 0.008 > 0 = (25)1/2x10-3 = 5.0x10-3 → use eq. 7.16b:
From table 7.4N, K = 1.3 (end span of continuous beam)
𝑙 𝜌 1 𝜌′
𝑑𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐
0
= 𝐾 11 + 1.5 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝜌−𝜌 ′ + 12 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝜌0
= 20.39
modification factor - reinforcement:
310/s = (500/500) x (942/876) = 1.08 < 1.5
modification factor - section shape:
the section was designed as a flanged section. bf/bw = 2080/200 = 10.4 > 3
What is the result if you
→ need to multiply 0.8
design it as a rectangular
modification factor - span length: section (200 x 600)?
span length = 7.2 m > 7 m → length MF = 7/7.2 = 0.97
(l/d)allowable = 20.39 x 1.08 x 0.8 x 0.97 = 17.09 > (l/d)actual = 7200/545 = 13.21 (OK)
Location 2: middle of interior span
 = As,req/bwd = 928/(200x545) = 0.0085 > 0 = (25)1/2x10-3 = 5.0x10-3 → use eq. 7.16b:
From table 7.4N, K = 1.5 (end span of continuous beam)
𝑙 𝜌0 1 𝜌′
𝑑𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐
= 𝐾 11 + 1.5 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝜌−𝜌 ′ + 12
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝜌0
= 23.11
modification factor - reinforcement:
310/s = (500/500) x (942/928) = 1.02 < 1.5
modification factor - section shape:
the section was designed as a flanged section. bf/bw = 2000/200 = 10 > 3
→ need to multiply 0.8 What is the result if you
design it as a rectangular
modification factor - span length: section (200 x 600)?
span length = 8.4 m > 7 m → length MF = 7/8.4 = 0.83
(l/d)allowable = 23.11 x 1.02 x 0.8 x 0.83 = 15.65 < (l/d)actual = 8400/545 = 15.41 (OK)
Check the beam for cracking.
Check at all tension zones.
Location 1: mid span of end span (left) s for location 1 (3H20) = 45 mm
Location 2: interior supports s for location 2 (2H25+2H25) = 85
Location 3: mid span of end span (right) s for location 3 (3H20) = 45 mm
fs = fyk/1.15 x (Gk + 0.3Qk)/(1.35Gk + 1.5Qk)
= 500/1.15 x (21.6375 + 0.3x8.75)/(1.35x21.6375 + 1.5x8.75)
= 249 MPa
Taking wk = 0.3 mm → maximum allowable bar spacing  190 mm > s for all locations → Passed

Detailing

25

16
Example 4: Design of beam 5/B-A (200 x 750)
P = 137.16 kN
• Beam 5/B-A is supporting secondary beam BM3 B
Gk = 70.1 kN
A
where loading from BM3 are transferred as point Qk = 28.35 kN
loads to this beam.
• No loading of slab is being directly transferred to gk = 11.55 kN/m w = 15.59 kN/m
this beam.
• UDL on this beam are beam self weight + brick wall 7m
123.145 kN
Characteristic loadings:
SW of beam = 0.2 x 0.75 x 25 = 3.75 kN/m 68.58 kN
B/W = 2.6 x 3 = 7.8 kN/m (3m height)
gk = 3.75 + 78 = 11.55 kN/m qk = 0
68.58 kN

Loading from beam BM3:

123.145 kN
Gk = 0.45 x 7.2 x 21.6375 = 70.1 kN
Qk = 0.45 x 7.2 x 8.75 = 28.35 kN

Design loading:
w = 11.55 x 1.35 = 15.59 kN/m
P = 1.35(70.1) + 1.5(28.35) = 137.16kN 335.52 kNm
Assume link diameter = 10 mm and bar diameter = 20 mm.
d = 750 – 35 – 10 – 20/2 = 695 mm

Bending reinforcement design (this beam is decided to be designed as a rectangular section)

As,min = max{187; 181} = 187 mm2 As,max = 6000 mm2
K = 335.52x106/(200x6952x25) = 0.139 < Kbal (singly)
Z = 0.86d < 0.95d → use 086d
As,req = 335.52x106/(0.87x500x0.86x695) = 1290 mm2 > As,min (use 1290)
Propose 3H25 (1472) < As,max (can install in one single layer? → chk c.b.s!)

Assume max aggregate size 20 mm → c.b.sallow = max{25(1); 20+5; 20} = 25 mm

c.b.sactual = [200-35(2)-10(2)-25]/2 – 25 = 17.5 mm < 25 → too close!
Porpose reinf’t in 2 layers: try 2H25+2H20 (1610) < As,max → c.b.sactual = 60 > c.b.sallow (OK)
At compression surface, propose 2H12 (226 > As,min) as hanger bars
 123.145 kN  1200

Shear reinforcement design: 68.58 kN

Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 1
Zone 1: near left support (= near right support) 68.58 kN
VEd,1 = 123.145 kN
Proposed reinforcements 2H25 (2H20 being curtailed) → Asl = 981 mm2 123.145 kN
k = 1 + (200/695)1/2 = 1.54  2.0; l = Asl/bwd = 981/(200x695) = 0.007 < 0.02
VRd,c 1 = max{66.69; 46.48} = 66.69 kN < VEd,1 (123.145) → shear reinforcement is required
Try  = 22: VRd,max(22) = 391.05 kN > VEd,1 → (concrete strut is safe - use  = 22)
(Asw/s)req = 0.184 mm2/mm → Propose H8-200 (Asw/s = 0.5 mm2/mm)
smax = min{0.75d = 521.25 mm; min dimension = 200 mm} ≥ proposed s = 200 mm (OK)

Zone 2:
VEd,2 = 77.93 kN
Proposed reinforcements 2H25+2H20 → Asl = 1610 mm2
k = 1 + (200/695)1/2 = 1.54  2.0; l = Asl/bwd = 1610/(200x695) = 0.011 < 0.02
VRd,c 2 = max{77.53; 46.48} = 77.53 kN < VEd,2 (77.93) → shear reinforcement is required
Try  = 22: VRd,max(22) = 391.05 kN > VEd,1 → (concrete strut is safe - use  = 22)
(Asw/s)req = 0.12 mm2/mm → Propose H8-200 (Asw/s = 0.5 mm2/mm)
smax = min{0.75d = 521.25 mm; min dimension = 200 mm} ≥ proposed s = 200 mm (OK)

Check beam’s capacity against deflection (middle of span)

 = As,req/bwd = 1290/(200x695) = 0.0093 > 0 = (25)1/2x10-3 = 5.0x10-3 → use eq. 7.16b:
From table 7.4N, K = 1.0 (simply supported beam)
(l/d)basic = 15.03
modification factor - reinforcement: 310/s = (500/500) x (1610/1290) = 1.25 < 1.5
modification factor - section shape: beam was designed as a rectangular section → multiply 1.0
modification factor - span length: span length = 7 m = 7 m → length MF = 7/7 = 1.0

(l/d)allowable = 15.03 x 1.25 x 1 x 1 = 18.78 < (l/d)actual = 7000/695 = 10.07 (OK)

Check the beam for cracking.
Check at tension zones.
mid span: s for location 1 (2H25+2H20) = 89 mm

fs = fyk/1.15 x (Gk + 0.3Qk)/(1.35Gk + 1.5Qk)

= 500/1.15 x (70.1 + 0.3x28.35)/(1.35x70.1 + 1.5x28.35)
= 249 MPa
Taking wk = 0.3 mm → maximum allowable bar spacing  190 mm > s for locations 1 → Passed

Detailing