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Additional Maths Member's Page >> Additional Maths 360 (2nd Edition) Volume A Solutions

Ex 5.3

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Solutions

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Question 1

Use the formula

 
y = ax ⟺ x = loga y
Index form Logarithmic form

(a)

1
= 3−2
9

1
⟹ log3 = −2
9

(b)

5 = 10n

⟹ log10 5 = n
lg 5 = n

(c)

4 = ex

⟹ loge 4 = x
ln 4 = x

(d)

p = 2x

⟹ log2 p = x

(e)

y = a3

⟹ loga y = 3

Question 2

Formula

 
y = ax ⟺ x = loga y
Index form Logarithmic form

(a)

log5 125 = 3

⟹ 125 = 53

(b)

lg 100 = 2
log10 100 = 2

⟹ 100 = 102

(c)

ln x = 2
loge x = 2

⟹ x = e2

(d)

logx 3 = 4

⟹ 3 = x4

(e)

log3 y = n

⟹ y = 3n

Question 3

(a)

log2 32 = log2 25
= 5 log2 2 [Power law]
= 5(1)
=5

(b)

1
log27 3 = log27 27 3
1
= log27 27 [Power law]
3
1
= (1)
3
1
=
3

(c)

1
log4 0.125 = log4
8
= log4 8−1
log2 8−1
= [Change-of-base]
log2 4
log2 (23 )−1
=
log2 22
log2 2−3
=
log2 22
−3 log2 2
= [Power law]
2 log2 2
−3(1)
=
2(1)
3
=−
2

(d)

log 1 8 = log2−1 23
2

log2 23
= [Change-of-base]
log2 2−1
3 log2 2
= [Power law]
(−1) log2 2
3(1)
=
(−1)(1)
= −3

Question 4 - Explanation question

(a)

y = ax ⟺ x = loga y

If  log2 y = −1
⟹ y = 2−1
1
y=
2

∴ Yes, a logarithm can be a negative value

(b)

y = ax ⟺ x = loga y

If  log2 (−1) = x,

⟹ −1 = 2x

Since 2x  is always positive, there is no solution to the equation

∴ No, not possible to take the logarithm of a negative number

Question 5 - Explanation question

loga a
= log1 a [Change-of-base]
loga 1

loga a
Since the base is equals to 1,   does not exist
loga 1

Question 6

(a)

k = e2x

⟹ loge k = 2x
ln k = 2x

(b)

9 = 10x−4

⟹ log10 9 = x − 4
lg 9 = x − 4

(c)

2 − k = 4x
(2 − k) = 4x

⟹ log4 (2 − k) = x

(d)

m − 2 = ex+5
(m − 2) = ex+5

⟹ loge (m − 2) = x + 5
ln(m − 2) = x + 5

Question 7

(a)

log3 y = n + 1
log3 y = (n + 1)

⟹ y = 3n+1

(b)

ln y = x − 3
loge y = (x − 3)

⟹ y = ex−3

(c)

lg(x − y) = 2
log10 (x − y) = 2

⟹ x − y = 102

(d)

log2 (4y) = p + 1
log2 (4y) = (p + 1)

⟹ 4y = 2p+1

Question 8 - Make y the subject of equation

(a)

ln(y + 1) − x = 0
ln(y + 1) = x
loge (y + 1) = x

⟹ y + 1 = ex
y = ex − 1

(b)

2 lg y = x − 2
1
lg y = x − 1
2
1
log10 y = x − 1
2
1
⟹ y = 10 2 x−1

(c)

e2y + 4 = x
e2y = x − 4

x − 4 = e2y

⟹ loge (x − 4) = 2y
ln(x − 4) = 2y

2y = ln(x − 4)
1
y = ln(x − 4)
2

(d)

ln(x + y) − 4x = 0
ln(x + y) = 4x
loge (x + y) = 4x

⟹ x + y = e4x
y = e4x − x

Question 9

For the logarithmic expression loga b to be defined, the following two conditions must be fulfilled:

1) b > 0

2) a > 0 and a ≠ 1

(a)

ln(x2 − 2x) = loge (x2 − 2x)

x2 − 2x > 0
x(x − 2) > 0

x < 0 or x > 2

(b)

1st condition: x − 3 > 0 2nd condition: x > 0, x ≠ 1

x>3
x>3

∴x>3

Question 10

(a)

log4 x = 2 or log2 y = 3

⟹ x = 42 y = 23
= 16 =8
x 16
=
y 8
=2

(b)

logx a = 1 or logy b = 2

⟹ a = x1 b = y2
a=x

xy 2 = (x)(y 2 )
= (a)(b)
= ab

Question 11 - Evaluate expression without calculator

Special results:

For a > 0 and a ≠ 1,

1) loga a = 1
2) loga 1 = 0

(a)

log4 4 − 3 log2 2 = (1) − 3(1)

= 1−3
= −2

(b)

log2 1 + 4 log5 5 = (0) + 4(1)

= 0+4
=4

(c)

(3 − log3 3)3 = [3 − (1)]3

= 23
=8

(d)

3 logx x + 2 2 3(1) + 2 2
( ) =[ ]
4 − 2 log5 1 4 − 2(0)
3+2 2
=( )
4
5 2
=( )
4
25
=
16

(e)

log2 (6 − 5 log7 7) = log2 [6 − 5(1)]

= log2 (6 − 5)
= log2 1
=0

(f)

log2 (4 − 2 lg 10) = log2 (4 − 2 log10 10)

= log2 [4 − 2(1)]
= log2 (4 − 2)
= log2 2
=1

Question 12

(a)

2 2 2 2 2 3
2 loga − 3 loga = loga ( ) − loga ( ) [Power law]
5 3 5 3
4 8
= loga − loga
25 27
4
25
= loga 8 [Quotient law]
27
27
= loga
50

(b)

3 + 2 loga 2 = 3(1) + 2 loga 2

= 3 loga a + 2 loga 2
= loga a3 + loga 22 [Power law]
= loga a3 + loga 4
= loga (4a3 ) [Product law]

(c)

8 8
loga 50 + loga + 2 loga 10 − loga 25 = loga (50 × ) + 2 loga 10 − loga 25 [Product law]
25 25
= loga 16 + 2 loga 10 − loga 25
= loga 16 + loga 102 − loga 25 [Power law]
= loga 16 + loga 100 − loga 25
= loga (16 × 100) − loga 25
= loga 1600 − loga 25
1600
= loga [Quotient law]
25
= loga 64

(d)

1 −− 1 −−
loga 2 + loga √18 = loga 2 2 + loga √18 [Power law]
2
– −−
= loga √2 + loga √18
– −−
= loga (√2 × √18 ) [Product law]
−−
= loga √36
= loga 6

Question 13

(a)

2 loga 2 + loga 10 − 3 loga 3 − loga 5 = loga 22 + loga 10 − loga 33 − loga 5 [Power law]
= loga 4 + loga 10 − loga 27 − loga 5
= loga (4 × 10) − loga 27 − loga 5 [Product law]
= loga 40 − loga 27 − loga 5
40
= loga − loga 5 [Quotient law]
27
40
27
= loga
5
8
= loga
27
2 3
= loga ( )
3
2
= 3 loga  (Shown)
3

(b)

log2 25 log2 16
log2 27 × log3 25 × log5 16 = log2 27 × × [Change-of-base]
log2 3 log2 5
log2 27 × log2 25 × log2 16
=
log2 3 × log2 5
log2 3 × log2 52 × log2 24
3
=
log2 3 × log2 5
3 log2 3 × 2 log2 5 × 4 log2 2
= [Power law]
log2 3 × log2 5
= 3 × 2 × 4 log2 2
= 6 × 4(1)
= 24  (Shown)

Question 14 - Express logarithms in terms of a and b

(a)

log4 y = a

⟹ y = 4a  --- (1)

log8 (2y) = b

⟹ 2y = 8b  --- (2)

Substitute (1) into (2),

2(4a ) = 8b
2[(22 )a ] = (23 )b
2(22a ) = 23b [(am )n = amn ]
(21 )(22a ) = 23b
[(2m )(2n ) = 2m+n ] 21+2a = 23b

∴ 1 + 2a = 3b
2a = 3b − 1 (Shown)

(b)

log3 p = a

⟹ p = 3a  --- (1)

log27 q = b

⟹ q = 27b  --- (2)

p
= 3c
q

Substitute (1) and (2),

3a
= 3c
27 b

3a
3 b
= 3c
(3 )
3a
[(a ) = a ]
m n mn
= 3 c
33b
am
[ n = am−n ] 3a−3b = 3c
a

∴ a − 3b = c

Question 15

lg y − mx = c
lg y = mx + c
log10 y = mx + c

⟹ y = 10mx+c

y −−
From  – = √20 × 10−3x × 105x
√5
– −−
y = √5 (√20 × 10−3x × 105x )
−−−
y = √100 × 10−3x × 105x
y = 10 × 10−3x × 105x
y = 101+(−3x) × 105x
y = 101+(−3x)+5x
y = 102x+1

Comparing with y = 10mx+c ,

m = 2, c = 1

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