ROTATING SOLAR PANEL: ARDUINO BASED INSOLATION

TRACKING SYSTEM

A Research study

Presented to the Faculty of

Batangas State University

Batangas City

In Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements for the

General Chemistry

By:

Bitongan, Jongg M.

Delos Santos, Mark Josh P.

Manalo, John Lloyd P.

Patulot, King Julius N.

Torres, Yousuf T.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Immeasurable appreciation and deepest gratitude for the help and support

are extended to the following persons who have contributed in giving a final shape

and making this study possible.

To the whole Batangas State University, to the school principal, to our class

adviser, for giving us the chance to improve our own selves by giving their all.

To Mrs. Ma. Fatima T. Mercado, RCh, MChem, for the support, guidance,

counsel, recommendations and provisions which embolden the researchers to go

after the study. At the foremost, we would like to express our sincere gratitude to

our supervisors, thank you for your thesis advices and for the priceless endeavor,

patience, understanding and enthusiasm you’ve exerted for this study. We would

also like to acknowledge their time and effort in checking and reviewing the

research paper.

And most especially to Almighty God, who gave strength to the writers to

continue despite all the hardships that were faced throughout the writing of the

thesis. Thank you, Lord God in helping us to achieve what we are and have now.
 CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

This chapter deals with the presentation of the problem. Specifically,

thispresents an introduction, the background of the study, statement of the

problem,theoreticalframework, conceptual framework, hypothesis of the study,

scope and limitations of the study, significance of the study, and definition of

terms.

Inroduction

Nowadays, the Philippines faces many critical problems particularly in our

economy and in our energy systems. Many rural areas in the country still have no

electricity and this is a major problem that they are facing every day. Because of

the high cost of providing this service in sparsely populated, remote areas with

difficult terrain and low consumption, rural electricity schemes are typically more

expensive to implement than urban schemes.

Solar energy is the radiation from the Sun capable of producing heat,

causing chemical reactions, or generating electricity. The total amount of solar

energy incident on Earth is vastly in excess of the world’s current and anticipated

energy requirements. If suitably harnessed, this highly diffused source has the

potential to satisfy all future energy needs (Ashok, 2021).

The specific problem of the study is the concern for the remote areas or

most rural places having no electricity and the energy crisis that our country is

facing.
Background of the Study

The Sun's energy is abundant and completely renewable on Earth. In

essence, the sun enabled life on our planet, and we cannot imagine life without it.

The sun is directly or indirectly responsible for nearly all of Earth's energy

resources, including fossil fuels, hydro, wind, waves, biomass, and so on.

Ancient civilizations already used sunlight as an energy source. Energy needs

withinside the latest years were recorded to be developing at an exponential

charge through the industrial and in addition to home markets. While the non-

renewable assets are hastily getting depleted, it leaves no different choice

however to apply renewable assets to supply usable power. One of those assets,

the Solar power is the maximum considerable and smooth to harness useful

resource through Solar panels. Since then, many solar panels have been

developed, with output varying depending on the strength or amount of sunshine

received. To achieve maximum effectiveness, the solar panels must remain in

direct sunlight throughout the day. However, due to the rotation of the planet,

those panels are unable to remain in front of the sun at all times. As a result of

this issue, their productivity suffers. To achieve a consistent output, an

automated system that can rotate the solar panel continuously is necessary.

The study tries to help the environment from energy crisis and hazards

caused by the other conventional energy resources that are also a prime culprit

for environmental pollution. One of its unique qualities is that the system takes

the sun as a guiding source instead of earth as its reference. Also, a solar panel

is a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels, has little environmental impact, and has
the potential to be produced in any country. The Rotating Solar Panel: Arduino

Based Insolation Tracking System was created as a prototype to solve the

problem mentioned before and reduces the contamination because it is pollution-

free and no greenhouse gases are emitted after the installation. This project

makes this process of harnessing solar energy more efficient.

Statement of the Problem

The main extent of the study is to produce a prototype that produce

energy using the heat coming from the sun. Specifically, this sought answers for

the following questions:

1. What design will be used to develop the Rotating Solar Panel? The

systems are considered as follows:

1.1. System Components

1.2. Material Specification

2. What sensors will be used in the Rotating Solar Panel?

2.2. PIR Motion Sensor

3. What will the Rotating Solar Panel needs to be consider in order to test

the efficiency of the device?

3.1. Responsiveness

3.2. Sensitivity
Theoretical Framework

According to Perlin (2014), Chapin calculated that an ideal device could

generate electricity using 23% of the incoming solar energy. However, he set a

goal of achieving an efficiency of about 6%, which engineers at the time believed

was required if solar cells were to be taken seriously as electrical power sources.

So that the more intense photons associated with shorter wavelength light might

efficiently drive electrons to where they could be captured as energy, Chapin

realized. Collaboration with Fuller was essential to create such a cell. Chapin

also noticed that the glittering surface of silicon reflected a lot of light that might

be absorbed and used, so he coated it with a dull transparent plastic. By

providing for good electrical contact on the silicon strips while retaining the p-n

junction close to the surface, adding boron to the top of the cell allowed for

greater photon harvesting.

We all know that the solar energy is coming from the sun. So that, solar

panels are invented to convert light from the sun, which is consist of energy

particles called photons that are converted into electricity that can be used to

drive electrical loads. Solar panels can be used in a variety of applications,

including remote power systems for cabins, communications equipment, remote

sensing, and of course, power generation from residential and commercial PV

systems. Solar cells are also known as photovoltaic (PV) cells. A solar cell is a

device that directly converts light energy into electrical energy.

Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework illustrates and shows the components such as

ideas in the study. The study is about a Rotating Solar Panel using Arduino,

wherein it focuses on producing electricity or stored for future use.

In order to accomplish the study an overview of the study is needed.

Henceforth, the proponents constructed a Conceive-Design-Implement-Operate

or CDIO model for their conceptual paradigm. The model would showcase the

development and the stages of the research study.

In the Conceived stage, the researchers would gather and collect the

knowledge and the hardware requirements that are needed for the study.

Knowledge about the basic principles of electronics and electricity, programming

and troubleshooting, and the mechanism of hardware. On the other hand,

hardware requirements include PIR motion sensor, Battery compartment, servo

motor are essential for the study to work. In the programming department, the

Arduino Ide and Javascript are the most applicable for the researchers to

undergo and accomplish the study.

In the Design stage, the researchers will use the sketch up and the ibis

Paint X program in order to construct a plan for the device’s structure and design.

In the Implement stage, preparation for the prototype design would be

sorted. The hardware requirements will be blended together and a program

would be created to judge the distance of the device towards the surrounding

people. Afterwards, the hardware and the program will be combined to start the
tests for the prototype. The tests will be about the efficiency and the

comfortability of the device. Lastly, troubleshooting the device will be done to rid

and help the prototype of its flaws.

In the Operation Stage, the researchers will be able to attain a solar

panel that will store energy through sunlight. The sensor will be detecting the

insolation coming from the sun and the servo motor will do the work on what it is

programmed to and the battery will store the energy that it gets in the sunlight.
 Conceptual Paradigm

Conceive Design Implement Operate

Conceive 1. Create and
conceptualize a
Knowledge System components ROTATING SOLAR



prototype design for
requirements PANEL: ARDUINO
the Rotating Solar
BASED INSOLATION
o Basic electronic and Battery Structure Panel
o TRACKING SYSTEM
electrical Panel structure Develop software that
o
o Programming and Sensors
2.
troubleshooting
o would sense
PIR Motion insolation of the sun


o Hardware mechanism
Sensor 3. Combine the software
Hardware with the prototype.


requirements 4. Performing preliminary
testing in regards to
Sketch Up design


o PIR motion sensor the sensors.
Batter Compartment Ibis Paint X Troubleshooting the


o 5.
o Servo Motor prototype.
6. Conduct a test for the
efficiency and
accuracy of the
Software requirements device.


o Arduino Ide
o JavaScript

Figure 1.0
Hypothesis of the Study

This research study aimed to identify the difference between using the

normal solar panel and the rotating solar panel. This section provided a

formulated hypothesis that served as a guide for the researchers in the

conduction of the study.

𝐇0: There is no significant difference in terms of making the use of renewable

energy and using rotating solar panels to provide electricity in the remote areas

and to lessen the crisis in terms of energy in our country.

H1: There is significant difference in terms of making the use of renewable

energy and using rotating solar panels to provide electricity in the remote areas

and to lessen the crisis in terms of energy in our country.

Scope and Limitations of the Study

The study focused on the following; the infrared sensor that will give signal

to the microcontroller, the microcontroller that will give command to the whole

mechanism, and the Servomotor that takes charge to the whole mechanism that

will make the solar panel to move for a specific angular rotation from time to time.

The limitations of the study are the following; the life span of the device

without experiencing any destructible incidents and device’s durability against

any natural phenomena.

Significance of the Study

The study aims to determine the significance of answering all the

questions relevant to this study. The findings of this study will be beneficial to the

School, Faculty, Students, and Future Researchers.

Batangas State University. The result of the study may serve as a guide

to give more information on how the management is educated about the

importance of having solar panels.

Faculty. The result of the study may serve as a guideline to enhance the

knowledge of the teachers about the importance of solar panels especially in the

Arduino Based Insolation Tracking System of a Rotating Solar Panels.

Students. The study's findings could be used as a reference to provide

more information to students who are interested in using solar panels. This will

also serve as a good foundation to the present researchers in the field of

electrical engineering boosting their intellectual creativity and ability to produce

such a product helpful in many situations.

Future Researchers. The study can provide reviews and result

information for different future studies that could be taken in any particular local

area. This will also help them develop more advanced ideas in terms of designs

and function of machines relating to Rotating Solar Panel using Arduino.

Definition of Terms

The present study dealt with the production of Rotating Solar Panel using

Arduino. In addition, the following terminologies are hereby defined as to prevent

incomprehensibility and promote proper understanding.

Arduino. Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use

hardware and software (Arduino, 2021). In this study, this will serve as the board

where this reads the inputs of the sensors that are present in the prototype.

Arduino IDE. The open-source Arduino Software (IDE) makes it easy to write

code and upload it to the board. This software can be used with any Arduino

board (Arduino, 2021). In this study this will also be used in the programming part

with the help of Javascript.

Codes. An unvarying rule for replacing a piece of information such as a letter,

word, or phrase with an arbitrarily selected equivalent (Britannica, 2021). As to

be used in the study, it is to utilize the use of Arduino programming as

instructions to produce a Rotating Solar Panel.

Microcontroller. A microcontroller is a computer present in a single integrated

circuit which is dedicated to perform one task and execute one specific

application (Techopedia, 2018). In this study, this will gathers input, processes

this information, and outputs a certain action based on the information gathered.

Programming. Programming, also known as coding, refers to the process of

writing instructions for computing devices and systems (Carlton, 2021). In this
study, this will carry the task based on the programmed instructions using a

computer.

Renewable Energy. Renewable energy, often referred to as clean energy,

comes from natural sources or processes that are constantly replenished (Shinn,

2018). In this study, this is the principle that we will make out of our product.

Sensors. A sensor is a device that detects and responds to some type of input

from the physical environment (Wigmore, 2021). As to be used in the study, this

is the material measured in producing the prototype that signals to classify the

movements that are to be operated by the machine.

Servo Motor. The servo motor is usually a simple DC motor controlled for

specific angular rotation with the help of additional servomechanism

(Electrical4U, 2020). In this study, this is the mechanism that will allow the solar

panel to rotate. Solar Panel. Solar panels come in a variety of rectangular shapes

and are installed in combination to generate electricity (Donec, 2020). In this

study, it is the main prototype that the proponents will produce.

 Chapter II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This chapter presents the literature and studies gathered by the

researchers in order to develop an absolute understanding and deeper insight

into previous works which are relevant to the subject and as well as to reach

specific goals of the study.

These references were assembled through books and other reading

materials. It also includes references acquired through internet, and past theses

with the same discipline. The presentation started with the conceptual literature,

which gave more in-depth information associated with the current study. It also

contained local and foreign related studies that supported and was used as

basis.

I. Conceptual Literature

Solar Panel

A solar panel, or solar module, is one component of a photovoltaic

system. They are constructed out of a series of photovoltaic cells arranged into a

panel. They come in a variety of rectangular shapes and are installed in

combination to generate electricity. Solar panels, sometimes also

called photovoltaics collect energy from the Sun in the form of sunlight and

convert it into electricity that can be used to power homes or businesses. These

panels can be used to supplement a building's electricity or provide power at

remote locations. In addition to residential and commercial use, there is large-

scale industrial or utility use of solar. In this case, thousands or even millions of

solar panels are arranged into a vast solar array, or solar farm, which provides

electricity to large urban populations (Donev, 2020).

Renewable Energy

Renewable energy comes from sources or processes that are constantly

replenished. These sources of energy include solar energy, wind

energy, geothermal energy, and hydroelectric power. Renewable sources are

often associated with green energy and clean energy, but there are some subtle

differences between these three energy types. Where renewable sources are

those that are recyclable, clean energy are those that do not release pollutants

like carbon dioxide, and green energy is that which comes from natural sources.

While there is often cross-over between these energy types, not all types of

renewable energy are actually fully clean or green. For example, some

hydroelectric sources can actually damage natural habitats and cause

deforestation (Twi, 2021).

Basic Electronics

The knowledge and ability to apply the concepts, terms, and

principles involved in working on or near electrical and electronic

equipment is measured by basic electronics. Electronics is the branch of

science and engineering concerned with the theory and use of a class of

devices in which electrons are transported through a vacuum, gas or

semiconductor (PaulI, 2017).

Troubleshooting

Troubleshooting requires for measurements to be made and tests to be

performed. When measurements give outcomes far different than they would be

in a properly operating unit, or when a test fails, the defective component(s) is

isolated. Some failures happen which is a reason why troubleshooting is needed.

Some major types of failures are complete failures, intermittent fault, poor

performance, and induced failures. The easiest issues to repair are often

complete failures. On the other hand, intermittent faults are usually the most

difficult to repair since troubleshooting can only be done when the equipment is

malfunctioning. Equipment that is functioning below specified operational

standards is said to have poor system performance characteristics that requires

troubleshooting. For critical communications systems, regular performance

checks are necessary. Induced failures often come from abuse of equipment. By

exercising proper equipment care, induced failures can be eliminated. Repairs

should be done by experienced technicians or supervised by them. Voltage and

resistance checks are done to isolate defective components once the trouble has

been pinpointed to a specific stage of the equipment (Electronics

Troubleshooting Techniques, 2017).

Arduino
 An Arduino is a small computer that is programmable between your device

and external components to process inputs and outputs. It is a computer platform

that is physical or embedded, meaning it is an interactive system that interacts

with its environment An Arduino is a small computer that can be programmed to

process inputs and outputs between your device and external components. It is a

physical or embedded computer platform, which means that it is an interactive

system that interacts with its surroundings (McRoberts, 2010).

II. Related Studies

1. Foreign Study

There were recent related studies on developing the Rotating Solar Panel

with the utilization of Arduino system with various objectives. Most of the concepts

were based from these recent studies in different countries. Presented here are

some of the published studies about innovation of the Rotating Solar Panel

alongside with its results.

On Improving the Efficiency of a Solar Panel Tracking System

According to Aziz & Hazzan (2017), a significant aspect of producing solar

energy as a reliable source of electricity in the smart grid is the ability of the solar

energy tracking system to adjust the solar panels continuously with changes in

the position of the sun. The location of the sun should be detected in a non-linear

manner using an automatic sun tracking system. The benefit of such a system is
that it can be controlled remotely using a computer-based system, allowing the

power plant's operation and performance to be controlled from anywhere in the

smart grid.

Also, the study conducted by (Sharma et al., 2021) said that the solar

energy received on a particular location on earth changes throughout the day

and year because of the rotary motion along its axis and revolutionary movement

along with the sun, respectively. The most feasible method to collect maximum

solar irradiations is by establishing a solar tracking system. However, solar

energy entrepreneurs dodge the solar tracking systems due to their high cost

Our research aims for improving and maximizing the ability of a solar

panel to generate power from solar energy. We will use the Arduino Based

Insolation Tracking System to make the solar panel move in accordance with the

position of the sun. In such way, the orientation of the solar panel with respect to

that of the sun and thereby produce a consistent output to be delivered into the

smart grid during the daytime.

Solar Power Saves Everyone Money

 According to the study of Averett, N., (2016). Solar Power Saves

Everyone Money. By doing so without an expensive power plant, every kilowatt

hour of electricity generated by the PV system will reduce electricity costs by

about 1 cent per kilowatt hour. Instead of using these inefficient and expensive

power plants, energy suppliers can use  electricity from the tallest PV systems in
the summer. According to Kaufman, when “everyone has their air conditioners

running,” and demand for electricity is at its highest in Massachusetts.  And the

system produces most of the energy during the hot summer months, saving the

cost of all payers. 

          Solar energy plays an active role here. When a PV system generates

electricity, it goes directly into the grid, a network of connected power plants and

transmission lines that power individual customers. As demand increases (for

example, in the morning after people wake up and turn on their devices),

businesses buy power from more and more power plants. If demand is high

enough, Kaufman said, "Because it's relatively small, relatively inefficient, and

has high fuel costs, we have to rely on plants that don't operate very often each

year," he said. "It really pushes prices up. I will. " .. SEIA ranks Massachusetts

sixth among the PV states based on the installed PV capacity. The state

currently has approximately 1,020megawatts (MW) installed, sufficient to power

163,000 households.

Renewable Energy Resources

According to the study of Twidell & Wair (2015), Renewable Energy

Resources is a numerate and quantitative text covering subjects of proven

technical and economic importance worldwide. Energy supplies from renewables

are essential components of every nation’s energy strategy, not least because of

concerns for the environment and for sustainability. Renewable energy supplies
are of ever-increasing environmental and economic importance in all countries. A

wide range of renewable energy technologies is established commercially and

recognized as a growth industry by most governments. World agencies, such as

the United Nations, have large programs to encourage technology. 

In relation to the study of Twidell & Wair, our study considers the timeless

principles of renewable energy technologies, yet seeks to demonstrate modern

application. Photovoltaic cells in a solar panel turn sunlight into direct current

electricity. The main advantage is that it is a renewable, clean source of

electricity. Also, the study aims to be sustainable, must be inexhaustible, and not

damage the delivery of environmental goods and services including the climate

system. 

A Study on the Effects of Solar Power

According to Hayes, H., (2012). A Study on the Effects of Solar Power.

Enphase Energy is a solar energy company whose goal is to create smart and

reliable solar energy systems that can be easily  used by anyone who wants to

benefit from solar energy. One of their new and innovative technologies is the

microinverter, which converts direct current to alternating current on each

module. In the Enphase solar  system, a small converter is mounted directly on

the solar panel rack and is  connected separately to this PV module. This per-

module basis allows  maximum peak power point (MPPT) tracking  for each
individual PV module, providing the maximum available power of each converted

module. 

 The Enphase M190 Microconverter is one of Enphase's newer

microconverter models and has a maximum AC output power of 190 W. Peak

power monitoring DC voltage is 22 V to 40 V with a maximum DC input current of

10 A. Rated AC output current is 920 mA with a rated voltage range of 183 V to

229 V at 60 Hz. Enphase claims that this model has a maximum inverter

efficiency of 95.5% and a California Energy Commission (CEC) weighted

efficiency of 95.0%. The claimed power factor is  greater than 0.95 late [1].

Again, a major issue is the efficiency of the microinverter technology. To justify

these claims so that they can be improved upon, the effectiveness of the

Enphase M190 Microinverter must be tested. Microinverter installation,

configuration and testing procedures are discussed, along with  recorded and

calculated values. Experimental results are then  presented, followed by

conclusions and future work.

Microcontroller and Electro-optical sensor based solar tracker

Sobuj  Kumar  Ray  et  al. presented  two  ways  of  rotating  freedom

solar  tracker by using microcontroller. The work includes the design of a two way

rotating freedom solar tracker based  on a microcontroller. According to Sobuj

PIC16F72  microcontroller  is  used  to  activate  the  motors  to  get  two way

rotation.LDC  sensors  are  used  to get  the information  about  sun radiation. 
The results  are compared  with  conventional  solar  trackers  without 

microcontrollers and  also with  fixed panels. The  difference  is almost  37% 

between a fixed  panel  and a tracking  system  with a microcontroller. 

Yousif  El-Tous  et  al. discuss the  thermal  evaluation  of  a  sun 

tracking  solar  cooker  using a microcontroller. The work contains the

implementation of a tracking system developed for getting solar heating using a

solar cooker. A microcontroller is used for  rotating the solar heater with the

movement  of  the sun.  The PLC  system is  used  as a control  system.  A 

comparison  between  fixed and sun tracked cookers showed that the use of sun

tracking increased the heating temperature by 36%. 

 Mostefa  Ghassoul  et  al. proposed the design  of  an  automatic  solar 

tracking  system  to maximize  energy  extraction.  This  solar  tracking  system 

is  controlled  by  a  microchip  PIC 18F452 microcontroller. The search

mechanism (PILOT) locates the position of the sun and the intelligent panel

mechanism rotates itself  with  the  PILOT to  extract the maximum energy.  The

main defect in this is the rotation only takes place, if the energy obtained in the

new position is higher than that consumed by the panels  during the  transition. 

So one miniature motor  is  used  s to search the best position for maximum

energy extraction. The panel’s mechanism rotates to the position automatically

when energy extraction is optimal. The system is designed in such a way that

panels only follow the sun if that contributes to extra energy extraction and at the

same time, the energy consumed by the panel driving motor is less than that

extracted. 
 Jing-Min Wang et al. proposed the design  and  implementation of a sun 

tracker with a dual-axis  single motor for an optical  sensor-based  photovoltaic

system.  This  work proposes  a novel  design  of  a  dual-axis solar tracking PV 

system which utilizes  the  feedback control theory  along  with a four-quadrant

light  dependent  resistor  (LDR) sensor  and simple  electronic circuits  to

provide  robust  system performance.  The  proposed  system  uses  a  unique 

dual-axis  AC  motor  and  a  stand-alone  PV inverter  to  accomplish  solar 

tracking.  Experiment  results indicated that the developed system increased the

energy gain up to 28.31% for a cloudy day.

2. Local Study

Studies about the development of a Rotating Solar Panel with the utilization

of Arduino system are already starting to draw interest in the Philippines.

Other related studies which concern the topic were established locally.

Solar Energy in the Philippines

  According to the study of Centeno, R., (2018) Solar Energy in the

Philippines. The renewable energies continue to grow as a subset of existing

energy sources as countries around the world seek alternative forms of energy

production. One of  these alternatives to traditional fossil fuels is solar energy.

This is relatively small, but it accounts for a significant portion of the increase in

renewable energy production. Solar energy uses solar panels to convert  sunlight

into usable energy. Located in Southeast Asia, the Philippines is a great place to

promote solar energy integration due to its geographical location and other
important features. In recent years, the Philippines has begun to integrate solar

energy production with good results.

III. Synthesis

Renewable energy resources are very important for us and the future

generation nowadays. It was also defined and explained by many researchers

cited in the reviewed literature and the studies came with the same notions about

it. Lot of cited scholars and authors were able to establish how important the

renewable energy resources are to people of this generation.

Several authors like Aziz and Hazzan (2017) agreed that a significant

aspect of producing solar energy as a reliable source of electricity in the smart

grid is the ability of the solar energy tracking system to adjust the solar panels

continuously with changes in the position of the sun. The location of the sun

should be detected in a non-linear manner using an automatic sun tracking

system. The benefit of such a system is that it can be controlled remotely using a

computer-based system, allowing the power plant's operation and performance

to be controlled from anywhere in the smart grid.

Compared to the proposed research, Mr. Aziz and Mr. Hazzan also

wanted to make use of the full potential of solar energy by using a tracking

system to adjust the solar panels in the position of the sun. Acceptably, most of

the solar energy is consumed by the people because we can make use of it.
Moreover, as Averett, N.(2016) states that Solar Power Saves Everyone Money.

By doing so without an expensive power plant, every kilowatt hour of electricity

generated by the PV system will reduce electricity costs by about 1 cent per

kilowatt hour. Instead of using these inefficient and expensive power plants,

energy suppliers can use  electricity from the tallest PV systems in the summer.

By introducing a more reliable and much more affordable source of energy, the

people can save a lot of money by investing their money on this kind of property.

All cited literatures and research have repeatedly proven that the affordability and

reliability of solar panel as a new source of energy is effective for our people and

for the next generation.

In this manner, the aim of this study is very much relevant to those cited

literature. Our economy needs improvement in terms of energy resources in our

communities.
 Chapter III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter provides the methods and procedures to be used in pursuing

the study for the successful application of sensors for the prototype Rotating

Solar Panel. The design, plan, analysis, and evaluation of the variables that

would be used in the paper were discussed in this chapter. In order to obtain the

necessary data and observations for the study, a variety of research

methodologies will be used.

Research Design
Conceptualization and Development of Prototype
System Components
Material Specification

Integration of Hardware and Development of Software

Programming
Building

Preliminary Testing of Prototype

Placement of Sensors
Servo Motor Reaction
Battery capacity

Troubleshooting of the Rotating Solar Panel

Final Testing and Evaluation of the Safe Proximity Detector

Responsiveness
Sensitivity
Data Gathering

Integration of Hardware and Development of Software

This systematic method must be followed by the researchers in order to

develop and construct a Rotating Solar Panel.

A. Fabricating

1. Collect materials for the Rotating Solar Panel that are readily available in the

area.

2. As for the prototype's framework, the researchers assembled and designed

the case structure of the Rotating Solar Panel.

3. Attached the PIR Motion Sensor in the prototype.

4. Assembled and organized the Arduino, different sensors, battery and the

jumper wires into the prototype.

B. Programming

In order to develop a Rotating Solar Panel, researchers would need to

program the Arduino board by using its software, the Arduino IDE. The Rotating

Solar Panel would be able to work and function effectively by using the

commands of each code that would be uploaded to the Arduino.

C. Flow Chart

The algorithm of this project is as follows:

Step 1: Manually setup the Rotating Solar Panel

Step 2: Placement where the prototype will be setup

Step 3: The PIR Motion Sensor will detect where the insolation of the sun is

located.

Step 4: The Servo Motor will do the work and rotate as the sensor detect where

the heat from the sun located

Step 5: The Battery will store the energy

Data Gathering Procedure

Preliminary testing of the Rotating Solar Panel

It is important to conduct a preliminary testing for the performance of the

Rotating Solar Panel in order to store energy that comes from the sun.

Sequentially for the Rotating Solar Panel to occur, a fair and objective test must

be evaluated first. The following components would be needed to consider:

 Operating Capacity

The case would serve as the body of the prototype. It has a rectangular

external form as for the panel. In order for the researchers to identify its operating
capacity the sensors would be used and tested which would allow the

researchers to know if the prototype is working. Through this, the researchers

would be able to know the device’s operating capacity and would be able to

make a recommendation for future studies.

 Working duration

The working duration of the safe proximity detector would depend on the

energy coming from the sun that will be store in the battery compartment. In

conducting the preliminary testing in terms of the program that is input to the

board, the sensors will detect the location where the sun it is set. The

effectiveness of the tests would prove that the prototype has the capability to do

the work.

 Detecting and Storing

The PIR Motion Sensor is used in detecting the insolation coming from the

sun. In line with the operating capacity, the servo motor and the responsiveness

of sensor would be measured and tested. The speed on which the sensors picks

up the presence would depend on the energy supply, varying from slow to fast

given the total battery that it has to operate.

Troubleshooting of the Rotating Solar Panel

Troubleshooting is the process of evaluating what is lacking and what

needs to be improved in the prototype. Repairing the faults and errors of data is a
way of troubleshooting. Performing the troubleshooting process would help

improve the development of the Rotating Solar Panel. Checking the function of

each parts would be vital in building a program and a prototype that would help

the remote areas to have electricity.

Final Testing and Evaluation of the Rotating Solar Panel

After the process of identifying and removing errors, it would be important

to conduct a systematic evaluation for the staging of the Rotating Solar Panel.

The sensors that is used is evaluated based on the following criteria:

 Efficiency

The system's reliability will be checked and tweaked so that it could

operate efficiently and continuously. This will include how the Rotating Solar

Panel react as a whole. The accuracy of the sensors will be used to determine

the system's effectiveness. The system must sense the distance of the individual

correctly and respond as it detected it.

 Responsiveness

The system’s quality of reacting quickly evaluates as it approaches the

location of the insolation of the sun that the sensor is operated. This response

will tell how the Rotating Solar Panel will react.

 Sensitivity
 The system’s sensitivity that present in Rotating Solar Panel will show the

device condition of being sensitive. The system examined continuously for the

reason of this factor will be first seen as it operates and to identify how

dependent the output will be.

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CURRICULUM VITAE

DELOS SANTOS, MARK JOSH P.

EE- 1106

Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering

19 years old

“We’ve been weighed down by so many tasks. For someday, we’ll be

strong to lift any kind of struggles”

Personal Information

         Birthdate: June 22, 2002

Address: Bungahan Lian, Batangas

         Father’s Name: Michael S. Delos Santos

         Mother’ Name: Charisse P. Delos Santos

         Email Address: [email protected]

Educational Background

         Primary Education

                     Bungahan Elementary School

                     Bungahan Lian,, Batangas

School Year 2007-2015

        

Secondary Education

Saint Claire Academy

Poblacion IV Lian , Batangas

          School Year 2015-2019

Saint Claire Academy

         Poblacion IV Lian, Batangas

    School Year 2019-2021 

Tertiary Education

Batangas State University

Golden Country Homes, Alangilan, Batangas City

 School Year 2021-2022

PATULOT, KING JULIUS N.

EE - 1106

Bachelor of

Science in Electrical

Engineering

18 years old 

“It doesnt have to happen to you for  it to matter to you."

Personal Information

         Birthdate: December 3, 2002

         Address: San Roque, Sto. Tomas, Batangas

         Father’s Name: Fernando N. Patulot

         Mother’ Name: Felicita N. Patulot

         Email Address: [email protected]

 Educational Background

         Primary Education

                     San Roque Elementary School

                     San Roque, Sto. Tomas Batangas

                     School Year 2009-2015

        

Secondary Education

                     San Pedro National High School

                     San Pedro, Sto. Tonas, Batangas

                     School Year 2015-2019

Tanauan Institute

                     J.Gonzales St., Barangay 4, Tanauan City Batangas

                     School Year 2019-2021

 Tertiary Education

Batangas State University

Golden Country Homes, Alangilan, Batangas City

 School Year 2021-2022

MANALO, JOHN LLOYD P.

EE- 1106

Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering

19 years old

“It’s hard to beat a person who never gives up “ 

Personal Information

         Birthdate: September 18, 2002

         Address: Sabang, Ibaan, Batangas

         Father’s Name: Fortunato P. Manalo

         Mother’ Name: Mely P. Manalo

         Email Address: [email protected]

Educational Background

         Primary Education

                     Sabang Elementary School

                     Sabang, Ibaan, Batangas

                     School Year 2007-2015

        

Secondary Education

Saint James Academy

             Poblacion, Ibaan, Batangas

                     School Year 2015-2019

Saint James Academy

                     Poblacion, Ibaan, Batangas

                     School Year 2019-2020

Tertiary Education

Batangas State University

Golden Country Homes, Alangilan, Batangas City

 School Year 2021-2022

             BITONGAN, JOJO M.

EE-1106

Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering

18 years old

“ Life doesn't Require that we be the best, only that We try our best"

Personal Information

         Birthdate: June 06 , 2003

         Address: Ibud, Sbalayan, Occidental MIndoro

         Father’s Name:  Jojo Q. Bitongan

         Mother’ Name: Evangeline M. Bitongan

         Email Address:[email protected]

Educational Background

         Primary Education

                     Liwayway Elementary School

                     Ibud, Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro

                     School Year 2009-2015

        

Secondary Education

                 San Vicente National High School

                     San Vicente, Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro.

                     School Year 2015-2019

Colegio De San Sebastian

Buenavista, Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro.

School Year 2019-2021

Tertiary Education

Batangas State University

                     Golden Country Homes, Alangilan, Batangas City

                     School Year 2021-2022 present

YOUSUF T. TORRES.
 EE-1106

Bachelors Science in Electrical Engineering

19 yrs old

“Follow your heart, and be proud of it”

Personal Information

Birthdate: July 28 2002

Address: blk 23 lot 5 Bria homes, Brgy. Banadero, Calamba city Launa

Father’s name: Arnold S. Torres

Mother’s name: Priscilla T. Torres

Email address: [email protected]

Educational Background

         Primary Education

                     Pulo Elementary school

                     Pulo, Cabuyao, laguna

                     School Year 2007-2015

        

Secondary Education
                     Cabuyao Integrated National High School

                     Poblacion dos, Cabuyao City, Laguna

                     School Year 2015-2019

Calamba Doctors’ College

                     Calamba City, Laguna

                     School Year 2019-2021 

Tertiary Education

Batangas State University

                     Golden Country Homes, Alangilan, Batangas City

                     School Year 2021-2022 present