Science and Humanities Department

Course Name: Automobile

Microproject of Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Name Of Microproject Project: Electric and magnetic
circuit
Subject Incharge:
Mr. Arjun Kadam

Roll no. Student’s name

1. Shreyas Kamble
2. Siddhesh Borchate
3. Saurabh Ray
4. Amey Shirke

Date of submission:

Signature of Teacher Signature of HOD

 Science and Humanities Department
Course Name: Automobile
Microproject of Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Name Of Microproject Project: Electric and magnetic
circuit
Subject Incharge:
Mr. Arjun Kadam

Roll no. Student’s name

4. Amey Shirke

Date of submission:

Signature of Teacher Signature of HOD

 Science and Humanities Department
Course Name: Automobile
Microproject of Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Name Of Microproject Project: Electric and magnetic
circuit
Subject Incharge:
Mr. Arjun Kadam

Roll no. Student’s name

3. Saurabh Ray

Date of submission:

Signature of Teacher Signature of HOD

 Science and Humanities Department
Course Name: Automobile
Microproject of Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Name Of Microproject Project: Electric and magnetic
circuit
Subject Incharge:
Mr. Arjun Kadam

Roll no. Student’s name

1. Shreyas Kamble

Date of submission:

Signature of Teacher Signature of HOD

 Science and Humanities Department
Course Name: Automobile
Microproject of Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Name Of Microproject Project: Electric and magnetic
circuit
Subject Incharge:
Mr. Arjun Kadam

Roll no. Student’s name

2. Siddhesh Borchate

Date of submission:

Signature of Teacher Signature of HOD

Microproject question

Each batch will prepare a coil without core. Students will note the deflection of
galvanometer connected across the coil for: movement of the North Pole of permanent
magnet towards and away from the coil (slow and fast movement), movement of the South
Pole of permanent magnet towards and away from the coil (slow and fast movement).
Students will demonstrate and prepare a report based on their observations.
Galvanometer

• Introduction
A galvanometer is an electromechanical
measuring instrument for electric current. Early
galvanometers were uncalibrated, but improved
versions, called ammeters, were calibrated and
could measure the flow of current more
precisely.

A galvanometer works by deflecting a pointer in

response to an electric current flowing through a
coil in a constant magnetic field. Galvanometers can be thought of as a kind of actuator.

Fig. 1: Galvanometer
Galvanometers came from the observation, first
noted by Hans Christian Ørsted in 1820, that a magnetic compass's needle deflects when
near a wire having electric current. They were the first instruments used to detect and
measure small amounts of current. André-Marie Ampère, who gave mathematical
expression to Ørsted's discovery, named the instrument after the Italian electricity
researcher Luigi Galvani, who in 1791 discovered the principle of the frog galvanoscope
– that electric current would make the legs of a dead frog jerk.

Galvanometers have been essential for the development of science and technology in
many fields. For example, in the 1800s they enabled long-range communication through
submarine cables, such as the earliest transatlantic telegraph cables, and were essential to
discovering the electrical activity of the heart and brain, by their fine measurements of
current.

Galvanometers have also been used as the display components of other kinds of analog
meters (e.g., light meters and VU meters), capturing the outputs of these meters' sensors.
Today, the main type of galvanometer still in use is the D'Arsonval/Weston type.
• Operation

Let a current I flow through the rectangular coil of n number of turns and a cross-sectional
area A. When this coil is placed in a uniform radial magnetic field B, the coil experiences
a torque τ.

Let us first consider a single turn ABCD of the rectangular coil having a length l and
breadth b. This is suspended in a magnetic field of strength B such that the plane of the
coil is parallel to the magnetic field. Since the sides AB and DC are parallel to the direction
of the magnetic field, they do not experience any effective force due to the magnetic field.
The sides AD and BC being perpendicular to the direction of field experience an effective
force F given by F = BIl

Using Fleming’s left-hand rule we can determine that the forces on AD and BC are in
opposite direction to each other. When equal and opposite forces F called couple acts on
the coil, it produces a torque. This torque causes the coil to deflect.
Working of Moving Coil Galvanometer
Let a current I flow through the rectangular coil of n number of turns and a cross-sectional
area A. When this coil is placed in a uniform radial magnetic field B, the coil experiences a
torque τ.
Let us first consider a single turn ABCD of the rectangular coil having a length l and
breadth b. This is suspended in a magnetic field of strength B such that the plane of the coil
is parallel to the magnetic field. Since the sides AB and DC are parallel to the direction of the
magnetic field, they do not experience any effective force due to the magnetic field. The sides
AD and BC being perpendicular to the direction of field experience an effective force F given
by F = BIl

Using Fleming’s left-hand rule we can determine that the forces on AD and BC are in
opposite direction to each other. When equal and opposite forces F called couple acts on the
coil, it produces a torque. This torque causes the coil to deflect.
Deflection of galvanometer connected across the coil for: movement of the
North Pole and South Pole of permanent magnet towards and away from
the coil (slow and fast movement)

When the magnet is held stationary, the

galvanometer shows no deflection.
When the north pole of the magnet is
brought towards the coil, the galvanometer
shows a sudden deflection indicating that a
current is induced in the coil.
The galvanometer deflection is temporary
and it lasts as long as the bar magnet is in
motion. There won't be any deflection when
the bar magnet is held stationary anywhere.
When the magnet is moved away from the
coil, the galvanometer shows deflection in
the opposite direction indicating the
direction of induced current in the reversed
direction.
When the south pole of the bar magnet is moved towards or away from the coil, the
deflection in the galvanometer will be opposite to that observed with the north pole for
similar movements.
The deflection in the galvanometer will be larger when the magnet is pushed or pulled
away from the coil faster.
This indicates that when there is a relative motion between the coil and the magnet a
current gets induced in the coil. This current gets detected with the help of galvanometer.
This experiment shows that a current flows in the coil only when there is a relative motion
between the coil and the magnet due to which the galvanometer connected with the coil
shows deflection.The direction of deflection in a galvanometer is reversed if the direction
of motion (or polarity of the magnet) is reversed.
This indicate that whenever there is a change in the magnetic flux linked with a coil, an
emf is induced. The induced emf lasts so long as there is a change in the magnetic flux
linked with the coil.This phenomenon in which an electric current is induced in a
conductor because of a changing magnetic field is called electromagnetic induction.