1|Page eI pian NPM ME C NOMEN SUMO ONLINESTUDY COMPLETE INTERVIEW MATERIAL for TCS NOT 2021; Contents Basic Programming Questions. C/C++/JAVA/OOPS/PYTHON/DBMS/MCHINE LEARNING/IOT INTERVIEW EXPERIENCES... HR INTERVIEW QUESTIONS & ANSWERS. ELECTRONICS ENGG QUESTIONS... MECHANICAL ENGG QUESTIONS... ELECTRICAL ENGG QUESTIONS OPERATING SYSTEM QUESTIONS... ‘TIPS AND STRATEGIES, Coding Questions (does not contains Answers). TCS DBMS and RDBMS Questions and Answers ........ sis i a1 TCS OSI Model, SDLC, TCP/IP. PREPARED BY EX. TATA, MOTOROLA , NOKIA NETWORKS EMPLOYEE “PRATIK SHRIVASTAVA”COMPRI 1) What are the Platform- independent ly used for Design Goal Goto Multiple inheritance Operator Overloa’ Pointers ‘Compiler and Interpreter ROWAN C+ is platform-dependent. C++ is mainly used for system programming C++ was designed for systems and applications programming. It was an extension of C programming language. C++ supports the goto statement. C++ supports multiple inheritance. C++ supports operator overloading. C++ supports pointers. You can write pointer program in CH. C++ uses compiler only. C++ is compiled and run using the compiler which converts source code into machine jerences between C++ and Java? Lis MeyssKen PN NAeN ENIAC! Java is platform-independent. Java is mainly used for application programming. It is widely used in window, web-based, enterprise and mobile applications. Java was designed and created as an interpreter for printing systems but later extended as a support network computing, It was designed with 2 goal of being easy to use and accessible to a broader audience. Java doesn't support the goto statement. Java doesn't support multiple inheritance through class. It can be achieved by interfaces in java. Java doesn't support operator overloading. Java supports pointer internally. However, you can't write the pointer program in java. It means java has restricted pointer support in java Java uses compiler and interpreter both, Java source code is converted into bytecode at compilation time. The interpreter executes this bytecode at runtime an produces output. Java is interpreted that is why itis platform independent.MPREHENSIVE INTERVIEW MATERIAL DESIGNED BY ONLINESTUDY: Call by Value and Call by reference Structure and Thread Support Documentation comment Virtual Keyword unsigned right shift >>> Inheritance Tree Hardware code so, C++ is platform dependent. C++ supports bath call by value and call by reference. C++ supports structures and unions. C++ doesn't have built- in support for threads. It relies on third-party libraries for thread support, C++ doesn't support documentation comment. C++ supports virtual keyword so that we can decide whether or not override a function. C++ doesn't support >>> operator. C++ creates a new inheritance tree always. C++ is nearer to hardware. Java supports call by value only. There is no call by reference in java. Java doesn't support structures and unions. Java supports documentation comment (/** ... */) to create documentation for java source code. Java has no virtual keyword. We can override all non- static methods by default. In other words, non-static methods are virtual by default. Java supports unsigned right shift >>> operator that fills zero at the top for the negative numbers. For positive numbers, it works same like >> operator. Java uses a single inheritance tree always because all classes are the child of Object class in java. The object class is the root of the inheritance tree in java. Java is not so interactive with hardware.CoWare OWES SSIcl NONE esMN Pe Object- oriented C#+ is an object-oriented language. However, in C language, single root hierarchy is not possible. Java is also an object-oriented language. However, everything (except fundamental types) is an object in Java. It is a single root hierarchy as everything gets derived from java.lang.Object.2) What are the features of Java Programming Language? There are the following features in Java Programming Language. Simple: Java is easy to learn. The syntax of Java is based on C++ which makes easier to write the program in it. Object-Oriented: Java follows the object-oriented paradigm which allows us to maintain our code as the combination of different type of objects that incorporates both data and behaviour. Portable: Java supports read-once-write-anywhere approach. We can execute the Java program on every machine. Java program ( java) is converted to bytecode (.class) which can be easily run on every machine. Platform Independent: Java is a platform independent programming language. It is different from other programming languages like C and C++ which needs a platform to be executed. Java comes with its platform on which its code is executed. Java doesn't depend upon the operating system to be executed. Secured: Java is secured because it doesn't use explicit pointers. Java also provides the concept of Byte Code and Exception handling which makes it more secured. Robust: Java is a strong programming language as it uses strong memory management. The concepts like Automatic garbage collection, Exception handling, etc. make it more robust. Architecture Neutral: Java is architectural neutral as it is not dependent on the architecture. In C, the size of data types may vary according to the architecture (32 bit or 64 bit) which doesn't exist in Java. Prepared by: Ex. TATA EMPLOYEE “PRATIK SHRIVASTAVA”RON aial a MIN NL PWS P-SIO TN ONIN HNO LO © Interpreted: Java uses the Just-in-time (JIT) interpreter along with the compiler for the program execution. High Performance: Java is faster than other traditional interpreted programming languages because Java bytecode is "close" to native code. Its still alittle bit slower than @ compiled language (e.g., C++). © Multithreaded: We can write Java programs that deal with many tasks at once by defining multiple threads. The main advantage of multi-threading is that it doesn't ‘occupy memory for each thread. It shares a common memory area. Threads are important for multi-media, Web applications, ete, © Distributed: Java is distributed because it facilitates users to create distributed applications in Java. RMI and EJB are used for creating distributed applications. This, feature of Java makes us able to access files by calling the methodsfrom any machine on the internet. © Dynamic: Java is a dynamic language. It supports dynamic loading of classes. Itmeans classes are loaded on demand. It also supports functions from its native languages, ie, Cand C+. 3) Whatis !vm? Java Virtual Machine is a virtual machine that enables the computer to run the Java program. JVM acts like a run-time engine which calls the main method present in the Java code. JVM is the specification which must be implemented in the computer system. The Java code is compiled by JVM to be a Bytecode which is machine independent and close to the native code. 4) Whatis JIT Compiler ? Just-In-Time(JIT} compiler: It is used to improve the performance. JIT compiles parts of the bytecode that have similar functionality at the same time, and hence reduces the amount of time needed for compilation. Here the term “compiler” refers to a translator from the instruction set of aJava virtual machine (JVM) to the instruction set of a specific CPU. Prepared by: Ex. TATA EMPLOYEE “PRATIK SHRIVASTAVA”OMPREHENSIVE INTERVIEW MATERIAL DESIGNED BY ONLINESTUDY. 5) What are the different access specifiers in Java ? In Java, access specifiers are the keywords which are used to define the access scope of the method, class, or 2 variable. In Java, there are four access specifiers given below. Public: The classes, methods, or variables which are defined as public, can be accessed by any class or method © Protected: Protected can be accessed by the class of the same package, or by the sub- class of this class, or within the same class. * Default: Default are accessible within the package only. By default, all the classes, methods, and variables are of default scope. * Private: The private class, methods, or variables defined as private can be accessed within the class only. 6) What is the difference between an object- based programming language? sated programming language and object- There are the following basic differences between the object-oriented language and abject- based language. * Object-oriented languages follow all the concepts of OOPs whereas, the object-based language doesn't follow all the concepts of OOPS like inheritance and polymorphism. * Object-oriented languages do not have the inbuilt objects whereas Object-based languages have the inbuilt objects, for example, JavaScript has window object. © Examples of object-oriented programming are Java, C#f, Smalltalk, etc. whereas the examples of object-based languages are JavaScript, VBScript, ete. 7) ~~ What are the features of OOP? The important features of Object-Oriented programming are: * Classes and Objects These contain data and functions bundled together under a unit. In other words, class is a collection of similar objects. When we define a class it just creates template or Skelton. So no memory is created when class is created. Memory is occupied only by object. Prepared by: Ex. TATA EMPLOYEE “PRATIK SHRIVASTAVA”RON aial a MIN NL PWS P-SIO TN ONIN HNO LO Example: Class className { Data Functions hi main () { className objectnamel,objectname?,..; t In other words classes acts as data types for objects, Objects are the instances of a class. * Inheritance Inheritance is an important pillar of OOP(Object Oriented Programming). Its the mechanism in java by which one class is allow to inherit the features(fields and methods) of another class. * Polymorphism The word polymorphism means having many forms. In simple words, we can define polymorphism as the ability of a message to be displayed in more than one form. * Data Abstraction Abstraction means displaying only essential information and hiding the details. Data abstraction refers to providing only essential information about the data to the ou world, hiding the background details or implementation. * Data Encapsulation Prepared by: Ex. TATA EMPLOYEE “PRATIK SHRIVASTAVA”RON aial a MIN NL PWS P-SIO TN ONIN HNO LO Encapsulation is defined as wrapping up of data and information under a single unit. In Object-Oriented Programming, Encapsulation is defined as binding together the data and the functions that manipulate them. * Dynamic Binding In dynamic binding, the code to be executed in response to function call is decided at runtime. ‘© Message Passing Objects communicate with one another by sending and receiving information to each ‘other. A message for an object is a request for execution of a procedure and therefore will invoke a function in the receiving object that generates the desired results. Message passing involves specifying the name of the object, the name of the function and the information to be sent. 8) Whats Inline function? Inline function is a technique used by the compilers and instructs to insert complete body of the function wherever that function is used in the program source code. 9) — Whatis an abstract class? An abstract class is a class which cannot be instantiated. Creation of an object is not possible with abstract class but it can be inherited. An abstract class can contain only Abstract method. Java allows only abstract method in abstract class while for other language it allows non- abstract method as well. 10) What is an abstract class? An abstract class is a class which cannot be instantiated. Creation of an object is not possible with abstract class , but it can be inherited. An abstract class can contain only Abstract method. Java allows only abstract method in abstract class while for other language it allows non- abstract method as well. Prepared by: Ex. TATA EMPLOYEE “PRATIK SHRIVASTAVA”RON etal YAN AN DWP) TOTO ODI SHRED) 11) ‘What is an interface ? An interface is a collection of abstract method. If the class implements an inheritance, and then thereby inherits all the abstract methods of an interface. 12) What is exception handling ? Exception is an event that occurs during the execution of a program. Exceptions can be of any type — Run time exception, Error exceptions. Those exceptions are handled properly through exception handling mechanism like try, catch and throw keywords. 13) ‘What is static and dynamic binding ? Binding is nothing but the association of a name with the class. Static binding Is a binding in which name can be associated with the class during compilation time and itis also called as early Binding. Dynamic binding is a 1g in which name can be associated with the class during execution time and itis also called as Late Binding. 14) ‘What is a copy constructor ? This is a special constructor for creating a new object as a copy of an existing object. There will be always only on copy constructor that can be either defined by the user or the system. 15) What is the difference between a structure and a class ? Structure default access type is public but class access type is private. A structure is used for grouping data whereas class can be used for grouping data and methods. Structures are exclusively used for data and it doesn’t require strict validation but classes are used to encapsulates and inherit data which requires strict validation. 16) Why is C known as the Mother Language ? Cis known as a mother language because most of the compilers and JVMs are written in C language. Most of the languages which are developed after C language has borrowed heavily Prepared by: Ex. TATA EMPLOYEE “PRATIK SHRIVASTAVA”endear ede ese from it like C++, Python, Rust, JavaScript, etc. It introduces new core concepts like arrays, functions, file handling which are used in these languages. 17) ass for omparison Declaration Scope Access Life Storage 18) What are the differences between Local Variables and Global Variables? Local variable Global variable A variable which is declared inside A variable which is declared function or block is known as a outside function or block is local variable. known as a global variable. The scope of a variable is available The scope of a variable is within a function in which they are —_available throughout the declared. program Variables can be accessed only by Any statement in the entire those statements inside @ function —_ program can access variables. in which they are declared. Life of a variable is created when Life of a variable exists until the function block is entered and the program is executing. destroyed on its exit. Variables are stored in a stack The compiler decides the unless specified. storage location of a variable. What is the use of writing a function in C Programming Language? C functions are used to avoid the rewriting the same code again and again inour program. C functions can be called any number of times from any place of our program, When a program is divided into functions, then any part of our program can easily be tracked. Prepared by: Ex. TATA EMPLOYEE “PRATIK SHRIVASTAVA”c endear ede ese © Cfunctions provide the reusability concept, i.e, it breaks the big task into smaller tasks 19) Uby value Description Memory location Safety Arguments 20) so that it makes the C program more understandable, Call by reference When a copy of the value is Passed to the function, then the original value is not modified. Actual arguments and formal arguments are created in separate memory locations. In this case, actual arguments remain safe as they cannot be modified. The copies of the actual arguments are passed to the formal arguments. What is recursion in C ? What is the difference between Call By Value and Call By Reference? When a copy of the value is passed to the function, then the original value is modified. Actual arguments and formal arguments are created in the same memory location. In this case, actual arguments are not reliable, as they are modified. The addresses of actual arguments are passed to their respective formal arguments. When a function calls itself, and this process is known as recursion. The function that calls itself is known as a recursive function. Recursive function comes in two phases: Winding phase: When the recursive function calls itself, and this phase ends when the condition is reached Unwinding phase: Unwinding phase starts when the condition is reached, and the control returns to the original call Prepared by: Ex. TATA EMPLOYEE “PRATIK SHRIVASTAVA”OMPREHENSIVE INTERVIEW MATERIAL DESIGNED BY ONLINESTUDY. 21) ‘What is a pointer in C? A pointer is a variable that refers to the address of a value. It makes the code optimized and makes the performance fast. Whenever a variable is declared inside a program, then the system allocates some memory to a variable. The memory contains some address number. The variables that hold this address number is known as the pointer variable. 22) ‘What is a NULL pointer ? ‘A pointer that doesn't refer to any address of value but NULL is known as a NULL pointer. When we assign a0’ value to a pointer of any type, then it becomes a Null pointer. 23) ‘What is a far pointer in C ? A pointer which can access all the 16 segments (whole residence memory) of RAM is known as far pointer. A far pointer is 2 32-bit pointer that obtains information outside the memory in a 24) ‘What is a dangling pointer in C? * Ifa pointer is pointing any memory location, but meanwhile another pointer deletes the memory occupied by the first pointer while the first pointer still points to that memory location, the first pointer will be known as a dangling pointer. This problem is known as a dangling pointer problem. © Dangling pointer arises when an object is deleted without modifying the value of the pointer. The pointer points to the deallocated memory. 25) ‘What is the usage of Pointer inC? * Accessing array elements: Pointers are used in traversing through an array of integers ‘and strings. The string is an array of characters which is terminated by a null character, ‘Nov. Prepared by: Ex. TATA EMPLOYEE “PRATIK SHRIVASTAVA”OTs SNM YSIS ON? Dynamic memory allocation: Pointers are used in allocation and deallocation of memory during the execution of a program. Call by Reference: The pointers are used to pass a reference of a variable to other function. Data Structures like a tree, graph, linked list, etc.: The pointers are used to construct different data structures like tree, graph, linked list, ete. What is Static Memory Allocation ? In case of static memory allocation, memory is allocated at compile time, and memory can't be increased while executing the program. It is used in the array. The lifetime of a variable in static memory is the lifetime of a program. The static memory is allocated using static keyword. The static memory is implemented using stacks or heap. The pointer is required to access the variable present in the static memory. ‘The static memory is faster than dynamic memory. In static memory, more memory spaci required to store the variable. What is Dynamic Memory Allocation ? In case of dynamic memory allocation, memary is allocated at runtime and memory can the linked be increased while executing the program. Itis use’ The malloc() or calloc() function is required to allocate the memory at the runtime, An allocation or deallocation of memory is done at the execution time of a program. No dynamic pointers are required to access the memory. The dynamic memory is implemented using data segments. Less memory space is required to store the variable. What is a structure ? The structure is a user-defined data type that allows storing multiple types of data in a single unit. It occupies the sum of the memory of all members. The structure members can be accessed only through structure variables. Prepared by: Ex. TATA EMPLOYEE “PRATIK SHRIVASTAVA”RON aial a SINAN A NAD Ws =I SHRED) © Structure variables accessing the same structure but the memory allocated for each variable will be different. 29) ‘What is a union ? * The union is a user-defined data type that allows storing multiple types of data ina single unit. However, it doesn't occupy the sum of the memory of all members. It holds the memory of the largest member only. * In union, we can access only one variable at a time as it allocates one common space for all the members of a union. 30) ‘What is an auto keyword in C? In C, every local variable of a function is known as an automatic (auto) variable. Variables which are declared inside the function block are known as a local variable. The local variables are also known as an auto variable. It is optional to use an auto keyword before the data type of a variable. If no value is stored in the local variable, then it consists of a garbage value. 31) ‘What is a token ? The Token is an identifier. It can be constant, keyword, string literal, etc. A token is the smallest individual unit in a program. C has the following tokens: Identifiers: Identifiers refer to the name of the variables. Keywords: Keywords are the predefined words that are explained by the compiler. Constants: Constants are the fixed values that cannot be changed during the execution of a program, Operators: An operator is a symbol that performs the particular operation Special characters: All the characters except alphabets and digits are treated as special characters. 32) What is command line argument ? The argument passed to the main() function while executing the program is known as command line argument. For example: Prepared by: Ex. TATA EMPLOYEE “PRATIK SHRIVASTAVA”RON aial a SINAN A NAD Ws =I SHRED) main(int count, char *args[]) { //code to be executed 33) What is a file? file is 2 named location which stores data or information permanently. A file is always stored inside a storage device using file name (e.g. STUDENT.MARKS). A file name normally has primary and secondary name separated by a “.”(DOT). 34) ——_ Whatiis the difference between Function Overloading and Overriding ? Overloading is when two or more methods in the same class have the same method name but different parameters(L.e different method signatures). Overriding is when two methods having the same method name and parameters (i.e., method signature) but one of the methods is in the parent class and the other is in the child class. 35) What is a deadlock in OS ? Deadlock is a situation or condition where the two processes are waiting for each other to complete so that they can start. This result both the processes to hang. 36) What is Context Switching ? Transferring the control from one process to other process requires saving the state of the old process and loading the saved state for new process. This task is known as context switching. 37) Differentiate between Compiler and Interpreter. ‘An interpreter reads one instruction at a time and carries out the actions implied by that instruction, It does not perform any translation. But a compiler translates the entire instructions. Prepared by: Ex. TATA EMPLOYEE “PRATIK SHRIVASTAVA”OMPREHENSIVE INTERVIEW MATERIAL DESIGNED BY ONLINESTUDY: 38) What are the differences between list and tuple in Python ? Lists are mutable i.e they canbe | Tuples are immutable (tuples are lists which edited. can't be edited). Lists are slower than tuples. Tuples are faster than list. Syntax: list_1 = [10, ‘Chelsea’, 20] | Syntax: tup_1 = (10, ‘Chelsea’ , 20) 39) What type of language is Python ? Scripting or Programming ? Python is capable of scripting, but in general sense, it is considered as a general- purpose programming language. 40) What is type conversion in Python ? Type conversion refers to the conversion of one data type into another. int() — converts any data type into integer type float() — converts any data type into float type ord() — converts characters into integer hex() — converts integers to hexadecimal oct() — converts integer to octal tuple() — This function is used to convert to a tuple set() — This function returns the type after converting to set. list() — This function is used to convert any data type to a list type. dict() - This function is used to convert a tuple of order (key, value) into 2 dictionary. str() - Used to convert integer into a string, complex(realimag) -This functionconverts real numbers to complex(real,imag) number. 41) What is pickling and unpickling in Python ? Prepared by: Ex. TATA EMPLOYEE “PRATIK SHRIVASTAVA”RON aial a SINAN A NAD Ws =I SHRED) 42) 43) 4a) 45) Pickle module accepts any Python object and converts it into a string representation and dumps it into a file by using dump function, this process is called pickling, While the process of retrieving original Python abjects from the stored string representation is called unpickling, How to comment multiple lines in Python ? Multi-line comments appear in more than one line. All the lines to be commented are to be prefixed by a #. You can also a very good shortcut method to comment multiple lines. All you need to do is hold the ctrl key and left click in every place wherever you want to include a # character and type a # just once. This will comment all the lines where you introduced your curser. What are docstrings in Python ? Doestrings are not actually comments, but, they are documentation strings. These docstrings are within triple quotes. They are not assigned to any variable and therefore, at times, serve the purpose of comments as well What is a dictionary in Python ? The built-in datatypes in Python is called dictionary. It defines one-to-one relationship between keys and values. Dictionaries contain pair of keys and their corresponding values. Dictionaries are indexed by keys. What advantages do NumPy arrays offer over (nested) Python lists? * Python’ lists are efficient general-purpose containers. They support (fairly) efficient insertion, deletion, appending, and concatenation, and Python’s list, comprehensions make them easy to construct and manipulate. * They have certain limitations: they don’t support “vectorized” operations like elementwise addition and multiplication, and the fact that they can contain objects of differing types mean that Python must store type information forevery Prepared by: Ex. TATA EMPLOYEE “PRATIK SHRIVASTAVA”RON aial a SINAN A NAD Ws =I SHRED) 46) 47) 48) 49) element, and must execute type dispatching code when operating on each element. NumPy is not just more efficient; it is also more convenient. You get a lot of vector and matrix operations for free, which sometimes allow one to avoid unnecessary work, And they are also efficiently implemented. NumPy array is faster and You get a lot built in with NumPy, FFTs, convolutions, fast searching, basic statistics, linear algebra, histograms, etc. Does Python have OOPS Concept ? Python is an object-oriented programming language. This means that any program can be solved in python by creating an object model. However, Python can be treated as procedural as well as structural language. What is _ init__? —init__is a method or constructor Python. This method is automatically called to allocate memory when a new object/ instance of a class is created. All classes have the __init__method. What is meant by Database ? In simple terms, Database is @ collection of data in some organized way to facilitate its user's to easily access, manage and upload the data What are the advantages of DBMS ? Controlled Redundancy: DBMS supports a mechanism to control redundancy of data inside the database by integrating all the data into a single database and as data is stored at only one place, the duplicity of data does not happen. Data Sharing: Sharing of data among multiple users simultaneously can also be done in DBMS as the same database will be shared among all the users and by different application programs. Prepared by: Ex. TATA EMPLOYEE “PRATIK SHRIVASTAVA”OMPREHENSIVE INTERVIEW MATERIAL DESIGNED BY ONLINESTUDY. ‘© Backup and Recovery Facility: DBMS minimizes the pain of creating the backup of data again and again by providing a feature of ‘backup and recovery’ which automatically creates the data backup and restores the data whenever required. ‘+ Enforcement of Integrity Constraints: Integrity Constraints are very important to be enforced on the data so that the refined data after putting some constraints are stored in the database and this is followed by DBMS. ‘* Independence of Data: it simply means that you can change the structure ofthe data without affecting the structure of any of the application programs. 50) What is the use of Normalization in DBMS ? Normalization is the process of analyzing the relational schemas which are based on their respective functional dependencies and the primary keys in order to fulfill certain properties. The properties include = To minimize the redundancy of the Data. = To minimize the Insert, Delete and Update Anomalies. 51) What are the differences between Primary Key and Unique Key ? * The main difference between the Primary key and Unique key is that the Primary key can never have a null value while the Unique key may consist of null value ‘+ In each table, there can be only one primary key while there can be more than one unique key in a table. 52) Explain ACID properties in DBMS. * Atomicity: This is based on the concept of “either all or nothing” which basically means that if any update occurs inside the database then that update should either be available to all the others beyond user and application program or it should not be available to anyone beyond the user and application program. * Consistency: This ensures that the consistency is maintained in the database before or after any transaction that takes place inside the database. Prepared by: Ex. TATA EMPLOYEE “PRATIK SHRIVASTAVA”RON aial a SINAN A NAD Ws =I SHRED) © Isolation: As the name itself suggests, this property states that each transaction that is occurring is in isolation with others i.e. a transaction which has started but not yet campleted should be in isolation with others so that the other transaction does not get impacted with this transaction. * Durability: This property states that the data should always be in a durable state i.e. any data which is in the committed state should be available in the same state even if any failure or restart occurs in the system. 53) Explain Entity, Entity Type, and Entity Set in DBMS?\, ‘Entity is an object, place or thing which has its independent existence in the real world and about which data can be stored in a database. Eg: anyperson, book, etc. ‘* Entity Type is a collection of the entities which have the same attributes, Eg, STUDENT table contains rows in which each row is an entity holding attributes like name, age , and id of the students, hence STUDENT is an Entity Type which holds the entities having same attributes. ‘© Entity Set is a collection of the entities of the same type. Eg: A collection of the employees of a firm. 54) What are the different levels of abstraction in DBMS ? There are 3 levels of data abstraction in the DBMS. © Physical Level: This is the lowest level of the data abstraction which states how the data is stored in the database. * Logical Level: This is the next level of the data abstraction which states the type of the data and the relationship among the data that is stored in the database. © View Level: This is the highest level in the data abstraction which shows/states only a part of the database. 55) What is a functional dependency in DBMS ? Prepared by: Ex. TATA EMPLOYEE “PRATIK SHRIVASTAVA”RON aial a SINAN A NAD Ws =I SHRED) 56) 57) 58) Data structure refers to the way dat This is basically a constraint which is useful in describing the relationship among the different attributes in a relation. Example: If there is some relation ‘R1’ which has 2 attributes as Y and Z then the functional dependency among these 2 attributes can be shown as Y->Z which states that Zs functionally dependent on Y. How is pattern matching done in SQL ? ‘With the help of the LIKE operator, pattern matching is possible in the SQ is used with the Like operator when it matches with the 0 or more characters and ‘_’ is used to match the one particular character. Example: * select * from Emp where name like ‘b3%" * select * from Emp where name like ‘hans_’ What are the different types of relationships in RDBMS ? ‘One-to-One: This basically states that there should be a one-to-one relationship between the tables i.e. there should be one record in both the tables. Eg: Among a married couple, both wife and husband can have only one spouse. ‘One-to-Many: This states that there can be many relationships for one i.e. a primary key table hold only one record which can have many, one or none records in the related table. Eg: A Mother can have many cl ren. Many-to-Many: This states that both the tables can be related to many other tables. Eg: One can have many siblings and so do they have. What is data structure? organized and manipulated. It seeks to find ways to make data access more efficient. When dealing with the data structure, we not only focus on one piece of data but the different set of data and how they can relate to one another in an organized manner. Prepared by: Ex. TATA EMPLOYEE “PRATIK SHRIVASTAVA”RON aial a SINAN A NAD Ws =I SHRED) 59) Differentiate between file and structure storage structure. The key difference between both the data structure is the memory area that is being accessed. When dealing with the structure that resides the main memory of the computer system, this is referred to as storage structure. When dealing with an auxiliary structure, we refer to it as file structures. 60) When is a binary search best applied? ‘A binary search is an algorithm that is best applied to search a list when the elements are already in order or sorted. The list is searched starting in the middle, such that if that middle value is not the target search key, it will check to see if it will continue the search ‘on the lower half of the list or the higher half. The split and search will then continue in the same manner. 61) What is a linked list? Alinked list is a sequence of nodes in which each node is connected to the node following it. This forms a chain-like link for data storage. 62) How do you reference all the elements in a one-dimension array? To reference all the elements in a one -dimension array, you need to use an indexed loop, So that, the counter runs from 0 to the array size minus one. In this manner, You can reference all the elements in sequence by using the loop counter as the array subscript. 63) In what areas do data structures are applied? Data structures are essential in almost every aspect where data is involved. In general, algorithms that involve efficient data structure is applied in the following areas: Prepared by: Ex. TATA EMPLOYEE “PRATIK SHRIVASTAVA”COMPREHENSIVE INTERVIEW MATERIAL DESIGNED BY ONLINESTUDY4U. numerical analysis, operating system, A.1., compiler design, database management, graphics, and statistical analysis, to name a few. 64) What is LIFO? LIFO is a short form of Last In First Out. It refers how data is accessed, stored and retrieved. Using this scheme, data that was stored last should be the one to be extracted first. This also means that in order to gain access to the first data, all the other data that was stored before this first data must first be retrieved and extracted. 65) What is a queue? A queue is a data structure that can simulate a list or stream of data. In this structure, new elements are inserted at one end, and existing elements are removed from the other end. 66) What are binary trees? Abinary tree is one type of data structure that has two nodes, a left node, and a right node. In programming, binary trees are an extension of the linked list structures. 67) Which data structures are applied when dealing with a recursive function? Recursion, is a function that calls itself based on a terminating condition, makes use of the stack. Using LIFO, a call to a recursive function saves the return address so that it knows how to return to the calling function after the call terminates. 68) What is a stack? Prepared by: Ex. TATA EMPLOYEE “PRATIK SHRIVASTAVA”RON aial a SINAN A NAD Ws =I SHRED) Astack is a data structure in which only the top element can be accessed. As data is stored in the stack, each data is pushed downward, leaving the most recently added data on top, 69) Explain Binary Search Tree Abinary search tree stores data in such a way that they can be retrieved very efficiently The left subtree contains nodes whose keys are less than the node's key value, while the right subtree contains nodes whose keys are greater than or equal to the node's key value. Moreover, both subtrees are also binary search trees. 70) What are multidimensional arrays? Multidimensional arrays make use of multiple indexes to store data. It is useful when storing data that cannot be represented using single dimensional indexing, such as data representation in a board game, tables with data stored in more than one column 71) Are linked lists considered linear or non-linear data structures? It depends on where you intend to apply linked lists. if you based it on storage, a linked list is considered non-linear. On the other hand, if you based it on access strategies, then a linked list is considered linear. 72) How does dynamic memory allocation help in managing data? ‘Apart from being able to store simple structured data types, dynamic memory allocation can combine separately allocated structured blocks to form composite structures that expand and contract as needed 73) What is FIFO? Prepared by: Ex. TATA EMPLOYEE “PRATIK SHRIVASTAVA”RON aial a SINAN A NAD Ws =I SHRED) FIFO stands for First-in, First-out, and is used to represent how data is accessed in a queue. Data has been inserted into the queue list the longest is the one that is removed first. 74) What is an ordered list? ‘An ordered list isa list in which each node’s position in the list is determined by the value of its key component, so that the key values form an increasing sequence, as the list is traversed. 75) What is merge sort? Merge sort, is a divide-and-conquer approach for sorting the data. In a sequence of data, adjacent ones are merged and sorted to create bigger sorted lists. These sorted lists are then merged again to form an even bigger sorted list, which continues until you have one single sorted list. 76) Differentiate NULL and VOID Null is a value, whereas Void is a data type identifier. A variable that is given a Null value indicates an empty value. The void is used to identify pointers as having no initial size. 77) What is the primary advantage of a linked list? Alinked list is an ideal data structure because it can be modified easily. This means that editing a linked list works regardless of how many elements are in the list. 78) What is the difference between a PUSH and a POP? Pushing and popping applies to the way data is stored and retrieved in astack. A push denotes data being added to it, meaning data is being “pushed” into the stack. Onthe Prepared by: Ex. TATA EMPLOYEE “PRATIK SHRIVASTAVA”COMPREHENSIVE INTERVIEW MATERIAL DESIGNED BY ONLINESTUDY4U. other hand, a pop denotes data retrieval, and in particular, refers to the topmost data being accessed. 79) What is a linear search? Alinear search refers to the way a target key is being searched in a sequential data structure. In this method, each element in the list is checked and compared against the target key. The process is repeated until found or if the end of the file has been reached. 80) How does variable declaration affect memory allocation? The amount of memory to be allocated or reserved would depend on the data type of the variable being declared. For example, if a variable is declared to be of integer type, then 32 bits of memory storage will be reserved for that variable. 81) What is the advantage of the heap over a stack? The heap is more flexible than the stack. That's because memory space for the heap can be dynamically allocated and de-allocated as needed. However, the memory of the heap can at times be slower when compared to that stack. 82) What is a postfix expression? ‘A postfix expression is an expression in which each operator follows its operands. The advantage of this form is that there is no need to group sub-expressions in parentheses or to consider operator precedence. 83) What is Data abstraction? Data abstraction is @ powerful tool for breaking down complex data problems into manageable chunks. This is applied by it ly specifying the data objects involved and Prepared by: Ex. TATA EMPLOYEE “PRATIK SHRIVASTAVA”RON aial a SINAN A NAD Ws =I SHRED) the operations to be performed on these data objects without being overly concerned with how the data objects will be represented and stored in memory. 84) How do you insert a new item in a binary search tree? ‘Assuming that the data to be inserted is a unique value (that is, not an existing entry in the tree), check first if the tree is empty. If it's empty, just insert the new item in the root node. If it’s not empty, refer to the new item’s key. If it’s smaller than the root’s key, insert it into the root's left subtree, otherwise, insert it into the root's right subtree. 85) How does a selection sort work for an array? The selection sort is a fairly intuitive sorting algorithm, though not necessarily efficient. In this process, the smallest element is first located and switched with the element at subscript zero, thereby placing the smallest element in the first position. The smallest element remaining in the subarray is then located next to subscripts 1 through n-1 and switched with the element at subscript 1, thereby placing the second smallest element in the second position. The steps are repeated in the same manner till the last element. 86) How do signed and unsigned numbers affect memory? In the case of signed numbers, the first bit is used to indicate whether positive or negative, which leaves you with one bit short. With unsigned numbers, you have all bits available for that number. The effect is best seen in the number range (an unsigned 8-bit number has a range 0-255, while the 8-bit signed number has a range -128 to +127. 87) What is the mi jum number of nodes that a binary tree can have? Abinary tree can have a minimum of zero nodes, which occurs when the nodes have NULL values. Furthermore, a binary tree can also have 1 or 2 nodes. Prepared by: Ex. TATA EMPLOYEE “PRATIK SHRIVASTAVA”RON aial a SINAN A NAD Ws =I SHRED) 88) What are dynamic data structures? Dynamic data structures are structures that expand and contract as a program runs. It provides a flexible means of manipulating data because it can adjust according to the size of the data. 89) In what data structures are pointers applied? Pointers that are used in linked list have various applications in the data structure. Data structures that make use of this concept include the Stack, Queue, Linked List and Binary Tree. 90) Do all declaration statements result in a fixed reservation in memory? Most declarations do, with the exemption of pointers. Pointer declaration does not allocate memory for data, but for the address of the pointer variable. Actual memory allocation for the data comes during run-time. 91) What are ARRAYS? When dealing with arrays, data is stored and retrieved using an index that refers to the element number in the data sequence. This means that data can be accessed in any order. In programming, an array is declared as a variable having a number of indexed elements, 92) What is the minimum number of queues needed when implementing a priority queue? ‘The minimum number of queues needed in this case is two. One queue is intended for sorting priorities while the other queue is used for actual storage of data. Prepared by: Ex. TATA EMPLOYEE “PRATIK SHRIVASTAVA”RON aial a SINAN A NAD Ws =I SHRED) 93) Which sorting algorithm is considered the fastest? There are many types of sorting algorithms: quick sort, bubble sort, balloon sort, radix sort, merge sort, etc. Not one can be considered the fastest because each algorithm is designed for a particular data structure and data set. It would depend on the data set that you would want to sort. 94) Differentiate STACK from ARRAY. Stack follows a LIFO pattern. It means that data access follows a sequence wherein the last data to be stored when the first one to be extracted. Arrays, on the other hand, does not follow a particular order and instead can be accessed by referring to the indexed element within the array. 95) if the tree is empty, then the target is not in the tree, end search ive a basic algorithm for searching a binary search tree. 2. if the tree is not empty, the target is in the tree 3. check if the target is in the root item |. if a target is not in the root item, check if a target is smaller than the root's value . if a target is smaller than the root's value, search the left subtree ows . else, search the right subtree 96) What is a dequeue? ‘A dequeue is a double-ended queue. This is a structure wherein elements can be inserted or removed from either end. 97) What is a bubble sort and how do you perform it? Prepared by: Ex. TATA EMPLOYEE “PRATIK SHRIVASTAVA”OTs SNM YSIS ON? ‘A bubble sort is one sorting technique that can be applied to data structures such as an array. It works by comparing adjacent elements and exchanges their values if they are out of order. This method lets the smaller values “bubble” to the top of the list, while the larger value sinks to the bottom. 98) What is Cloud Computing ? Cloud computing is a type of computing that relies on shared computing resources rather than having local servers or personal devices to handle applications. In its most simple description, cloud computing is taking services ("cloud services") and moving them outside an organization's firewall. Applications, storage and other services are accessed via the Web. The services are delivered and used over the Internet and are paid for by the cloud customer on an as-needed or pay-per-use business model. 99) Explain the concept of |OT ? The internet of things, or loT, is a system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical and digital machines, objects, animals or people that are provided with unique identifiers (UIDs) and the ability to transfer data over a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to- computer interaction. 100) — what is Machine Learning ? Machine learning is an application of artificial intelligence (Al) that provides systems the ability to automatically learn and improve from experience without being explicitly programmed. Machine learning focuses on the development of computer programs that can access data and use it learn for themselves. ‘The process of learning begins with observations or data, such as examples, direct experience, or instruction, in order to look for patterns in data and make better decisions in the future based on the examples that we provide. The primary aim is to allow the computers learn automatically without human intervention or assistance and adjust actions accordingly. Prepared by: Ex. TATA EMPLOYEE “PRATIK SHRIVASTAVA”COMPREHENSIVE INTERVIEW MATERIAL DESIGNED BY ONLINESTUDY4U. Interview Experiences: Interview Experiences of Our Students Nikhi TCS came to my college RVR JC i went to 8 am in my bus and interviews started from 9 am upto 1:30 pm all the girls were interviewed as all know there will be tr, mr (skype) and hr(direct face 2 face) my friends asked few girls about the interview procedure and questions i did not ask becoz i am full shy to ask , anyway thats different from current topic they told few questions Q1. what are diff between c c++ java and java python ? 2. what is abstraction polymorphism etc on oops concepts 3. basic questions blah blah biah now our boys turn had started there are 5 panels btw they sorted according to our name given at time registration so | am almost last my friends whose names starts with A had went first and they came after 15-20 min iam very curious to know what happened? some told that medium questions like asking a program to write (matrix addition ,multiplication) how many sorting techniques you know? and which is the best in time complexity? then some other questions related to LATEST TRENDS, like machine learning , big data ,blah blah blah You no need to know in depth just you need to know some of other department students like ece , eee mech were interviewed in their core subjects I did not even understood what are those becoz i am cse student i fell udner panel 3 my friend was also under same panel before me he went first and returned i asked him Prepared by: Ex. TATA EMPLOYEE “PRATIK SHRIVASTAVA”COMPREHENSIVE INTERVIEW MATERIAL DESIGNED BY ONLINESTUDY4U. he told that some advanced dbms(database) concepts and he told about his project now its my turn its about 5:15 pm in the evening tr's went to tea break and came they told to come in now there is laptop infront of me with a headset with mic isat down and feeling super nervuous becoz its my first skype Interview there are two TR members in skype and one HR in face2face interview had went like this TR : tell me about yourself me : i had introduced my self and my hands started shivering TR: what languages do you know? me : basics in C, JAVA and intermediate in python TR: why like that? me :ihad learnt c java in my clg i had done some intermediate programs but now i cant remember as that of python TR : okok , write a string palindrome program in c and python me : i had written in python which took 3 lines and in c i took 5 -10 min and showed them TR: okok , how do you use pyhton in machine learning ? me : 1 DONT KNOW THAT MUCH ABOUT MACHINE LEARNING TR: (secondmember) : which other language you use in ml other than python? me : ihave no idea sir TR: ok ok, what databases you know ? me : sql, mongo db (here's my intention is to divert them to the mongo db as i forgot ‘sql basics also ,eventually persons will actually grasp the second word than first word ) TR: is mango db rdbms or non rdbms ? me : non rdbms its nosql and document based database TR: how data is stored in mongodb? me : in json format TR : okok, what is client server architecture ? Prepared by: Ex. TATA EMPLOYEE “PRATIK SHRIVASTAVA”COMPREHENSIVE INTERVIEW MATERIAL DESIGNED BY ONLINESTUDY4U. me : ianswered ‘TR: what is three tier architecture ? me :i answered TR: in lOT my mind started shivering becoz i am not an ece guy and i dont know about |OT i waited for him to complete the question ‘TR: in lOT , we are about to use IPv6 addresses , what do you know about them ? now my mind was so happy as i know netwoi i answered in depth somewhat ‘TR: what is webservices? me :ianswered TR : ok naga sai nikhil thank you i was shocked and feared if they mean "YOU CAN LEAVE FOR TODAY " Then HR asked TR's TR told that i am good to go to HR THIS DOES PUT A SMILE ON MY FACE Ccoming to HR he took my resume when i entered the room upto then he read it one thing i tell you friends is to put your projects remember this HR : what is flipkart scraper? as i have done project on webscraping me :its a scraper which gets value of redmi note 5 and emails me when the price changed HR : will that require permission from flipkart ? me : no ,becoz you can view the products and their prices without loggining into flipkart HR : you have youtube channel ? (ihave put it in my resume ) me : yes sir HR : how many subscribers? me : 200-300 Prepared by: Ex. TATA EMPLOYEE “PRATIK SHRIVASTAVA”COMPREHENSIVE INTERVIEW MATERIAL DESIGNED BY ONLINESTUDY4U. HR : will you do weekly a video? me = no sir i wil Ido if i get continouus holidays and not in exams ti HR : how much moeny you earnt? me :1 didnot apply for adsense sir and also revenue will be low HR : ok ok you are find and you can go and he also asked about my CTF's and some token of appreciations as you can see clearly there are no quesions like "why TCs ?" "tell me abot tes?" "why should we hire you?" “will you leave tes if you got some better company?" i promise and telling you there are no shit questions like this in any of the rounds THE REASON IS my projects :) put an your projects in your resume even you didnot complete that project, idont have latest trend like machine learning, big data and others iam only good at basics and cyber security( i didnot tell it to TR because i lost my codevita interview because of this ) and i dont know about results i just had my interview ,came home, commenting here about my interview THIS IS MY EXPERIENCE Interview Experience of a TCS candidate (SRM chennai university ! ) Tell me about yourself? 2.Why did you choose engineering? 3.why did you choose it company when you're from EcE? 4.Why should we hire you? 5. If any other It company offers more package like Google will you stick with Tes orelse will you move to that company? 6.Do you prefer further studies? 7. Difference between python and C? 8.Will you be able to all weekends under pressure for 12 hours? 9. Do you have any questions? #TCS NQT interview Experience 1 tcs-nqt-interview-questions-and-experiences Attended TCS NQT interview in the month of June 2019 & got selected. Two rounds —TR and HR. First was TR. Questions were: Prepared by: Ex. TATA EMPLOYEE “PRATIK SHRIVASTAVA”OTs SNM YSIS ON? QL. What is cloud computing, application of cloud computing, SAAS? 2. Do you know any real-time applications of cloud computing? Q3. What isa linear data structure? 4. Explain quick sort with algorithm and example? Q5.Given an array, how will you search an element in the most efficient manner? 6. Difference between execution and error? Round 2: HR 1) Tell me something which is not a part of your resume? 2) What are u doing to increase your communication skills? 3) Are you willing to relocate? 4) Why TCs? TCS NQT interview Experience 2 tcs nat interview questions & experiences Attended TCS NOT off-campus for 2018 batch & got selected. There was one round of interview only which combined Technical, HR, MR rounds Questions were based on my core branch which is Electrical. All of them were basic questions like what is your fav subject, what is an induction motor, its applications, etc. Some questions were from programming like write a program to print Fibonacci series. Some HR questions were like ~ Are you willing to relocate, Are you okay with night shifts etc. Imp points to note down: Never lie anything in your application form or resume. Whether you know anything or not, don’t stay calm in the interview. Smile more, be bold, be positive, They never hire candidates who are always serious and worried about little things Sleep well before the interview and wear neat and clean and proper formal dress. (from h: band to shoes). ~ If you are cross-questioned at one of your lies, its better to tell the truth. Do full research about the company before the interview. Keep your voice loud and clear. These are all the important traits which the company is looking for. So try to match these points. All the best !! PS: Ifit’s your day, then nothing is gonna stop you. And if it’s not then no matter how hard you try, nothing gonna happen. So, the bottom line is that do your best, don't worry about the result. Also, in the online test, | was asked this coding question ~ Write a Program to count the number of vowels and consonants in the word taken as an input by the user. HTCS NOT interview Experience 3 tes nqt interview questions Attended TCS NQT for 2018 batch & got selected. Overall Interview was good. You need to be confident. Prepare about projects well and basics of HTML, C. Prepare the topics which are mentioned in your resume. Some of the questions that were asked are: 1) Tell me about yourself? 2) Tell me about TCS? Prepared by: Ex. TATA EMPLOYEE “PRATIK SHRIVASTAVA”RON aial a SINAN A NAD Ws =I SHRED) 3) Why do you want to join TCS? 4) Why you are applying for IT industry and why not jobs in your Core domain? 5) Explain your project & your role in the project? 6) Some HTML basics & about Embedded systems TCS NOT interview Experience 4 The overall interview experience was great. | am from Civil background and | was interviewed for over 40 mins. There were 2 rounds, Technical & HR interview. Who built C? Difference between Call by Value and Call by Address? Difference between merge sort and insertion sort? Example of merge sort. How to count the elements of a String? Basics about structure, linked list, queue. The HR interview went for only 5 mins and they asked me only 3 questions: 1) relocation 2) background check and 3) serviceability bond. TCS NQT interview Experience 5 Attended TCS NOT in 2018 First of all, they asked me to introduce about myself. | said I’m confident in C, C++, JAVA, DBMS. After that a few technical questions were asked What is Dangling Pointer? Basic SQL queries? C program to check whether a number is prime? What is a double pointer? Briefly asked about your project. Difference between C and C+. Overall it was @ good interview. Finally, | asked the interviewer to rate my interview. | think | shouldn’t have asked that question!! The interviewer told me he can’t tell that now and asked me to wait for the email HTCS NOT interview Experience 6 1am from Mechanical branch. My interview was on 9th Feb 2018 in MGIT college, Hyderabad. For me all the three round (TR, MR, HR) were held in one round with 3 interviewers. They asked me questions on C and JAVA as | said | am trained on those languages. Prepare all the basics of languages mentioned in your resume and be prepared on each and every line of your resume. If u think u can’t answer for a question on your resume then please remove that line from your resume. You will be asked this question “Being a non-IT student, why are u coming into this field”?. When asked, answer carefully else they will definetly drag on this topic based on ur answer. However maybe the interviewer's face (serious or smiling}, you should be confident with a smile on our face. Some topics & questions asked were: 00Ps concepts - All the definitions of OOPs concepts * between while and do while. * Interface definition, © Platform dependency Prepared by: Ex. TATA EMPLOYEE “PRATIK SHRIVASTAVA”COTM Saas OO ONO) * 1M © Prime number program * Many questions on java (I don't remember some of them) * Ifyou are okay with relocation, then why didn’t u choose to do engineering in same other state? * Difference between 2 stroke and 4 stroke Difference TCS NQT interview Experience 7 Round 1:(Technical Round) | was asked to enter the Interview room after documents’ verification. There were two Interviewers in a single panel Interviewer: Okay shivam, tell me about yourself. Me: Respected sir, myself Shivam kumar. | am pursuing MSc(Mathematics and Computing] from the Indian Institute of Technology(indian School of Mines), Dhanbad. | have completed my graduation from Ramakrishna Mission Residential College, Narendrapur. | like to solve problems related to competitive coding. | have solved more than 250 coding questions of different levels in several coding platforms . My ambition is to work in an IT company. Besides coding, | like to develop websites, android apps, etc. Interviewer: Okay, so tell me what are the subjects you are studying in your current semester? Me: Software Engineering, Computer Networks. Interviewer: Explain waterfall model in software engineering. Me: (Answered) Interviewer: What are the drawbacks of waterfall model? Me: (Answered) Interviewer: Have you heard the term ‘Cryptography’? If yes then explain it to me. Me: It is an art of protecting information by transforming it into unreadable text. The information can bbe accessed from the public domain but the person | allow access will be able to access it with the help of key. Key is a concept in cryptography. For eg, Sending an email is an example of cryptography. Interviewer: Nice, now tell me what is HTTP, HTTPS and explain me the difference between HTTP and HTTPS. Me: HTTP is Hyper Text Transfer Protocol. | don't know HTTPS. Interviewer: What! You haven’t heard about HTTPS. Whatever what is the IP address? Me: (Answered) Prepared by: Ex. TATA EMPLOYEE “PRATIK SHRIVASTAVA”Interviewer: Write an IP address and tell me which class does it belong to. Me:(Answered) Interviewer: Okay Shivam, now tell me why should we hire you. Me: | am from Mathematics background. | have done my graduation in Mathematics Hons. and post- graduation in mathematics and computing. Competing with the BTech students and sitting in front of you, I think | am eligible for this job. Interviewer: Okay, wait for 5 mins, we are sending the feedback to HR. He will call you. Round 2:(HR) Now the HR called me after 10 minutes, HR: Hey Rishay, if join? Me: Of course, | have no problem. tell you to work at the location which is not favorable for you, for eg. Kochi will you HR: If | tell you to work at night shift, will you join? Me: Obviously. HR: Can you speak hindi? Me: Yes, HR: Can you write Hindi? If yes, then write a sentence in Hindi. Me: (Wrote) HR: Thank you Rishay, results will be declared soon. Till then you just leave the campus. After 2-3 weeks, the results were declared and | got selected, the offer letter came which | accepted. Overall it was a nice experience HTCS Digital interview Experience 8 TCS Digital Interview Experience 2020 Round 1: TCS conducted an aptitude and verbal reasoning test on 3rd Oct 2020. The next day on 4th Oct, a coding round was conducted, 2 coding questions were asked. Each question involved public and private test cases. ‘The first question was very simple and just involved the application of if-else. The second question was a little tricky and was related to pattern printing. | solved the first question completely and public test cases of the second question. Scorecard was made on the basis of performance in both the test. After this, | got a mail from TCS on 15th Oct for a final interview. My interview was scheduled for 16th Oct at 11 am. Prepared by: Ex. TATA EMPLOYEE “PRATIK SHRIVASTAVA”Feo Tals SN TAN ODOT ONEONTA Z Round 2: First | was asked to show my gov id proof, and then he asked whether | have any current backlogs or not. It was a panel of three members. Question: ell us something about yourself? Explain your best project. explained my COVID-19 tracker project which | made using beautiful soup, Django, and react. | always make a video representation of my project. So | showed him that video via screen sharing. What technologies do you know? Django (python web framework), Django Rest Framework, React, Vue, BeautifulSoup (python library f web scrapping), Tkinter How will you integrate sessions in Django? Answered. What is token authentication? Answered. What are migrations and tell commands to migrate your database? Answered. How does a client-server architecture work? Answered. How will you split a page into three equal-sized partitions in React? Answered but he was not satisfied What programming languages do you know? Answered Python and C+. What is pickling in python? | don’t know What is the difference between call by value and call by reference? Answered. What is the command to check proxy in windows? | don’t know. How does the lambda function work in python? Answered. Can you execute a program without the main function? Answered What is the standard template library? Answered. What is merged in joins? Answered. Who is the father of Computer Science? Answered. What is spooling? Answered. Why is the batch operating system better than mainframes? Answered. When was the first supercomputer developed? | made a guess but it was wrong. Explain various types of relationships in the database. Answered. What are scheduling algorithms? Answered. What are private classes and friend classes? Answered. Explain a situation where we must use private classes. | gave an answer but it wes wrong. What is the difference between tuples and lists in python? Answered. What are storage classes in c? Answered. Why did you choose to learn the web instead of ML? Which has a brighter future web or mobile development and why? What is the command to open a file in Ubuntu? | don’t know Ubuntu Who is your role model? Swami Vivekananda and Nikola Tesla. What is the birthplace of Swami Vivekananda and which is the most famous monument named after Swami Vivekananda? Answered. What do you think about the controversy between Tesla and Edison? If you are offered to work in a team or as an individual, what will you choose and why? Team, But what if you will be given a promotion in 2 years if you work as an individual and a promotion in 4 years if you work in a team? Why do you want to join TCS? Prepared by: Ex. TATA EMPLOYEE “PRATIK SHRIVASTAVA”What is the best thing about TCS? What will you choose an 11 lakh pkg in Google or a 9 lakh pkg in TCS? What will you do if you are in a situation where you have to deliver work to the client but 2 of your teammates are having some emergency situation and 3rd member is having some personal problems?) What is the difference between pandemic and epidemic? What is Demoralization? What is the difference between deep copy and shallow copy? Please send your college mark sheet, pan card, resume, 10th, and 12th mark sheet on the email id | ha shared in the chatbox. Note: No coding question was asked HTCS interview Experience 9. Interview Experience of our student Shreya Bhardwaj (TCS Codevita 2020) Round 1: The first Round was online Coding round, The duration of the coding Round was 6 Hours and we can give the test from our place. There were 6 coding questions in total. The difficulty level varied from easy to moderate. some of the questions were so simple that the brute force method worked for| them and some questions were really tricky from topics such as graphs and trees. Even if you execute one code with all test case passed you would get an interview invite from TCS. Round 2(Ninja Profile): Interview Round, first there was combined Technical and Managerial Round, consisting of questions from following topics :- First question was about my Project and what is my role in it? What is objective of your Project and use of Machine learning in your project. (used Al, ML? expect a question on CNN) Bus: rimary Key, Foreign Key asked to write basic SQL queries. They asked a basic pattern Printing Programs. They asked questions about how would you manage your Time and also maintain work life balance. (keep calm and reply similarly how you would have replied to anyone in simple conversation) Then There was HR Round and following questions were asked:- Tell me something about Yourself 2. Where would you see yourself, 5 years from Now ?. What are your Hobbies ?. Do you Have any problem in Relocation ?. (ALWAYS NO) Do you have any current Backlog ?. HTCS Interview Experience 10 Round 1: The Round 1 Zone 2 contest was held on 16th August 2020. There were 6 coding questions o| different difficulty levels that had to be solved within 6 hours. | solved 3 questions and I secured a rank! of 923 and was qualified for the second round. received a mail on 15th September 2020 that | have been shortlisted for a Pre-Placement Interview Prepared by: Ex. TATA EMPLOYEE “PRATIK SHRIVASTAVA”RON eial a YM MA NL PWS AMICON TOI SHNO DO) ZO) with Tata Consultancy Services Limited which was scheduled on 2st September 2020. In the mail, they provided a link to Microsoft Team, where the virtual interview had to be taken. TCS CodeVita 2020 Interview Experience: My interview was scheduled at 10:00 am but | had to wait in the Microsoft Teams lobby for 1 hour :( Then they took me to the meeting, and I was asked to wait for around 20 mins till all the panelists join. Finally, few panelists entered the meeting. | was asked me show my Government ID on camera, college-id might also work. Introduce yourself to the panelists. Be aware of what you are mentioning in your interest and projects because your whole interview will be based on that. Since | mentioned that | have done an internship on Android App Development, the ignored other projects and interests and focused only on the Android App. Round 2 (Technical Round): They asked me all possible questions from Android App for 30 minutes. What is Android? What is the application? Use of Android Manifest file? Difference between Android and iOS? Android SDK ...(These are the basic questions which I could answer, there were more questions which | could not answer} | guess there was some Android developer in the panelists because | also mentioned other projects, they totally ignored it. Do u know C? I said yes. What is a friend function? How is it used? What is the profit of using it? I could not answer. What is call by value and call by reference in C? | explained. Difference between C++ and Java. | focused on multiple inheritances. Difference between abstract class and interface. What are the uses of abstract class and abstract function? I couldn’t properly answer. What is the final function, the final class? What are its uses? | only described the final keyword. And couldn’t answer the rest. What are the different access modifiers in java? Why a class can be made private? Can we write "stati public void main”? | answered. What is JDBC and explain the language of the 05? Do you know SQL? I said | do not have good knowledgeDefine the different exception handling in java. Then she gave me some situations and asked me if there would be any exceptions or not? Answered. Round 3 (MR Round & HR Round): What do you think about the fact that women should do night shifts? | answered. If you are given a situation where your boss assigned you a role which you are not capable of and you hate that work and also you do not have any career hike..what will you do? | answered If you get an opportunity in Google, Microsoft, will you leave TCS? | answered. Prepared by: Ex. TATA EMPLOYEE “PRATIK SHRIVASTAVA”CON Tene NSO VOODOO ODONTOL ZOD What are your strength and hobbies? | Answered. Are you willing to relocate? Answered. If you are given an opportunity to work in a team or by yourself which one will you choose? Answered Alot of abstract questions were asked again. | don’t remember all. Describe yourself in 3 words. What is the last thing you learned in lockdown? Don’t you think you should have spent more time developing new things? | answered. Interviewer: That's all from our side. Do you have any questions for us? Share your screen. They verified my Class X and Class Xi mark sheets. Best of luck with your results! P.S: Despite telling that | have a major interest in coding, they did not ask a single question related to coding, also they did not ask me to explain CodeVita questions. The interview went on for 50 mins approximately HTCS Interview Experience 11 Round 1: I solved 1 question in Codevita Season 9 and was fortunate enough to get an interview call. My Intervipw was scheduled for 19th September 2020 starting from 10:00 AM but got a call from the HR and it started at around 4:15 PM. Due to Covid-19 scenario the process was virtually conducted in Microsoft Teams platform. There were 3 panelists one Technical(TR), one Managerial(MR) and HR, Round 2: Began with my Technical Round. TR: | can see you have mentioned about Python in your resume Let’s start with python. Me: Okay Sir TR: Explain the use of PEP Me: Explained TR: Difference between PEP and PIP Me: Explained TR: Function of _init_ina class Me: Explained ‘TR: What is Self in Python? Me: Explained TR: Difference between Arrays and List, List and Tuple. When do we use Tuple and not a List ? Prepared by: Ex. TATA EMPLOYEE “PRATIK SHRIVASTAVA”VMN AWLP LO) ‘an example TR: Memory Management in Python Me: Explained TR: Use of Python Path Me: Explained TR: Difference between Global and Local Variables Me: Answered with an example TR: What is Lambda function? How is it different from normal function? Me: Answered with an example TR: What are Iterators and Generators? Me: Answered with an example ‘TR: What is Pickling and Unpickling? Me: Answered TR: Difference of range and xrange? Me: Answered with an example TR: Use of *args and **kwargs Me: Answered with an example TR: Explain shallow copy VS deep copy? Me: Explained with an example TR: Multi-threading in python Me: Wasn’t completely sure with my answer and told that | couldn’t recall properly. TR: What is Monkey Patching? Me: This time again took some time to answer but wasn’t completely and fumbled a bit. TR: Explain virtual environment Prepared by: Ex. TATA EMPLOYEE “PRATIK SHRIVASTAVA”OMPREHENSIVE INTERVIEW MATERIAL DESIGNED BY ONLINESTU Me: Answered confidently this time TR: Asked about projects Me: Told about my projects, he asked few questions related to my projects, answered those Then shifted to UNIX and asked some UNIX commands asked some git commands. Then again shifted to DBMS. TR: Explain concurrency and serializability Me: Answered Prepared by: Ex. TATA EMPLOYEE “PRATIK SHRIVASTAVA”TCS NQT Programming Questions 11. What is data abstraction? what are the three levels of data abstraction with Example? 2. What is command line argument? 3. Advantages of a macro over a function? 4. What are the different storage classes in C? 5. Which header file should you include if you are to develop a function which can accept a variable number of arguments? 6. What is cache memory? 7. What is debugger? 8. Const char *p , char const *p What is the difference between the above two? 9, What is Memory Alignment? 10. Explain the difference between ‘operator new’ and the ‘new' operator? 11. Difference between delete and delete[]? 12. What is conversion constructor? 13. What is a spanning Tree? 14. Why should we use data warehousing and how can you extract data for analysis with an example? 15. Explain recursive function & what is the data structures used toperform recursion? 16. Differentiate between Compiler and Interpreter? 17. What is the scope of a variable? 18. What is a user-defined exception in Java? 19, What is Java Applet? 20. What do you know about the garbage collector? 21, Write a Binary Search program 22. What are enumerations? 23. What a is a static Identifier? 24, What is Cryptography? 25. What is encryption? 26. What is decryption? 27. What exactly is a digital signature? 28. What is an Interrupt? 29. What is trigger? 30. What do you mean by joins in SQL? Explain its type. 31. How you handle the pressure? (Following questions were asked by the Managerial guy) Prepared by: Ex. TATA EMPLOYEE “PRATIK SHRIVASTAVA”COMPREHENSIVE INTERVIEW MATERIAL DESIGNED BY ONLINESTUDY4U. 32. If you are a Team Leader and one of your assistant is not working up to the mark and due to him/her, the project is being delayed. How will you handle thissituation? 33, Are you comfortable working in night shift? (Following questions were asked by HR guy). 34, Are you ok with the 2-year bond? 35, Why do you want to join TCS? 36.How can volte work in a 4G mobile? 37.What is an IP address? 38. What is Cloud Computing? 39, Explain types of protocols 40. What are your strengths and weaknesses? 41. How to connect nine dots using three straight lines? ‘Sample Interview Experience by Student for TCS ‘Type of Interview: On-Campus Interview Student Interview Round 2: Interview Round Technical Questions Some of the questions asked in this section were: * What are the properties of intrinsic semiconductor? ‘+ What is modulation and its types? + What is the difference between electronics and electricals? + What is the difference between C and C++? © What is OOPS? ‘+ What is a Linked List? HR Questions * Tell me about yourself. + Why do you want to shift your domain from ECE to IT? * How many offers do you have? ‘+ Why don't you join your father's business? Tell which subject you read recently for interview - DBMS. 2.What is DBMS.? 3.What is advantage of DBMS? 4.What is redundancy? 5.How to remove redundancy? 6.What is Normalization? 7Tell about normal forms? 8 What is DDL,DML,DCL? 9. Write Query to create a table? 10, Copy data from one table to another table? 1LSecond max salary of an employee 12.Right outer join query and tabulated output 13.Normalization definition and anomalies 14.Give employee table asked some simple SQL query 115.What is Indexing and Clustering in RDBMS? Why we used? 16.Types of Joins in RDBMS Prepared by: Ex. TATA EMPLOYEE “PRATIK SHRIVASTAVA”OMPREHENSIVE INTERVIEW MATERIAL DESIGNED BY ONLINESTUDY. HR INTERVIEW QUESTIONS AND ANSWER: QL. Tell me about yourself. Hello sir, madam good morning /afternoon/evening 1am Shilpa from Shimla. Recently, | have completed my graduation ( BTech) in electronics and communication engineering from RGIT. Thave done my schooling from girls high school with 9.7 cgpa. Ihave done my intermediate from Nalanda | have secured 94%. My father is an electrician, my mother is a teacher, | have one brother. My strength is | am highly determined to fulfil my goals. My role model is my parents. My hobbies are reading books, playing indoor games, My short-term goal is to get a job in a reputed company and my long term goal is to get a respected position in that organization. ‘Asa fresher, | have no experience but | will try to prove myself when the opportunity comes to me. | am looking to join your company to explore my skills. That's all about myself. Don’t make the mistake of sharing too much personal information in any of your HR interview questions and answers round. You will not be left with enough time to sell your experience and relevant technical skills Q2. Why Should i hire you ? As a fresher, | am having less practical knowledge but have the ability to grab things quickly and | believe in improving myself day to day is key of my success and growth of the company. | will be working with full efficiency and getting work done at the assigned time. Q3. What are your strengths and weaknesses? My strength is | am a very bold, self-motivated person, quick learner, honest towards my job with a positive attitude. My weakness is | can't say no when people ask me for help, believing everyone. Q4. Can you perform under pressure? Most of the times, the job of software development is that of working under pressure. Sometimes, it will be the pressure of delivering on time while it can be that of a bug that has sprung all of a sudden in your code.So, expect pressure in everything you do. Itis important Prepared by: Ex. TATA EMPLOYEE “PRATIK SHRIVASTAVA”OMPREHENSIVE INTERVIEW MATERIAL DESIGNED BY ONLINESTUDY. to maintain your performance and develop strategies to deliver under pressure. You can then go ahead an talk about your way of dealing with pressure and performing under it. Relate with a problem which looks real: My mother was not well and my father was out of station during my exam. | had the pressure of Exam and | had to take care of my mother also, but still performed well and | managed to get x% in 10°°/12""/Graduation. Q5. Why do you want to work at our company? It would be a great honor to work with one of the most reputed organization. I'm sure that I'll learn many more things and will surely work with the team members and do my best. Q6. Are you willing to relocate or travel? Yeah, it will be cherry on cake because travelling is my hobby. So a new place new friend a new environment and new working location. It's amazing because change is necessary, and | believe in change. Note: Never Ever say no for any questions, they are not going to send you immediately. They are checking your patience level. Q7. Where do you see yourself five years from now? After 5 years, | would be in more professional and better than what | am now. | also would like to lead the team and make an ideal for my team members. And also be make myself confidence and trustable employee as a company expect from me. Note : don’t say that | will become MD and CEO of the company and will replace you. Q8. Give me an example of your creativity. According to me, the creativity is not only making new things but also in the improvement of existing things. Some people think that doing different things is creativity, But I don't think so, Creativity is not only making different things just do things differently. Relate with a real Example: Q9. How long would you expect to work for us if hired? | will work with your company till the day, | feel that | am not giving the best result which is required by your company, after trying my level best. Q10. How do you feel about working nights and weekends? Company growth is obviously employees growth, Whenever a company needs me, | will be there either in nights or weekends. Note : Don’t say no , they just wanted to check your patience level. Q11. What are your salary expectations? As of now, | haven't thought much about it. I'm more focused on learning the requirements for this position that | am applying for. Q12. What motivates you to do good job? Responsibility towards work motivates me the most, and my aim within any company is to move up to greater levels of responsibility to achieve each goal with better responsibilities. Q13, Would you lie for the company? Prepared by: Ex. TATA EMPLOYEE “PRATIK SHRIVASTAVA”OMPREHENSIVE INTERVIEW MATERIAL DESIGNED BY ONLINESTUDY. It totally depends upon the situation. If lying is the last option to tackle the situation for my company | have to do it but only if it is the last, otherwise | will use my creativity to deal with the situation because in life we always have the second option. We just need to find it and make it count. Q14. Ona scale of one to ten, rate me as an interviewer. Sir/Mam, | do not have the audacity to rate a highly qualifies person like you. However, if you must insist, | would give you a 10 because | am really grateful that you gave me the opportunity to sit for this interview. This has been a really pleasant experience for me because you listened to whatever | said with patience and it isa huge thing for me. Thank you so much. Q1S. Do you have any questions for me? Thanks sir for giving me this opportunity to ask you a question. | want to know more about this job profile, and if anything | can learn/improve which can benefit the company Q16. Are not you overqualified for this position? No sit/madam, | don’t think | am overqualified for this job, in my opinion, qualification does not come with theoretical knowledge and experience makes you more qualified because analyzing the situation in real time makes us more prominent.And when it comes to knowledge learning never ends 17. What is the difference between hard work and smart work? HARD WORK : GIVES EXPERIENCE. SIMART WORK : COMES FROM EXPERIENCE. What is the difference between confidence and over confidence? " [can do it "- confidence, " Only | can do it "- overconfidence. "Lam suitable for this job "- confidence, " 1 am the only one suitable for this job " overconfidence " Trusting yourself "- confidence, " Underestimating others "- overconfidence. A person is confident when he know the fact better, A person is overconfident when he know. the facts better than others. Q18.1f you won $20 million lottery, would you still work? Yes! Money does not give us experience but work does. And this money will be over one day but our experience of doing work is not. If got $10 million lottery then ill save it for business in future. Firstly, I'll get all the skill, knowledge, business strategies and marketing form doing a job in reputed company like yours. After getting all skills then I'll be thinking about business. Q19. What are your career options right now? Asa fresh candidate my career option right now is to gain knowledge and earn experience from new new challenges and to upgrade myself according. Q20 .What are your outside interests? | ove travelling because it creates an opportunity to meet new people. So, | wish to travel. Prepared by: Ex. TATA EMPLOYEE “PRATIK SHRIVASTAVA”OMPREHENSIVE INTERVIEW MATERIAL DESIGNED BY ONLINESTUDY. 21.8 Industry? Although | belong to an Electrical/Mechanical/Electronics background over the course of four years | have discovered a strong passion for coding and would like to work in the same field since one should do the work they enjoy. Moreover here, us saying we have passion is not enough we must justify the answer by letting them know about the particular fields/languages we have developed our passion in and do not be scared if they ask you a few questions about it just to confirm what you are saying is accurate . So don’t even try to bluff with the word “passion for coding” an ECE/Mechanical/Electrical/Ci About TCs: Founded : 1968, 52 years ago Headquarters: Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Founder: Tata Sons, FC Kohli Number of Employees: 448,464 Revenue : US$23 billion Services : OutSourcing ,Consulting ,Managed Services. ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING QUESTIONS for SOFTWARE COMPANIES: Questions: What is Microcontroller and Microprocessor? Name a microcontroller and a microprocessor? Microcontroller They are a whole complete system in themselves (maybe sometimes specific Operating System too}. They consist of Processing Unit, RAM, ROM, other external peripherals They generally have Harvard Architecture. The processing speed is comparatively slow. The addresses in programming are placed outside the IC. Examples: Arduino, 8051. Microprocessor: They only consist of the Processing Unit. They don't have peripherals included in them. They generally have Von Neumann Architecture. The processing speed is comparatively faster. The addresses in programming have their own space. Example: Raspberry Pi. Q1. Explain Am And Fm. AM*Amplitude modulation is type of modulation where the amplitude of the carrier signal is varied in accordance with the information bearing signal. FMeFrequency modulation is a type of modulation where the frequency of the carrier signal is varied in accordance with the information bearing signal Q2. Name The Modulation Techniques. Prepared by: Ex. TATA EMPLOYEE “PRATIK SHRIVASTAVA”RON aial a SINAN A NAD Ws =I SHRED) For Analog modulation-AM, SSB, FM, PM and SM. Digital modulation-OOK, FSK, ASK, Psk, QAM, MSK,CPM, PPM, TCM, OFDM. Q3. What Is Demodulation? Demodulation is the act of removing the modulation from an analog signal to get the original baseband signal back, Demodulating is necessary because the receiver system receives a modulated signal with specific characteristics and it needs to turn it to basesband. Q4. What Is Cute off Frequency? The frequency at which the response is ¢-3dB with respect to the maximum response. QS. What Is Ops-amp? An operational amplifier, often called an op*-amp , is a DCcoupled high ¢gain electronic voltage amplifier with differential inputs and, usually, a single output. Typically the output of the opeamp is controlled either by negative feedback, which largely determines the magnitude of its output voltage gain, or by positive feedback, which facilitates regenerative gain and oscillation, Q6. What Is Transistor? In electronics, a transistor is a semiconductor device commonly used to amplify or switch electronic signals. The transistor is the fundamental building block of computers, and all other modernelectronic devices. Some transistors are packaged individually but most are found in integrated circuits Q7. What Is Diode? In electronics, a diode is a two*terminal device. Diodes have two active electrodes between which the signal of interest may flow, and most are used for their unidirectional current property. Q8. What Is A Semi Conductor? A semiconductor is a solid material that has electrical conductivityin between that of a conductor and that of an insulator(Antnsulator is a material that resists the flow of electric current. It is an object intended to support or separate electrical conductorswithout passing current through itself); it can vary over that wide range either permanently or dynamically. Q9. What Is Conductor? Asubstance, body, or device that readily conducts heat, electricity, sound, etc. Copper is a good conductor of electricity. Q10. What Is Inductor? An inductor is a passive electrical device employed in electrical circuits for its property of inductance. An inductor can take many forms. Q11. What Is Capacitor? A capacitor is an electrical/electronic device that can store energyin the electric field between a pair of conductors (called “plates"). The process of storing energy in the capacitor is known as Prepared by: Ex. TATA EMPLOYEE “PRATIK SHRIVASTAVA”OTs SNM YSIS ON? “charging”, and involves electric charges of equal magnitude, but opposite polarity, building up on each plate. Capacitors are often used in electric and electronic circuits aseneraysstorage devices. They can also be used to differentiate between high*frequency and lows frequency signals. This property makes them useful in electronic filters, Q12. What Is A Rectifier? A rectifier changes alternating current into direct current. This process is called rectification The three main types of rectifier are the halfewave, fullewave, and bridge. A rectifier is the opposite of an inverter, which changes direct current into alternating current. HWR* The simplest type is the halfewave rectifier, which can be made with just one diode. When the voltage of the alternating current is positive, the diode becomes forwardbiased and current flows through it. When the voltage is negative, the diode is reverse*biased and the current stops. Q13, What Is An Integrated Circuit? An integrated circuit (IC), also called a microchip, is an electronic circuit etched onto a silicon chip. Their main advantages are low cost, low power, high performance, and very small size. Q14. What Is Oscillator? An oscillator is a circuit that creates 2 waveform output from a direct current input. The two main types of oscillator are harmonic and relaxation. The harmonic oscillators have smooth curved waveforms, while relaxation oscillators have waveforms with sharp changes. Q15. What Is A Feedback? And Explain Different Types Of Feedback. Feedback is a process whereby some proportion of the output signal of a system is passed (fed back) to the input. This is often used to control the dynamic behaviour of the system. Types of feedback: Negative feedback: This tends to reduce output (but in amplifiers, stabilizes and linearizes, operation). Negative feedback feeds part of a system's output, inverted, into the system's input; generally with the result that fluctuations are attenuated, Positive feedback: This tends to increase output. Positive feedback, sometimes referred to as “cumulative causation”, is a feedback loop system in which the system responds to perturbation (Aperturbation means a system, is an alteration of function, induced by external or internal mechanisms} in the same direction as the perturbation. In contrast, a system that responds to the perturbation in the opposite direction is called a negative feedback system. Bipolar feedback: which can either increase or decrease output. Q16. Explain Full Duplex And Half Duplex. Full duplex refers to the transmission of data in two directions simultaneously. For example, a telephone is a fulleduplex devicebecause both parties can talk at once. In contrast, 2 walkie*talkie is ahalf*duplex device because only one party can transmit at a time. Most, Prepared by: Ex. TATA EMPLOYEE “PRATIK SHRIVASTAVA”COMPREHENSIVE INTERVIEW MATERIAL DESIGNED BY ONLINESTUDYs modems have a switch that lets you choose between fulleduplex and half*duplex modes. The choice depends on whichcommunications program you are running. In fulleduplex mode, data you transmit does not appear on yourscreen until it has been received and sent back by the other party. This enables you to validate that the data has been accurately transmitted. If your display screen shows two of each character, it probably means that your modem is set to halfeduplex mode when it should be in fulleduplex mode. Q17. What Is Barkhausen Criteria? Barkhausen criteria, without which you will not know which conditions, are to be satisfied for oscillations. “Oscillations will not be sustained if, at the o: itor frequency, the magnitude of the product of the transfer gain of the amplifier and the magnitude of the feedback factor of the feedback network ( the magnitude of the loop gain ) are less than unity’. The condition of unity loop gain -AB = 1 is callled the Barkhausencriterion. This condition implies that | AB|= Land that the phase of ~ AB is zero. Q18, What Is An Amplifier? An electronic device or electrical circuit that is used to boost (amplify) the power, voltage or current of an applied signal. Q19. What Is Cdma, Tdma, Fdma? Code division multiple access (CDMA) is a channel access methodutilized by various radio communication technologies. CDMA employsspread spectrum technology and a special coding scheme (where each transmitter is assigned a code) to allow multiple users to be mult over the same physical channel. By contrast, time division multiple access (TOMA) divides access by time, whilefrequencysdivision multiple access (FOMA) divides it byfrequency. An analogy to the problem of multiple access is a room (channel) in which people wish to communicate with each other. To avoid confusion, people could take turns speaking (time division), speak at different pitches (frequency division), or speak in different directions (spatial division). In CDMA, they would speak different languages. People speaking the same language can understand each other, but not other people. Similarly, in radio CDMA, each group of users is given a shared code. Many codes occupy the same channel, but only users associated with a particular code can understand each other. Q20. What Is Multiplexing? Multiplexing (known as muxing] is a term used to refer to a processwhere multiple analog message signals or digital data streams are combined into one signal over a shared medium. The aim is to share an expensive resource. For example, in telecommunications, several phone calls may be transferred using one wire. Prepared by: Ex. TATA EMPLOYEE “PRATIK SHRIVASTAVA”COMPREHENSIVE INTERVIEW MATERIAL DESIGNED BY ONLINESTUDYs Q21. What Is A Repeater? A repeater is an electronic device that receives a signal and retransmits it at a higher level and/or higher power, or onto the other side of an obstruction, so that the signal can cover longer distances without degradation. 22. Difference Between Electronic And Electrical. Electronics work on DC and with a voltage range of ¢48vDC to +48VDC. If the electronic device is plugged into a standard wall outlet, there will be a transformer inside which will convert the AC voltage you are supplying to the required DC voltage needed by the device. Examples: Computer, radio, T.V, etc... Electric devices use line voltage (120vAC, 240VAC, etc...).Electric devices can also be designed to operate on DC sources, but will be at DC voltages above 48v. Examples: incandescent lights, heaters, fridge, stove, ete Read About Sampling thearem,Base station, Antenna, 36/4G/SG. ft TI QI. What Is Extrued Aluminum? Extrusion is the process where a metal or a metal bar is pulled through a mandrel to elongate it and/or give ita final shape. Extruded Aluminum is a common form of making small aluminum wire, bars or beams and many varieties of small non-structural, decorative pieces. 2. What Is The Mechanical Advantage Of A Double Pulley? It only takes half the effort to move an object but twice the distance. Q3. What Is Knurling? Knurling is a machining process normally carried our on a centre lathe. The act of Knurling creates a raised criss-cross pattern on a smooth round bar that could be used as a handle or something that requires extra grip. Q4. How Does Hydraulic Clutches Work? By using a non-compressible fluid, it acts like a solid push rod Q5. Why Is Over-pressurizing An Air Conditioning System Bad? Overcharging a refrigeration or air conditioning system can result in an explosion. To avoid serious injury or death, never overcharge the system. Always use proper charging techniques. Limit charge amounts to those specified on the system equipment serial label or in the original equipment manufacturer's service information. Overcharging the system immerses the compressor motor, piston, connecting rods, and cylinders in liquid refrigerant. This creates a hydraulic block preventing the compressor from starting. The hydraulic block is also known as locked rotor. Prepared by: Ex. TATA EMPLOYEE “PRATIK SHRIVASTAVA”COMPREHENSIVE INTERVIEW MATERIAL DESIGNED BY ONLINESTUDYs Continued supply of electricity to the system causes heat to build in the compressor. This heat will eventually vaporize the refrigerant and rapidly increase system pressure. If, for any reason, the thermal protector fails to open the electrical circuit, system pressure can raise to high enough levels to cause a compressor-housing explosion Q6. Will A Steel Cable Become Longer If It ls Heated While Under Load? Even the heaviest steel cables stretch under load, whether they heat or not. Heating the cable will certainly elongate it. Friction caused by guides or pulleys can greatly increase the temperature of a cable under load. You might consider the possibility of total failure if the heat is high enough and | am not sure but the cable might act in unpredictable ways when it fails. Applying heat to a steel cable under load is probably dangerous to your health and the health of anyone nearby. When steel is heated, steel expands. It does not need to be under load. That is the reason that in the old days before advanced electronics and optics surveyors used chains rather than cables for measuring land. Had they used cable they would have gotten different measurements in summer and winter based on the difference in temperature and the coefficient of expansion of the material. The coefficient of expansion is a number that informs just how much a given material will expand or contract for a given change in temperature. To find the coefficient of expansion and other interesting information consult a materials handbook, available in better libraries or your local college of engineering. Another example of expanding steel and the necessity for dealing with this characteristic is the overlapping slip joint found on bridges that allows horizontal structural members to expand and contract without damaging the bridge. Q7. What |s The Congressional Space Medal Of Honor? The medal was created in 1969, designed by Congress for “any astronaut who in the performance of his duties has distinguished himself by exceptionally meritorious efforts and contributions to the welfare of the Nation and mankind. Q8. What Is The Law Of Thermodynamics? There are actually 3 Laws of Thermodynamics (the actual number is debatable, but the number ranges from 3-5, depending on your adding skills). Q9. Is It The Stress That, Produces Strain Or Strain Produces Stress? A Force applied to an object will cause a displacement. Strain is effectively a measure of this, displacement (change in length divided by original length). Stress is the Force applied divided by the area itis applied. (E.g. pounds per square inch) Therefore, to answer the question, the applied force produces both "Stress and Strain”. “Stress and Strain” are linked together by various material properties such as Poisson's ratio and Young's Modulus. Q10.. How Does A Super Charger Work In A Car? A supercharger is a used to increase the volume of air dragged into each cylinder per stroke. In combustion engines, there are only really two ways to increase power, firstly increase the amount of fuel in the engine (either increase the displacement, or add more cylinders) or increase the amount of air in the engine (for a more effective explosion of the fuel) Prepared by: Ex. TATA EMPLOYEE “PRATIK SHRIVASTAVA”COMPREHENSIVE INTERVIEW MATERIAL DESIGNED BY ONLINESTUDYs Superchargers are powered by the engines crankshaft, which is connected usually by a belt drive. This rotational power turns a fan, which sucks air into the intake manifold similar in effect to turbochargers, with reduced lag. However, superchargers take more energy out the engine, so swings and roundabouts. Q11. Why Do The Radiators In Your House Click When You Start The Heating System? They are clicking because they are heating up. The heat causes expansion and that is why you hear clicking. Q12. How Can | See Where By using radio waves. es Are Behind The Wall? Q13. How Are The Pneumatic System And The Hydraulic System Similar? Pneumatics use gases such as air or nitrogen, hydraulics use oll or water, both systems use pressure to act on a specific application. Q14, What Is The Difference Between An Electric Motor And An Electric Generator? There is no fundamental difference between an electric motor and an electric generator or dynamo. In normal use, all motors behave as generators, and all generators behave as motors. DC Motors act like generators because they use less electrical energy when allowed to spin fast. DC generators act like motors because they become easier to spin when less electrical energy is drawn from their terminals. For example, connect two small DC magnet motors together. Then if you spin the shaft of the first motor, the second motor's shaft will start spinning too. One acts as a DC generator, and the other acts as @ DC motor. Alternatively, spin the second one's shaft, and the first one will start spinning. Another example: If you connect a small DC motor to a small battery, then an electric current will appear in the motor's coils, and the motor starts spinning. However, if you spin the motor's shaft slightly faster than the normal speed, the direction of current in the circuit will reverse, and the battery starts taking in energy from the motor. The motor has become a generator, and it is recharging the battery. Question 15. What Are Some Examples Of A Periscope? It is an optical instrument for viewing objects, which are above the level of direct sight; mostly Used in submarines. Maintenance, repair and operations (MRO) Q16, What Does Green Field Project Mean? Green field projects are those projects, which do not create any environmental nuisance (pollution), follows environmental management system and EIA (environment impact assessment). These projects are usually of big magnitude. Q17.is Pipe Round Because It Provides The Least Area To Volume Ratio? Prepared by: Ex. TATA EMPLOYEE “PRATIK SHRIVASTAVA”COMPREHENSIVE INTERVIEW MATERIAL DESIGNED BY ONLINESTUDYs More likely because it is easier to manufacture, much easier to put threads on, you do not have to worry about orientation when you put them together, and they have no weak spots created by corners. My gutter pipes are rectangular because they do not stick out as far from the house as a circular one with the same area. However, they are low enough in the pressure they contain that they can be formed from sheet metal with a crimped seam. Making a water supply pipe, that way would be impossible In addition, it is easy to keep them aligned to the house. Running a rectangular water main under a street would be a major pain. Solar Water Pumps Interview Questions Q18.How Does Hydraulics Work? A positive displacement pump (gear, vane, or piston pump) is yen by a prime mover (Electrical Motor or Engine) it sucks fluid from reservoir and delivers oil to system. During loading, a resistance to flow creates the pressure, which is utilized to do the work through cylinder for linear motion, or through hydraulic motor for rotary motion, Direction of flow is changed with help of direction control valve & system pressure is regulated by pressure control valve & flow is regulated by flow control valve. Q19.What Is The Difference Between Hydrat il And Engine Oil? Both the hydraulic and engine oils are made from base oils with additives mixed in. The additives used change the characteristics of the oils so that they function differently. Generally, hydraulic oils (final product including additives) are expected to have very low compressibility and very predictable friction and viscosity stability under pressure. Generally engine oils (Engine Lubrication Oils anyway) are intended to have high resistance to heat (degradation including chemical and viscosity due to heat) resistance to burning and resistance to absorption of fuels and chemical compounds produced during combustion. Both classes of oils are likely to have additives intended to provide detergency and to reduce foaming. Base oils are most commonly petroleum oil bases due to cost, but other bases oil can be used including mineral oils (especially for hydraulic oils) and plant oils (especially for engine oils) and ails from animal sources. Q20,What Does Angular Momentum Mean? Angular momentum is an expression of an objects mass and rotational speed. Momentum is the velocity of an object times it is mass, or how fast something is moving how much it weigh. Therefore, angular momentum is the objects mass times the angular velocity Where angular velocity is how fast something is rotating expressed in terms like revolutions per minute or radians per second or degrees per second Note : Read About 2stroke/4Stroke and all. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING QUESTIONS: Q1.What Is The Difference Between A Verilog Task And A Verilog Function? The following rules distinguish tasks from functions: ‘A function shall execute in one simulation time unit; a task can contain time-controlling statements Prepared by: Ex. TATA EMPLOYEE “PRATIK SHRIVASTAVA”COMPREHENSIVE INTERVIEW MATERIAL DESIGNED BY ONLINESTUDYs A function cannot enable a task; a task can enable other tasks or functions. A function shall have at least one input type argument and shall not have an output or inout type argument;a task can have zero or more arguments of any type. A function shall return a single value; a task shall not return avalue Q2. What Is Electric Traction? Electric traction means using the electric power for traction system (i.e. for railways,trams, trolleys etc). Electric traction means use of the electricity for railways,trams, trolleys etc. Now a days, magnetic traction is also used for bullet trains.and basically de motors are used for electric traction systems Q3.What Is “pu” In Electrical Engineering? Pu stands for per unit and this will be used in single line diagram of power distribution and it is like a huge electrical circuit with no of components (generators, transformers, loads) with different ratings (in MVA and KV). To bring all the ratings into common platform we use pu concept in which, in general largest MVA and KV ratings of the component is considered as base values, then all other component ratings will get back into this basis.Those values are called as pu values. Q4.Why Link Is Provided In Neutral Of An Ac Circuit And Fuse In Phase Of Ac Circuit? Link is provided at a Neutral common point in the circuit from which various connection are taken for the individual control circuit and so it is given in a link form to withstand high Amps. But in the case of Fuse in the Phase of AC circ designed such that the fuse rating is calculated for the particular circuit (i.e load) only.So if any malfunction happen the fuse connected in the particular control circuit alone will blow off Q5. How Tube Light Circuit Is Connected And How It Works? A choke is connected in one end of the tube light and a starter is in series with the circuit. When supply is provided ,the starter will interrupt the supply cycle of AC. Due to the sudden change of supply the chock will generate around 1000volts . This volt will capable of to break the electrons inside the tube to make electron flow. once the current passes through the tube the starter circuit will be out of part. now there is no change of supply causes choke voltage normalized and act as minimize the current. Q6.What Is Marx Circuit? Itis used with generators for charging a number of capacitor in parallel and discharging them in series.It is used when voltage required for testing is higher than the available Q7. What Are The Advantages Of Speed Control Using Thyristor? Advantages : Fast Switching Characterstics than Mosfet, BIT, IGBT. Low cost. Higher Accurate. Q8.Why Human Body Feel Electric Shock ?? N In An electric Train During Running , We Did Nt Feel Any shock ? Why? Prepared by: Ex. TATA EMPLOYEE “PRATIK SHRIVASTAVA”