LU3 Solutions

Subtopics
3.1 Types of Solution
3.2 Solubility
3.3 Ideal Solutions – Raoult’s Law
3.4 The Separation of Mixtures
3.5 Colligative Properties of Solutions

PRP1026 CHEMISTRY II - Solutions

LU3 Solutions
Solution & Solubility
Learning objectives
By the end of this lecture, you should be able to:

▪ describe solutions and its formations

▪ explain and classify type of solutions

▪ explain factors affecting solubility

Solutions
▪ Homogeneous mixtures of two or more pure compounds.

▪ Two main components:

▪ Solute
▪ Solvent

▪ The solute dispersed uniformly throughout solvent to become

solution.
Examples of solutions
Gas solution Liquid solution Solid solution
▪ Air – mixtures of ▪ Seawater ▪ Brass – zinc in
several gases copper
▪ Body fluids –
▪ Steam in nitrogen mixtures of ▪ Sterling silver –
gas nutrients and copper in silver
minerals
Formation of solution (Dissolution)
▪ Solvent pulls solute particles apart and surround (solvates) them.
▪ For covalent compound, the intermolecular forces between solute
and solvent particles must be strong enough to compete the
intermolecular forces between solute-solute particles and solvent-
solvent particles.
 ▪ For ionic compound, solubility of the solid solute in the water is
depends on the hydration energy and the lattice energy.

Hydration energy-
attraction of water
to the ions in salt
Lattice energy-
attraction between
ions in crystalline
lattice structure
Formation of Solutions

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▪ Dissolving- reversible process, solute can be recovered back.
▪ Evaporation is a physical change which enable us to obtain the
original solute back by removing the solvent.
Zn(NO3)2(s) + H2O(l) ⇌ Zn(NO3)2(aq)

▪ Not all substance dissolves when it comes to contact with solvent

▪ It may have reacted: eg: nickel disappears in hydrochloric acid
because reaction occurs.
Ni(s) + 2HCl(aq)→ NiCl2(aq) + H2(g)
Principles of Solubility
▪ Solubility is defined as the maximum amount of a substance
(solute) that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a specified
temperature.

▪ There is a limit to the quantity of solute that dissolves in specific

amount of solvent.

▪ A dynamic equilibrium exists between the solute particles in solution

and the undissolved solute.
Solubility Equilibrium
▪ There is a dynamic balance between the dissolution and
precipitation reactions.
▪ At equilibrium, solution remains saturated at all times
Unsaturated solution Saturated solution
Solute is added
(not yet equilibrium) (equilibrium is reached)
Types of solutions
Unsaturated solution Saturated solution Supersaturated solution
▪ Solute ▪ Solvent hold as ▪ Solvent hold more
much as possible at than it normally
concentration less that temperature possible at that
than the solubility (solute temperature
concentration equal
▪ Able to dissolve the solubility) ▪ Has dissolved excess
solute at a higher
more solutes ▪ Has dissolved temperature
maximum amount of
solute ▪ Solid crystals will form
when the solution is
▪ Dissolved solute is cooled
in dynamic
equilibrium with the ▪ Very unstable
solid solute particles condition
Supersaturated solution?

Increase temperature will increase solubility of solid solute in a solvent

Supersaturated solution
(at 30OC)

Saturated
solution at cool down the
30OC ↑ temperature solution back to 30OC
to 95OC
↑ solubility
Add more
solute
Solute- solvent interaction

▪ Enthalpy of solution is the energy change that

accompanies the dissolution of one mol solute.

▪ When a solid and a liquid form a solution, the enthalpy

change arises mainly from changes in the intermolecular
attractions.
The Solution Process

Steps 1 and 2 are endothermic; step 3 is exothermic.

ΔHsoln = ΔH1 + ΔH2 +ΔH3

16
Enthalpy of Solution

DHsoln = Exothermic

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Enthalpy of Solution

DHsoln = Endothermic

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Spontaneity

▪ A decrease in enthalpy (-ΔH) is an important factor in

causing spontaneous change.
▪ However, many endothermic processes are spontaneous.

▪ Increase in disorder (high entropy) also favours

spontaneous change.

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Spontaneous Mixing of Gases
▪ Increase in disorder act as a driving force for spontaneous
change.
▪ Example: Mixing of gases

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Disorder and Spontaneity

▪ An increase in disorder accompanies the mixing of

molecules in the formation of solution.
▪ For example, ammonium nitrate is very soluble in water because
of the increase of disorder although the process is endothermic.

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Factors Affecting Solubility

1. Solute-solvent interactions
▪ Like dissolve like
▪ Polar substances dissolve in polar solvent
▪ Non polar substances dissolve in non polar solvent

2. Hydration energy and lattice energy

▪ For ionic compounds, it will dissolve in solvent if the hydration
energy is higher than the lattice energy
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 Factors Affecting Solubility
▪ Example solute-solvent interactions

▪ Ethanol dissolves in water

because both of them has the
hydrogen bonding
▪ Glucose dissolves in water
(hydrogen bonding)
▪ Vitamin C also dissolves in water
(hydrogen bonding)
▪ Vitamin A is soluble in non polar
compounds such as fat due to it
long hydrocarbon chain

23
 Factors Affecting Solubility
3. Temperature
▪ Commonly, the solubility
of solid solute in liquid
solvent increase as
temperature increase.

▪ DHsoln endothermic, ↑
temperature, ↑ solubility

▪ DHsoln exothermic, ↑
temperature, ↓ solubility

PRK106 CHEMISTRY II - Solutions 24

Factors Affecting Solubility
▪ The solubility of
gases solute
decrease as the
temperature
increases.
▪ For example, warm
lake have less
dissolves oxygen
gas compared to
cold lake.

25
Factors Affecting Solubility
4. Pressure
▪ The solubility of solid and liquid
does not change with pressure

▪ The solubility of gas in a liquid

is directly proportional to the
pressure

26
LU3 Solutions
Henry’s Law & Raoult’s Law
Learning objectives
By the end of this lecture, you should be able to:

▪ explain and do calculation on Henry’s Law

▪ explain ideal solution

▪ explain on deviation of ideal solution

Henry’s Law

Sg = kPg
Where,

Sg = solubility of gas

k = Henry’s Law constant for that gas in that solvent

Pg = partial pressure of gas above the liquid

29
Example
The partial pressure of CO2 gas inside a bottle of drink is 4.0 atm at 25°C. What is
the solubility of CO2. The Henry’s law constant for CO2 dissolved in water at 25°C
is 3.3  10−2 mol L−1 atm−1.

Solution:
SCO2 = kPCO2
= 3.3  10−2 mol L−1 atm−1  4.0 atm
= 0.13 mol L−1

30
Exercise 1
1. The solubility of carbon dioxide in water is 0.161 g of carbon dioxide in 100
mL of water at 20°C and 1 atm. If the water is carbonated with carbon dioxide
gas at 2.50 atm pressure. What is the molar concentration of carbon dioxide in
water at this pressure?

2. Find the amounts of oxygen gas in 325 mL of water at 6.4 atm in mole and
gram units. Henry's Law constant oxygen = 1.3×10−3 molL−1atm−1.

31
Raoults’s Law
▪ Raoult’s law stated that the partial pressure of solvent over a solution equals the
vapour pressure of the pure solvent multiply with the mole fraction of that solvent
in the ideal solution.

𝑃𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑋𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡  𝑃𝑜 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑋𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 = the mole fraction of the solvent =
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡+𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒

𝑃𝑜 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 = the vapour pressure of the pure solvent

𝑃𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 = the vapour pressure of the solvent

32
What is vapour pressure?
▪ Vapour pressure is the equilibrium pressure of a vapour above
its liquid or solid state.
▪ At equilibrium, the evaporation rate equals the condensation
rate.
▪ Molecules in vapour phase collide with the walls and lid of
container, causing pressure.
▪ Evaporation and condensation occur at the liquid surface.
▪ Increasing temperature increases the rate of evaporation and
increases vapour pressure.

33
Ideal Solutions – Raoult’s Law
▪ Ideal solutions are the solutions that follows Raoult’s law.

▪ Conditions that favors ideal solution

1. very dilute solution
2. involves two chemicals which are almost of the same in chemical
properties, example: a mixture of pentane and hexane.

34
 𝑃𝐴 = 𝑋𝐴 x 𝑃𝑜𝐴
Ideal Solutions – Raoult’s Law
𝑃𝐵 = 𝑋𝐵 x 𝑃𝑜 𝐵

Vapour pressure
𝑋𝐴 + 𝑋𝐵 = 1
𝑃𝐴 + 𝑃𝐵 = 𝑃𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙

Mole fraction of solvent (A)

0.0 1.0
Mole fraction of solute (B)
1.0 0.0

Vapour pressure curve for ideal solutions.

35
Non- Ideal Solutions – Deviation from Raoult’s Law
Negative deviation - Positive deviation -
vapour pressure curve vapour pressure curve

Vapour pressure

Vapour pressure
Mole fraction Mole fraction
▪ Due to strong
intermolecular forces ▪ Due to weak intermolecular
between solute-solvent than forces between solute-
solute-solute and solvent- solvent than solute-solute
solvent cause low and solvent-solvent cause
vapourisation process occur. high vapourisation process
36
occur.
 Raoult’s Law

Vapour pressure

Vapour pressure
Vapour pressure

Mole fraction Mole fraction Mole fraction

Ideal solution Negative deviation Positive deviation
Example: pentane and Example: HCl and water Example: ethanol and
hexane methylbenzene (toluene)

37
Exercise 2
1. List factors affecting solubility of solute in a solvent.
2. Nitrogen exist 78% in air with Henry’s constant of 6.1 × 10–4 mol L–1 atm–1.
Calculate the amounts of nitrogen gas in mole and in gram that dissolve in a
pond with 76970 L of water at 1 atm.
3. Gas U with molar mass of 58.1 g mol–1 has solubility of 0.0305 g in 500 mL of
solvent at 1 atm. Calculate the pressure needed for the solubility of the gas U to
reach 4.3 × 10–3 mol L–1.

38
LU3 Solutions
Separation of Mixtures
Learning Objectives
By the end of this lecture, you should be able to:
▪ explain and differentiate separation techniques
▪ calculate the percentage of elements in a compound by gravimetric analysis
▪ do TLC analysis and calculate Rf values
▪ explain the position of components in TLC and CC in term of polarity and
interactions
▪ choose best separation technique to solve problems in given situations

40
1. Separation of Mixture – Filtration
▪ In filtration solid substances are separated from liquids and
solutions.

Gravimetric analysis
▪ a technique which the amount of an analyte (the ion being
analyzed) can be determined through the measurement of mass.
41
Separation of Mixture – Filtration
▪ Gravimetric analysis can be used to:

▪ Find the percentage of analyte in an unknown sample

▪ Identify the salt tested

42
Separation of Mixture – Filtration
▪ Four types of gravimetric analysis
▪ Electrodeposition
▪ Physical gravimetry
▪ Precipitative gravimetric analysis
▪ Thermogravimetry

▪ How?
1. Dissolving unknown substances in water
2. React with precipitating agent
3. Filtered, dried and weighed
4. Calculate

43
Example
0.825 g of ionic compound Q consist of barium ions and unknown anion is
dissolved in pure water. The solution formed is reacted with excess
sulphuric acid producing 0.667 g of barium sulphate precipitate. Calculate
the percentage by mass of barium in ionic compound Q.
Solution
% Ba in BaSO4 = Mr Ba × 100 %
Mr BaSO4

= 137.3 g/mol × 100 %

233.4 g/mol
= 58.83 %

44
Example (cont.)
Mass of Ba in BaSO4 ≡ mass of Ba in Q, hence

58.83
Mass of Ba in BaSO4 = × 0.667 g
100

= 0.3924 g

Mass Ba
% Ba in Q = × 100 %
Mass Q

= 0.3924 g × 100 %
0.825 g

= 47.6%
2. Separation of Mixture – Distillation

▪ Distillation uses differences in the boiling points of

substances to separate a homogeneous mixture into its
components.

▪ Very commonly use from laboratory scale to industrial

scale.

46
Separation of Mixture
Simple Distillation

It is normally use for the solution mixture with large

difference in their boiling point. 47
Separation of Mixture
Fractional Distillation

It is normally use for the solution mixture with

narrow difference in their boiling point. 48
3. Separation of Mixture: Chromatography
▪ Used to separates mixtures of substances based on solubility

▪ Two important components in chromatography:

▪ Stationary phase – a solid or liquid supported on a solid
▪ Mobile phase – a liquid or gas which flows through stationary phase and
carries components of mixtures

▪ Different components travel at different rates

49
3a) Thin Layer Chromatography

▪ Stationary phase–thin, uniform of silica gel coated onto a

piece of glass, plastic or metals (polar)

▪ Mobile phase–Liquid solvent (non- polar)

50
Thin Layer Chromatography

▪ Performing TLC analysis

▪ Preparing the plate

▪ Spotting the plate

▪ Developing the plate

51
Thin Layer Chromatography

Draw a line using Using a capillary

a pencil located at tube, spot
1 cm from the samples on the
bottom of the line. Make sure
plate. the spot is small.

52
 Thin Layer Chromatography

Make sure
Prepare a After 15
the mobile
developing minutes, insert
phase does
chamber by the prepared
not reach
adding a solvent TLC in the
or a mixture of developing the sample
spots.
solvents into the chamber and
developing left it until the
chamber and mobile phase
left it for about almost 1 cm
15 minutes. from the top of
the TLC plate.
53
Thin Layer Chromatography

54
Thin Layer Chromatography

When solvent
travelled up until Do not allow
~1 cm from the the solvent to
top, take the plate run over the
out and mark the edge of the
solvent front plate
immediately.

55
Thin Layer Chromatography

▪ The solvent travels up the matrix by

capillarity, moving the components of
the samples at various rates because
of their different degrees of interaction
with the stationary phase and
solubility in the developing solvent.

56
Thin Layer Chromatography
▪ Non- polar compounds- Dissolve well
with the non- polar solvents, and
interact less with the polar stationary
phase.
▪ Non- polar compound moves at the
fastest rate

▪ Polar compounds- Not dissolve well

with the non- polar solvents, and
interact more with the polar stationary
phase.
▪ Polar compound moves at the slowest
rate.
57
Thin Layer Chromatography
▪ The major component of a mixture on
a thin layer chromatogram normally
can be seen as a large spot as its
concentration is higher compared to
other components.

58
Thin Layer Chromatography
Distance travelled by compound/spot
Rf =
Distance travelled by the mobile phase/solvent
Measuring Rf values

From the diagram, (a) is the

distance travelled by the
mobile phase, while, (b) is
one of the distance travelled a
by the compound. So, the Rf 7.6
for that spot is, cm
Centre b
of spot 3.2
Rf = 3.2 cm/7.6 cm = 0.42
cm

59
Thin Layer Chromatography
▪ The Rf (retardation factor) depends on the following
parameters:
▪ solvent system
▪ absorbent (grain size, water content, thickness)
▪ amount of material spotted
▪ temperature

▪ Due to the fact that all those variables are difficult to keep
constant, a reference compound is usually applied to the
plate as well.

60
Thin Layer Chromatography
▪ Not all component can be seen as a visible spots, some are colourless which
required a little help in order to observed them
▪ Observing colourless components:
▪ UV light – the presence of double bonds conjugation in a compound
▪ Iodine vapour – universal visualisation reagent
▪ Vanillin in sulphuric acid – universal visualisation reagent
▪ Aluminium chloride – detect flavonoids
▪ Dragendorff reagent – detect nitrogen compounds
▪ Ninhydrin – detect amino acids, amines, amino sugars

61
3b) Column Chromatography

▪ Involves a column packed with a solid stationary phase, such

as silica or alumina.
▪ Solvent is used as mobile phase.
▪ A solution of plant pigment is added to the top of the stationary
phase.
▪ Fresh solvent is then added into the column. The tap at the
bottom of the column is open so liquid is flowing out
constantly.

62
Column Chromatography

▪ The mixture of green pigment

(containing a blue pigment
and a yellow pigment) is being
separated.

▪ Less polar compound (yellow

pigment) will go down faster
than the polar compound
(blue pigment).

▪ Yellow pigments bond less

strongly to the polar solid in Separation of blue and yellow
the column. pigment using column
chromatography
63
Column Chromatography
▪ The blue pigment molecules
are more polar than the yellow
pigment molecules. They bond
more strongly to the polar solid
in the column.
▪ The less polar yellow pigment
molecules pass through the
column faster, therefore
collected first.

64
Exercise 3
1. An experiment is conducted to determine the percentage of iodine
in 10.0 g of ionic compound X. The compound is dissolved in
water and reacted with excess silver nitrate solution, AgNO3,
producing 7.8 g of silver iodide, AgI, precipitate upon filtration and
drying process.

a) Calculate the percentage by mass of iodine in silver iodide

precipitate.

b) Calculate the percentage by mass of iodine in the ionic

compound X.

65
Exercise 3 (cont.)
2. A gravimetric analysis is performed to identify if container Z
contain either BaCl2 or NaCl. 0.4021 g of sample was
dissolves in water and mixed with silver nitrate solution to
produce precipitate. The precipitate is filtered and dried to
give a yield of 0.987 g.

a) Calculate the number of moles for each salt if 0.4021

g is used.

b) Calculate the mass of chlorine in 0.987 g of AgCl solid.

c) Calculate the number of moles of chlorine in AgCl.

d) Which salt is in container Z?

66
Exercise 3 (cont.)
3. Calculate the Rf
values for each
spots.

A
B
67
LU3 Solutions
Colligative properties
Learning Objectives
By the end of this lecture, you should be able to:
▪ Define and describe colligative properties
▪ Calculate and solves problems involving colligative properties

69
Colligative Properties of Solutions
▪ Changes in colligative properties depends on the number
of solute particles and not the identity of the solute.

▪ Colligative properties:
▪ Vapour pressure lowering
▪ Boiling point elevation
▪ Freezing point depression
▪ Osmotic pressure

70
1. Vapour Pressure Lowering
▪ There are two types of solute which affect the vapour
pressure of a solution that are non-volatile solute and volatile
solute.
▪ Because of solute-solvent intermolecular attraction, higher
concentrations of nonvolatile solutes make it harder for solvent
to escape to the vapour phase.
▪ Therefore, the vapour pressure of a solution is lower than that
of the pure solvent.

Non-volatile solute Volatile solute 71

http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/solutions/colligv.html
 Raoult’s Law

PA = XA  PA
where,
– XA is the mole fraction of compound A, and
– PA is the normal vapour pressure of A at that temperature.

❖ Not to be confuse with the equation of Partial Pressure for

ideal gas.(PA = XAPT)

PRK1026 CHEMISTRY II - Solutions 72

Raoult’s Law

Vapour pressure of a solution (volatile solute)

Psolution =(XsolutePsolute) + (XsolventPsolvent)

Vapour pressure of a solution (non-volatile solute)

Psolution = (XsolutePsolute) + (XsolventPsolvent)
Psolution = (XsolventPsolvent)

73
Example (nonvolatile solute)
Glycerin (C3H8O3) is a nonvolatile non-electrolyte with a density
of 1.26 g/mL at 25°C. Calculate the vapor pressure at 25°C of a
solution made by adding 50.0 mL of glycerin to 500.0 mL of
water. The vapor pressure of pure water at 25°C is 23.8 torr,
and its density is 1.00 g/mL.
Solution
Moles C3H8O3 = (50.0 mL) 1.26 g 1 mol
= 0.684 mol
1 mL 92.1 g

Moles of H2O = (500.0 mL) 1.00 g 1 mol

= 27.8 mol
1 mL 18.0 g
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Example (cont.)

Mol H2O 27.8

Xwater = =
Mol H2O + mol C3H8O3 27.8+ 0.684

= 0.976
Pwater(solvent)= Psolution
Pwater = XwaterPowater = (0.976)(23.8 torr) = 23.2 torr

▪ The vapor pressure of the solution has been lowered by 0.6 torr relative to that of
pure water.

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Exercise 4
1. What is the vapour pressure of a solution containing 5.0 g of
sucrose, C12H22O11 in 25 mL of water if the density is 0.98
g/mL at 60°C with the vapour pressure of 149.3 mmHg?
2. The vapor pressure of pure water at 110°C is 1070 torr. A
solution of ethylene glycol and water has a vapor pressure
of 1.00 atm at 110°C. Assuming that Raoult’s law is obeyed,
what is the mole fraction of ethylene glycol in the solution?

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2. Boiling Point Elevation & 3. Freezing Point Depression
▪ Nonvolatile solute-solvent interactions also cause solutions to have higher boiling
points and lower freezing points than the pure solvent.

77
Boiling Point Elevation & Freezing Point Depression
Boiling Point Elevation Freezing Point Depression
• The change in boiling point is • The change in freezing point
proportional to the molality of can be found similarly:
the solution:
DTb = Kb  m DTf = Kf  m

where Kb is the molal boiling where Kf is the molal freezing

point elevation constant, a point depression constant of
property of the solvent. the solvent.

DTb is added to the normal DTf is subtracted from the

boiling point of the solvent. normal freezing point of the
solvent.

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Boiling Point Elevation & Freezing Point Depression

DTb = Kb  m DTf = Kf  m

▪ Note that in both equations, DT does not depend on what the solute is, but only
on how many particles are dissolved.

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Boiling Point Elevation & Freezing Point Depression
▪ Common solvent with their Kb and Kf.

Normal
Normal Freezing
Solvent Boiling Point Kb (oC/m) Kf (oC/m)
Point (oC)
(oC)
Water 100.0 0.51 0.0 1.86
Benzene 80.1 2.53 5.5 5.12
Ethanol 78.4 1.22 –114.6 1.99
Tetrachloro-
76.8 5.02 –22.3 29.8
methane
Chloroform 61.2 3.63 –63.5 4.68
Acetic acid 118.5 3.08 16.6 3.59
Cyclohexane 80.7 2.79 6.55 20.0

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Example:
Automotive antifreeze consists of ethylene glycol,
CH2(OH)CH2(OH), a nonvolatile non-electrolyte. Calculate the
boiling point and freezing point of a 25.0 mass % solution of
ethylene glycol in water.
Solution:
mol 250 g C H O 1 mol 1000 g
Molality = = 2 6 2

kg 750 g H O 2 62.1 g 1 kg

= 5.37 m

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Solution
DTb = Kb  m = (0.51oC/m) (5.37 m) = 2.7oC

DTf = Kf  m = (1.86oC/m) (5.37 m) = 10.0oC

So, boiling point solution = (100.0 + 2.7)oC = 102.7oC

freezing point solution = (0.0 – 10.0)oC = – 10.0oC

82
Osmotic Pressure
▪ Some substances form semipermeable membranes, allowing
some smaller particles to pass through, but blocking other
larger particles.

▪ For example, in biological systems, most semipermeable

membranes allow water to pass through but not the solutes.

▪ In osmosis, there is net movement of solvent from the area of

higher solvent concentration (lower solute concentration) to
the are of lower solvent concentration (higher solute
concentration).

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Osmotic Pressure

84
Osmotic Pressure
▪ The pressure required to stop osmosis, known as osmotic pressure, , is
n solute
= RT = MRT
Vsolution

where M is the molarity of the solution

R is the universal gas constant
T is the temperature in Kelvin

85
Osmotic Pressure

86
http://cellbiologyolm.stevegallik.org/node/64
Osmotic Pressure
▪ If the osmotic pressure is
the same on both sides of
a membrane (i.e., the
concentrations are the
same), the solutions are
isotonic.

87
Osmotic Pressure
▪ If the solute concentration
outside the cell is less (higher
solvent concentration) than
that inside the cell, the
solution is hypotonic.

▪ Water will flow into the cell,

and this results in hemolysis.

88
 Osmotic Pressure
▪ If the solute concentration
outside the cell is greater
(lower solvent concentration)
than that inside the cell, the
solution is hypertonic.

▪ Water will flow out of the cell,

and this results in crenation.

Crenation: The shrinkage of cells that occurs when the surrounding solution is hypertonic to the cellular cytoplasm.
89
Example:

The average osmotic pressure of blood is 7.7 atm at 25°C.

What molarity of glucose (C6H12O6) will be isotonic with
blood?
Solution
 = MRT
 7.7 atm
M= = = 0.31 M
RT  0.0821 L atm 
 (298 K )
 mol K 

90
Exercise 5
1. A solution is prepared by mixing an equal mass of water and
acetonitrile, C2H3N. At 40oC, the vapour pressure of water is 55.5
torr and acetonitrile is 180.0 torr.

a) Assuming ideal solution behaviour, what is the vapour

pressure of the solution at 40oC?

b) What is the mole fraction of acetonitrile in the vapour above

the solution?

91
Exercise 5 (cont.)
2. Calculate the molality and the amount of ascorbic acid, C6H8O6,
dissolves in 650 g of ethanol (Kb = 1.07oC m–1). The boiling point of the
solution is 84.0oC. The normal boiling point of ethanol is 78.0oC.

3. The osmotic pressure of ascorbic acid solution at 25oC is 0.014 atm.

a) Find the molarity of ascorbic acid solution at 25oC.
b) Calculate the mass of ascorbic acid dissolved in 465 mL of water at
25oC.
c) Find the osmotic pressure of ascorbic acid solution formed at 70oC.

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End of LU3