Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures I

ANALYSIS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM

Analysis of Singly reinforced beam sections

Example 3.1: Determine the design flexural strength of the beam cross – section shown below
by using Parabola-rectangular stress distribution block in the concrete. Use concrete class
𝐶20/25 and steel grade 𝑆 − 400

Step 1: Design Values (Changing the characteristic strength value to design strength value)

𝛼𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑘
Concrete class C20/25 𝑓𝑐𝑑 = 𝛾𝑐

𝑓𝑦𝑘
Steel grade S-400 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 𝛾𝑠

For persistent and transient design situation (Refer ES EN 1992-1-1:2015 Table 2.1N)

𝛾𝑐 = 1.5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛾𝑠 = 1.15

The recommended value of 𝛼𝑐𝑐 = 0.85 from Ethiopian National Annex.

𝛼𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑘 0.85 ∗ 20

𝑓𝑐𝑑 = = = 11.33𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝛾𝑐 1.5

𝑓𝑦𝑘 400
𝑓𝑦𝑑 = = = 347.83𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝛾𝑠 1.15

Step 2: Assume the type of failure

Assume tension failure with rupture of steel

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Trial 1: 𝜀𝑐𝑚 > 𝜀𝑐2 = 2‰

𝜀𝑐2 (‰) = 2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑐𝑘 < 50𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝜀𝑐2 (‰) = 2.0 + 0.085[𝑓𝑐𝑘 − 50]0.53 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑐𝑘 ≥ 50𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝜀𝑐𝑢2 (‰) = 3.5 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑐𝑘 < 50𝑀𝑃𝑎

4
(90 − 𝑓𝑐𝑘 )
𝜀𝑐𝑢2 (‰) = 2.6 + 35 [ ] 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑐𝑘 ≥ 50𝑀𝑃𝑎
100

Step 3: Draw the strain profile corresponding to the type of failure and use the similarity of
triangles to develop a relationship between the unknown strain and the neutral axis.

The limiting value for 𝜀𝑠 (‰) = 25 is taken from National Annex.

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From Similarity of Triangle

𝜀𝑐𝑚 25
= → 𝜀𝑐𝑚 (𝑑 − 𝑥) = 25𝑥
𝑥 𝑑−𝑥
𝑥 𝜀𝑐𝑚
= 𝑘𝑥 =
𝑑 𝜀𝑐𝑚 + 25

Step 4: Use the equation of 𝛼𝑐 corresponding to the assumption is step 2 and the relationship
developed in step 3 to calculate the unknown strain.

From equilibrium of forces,

𝐶𝑐 = 𝑇𝑠 But 𝐶𝑐 = 𝛼𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑑

14
𝑑 = 400 − 25 − 8 − = 360𝑚𝑚
2

𝛼𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑑

𝜋 ∗ (14)2
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑑 4 ∗ 4 ∗ 347.83
𝛼𝑐 = = = 0.175
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 11.33 ∗ 300 ∗ 360

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3𝜀𝑐𝑚 −2 𝜀𝑐𝑚
For 𝜀𝑐𝑚 > 𝜀𝑐2 , 𝛼𝑐 = 𝑘𝑥 ( ) but 𝑘𝑥 = 𝜀
3𝜀𝑐𝑚 𝑐𝑚 +25

𝜀𝑐𝑚 3𝜀𝑐𝑚 − 2 3𝜀𝑐𝑚 − 2

𝛼𝑐 = ( )=( )
𝜀𝑐𝑚 + 25 3𝜀𝑐𝑚 3𝜀𝑐𝑚 + 75

3𝛼𝑐 𝜀𝑐𝑚 + 75𝛼𝑐 = 3𝜀𝑐𝑚 − 2

−2 − 75𝛼𝑐 −2 − 75 ∗ 0.175
𝜀𝑐𝑚 = = = 6.11
3𝛼𝑐 − 3 3 ∗ 0.175 − 3

Step 5: Check if the assumption in step 2 is correct and if it is, proceed to step 6. If the
assumption is not correct, repeat step 2 to 5 with another assumption.

𝜀𝑐𝑚 = 6.11 > 3.5 → 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡

Trial 2: Assume tension failure with crushing of concrete (𝜀𝑐𝑚 = 3.5)

From Similarity of Triangle

3.5 𝜀𝑠
= → 3.5(𝑑 − 𝑥) = 𝜀𝑠 𝑥
𝑥 𝑑−𝑥

𝑥 3.5
= 𝑘𝑥 =
𝑑 3.5 + 𝜀𝑠

3𝜀𝑐𝑚 −2 3.5
For 𝜀𝑐𝑚 > 𝜀𝑐2 , 𝛼𝑐 = 𝑘𝑥 ( ) but 𝑘𝑥 = 3.5+𝜀
3𝜀𝑐𝑚 𝑠

3.5 3𝜀𝑐𝑚 − 2 3.5 3 ∗ 3.5 − 2 8.5

𝛼𝑐 = ( )= ( )=( )
3.5 + 𝜀𝑠 3𝜀𝑐𝑚 3.5 + 𝜀𝑠 3 ∗ 3.5 10.5 + 3𝜀𝑠

10.5𝛼𝑐 + 3𝛼𝑐 𝜀𝑠 = 8.5

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8.5 − 10.5𝛼𝑐 8.5 − 10.5 ∗ 0.175

𝜀𝑠 = = = 12.69
3𝛼𝑐 3 ∗ 0.175

𝑓𝑦𝑑 347.83
𝜀𝑦𝑑 = = = 1.74
𝐸𝑠 200000

𝜀𝑠 = 12.69 > 𝜀𝑦𝑑 = 1.74 → 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡

𝜀𝑠 = 12.69 > 𝜀𝑠,𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 25 → 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡

3.5 3.5
𝑘𝑥 = = = 0.216
3.5 + 𝜀𝑠 3.5 + 12.69

𝑥
= 0.216 → 𝑥 = 0.216𝑑 = 0.216 ∗ 360 = 77.76𝑚𝑚
𝑑

Step 6: Calculate the value of 𝛽𝑐

𝜀𝑐𝑚 (3𝜀𝑐𝑚 − 4) + 2 3.5(3 ∗ 3.5 − 4) + 2

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝜀𝑐𝑚 > 𝜀𝑐2 , 𝛽𝑐 = 𝑘𝑥 [( )] = 0.216 [( )] = 0.09014
2𝜀𝑐𝑚 (3𝜀𝑐𝑚 − 2) 2 ∗ 3.5(3 ∗ 3.5 − 2)

Step 7: Calculate the moment resistance

𝜋(14)2
𝑀 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝑑(1 − 𝛽𝑐 ) = 4 ∗ ∗ 347.83 ∗ 360(1 − 0.09014) ∗ 10−6 = 70.15𝑘𝑁𝑚
4

Example 3.2: Find the reinforcement amount which results balanced failure and calculate the
moment capacity for the cross section described in Example 3.1. (Assume the effective depth to
be 354𝑚𝑚)

Step 1: Design Values (Changing the characteristic strength value to design strength value)

𝛼𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑘
Concrete class C20/25 𝑓𝑐𝑑 = 𝛾𝑐

𝑓𝑦𝑘
Steel grade S-400 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 𝛾𝑠

For persistent and transient design situation (Refer ES EN 1992-1-1:2015 Table 2.1N)

𝛾𝑐 = 1.5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛾𝑠 = 1.15

The recommended value of 𝛼𝑐𝑐 = 0.85 from Ethiopian National Annex.

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Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures I

𝛼𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑘 0.85 ∗ 20

𝑓𝑐𝑑 = = = 11.33𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝛾𝑐 1.5

𝑓𝑦𝑘 400
𝑓𝑦𝑑 = = = 347.83𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝛾𝑠 1.15

Step 2: Strain profile for balanced failure

From Similarity of Triangle

3.5 𝜀𝑦𝑑
= 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝜀𝑦𝑑 = 1.74
𝑥𝑏 𝑑 − 𝑥𝑏

3.5 1.74
=
𝑥𝑏 𝑑 − 𝑥𝑏

𝑥𝑏 3.5
𝑘𝑥 = = = 0.668
𝑑 3.5 + 1.74

𝑥𝑏 = 0.668𝑑 = 0.668 ∗ 354 = 236.45𝑚𝑚

3𝜀𝑐𝑚 −2 3∗3.5−2
For 𝜀𝑐𝑚 > 𝜀𝑐2 , 𝛼𝑐 = 𝑘𝑥 ( ) = 0.668 ( ) = 0.5408
3𝜀𝑐𝑚 3∗3.5

Step 3: Evaluating 𝐴𝑠

From equilibrium of forces,

𝐶𝑐 = 𝑇𝑠 But 𝐶𝑐 = 𝛼𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑑

𝛼𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑑

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𝛼𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 0.5408 ∗ 11.33 ∗ 300 ∗ 354

𝐴𝑠 = = = 1870.79𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦𝑑 347.83

Step 4: Calculate the value of 𝛽𝑐

𝜀𝑐𝑚 (3𝜀𝑐𝑚 − 4) + 2 3.5(3 ∗ 3.5 − 4) + 2

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝜀𝑐𝑚 > 𝜀𝑐2 , 𝛽𝑐 = 𝑘𝑥 [( )] = 0.668 [( )] = 0.278
2𝜀𝑐𝑚 (3𝜀𝑐𝑚 − 2) 2 ∗ 3.5(3 ∗ 3.5 − 2)

Step 5: Calculate the moment resistance

𝑀 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝑑(1 − 𝛽𝑐 ) = 1870.79 ∗ 347.83 ∗ 360(1 − 0.278) ∗ 10−6 = 166.35𝑘𝑁𝑚

Example 3.3: For the cross section described in Example 3.1, find the reinforcement amount &
calculate the moment capacity if 𝑘𝑥 = 0.448. (Assume the effective depth to be 354𝑚𝑚)

Step 1: Design Values (Changing the characteristic strength value to design strength value)

𝛼𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑘
Concrete class C20/25 𝑓𝑐𝑑 = 𝛾𝑐

𝑓𝑦𝑘
Steel grade S-400 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 𝛾𝑠

For persistent and transient design situation (Refer ES EN 1992-1-1:2015 Table 2.1N)

𝛾𝑐 = 1.5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛾𝑠 = 1.15

The recommended value of 𝛼𝑐𝑐 = 0.85 from Ethiopian National Annex.

𝛼𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑘 0.85 ∗ 20

𝑓𝑐𝑑 = = = 11.33𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝛾𝑐 1.5

𝑓𝑦𝑘 400
𝑓𝑦𝑑 = = = 347.83𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝛾𝑠 1.15

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Step 2: Strain profile for balanced failure

From Similarity of Triangle

3.5 𝜀𝑠
= 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝜀𝑦𝑑 = 1.74
𝑥 𝑑−𝑥

3.5(𝑑 − 𝑥) 𝑑 1 1
𝜀𝑠 = = 3.5 ( − 1) = 3.5 ( − 1) = 3.5 ( − 1) = 4.3125
𝑥 𝑥 𝑘𝑥 0.448

3𝜀𝑐𝑚 −2 3∗3.5−2
For 𝜀𝑐𝑚 > 𝜀𝑐2 , 𝛼𝑐 = 𝑘𝑥 ( ) = 0.448 ( ) = 0.363
3𝜀𝑐𝑚 3∗3.5

Step 3: Evaluating 𝐴𝑠

From equilibrium of forces,

𝐶𝑐 = 𝑇𝑠 But 𝐶𝑐 = 𝛼𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑑

𝛼𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑑

𝛼𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 0.368 ∗ 11.33 ∗ 300 ∗ 354

𝐴𝑠 = = = 1255.72𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦𝑑 347.83

Step 4: Calculate the value of 𝛽𝑐

𝜀𝑐𝑚 (3𝜀𝑐𝑚 − 4) + 2 3.5(3 ∗ 3.5 − 4) + 2

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝜀𝑐𝑚 > 𝜀𝑐2 , 𝛽𝑐 = 𝑘𝑥 [( )] = 0.448 [( )] = 0.1864
2𝜀𝑐𝑚 (3𝜀𝑐𝑚 − 2) 2 ∗ 3.5(3 ∗ 3.5 − 2)

Step 5: Calculate the moment resistance

𝑀 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝑑(1 − 𝛽𝑐 ) = 1870.79 ∗ 347.83 ∗ 360(1 − 0.1864) ∗ 10−6 = 125.80𝑘𝑁𝑚

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Conclusion

From example 3.1, the area of reinforcement provided is greater than the balanced section.
Therefore, the given section is over-reinforced section. The types of flexural failure for both
balanced and over-reinforced section is compression failure (brittle failure). From example 3.3,
the area of reinforcement provided is less than the balanced section. Therefore, the given section
is under-reinforced section. The types of flexural failure for under-reinforced section is tension
failure (ductile failure). For the given cross-section, to make the section ductile the area of
reinforcement provided is should not be greater than 𝐴𝑠 = 1255.72𝑚𝑚2 .

Example 3.4: Determine the design flexural strength of the beam cross – section having tensile
reinforcement of 3𝜙24𝑚𝑚 shown below by using Equivalent-rectangular (simplified) stress
distribution block in the concrete. Use concrete class 𝐶25/30 and steel grade 𝑆 − 400

Step 1: Design Values (Changing the characteristic strength value to design strength value)

𝛼𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑘
Concrete class 𝐶25/30 𝑓𝑐𝑑 = 𝛾𝑐

𝑓𝑦𝑘
Steel grade 𝑆 − 400 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 𝛾𝑠

For persistent and transient design situation (Refer ES EN 1992-1-1:2015 Table 2.1N)

𝛾𝑐 = 1.5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛾𝑠 = 1.15

The recommended value of 𝛼𝑐𝑐 = 0.85 from Ethiopian National Annex.

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Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures I

𝛼𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑘 0.85 ∗ 25

𝑓𝑐𝑑 = = = 14.167𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝛾𝑐 1.5

𝑓𝑦𝑘 400
𝑓𝑦𝑑 = = = 347.83𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝛾𝑠 1.15

Step 2: Assume the type of failure

Assume tension failure with rupture of steel

Trial 1: 𝜀𝑐𝑚 > 𝜀𝑐2 = 2‰

𝜀𝑐3 (‰) = 1.75 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑐𝑘 < 50𝑀𝑃𝑎

(𝑓𝑐𝑘 − 50)
𝜀𝑐3 (‰) = 1.75 + 0.55 [ ] 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑐𝑘 ≥ 50𝑀𝑃𝑎
40

𝜀𝑐𝑢3 (‰) = 3.5 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑐𝑘 < 50𝑀𝑃𝑎

4
(90 − 𝑓𝑐𝑘 )
𝜀𝑐𝑢4 (‰) = 2.6 + 35 [ ] 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑐𝑘 ≥ 50𝑀𝑃𝑎
100

Step 3: Draw the strain profile corresponding to the type of failure and use the similarity of
triangles to develop a relationship between the unknown strain and the neutral axis.

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Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures I

The limiting value for 𝜀𝑠 (‰) = 25 is taken from National Annex.

From Similarity of Triangle

𝜀𝑐𝑚 25
= → 𝜀𝑐𝑚 (𝑑 − 𝑥) = 25𝑥
𝑥 𝑑−𝑥
𝑥 𝜀𝑐𝑚
= 𝑘𝑥 =
𝑑 𝜀𝑐𝑚 + 25

Step 4: Use the equation of 𝛼𝑐 corresponding to the assumption is step 2 and the relationship
developed in step 3 to calculate the unknown strain.

From equilibrium of forces,

𝐶𝑐 = 𝑇𝑠 But 𝐶𝑐 = 𝛼𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑑

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𝛼𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑑

𝜋 ∗ (24)2
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑑 3 ∗ 4 ∗ 347.83
𝛼𝑐 = = = 0.4667
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 14.167 ∗ 200 ∗ 357

For simplified rectangular stress block, 𝛼𝑐 = 0.8𝑘𝑥

𝛼𝑐 0.4667
𝑘𝑥 = = = 0.58336
0.8 0.8
𝜀𝑐𝑚
𝑘𝑥 = = 0.58336 → 𝜀𝑐𝑚 = 35
𝜀𝑐𝑚 + 25

Step 5: Check if the assumption in step 2 is correct and if it is, proceed to step 6. If the
assumption is not correct, repeat step 2 to 5 with another assumption.

𝜀𝑐𝑚 = 35 > 3.5 → 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡

Trial 2: Assume tension failure with crushing of concrete (𝜀𝑐𝑚 = 3.5)

From Similarity of Triangle

3.5 𝜀𝑠
= → 3.5(𝑑 − 𝑥) = 𝜀𝑠 𝑥
𝑥 𝑑−𝑥

𝑥 3.5
= 𝑘𝑥 = → 𝜀𝑠 = 2.5
𝑑 3.5 + 𝜀𝑠

𝑓𝑦𝑑 347.83
𝜀𝑦𝑑 = = = 1.74
𝐸𝑠 200000

𝜀𝑠 = 2.5 > 𝜀𝑦𝑑 = 1.74 → 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡

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Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures I

𝜀𝑠 = 2.5 > 𝜀𝑠,𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 25 → 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡

𝑥
= 0.58336 → 𝑥 = 0.58336𝑑 = 0.58336 ∗ 357 = 208.26𝑚𝑚
𝑑

Step 6: Calculate the value of 𝛽𝑐

For simplified rectangular stress block, 𝛽𝑐 = 0.4𝑘𝑥 = 0.4 ∗ 0.58336 = 0.233344

Step 7: Calculate the moment resistance

𝜋(24)2
𝑀 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝑑(1 − 𝛽𝑐 ) = 3 ∗ ∗ 347.83 ∗ 357(1 − 0.233344) ∗ 10−6 = 129.2𝑘𝑁𝑚
4

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Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures I

Analysis of Doubly reinforced beam sections

Example 3.5: Determine the moment resistance of the doubly reinforced section shown in the
figure below by using Parabola-rectangular stress distribution block in the concrete. 𝑑 =
500 𝑚𝑚, 𝑑2 = 50𝑚𝑚, 𝐶20/25 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆 − 400.

Step 1: Design Values (Changing the characteristic strength value to design strength value)

𝛼𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑘
Concrete class C20/25 𝑓𝑐𝑑 = 𝛾𝑐

𝑓𝑦𝑘
Steel grade S-400 𝑓𝑦𝑑 =
𝛾𝑠

For persistent and transient design situation (Refer ES EN 1992-1-1:2015 Table 2.1N)

𝛾𝑐 = 1.5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛾𝑠 = 1.15

The recommended value of 𝛼𝑐𝑐 = 0.85 from Ethiopian National Annex.

𝛼𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑘 0.85 ∗ 20

𝑓𝑐𝑑 = = = 11.33𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝛾𝑐 1.5

𝑓𝑦𝑘 400
𝑓𝑦𝑑 = = = 347.83𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝛾𝑠 1.15

Step 2: Assume the type of failure

Assume tension failure with crushing of concrete and all of the provided steel has yielded.

Step 3: Draw the strain profile corresponding to the type of failure and use the similarity of
triangles to develop a relationship between the unknown strain and the neutral axis.

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Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures I

From Similarity of Triangle

3.5 𝜀𝑠1 𝑥 3.5

= → = 𝑘𝑥 =
𝑥 𝑑−𝑥 𝑑 3.5 + 𝜀𝑠1

3.5 𝜀𝑠2 3.5(𝑥 − 50)

= → 𝜀𝑠2 =
𝑥 𝑥 − 50 𝑥

Step 4: Use the equation of alpha corresponding to the assumption in step 2 and the relationship
developed in step 3 to calculate the unknown strain.

From equilibrium of forces,

𝐶𝑐 + 𝐶𝑠 = 𝑇𝑠 But 𝐶𝑐 = 𝛼𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑, 𝐶𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠2 𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑦𝑑

𝛼𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 + 𝐴𝑠2 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑑

𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑦𝑑 − 𝐴𝑠2 𝑓𝑦𝑑 (2581 − 645) ∗ 347.83

𝛼𝑐 = = = 0.424536
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 11.33 ∗ 280 ∗ 500

3𝜀𝑐𝑚 −2 3.5
For 𝜀𝑐𝑚 > 𝜀𝑐2 , 𝛼𝑐 = 𝑘𝑥 ( ) 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑘𝑥 = 3.5+𝜀
3𝜀𝑐𝑚 𝑠1

3.5 3𝜀𝑐𝑚 − 2 3.5 3 ∗ 3.5 − 2 8.5

𝛼𝑐 = ( )( )=( )( )=( )
3.5 + 𝜀𝑠1 3𝜀𝑐𝑚 3.5 + 𝜀𝑠1 3 ∗ 3.5 10.5 + 3𝜀𝑠1

10.5𝛼𝑐 + 3𝛼𝑐 𝜀𝑠 = 8.5

8.5 − 10.5𝛼𝑐 8.5 − 10.5 ∗ 0.424536

𝜀𝑠1 = = = 3.174
3𝛼𝑐 3 ∗ 0.424536

3.5 3.5
𝑘𝑥 = = = 0.5244
3.5 + 𝜀𝑠 3.5 + 3.174

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Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures I

𝑥
= 0.5244 → 𝑥 = 0.5244𝑑 = 0.5244 ∗ 500 = 262.20𝑚𝑚
𝑑

3.5(𝑥 − 50) 3.5(262.20 − 50)

𝜀𝑠2 = = = 2.83
𝑥 262.20

Step 5: Check if the assumption in step 2 is correct and if it is, proceed to step 6. If the
assumption is not correct, repeat step 2 to 5 with another assumption.

𝑓𝑦𝑑 347.83
𝜀𝑦𝑑 = = = 1.74
𝐸𝑠 200000

𝜀𝑠1 = 3.174 > 𝜀𝑦𝑑 = 1.74 → 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡

𝜀𝑠2 = 2.83 > 𝜀𝑦𝑑 = 1.74 → 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡

Step 6: Calculate the value of 𝛽𝑐

𝜀𝑐𝑚 (3𝜀𝑐𝑚 − 4) + 2 3.5(3 ∗ 3.5 − 4) + 2

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝜀𝑐𝑚 > 𝜀𝑐2 , 𝛽𝑐 = 𝑘𝑥 [( )] = 0.5244 [( )] = 0.388
2𝜀𝑐𝑚 (3𝜀𝑐𝑚 − 2) 2 ∗ 3.5(3 ∗ 3.5 − 2)

Step 7: Calculate the moment resistance

𝑀 = 𝛼𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑2 (1 − 𝛽𝑐 ) + 𝐴𝑠2 𝑓𝑦𝑑 (𝑑 − 𝑑2 )

= [0.424536 ∗ 11.33 ∗ 280 ∗ 5002 (1 − 0.388) + 645 ∗ 347.83(500 − 50)] ∗ 10−6

𝑀 = 205.98𝑘𝑁𝑚

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Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures I

Example 3.6: Repeat Example 3.4 by taking 𝐴𝑠1 = 1804𝑚𝑚2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶30/37

Step 1: Design Values (Changing the characteristic strength value to design strength value)

𝛼𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑘
Concrete class C30/37 𝑓𝑐𝑑 = 𝛾𝑐

𝑓𝑦𝑘
Steel grade S-400 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 𝛾𝑠

For persistent and transient design situation (Refer ES EN 1992-1-1:2015 Table 2.1N)

𝛾𝑐 = 1.5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛾𝑠 = 1.15

The recommended value of 𝛼𝑐𝑐 = 0.85 from Ethiopian National Annex.

𝛼𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑘 0.85 ∗ 30

𝑓𝑐𝑑 = = = 17𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝛾𝑐 1.5

𝑓𝑦𝑘 400
𝑓𝑦𝑑 = = = 347.83𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝛾𝑠 1.15

Step 2: Assume the type of failure

Assume tension failure with crushing of concrete and all of the provided steel has yielded.

Step 3: Draw the strain profile corresponding to the type of failure and use the similarity of
triangles to develop a relationship between the unknown strain and the neutral axis.

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Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures I

From Similarity of Triangle

3.5 𝜀𝑠1 𝑥 3.5

= → = 𝑘𝑥 =
𝑥 𝑑−𝑥 𝑑 3.5 + 𝜀𝑠1

3.5 𝜀𝑠2 3.5(𝑥 − 50)

= → 𝜀𝑠2 =
𝑥 𝑥 − 50 𝑥

Step 4: Use the equation of alpha corresponding to the assumption in step 2 and the relationship
developed in step 3 to calculate the unknown strain.

From equilibrium of forces,

𝐶𝑐 + 𝐶𝑠 = 𝑇𝑠 But 𝐶𝑐 = 𝛼𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑, 𝐶𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠2 𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑦𝑑

𝛼𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 + 𝐴𝑠2 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑑

𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑦𝑑 − 𝐴𝑠2 𝑓𝑦𝑑 (1804 − 645) ∗ 347.83

𝛼𝑐 = = = 0.1694
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 17 ∗ 280 ∗ 500

3𝜀𝑐𝑚 −2 3.5
For 𝜀𝑐𝑚 > 𝜀𝑐2 , 𝛼𝑐 = 𝑘𝑥 ( ) 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑘𝑥 = 3.5+𝜀
3𝜀𝑐𝑚 𝑠1

3.5 3𝜀𝑐𝑚 − 2 3.5 3 ∗ 3.5 − 2 8.5

𝛼𝑐 = ( )( )=( )( )=( )
3.5 + 𝜀𝑠1 3𝜀𝑐𝑚 3.5 + 𝜀𝑠1 3 ∗ 3.5 10.5 + 3𝜀𝑠1

10.5𝛼𝑐 + 3𝛼𝑐 𝜀𝑠 = 8.5

8.5 − 10.5𝛼𝑐 8.5 − 10.5 ∗ 0.1694

𝜀𝑠1 = = = 13.2257
3𝛼𝑐 3 ∗ 0.1694

3.5 3.5
𝑘𝑥 = = = 0.20926
3.5 + 𝜀𝑠 3.5 + 13.2257

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Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures I

𝑥
= 0.20926 → 𝑥 = 0.20926𝑑 = 0.20926 ∗ 500 = 104.63𝑚𝑚
𝑑

3.5(𝑥 − 50) 3.5(104.63 − 50)

𝜀𝑠2 = = = 1.83
𝑥 104.63

Step 5: Check if the assumption in step 2 is correct and if it is, proceed to step 6. If the
assumption is not correct, repeat step 2 to 5 with another assumption.

𝑓𝑦𝑑 347.83
𝜀𝑦𝑑 = = = 1.74
𝐸𝑠 200000

𝜀𝑠1 = 13.2257 > 𝜀𝑦𝑑 = 1.74 → 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡

𝜀𝑠2 = 1.83 > 𝜀𝑦𝑑 = 1.74 → 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡

Step 6: Calculate the value of 𝛽𝑐

𝜀
𝑐𝑚 (3𝜀𝑐𝑚 −4)+2 3.5(3∗3.5−4)+2
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝜀𝑐𝑚 > 𝜀𝑐2 , 𝛽𝑐 = 𝑘𝑥 [( 2𝜀 )] = 0.20926 [( 2∗3.5(3∗3.5−2) )] = 0.087
𝑐𝑚 (3𝜀𝑐𝑚 −2)

Step 7: Calculate the moment resistance

𝑀 = 𝛼𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑2 (1 − 𝛽𝑐 ) + 𝐴𝑠2 𝑓𝑦𝑑 (𝑑 − 𝑑2 )

= [0.1694 ∗ 17 ∗ 280 ∗ 5002 (1 − 0.087) + 645 ∗ 347.83(500 − 50)] ∗ 10−6

𝑀 = 285𝑘𝑁𝑚

RC Beam analysis by Wendimu T. Page 19