INTRODUCTION TO

ENGINEERING
DRAWING
Rhoda Pangan-Montalbo

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 Introduction
■ One of the best ways to communicate one's ideas is
through some form of picture or drawing. We will treat
"sketching" and "drawing" as one.
"Sketching" generally means freehand drawing. "Drawing" usually means
using drawing instruments, from compasses to computers to bring
precision to the drawings

■ Two basic types of drawings: Artistic and Technical

drawings.
■ Technical drawings allow efficient and effective
communication among engineers as part of planning
process; it contains dimensions and specifications.
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Clear communication is essential to avoid
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■ Communication: It is the process of conveying
feelings/information from:
1. One place to the other place or
2. One person to the other person
3. Communication is the main thing which
separates the human beings from other living
beings

SENDER RECIEVER

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 LANGUAGE

LANGUAGE LANGUAGE LANGUAGE LANGUAGE LANGUAGE

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Engineering Drawing
■ Graphical language which also uses written
language for effective communication
■ Highly stylized graphic representation of an
idea. The idea might be something that we
can see such as real or virtual object, space
or environment.

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 GRAPHICS LANGUAGE
■ Uses lines to represent the surfaces, edges
and contours of objects
■ The language is known as “drawing” or
“drafting”
■ Drawing can be done using:
a. Freehand
b. Instruments
c. computer

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 Effectiveness of
Graphics Language
ØTry to write a description of an object
ØTest your written description by having
someone attempt to make a sketch from
your description

The word language are inadequate for

describing the size, shape and features
completely as well as concisely
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Engineering Drawing is a combination of:

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Why Study eng’g drawing?
■ To develop the ability to produce simple engineering
drawing and sketches based on current practice
■ To develop the skills to read manufacturing and
construction drawings used in industry.
■ To develop a working knowledge of the layout of
plant and equipment.
■ To develop skills in abstracting information from
calculation sheets and schematic diagrams to
produce working drawings for manufacturers, installers
and fabricators.

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 Freehand
drawing
■ The lines are
sketched without
using instruments
other than pencils
and erasers

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Straight Lines

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 BASIC
STROKES
§ Vertical lines and
Inclined lines are
drawn from TOP to
BOTTOM
§ Horizontal lines are
drawn from LEFT to
RIGHT
§ Curved lines are
drawn from left to
right or top to bottom

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ENGINEERING LETTERING

The plainest and most legible style is the GOTHIC, from which
the single-stroke engineering letters are derived.

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 Single stoke lettering
The salient features of this type of lettering are:
■ Greatest amount of lettering on drawings is done in
a rapid single stroke letter i.e. either vertical, or
inclined.
■ The ability of perfect lettering can be acquired only
by continued and careful practice
■ it is not a matter of artistic talent or event of
dexterity in handwriting

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 Techniques of Lettering
“Practice makes perfect,”
There are three necessary steps in learning to letter:
1. Knowledge of the proportions and forms of the
letters, and the order of the strokes.
2. Knowledge of composition- the spacing of the
letters and words.
3. Persistent practice, with continuous effort to
improve.

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Uniformity is essential in any lettering
style.
■ Uniformity in height, proportion,
inclination, strength of lines, spacing of
letters (stability of letters) and spacing of
words
■ The use of light GUIDE LINES ensures
uniformity in height

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 Freehand
Lettering

■ Vertical capital letters are preferred for most technical work

■ Formed within a 3x3 grid

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INSTRUMENT
DRAWING
 Objectives in Drawing
ü Accuracy. No drawing is of maximum usefulness if it is not
accurate. The engineer or designer cannot achieve success in
professional employment if the habit of accuracy is not
acquired.
ü Speed. Time is money in industry, and there is no demand for a
slow drafter, technician, or engineer. However, speed is not
attained by hurrying; it is an unsought by-product of intelligent
and continuous work. It comes with study and practice.
ü Legibility. Drafters, technicians, and engineers must remember
that a drawing is a means of communication to others, and that
it must be clear and legible to serve its purpose well. Care
should be given to details, especially to lettering.
ü Neatness. If a drawing is to be accurate and legible, it must also
be clean. Untidy drawings are the result of sloppy and careless
methods and will be unacceptable to an instructor or employer
OR STOCK
 Do’s and Don’ts when
using T-square
■ For right-handed people place the head of T-
square on the left; Left-handed: Place the head
of the T-square on the right
■ Do not use the T-square for any rough purpose.
Never cut paper along its working edge, as the
plastic is easily cut and even a slight nick will ruin
the T-square
 Placing T-Square on
Drawing Board
To test the working edge of the blade, draw a sharp line very
carefully with a hard pencil along the entire length of the working
edge; then turn the T-square over and draw the line again along the
same edge. If the edge is straight, the two lines will coincide;
otherwise, the space between the lines will be twice the error of the
blade.
Drafting tape is preferred for fastening the drawing to the
board because it does not damage the board and it will not
damage the paper if it is removed by pulling it off slowly
toward the edge of the paper.
Drawing Horizontal Lines
Drawing vertical Lines
 TRIANGLES
“set squares”
Most inclined lines in mechanical drawing are drawn at
standard angles with the 45° triangle and the 30°x60° triangle.
The triangles are made of transparent plastic so that lines of
the drawing can be seen through them.
Drawing Parallel lines
Triangle
Wheel
 COMPASSES
■ The compass, with pencil and
inking attachments, is used for
drawing circles of approximately
25 mm radius or larger.
■ On drawings that have circular
arcs and tangent straight lines,
draw the arcs first, whether in
pencil or in ink, as it is much
easier to connect a straight line
to an arc than the reverse.
■ never use the plain end of the
needle point
 Bow
Compass

Large
Compass
Divider
 Compass Lead points
ü Avoid using leads that are too short to be exposed
ü When using the compass to draw construction lines,
use a 4H to 6H lead so that the lines will be very dim.
ü For required lines, the arcs and circles must be black,
and softer leads must be used
Hardest pencil is 9H grade and softest pencil is 9B grade
 GEOMETRIC CONSTRUCTIONS
■ POINT in space
■ LINE
■ ANGLE: right, acute and obtuse
■ TRIANGLE: right, isosceles, equilateral, scalene
■ QUADRILATERAL: square, rectangle, rhombus, trapezoid
■ POLYGON
■ CIRCLES
■ SOLIDS
1. Set the compass approximately two-thirds of the length of line AB
and swing an arc from point A.
2. Using the exact same compass setting, swing an arc from point B.
3. At the two intersections of these arcs, locate points D and E
4. Draw a straight-line connecting point D with point E. Where this line
intersects line AB, it bisects line AB. Line DE is also perpendicular to line
AB at the exact center point.
Bisecting using
compass

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1. Set the compass at any convenient radius and swing an arc
from point A
2. Locate points E and F on the legs of the angle, and swing two
arcs of the same identical length from points E and F,
respectively.
3. Where these arcs intersect, locate point D. Draw a straight line
from A to D. This line will bisect angle BAC and establish two
equal angles: CAD and BAD.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HgweBWz653A
Technical Pen
Cleaning and Refilling
Techniques in
Using Tech-Pen

■ When inking horizontal

lines, work you way from
top to bottom, to prevent
blots, smearing
 Techniques in Using
Tech-Pen

■ When inking vertical lines,

direction should be right to left
(right-handed)
■ left to right for left-handed
TIPS in Using Tech-Pen

Ink the curves first, then

the straight lines
 TIPS in Using Tech-Pen
■ Use straight edge instrument with bevel
Or you can improvise…
dimensioning

Rhoda P. Montalbo
 Dimension
• dimension is for size and position
• Numerical value expressed in appropriate
units of measurements and used to
define the size, location, orientation, form
or other geometric characteristics of a part

• Kinds:
• Aligned
• Unidirectional
Aligned System
• Dimension values are
placed above the
dimension lines which
are drawn without any
break and written
parallel to them that
they may be read from
the bottom or any other
side of the drawing
sheet.
• Dimensions are placed
in the middle and on
top of the dimension
lines.
Unidirectional System
• In this type of
dimensioning
system, dimensions
are placed in such a
way that they can
be read from the
bottom edge of the
drawing sheet.
• Dimension values
are inserted by
breaking the
dimension lines at
the middle.
 Alphabets of Lines
ØEach line on a technical drawing has
a definite meaning and is drawn in a
certain way.
Øset of standard line types established
by the American National Standards
Institute, ANSI, for technical drawing

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1.0 mm 3.0 mm

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HIDDEN LINES

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V

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DIMENSION ELEMENTS

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Arrowhead size

3mm long; 1 mm wide

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 SCALES
• A drawing of an object may be the same
size as the object (full size),or it may be
larger or smaller than the object. The ratio
of reduction or enlargement depends on
the relative sizes of the object and of the
sheet of paper on which the drawing is to
be made.
• Types: metric scale, engineers’ scale, the
decimal scale, mechanical engineers’
scale, and architects’ scale.

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• The scale of 1:1 (read as one-to-one) implies
the object has been drawn to true size.
• A scale of say 2:1 (read as two-to-one) implies
that the object has been enlarged twice its
true size.
• A scale of 1:2 (read as one-to-two) implies
that the object has been reduced to its half
size.

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 Units of Measure
• Decimal inches (preferred); fractional
inches, feet
• SI or metric – millimeter (mm)
• Leading zero: Metric (yes); inches (no)
• If units are not included with each
dimension, specify the units used with a
note on the drawing

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 Units of Measure
• Most countries outside of the United States
use the metric system of measure, or the
international system of units (SI), which is
based on the meter.
• The SI system is being used more in the
United States because of global trade and
multinational company affiliations

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Fundamental rules in dimensioning
1. All overall dimensions for the object are
shown
2. The size and position of each feature is defined only
once, do not duplicate dimension in 2 views
2. Dimension the feature in a view were the
characteristics shape is shown best shows the
being dimensioned
3. English system: inches with decimal
4. Metric system: mm with decimals
5. Units are omitted from the dimension numbers since
they are normally understood to be in millimeters or
inches
6. Place longer dimension outside the shorter ones so
that witness lines do not cross dimension lines
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Fundamental rules in dimensioning
6. Use arrow heads at the end of the dimension lines
7. Inch dimensions: no preceding zero for
dimensions less than one; ex. .5 for ½ inch;
metric: yes
8. There is no need to calculate, scale or assume any
dimension to define or check features of the object
9. Whenever possible, dimensions are not given to
hidden lines
10. The radius of all arcs and fillets, and the diameters of
all circles are specified

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ORTHOGRAPHIC
DRAWING
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

• “ortho” – Greek word meaning

perpendicular
• Collection of 2D drawing that work
together to give an accurate overall
representation of an object
• the views are seen in directions that make
right angles (90o)with each other

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6 Principal views/ orthographic
views

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 GUIDELINES
• Pick a front view that is most
descriptive of the object
• Most common combination of views:
Front, Top and side view

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Glass Box Approach

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 Standard
Orthographic
Projections

ØFirst Angle
Projection
(European
projection)
Ø Third Angle
Projection
(American
projection)

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Conventional Orthographic
View

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Orthographic
Projection

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 TOP VIEW

FRONT VIEW RIGHT SIDE VIEW

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