Lys. Process estan of piping fluid Moving Devices and —frony MeTES A_Intkoductiont { —> Fluids ose Maiq dfwided into two Substance | { Ie Ligufd | 2. Gas | > Sikfcxly spearing. ou) Kinds ake compressible. =>. In pump, fan, ox a compressor Mechanica” woyK is thansfoamed fh to: fivtd enerey " es —> Turbine is Machine fox fans foseming Fluid Energy 1 to Mechanica: Work . | JA _—puacess Design of Ping? 9 Phocess Design of Pipe I's a Balane Bebyeen sixe Ok diameter of ploe and Pressure d4ap fn pipe — | | | | fo doo Phessupe Drop Diameley of pipe “yy “(Ary (ai) toes | If ptpe diameter is Larges than gives Kess PéeeSsure drop. “JPesen: T—_|NV3 optimum pipe — Large size of pipe diemery, increase ihe fixed ——— Cost of poe. —«] Ho |—__Lesser pr tusuye déop Means. hess pone consome =n — a} Ot_opeeading._Cest af _ fire — | at paritculax place and payticu tar time. fabl several equations and_nomegcaph_are_avaiab ko _estimaje ihe optimum Plpe Size ere oo No Several equasen then depends on the cwrcer)t 7 Cost af -Majoriot , cos af pone, Rare of incsease — one such equation eyived for carbon) sttti_pipe and. Euybulent flow ,_ ‘ fe Density of fluid. Fale? \ —A(@ Pressuye dap _in pipe Gye flow Rade ___ | ameterc af} is given By Fanning of Dore — Relation bemeen Pressure drop (oP) and pipe equasion= UNde the tsothes mal Conditions’. Yc= Newton's Law conveysion factoy =} AP = Pk. drop L_= Length of pipe Gt_= Mass flow Rote _of ‘fluid: f= Density of fluid HP = Diamerey Vis Velocity of fluid f= fanning factok, 7 = Fanning FaicHon factoh ts function of tHe Reynolds Numbey (Re) and Rovghness of jinatde siiptace CE). a — For tukbulent flaw #1 commepcfas steel pipe, a [t= 0.0394 Ke = = L13W yf Re ' 1-964 n(Re)~ 3.82 tr] | ~T = RIVE tg rm TE ; aolé AP. 3a i" = 3A( 0.0394 Re Ge u Te fac pf Page aes = 0b . = SUK OEY ty / aL GraeNow if pi ts fy mm then Ae. oyaagor pr gt pt eT cl (iooo) 3 fk. standaga pipes: > Slandord pipes aye aytable fom 3M _to foomm size. ? — — The Wasi thickness of standard pipe rs indicated BY the schedul_wumber as Per Us» Fandord. Schedpl__Nombey ScH= PSF x jo00 > Ost Psp = Safe NokING PAeSSuye Tsk = Safe avasjable sthees. bate fd. Thickness. of pipe incwease hth tncxease 1 Schedule Nembey —— Stamiess standayd pines do not have aleleting Join Ibichness of pipe, : t= Pee ~ Pko oy cA 6b -06p GE fF O4P ie ~ Tokey nak Design Pact Prcessupe allow able stress 7 Toini ebbiciency (e=1) = Ch = Cos, asion, ALLOW ance. _ — Paecsuge cop in filitngs anc valves: these pilings and valves off the odaitionas _fatoiona Loss of additional pryessume digop. 1 Fquivasent_tengin of pipe Cte) | | Cqutvalent_ — Length Of avalve ok of 4 fitting 1s the_ Cenath of Sikeigh pipe of came size cieasin the same _fxictiog ‘Loss’ as the pitting on vdlue 1) constdeyation.| ANd valves is defined by eq = ee = Number of velocity-heads. Ck) tosh’ in pipe “yor fhe be ele es — “lage ylage sl Yok, Ape keve geet — “ age | | —ae AP > Additional paictonal ss AP = AddiHopas Pressuye dior | Pocess Design of fluid Moving _Qevicess PH Phocess Design of pump, fan, Blower and —|—Compressate i le PeOcess Design of pump : => pump is device used “i flow system’ of Ufquid. to incvease the Mechanical energy of the flowing uigaid <> -Divied inte two eypes: Te Centarfugal pomp 1 Rs Posftive Atsplacemens pump.i. Capacity of pump! I ___ Enon As capacity of pump = flow Rale Cqv) of flurd Cyeated by the pomp fs efi We Total Dyanamics head (H): Suction head _Chs)- + Totar dynamics pead CH) of a pump is the Afffexence Between total dfecharge head (ha) and totat [ie ha-hs_] A] Now” Before installation of pump | | to dischovrse head. . | ha = hsd + bya | where hs = Px! = savic hsd_= pl xt, “TF pump is p's abcolnte piessuge — Vertis “Akstance bin’ Pree Buface. . | hsd= pitg' if pump is Below Levey. above Level free Supfar hfdi= frictional toss" i> discharge Dvatng Operaiien , hgd. = Discharge gavage rf. hyd: = Velocity head,—_| sleeeueeeaee ee b| Befage -ipstauasia) of pump-, total socHon head | hss PAK, Ig Below the ssupface of Uiguil hss = pox, if above the Supface of liguid ——__ hfs = futction “sbchion_hedd. tn existing instauiasion , total sucHon head’ hss _hgs+ odm ph. thus * “hgs = Suction Jauge. PRESIULE hs = velocity heact. Tit Nps do NGt positive Suctton head. = When pump: installation 15 desiqned, Available CNpSH) 4: Must -be equal fo of qherey than LISI), % Cnvpst) R 1 J ~ ——j Required —C wpsi) p i | = (NPSH), depends on Péoperties OF “Liquid fota) head , Purp: Speed’ capacity and im pelley nesiqn.* Twa hss --hys - Puyhss = stone suction head, m= P4X hfs fatcrfon suctron head . PU Vapour paessuye. “| Tok carting TSO on, | CHPSAY, = hast any Pe Tha Po ~ aur year = (PSH), shold be above 5 m fox Pump Capacities Upto a fio Rae of joo m{n and £m above thi Copacity Nest ‘Requikement Jon Liquids salutaied with, dissolved Gases: as issolved gases, bu. —is_called _aptiercat | fot Liquid solvated with a -|—_18 Replaced 64 Pua _ hit | {quid vapour presspye: I Calcul. Molo mass of gas , disolved itqurq a. Cadeulase mass fraction (Wa). |. Caleviase Psuedo “cP tical pA opepty -|_4+ Caleuose specific volume of digeaived gas mintye | 5. calculate volume fraction -¢ vp) i ina hy potheaytical Gos— liquid Mixture .. -— | & calculote a fox, dite. value of p. st t i aio) Calculate) of py 94 ——————" a =, Hap ‘i : : = — BibT x10? x. : . 2 4 Se Where H= total dynamic head v= Copactey f= density’ of fluid (= ebbrevency of pomp. ~ : _ whey handing viscaus Liquids > —|_when_cenla‘fugal pump peatyed and tested fof __-|shane.ting _toasey aye _vsed_fi vis cous. ford. | stg’ icant _ Increase in| Ponte” Consame Hon and | fiecactase—1n Pr ae oa OCCUYS » 4- “H pale Requijed. iq fans —! Fans aye lof two types 3 > t le centerifugat fans ~ as Agia flow fans =| Ebbiciency Of fan Range from fo-Tot cepencung on its specific speed. : — |_Po = 1a Kid? qvpa. | ee . Po _- power Reqd , EW = y= capacity = Dischorge pe. ok Fan. Power Requixed Blowey- anc in Adiabaric | compre’os — _ Blowers axe alnoys operated in an adtabhic Mannep. . Many an Ore _QIs0 operated on) adiobane ——_[_Manney. | fox ad obasic Compression | 6 . wy Kel #y : zefM\', Reafy Po. fm) GU GE oa Babee K= Pf ey Rano -of spect eae 7 va 1 Fans aye “of te types 2 le cent fuga fans as Agial flow fans - a = Ebhiciency Of fan Range fom fo =I lot elepend.ng on its Specific_speed Po - poner Reqd , kW 4y_= capacity F4_= pischorge pt- of Fan - + A power Requined iq _Blowey-and in Aetfabarte | | Compr tog oe >| _Bioweys axe always “operaded in an advanive anne. Many Compr esSa4- Ore Qiso operated in adiobanc | Noone. fo% adobatic an 7; x Le : nm) et 7 Gy ap = (4) Ze oa Babee = “Pf ew = Rarto-op create “heat / a7 —ssingle _slage _Blowioys 5. valumasic flow Rate | ee a Value of K kanges fom 1-34 0 1-4! for ah ond perfect diarsmic gases! ‘ Kel s vf te) [eka | po= 481 xo" qu Pi A + L — : : 7 _+ “fox athe Je Ktange oF TT) i i eee we, ef _} ee a Co fe de aan cee) - -¢vate fom mubfslage compsecsoh With W stages : Te th (Paar) —— discharge cemp. _—A|_Flon meters ¢ — 1A Voxity jOuifice meee is by fox the mosi Popvlax in the industas of flow. Mee are 'in use in chemicaL process fndustey, ee LEY tui flan Rave’ tuthh_qctuas density mass | flow) Rate can be obtained. e Piloe tube, oAfFice meter, Venturt méter and Flew) Nozzle fon Under this cata gory. : = ~Anothe, populay cajagoay "of Variaple flow meter [Which aye aise known “as Rotametess. | Thin difteent types of Rotamerers . Dy types ‘steurments jCan be inslalied ¢ howfxontat position dnd Vvoxtfcal Position. Ry pass Rolamereys ase instaned 1 hoxtzontat ‘positron | Which _o combinasion OF an oxtfic anda Rotametey - C Process Design of oat eice! meter : z Trace No, Toscifice Plage | oxtfice Morey is ataly Used flow Metey in chemicaL- Indust Compasy to ventuyt mere and Rota metep. Phovide more flenibitiny. + Fixed cost _is Less +» Easy to instant * Less Space vantage: Mone Power Cons umpHon. OPeAIING CASK i¢_high 7 Page No. a Sees . el+ Date . [ | Asquice, edged 0% shoxp edged onifice plate 1S Mounted Betnieen tno flanges as the flanged joint freee flowing fer flask consheacs and then “expands 1 ———— || Mass flon Rare through oA thi Se Eemphrctcae” eq” | = Coy Ao al etae BL [® JD [~Pr ~ —|—__ = Tnside dio. M = Wass fon Rave OF Hore Ao = Akea of oalfite PL PL_= Pressure f= Aensfey pe diameter of axifile 7 - Y= €npansion factoy = 1° foe Liquiels” = Cre) gow os py] ea gs “ax Pp, Ke & S a Co= Covkbent of office Fckes BJ Reo = Renolas wo. > elovor “ans : 4 Idol Fox Reo » 30,000 Co BINA OS95 = 6 Fo VENA Contato bqps Co Bing 0.595 - O'S fox “Rodis Eaps Co_= 0°64 Foe (oan taps.— | Lf — AL Process Design af. Rolametey ¢ Boe py | _ ye =| Rotameter 1s ()sed for the flow Measure ment of + -Liquis and gases. 3 L =| Te isa Vaziable flow abea meter ins Which ph. drop , 1S Nearly constant “and area _phrough oiche prea _ fluid flows vay'et with the flow Rae | =| Float ts _coniain, freely Which Reser on a Stop a -the Base of +he tube. ——=|When the fluid is “flowing the floak Rises unifl its | Weight Balanted By. the upthause of the flufd i Tes position then inclfcases the Rare of flow . =| Rota meter a Measure the flow Rale of 4 |_flufd._ in certain Uke 5 fh to 50 MA, to- 100 mn. 4) =| As a tube Materials glass is the fiyst choice. | Mass flo) Rate through Rota meter . Age ( Pr —# —— | ag eto —T_bischayge “owt bicient. = Choss sectronal Area flat { tebe =A Ag — Lensity of flo denstty of flute Vp = volume of floar. ; Trace to ToOt —Shell_and. tube_heat eachangey? 9. ge, Gire_the_ mos! whdly chemicat _idust. ee Sheli_and twhe_h Used_€qus pment _in Sfxe_of vartous pols of Shell and tube heal exchange, —— bf ke shell, tubes, tiekads aye standatzed Standared developed By Tykbylax Cxchanger Manvfacurty Assoicarion ( TEMA). Most popolax and Reliable soblicaye used foe destgn of helLand tube heas enchangey axe = —— HIRT : Heat Transfer Resorch Insitute, Usa ~_HTES : Heat Transfer flow sewices, Ut Z Act: USA Based Company ee rears HET 5 Heat _€xchan: Insiftnte , USA TEMA standard , shell and tube heat eachangey are Classified shee catagory 4 |e _|- tr) class 8 ~ .chemfcat Process Thdustates ! Class R_— Jy petyochem: and Related. _indusldies | tii] class c_~ Commerctiar fp hess impox. process i fot industyfes .J _#I_Destan of hea ekehangey: ec Vaxious paxls of shellvand Tube tical eachange, Senne — =. Af het > Shell is the costliest payt of Hear Exchange, . | =_OSt of shew ang tube hear exchange ifively Changes _toFth change iq the Adameley of Shel Shell size Range: i to bo ig ——_——_}_Standayd_pfres available 2 24 iq (éoomm na = Shell dfametey depends of tube bu le dvameter = Gop Btn shell_aid tube Bundle tc ngfoim ore, Floaing head Ranging qe- |} 4) Based of the actual ‘tuhe sheer Layout dkawing: — - == To draw the ‘tube sheet Layow: oe to Pind _| the tube Bundle dia. total sit__Poxametens a |. Outside clameey of tube A. No.of kube side passe 3. Tybe_pitch, _Ccentey - Cente distance) 4, Tobe_axrtonge ment (Udangulay and Square) _ ~__5. Total No. oF tub, yee Shell and ture hear exchange,”fb use oft Standopd tables! se > Rased on acivat tube Sheet pct nyo jandand tables ore pkepaxed | = Maximum yo. tubes that Can bi “Can be_0 —____ 1 _voyious standord inal of She ererenTWaimee ae tobe fh and size - = difteyenk ahangement of pobes. ___ Tse of oppranmate equationss ___——. She oY wheke Db= Dia. oF Cube bundle i do = tube 00 ‘ Ne = total no- oF tubes ; i, -«ni_ Constant. depends on Flag Fate > Por tube bundle diameter > -- e = — Pom fixed tube sheet type and floatin = head: shell and whe type heat €achangey. > Fok V tube heat eachangers ¥ Dh = do ue} ayDate ra hell side pass partition plate? : xe] = = 4=)_single pass chett is __used ithe most of the ___ | (0505. a —————_—_—— — for such case Togmalty two of “moke heat eachange — Cepoected_—ih_stits_aye_Recemt ended ——_— . = Shell side pass partition Provided to avoid the UN favoUkable temp. diffeyence oh fo avoid the Coss of temp. Betneen hot fluid and cold flafd.. Be Batt tes a Thee oe two functions of Bares > yer Sher SAe_ has als Baffles aye used in shell eo increase the turbulence in shelr_sfde flufd _ { 1s Basiles indiiectly suppoyis the tubes ahd uce_ the WhAatog in tubes. —_biffeyent types of Buffles ase Used in STHE- __|__3. Seqmenial_and sitip Baffle |. Seq menial Baffle — date 2 __&. Nest Bagfle — (ft 4. Disc and Doughnut Gafile — O@ 5. Oxtfice Basile > (3) ot 6. Dam: Gaffes. 9A . | — Most widely used type of Battie is segmehal Baffle= Seymenial Baffle is made by coping “4he cteculay | tar aise. specified in terms _of “Te Baile Cut. 2 — gi Baie ar =F whee RS heaghe _ whee As eg OP 7 D= Tp—aRaclearnte ~~ Is Battle cut Ranges seom ry te HS te |= no phase change on shew side flufd then | _dechease 1+ Battle cur and increase SRT 2 “cur and_ increase shell side hear tkansfer _Coekbicient- — 20-25 Barfle cutis fovnd. bo be Comman use j3e = Ralfie oubside ata is aways ess fall shel! _ foside dia . ore on Vebarcey f Haftamtey Seamadey hele L - Ae Tubes =e ube sixe Range from Ya in to 25 fq in hel and tube heal exchange. , = -St's sige is equa tn ower diaimeiey OF tube — Thickness of standard tue ave Expsessed in “BA Caitmingham nie gauge). TNCKeASE the valve of -RWh- Means _deckease __ in tube thfcknes — Tubes ore available in standard Length. Uke = — |Date As Tube Size Pass Poxtiten plate : = > Tube sido Pass aye Provided to decrease _ the tube _stde ftom oxen to fncxcas® lube side flutd Velocity , thexe By iMpsove the tube side hea tears ie cocbbrcient _ = ffthe No. of tube passes axe cincweased Fron One to tWO, thea for the given volumelate fom Rale “Flow hiea. nro Ralf and velocity Becomes double . shi of ug bohexe ‘Ue is tube! side fluld velocity. = _1Ntkeasing NUmMbey oF tube Side passes fom Ito hi neonty Becomes 17 times. Rub Bred ve? ® so the bp_increase by 6.96 times. Tre Roads: =? -Ratites ore Supported by Rods. ~ Tie Rod aye Made Prom) Solid metal Bay . = _Nogmaty 0% moe tte Road ane Requiked to support the Raffle — _Nia-of We Rod 15 hess than the ofa. of tube. NT+ Spaces § ZS Sts oe to ofa ne ea 6) — | __ age —. =a 7 ae “the_pieces_of pipe ot! the ost_ the —__|___cases they axe nevi teil pieces of eala Gvailable wbes pie wubes. ——_|= Length of spacey is equal to space Between ————___ tKe_Ruftes « a | rE {| + - e tobe plate. —_ kK Hole S| A Macys UE — Tubes and_one end of te Rods aye astached |. to tube Sheet. (tube plate) = fixed tube shell ana tube Hear exchanger _, woo tubes shets aye Used. | = One Suxface of tube sheet S enpased to tube 4 o side fluid and other suxface is ee paged to hell Side flufa. | 4 = Tube to tae Sheet Joris are two types 5 | 4) £xPanded Joint | c b) Welded Ieint- a | “ - ~~ [Page Ho,” =|a Ft re — / ay Expanded eppe &) Welaing Tein Tohe sheet thickness Tr t= Fa GASP | { = Ja Where _F = constant P 'z-Desiga Paessune of = AHONbIe shes &_=' mean diametey | TO (tt depth of pas Portit¥en gécaver tube stde CA + shell side ca) TH Minimum thigeness spectfied in Shandasd.. g. Sealing Stytp | pO | \ a _ is res shells! Side _ Component Sealing Ships ae attached of the inside susface of shell. thaouge. =the Length of shell. _ sealing StdiP ey[|x sealing slips Reduce jhe amount of PY! Bypass — ft | Slearp_of sheilside fluid frowing ._ : ‘ a+ Sealing slaips aiso make the Removal. of ube i ——|_ Bundle _faom the shel easy . __ lo. Eapanston Jot. | [> EApansion Jofnt is attached to Shetl_bou! =~ this case shell is_made sxom tino pipe pieces. -|=—To pres aKe jointed. to.getney by_on “ expansion Joint. Gene Disigi Method fea shell ancl tube Hea Exchanger E [calculation he 3 of Caled faian) oF ear dyiy: ap > 4a) fox, coating Of heasing oA no_phase [ change, , = [Page No. “: ] (fs ep at a where, My = mar prow Pore bos Speripe BL Lemp. difreyeare 4 heat duty - _b\ Pot Cond thsavien With subcoling = Specific hear of condensate = hear duty _ 7 m= Larent heat of vaporctxatton . rey Revers, - | pom ay | | thee my Vaponavion Rates * I A= latent hear of vapolaraion. = f coolag Medium, of Heating Meter ts a fetal I> _4 Selechon_°f | Cooling “ahve mediua mainly ae depend on dhe Lemp. At Which Cooling Medion —_ = ok hearing medion) 1s Requayed(oo'-|gare salupared Steam 16 Used _as healing. heading mediya) ts Requined 0 — | Mediu. _ oe _ en | = Heating Medion Read _gretnen thos “Wee , then vse hot of! Cthepmic flutd)- 's perteraal. 05 healing. Mediums - b) Cooling Medium s ; | - —>_ Th _Refeigeration te ymindlogy a bine is _any Liquid cooled by a Referrg eyeqr and _ xcu lasted a5 a _head_tansjep fluids . 7 j poo dee MELA is ~66¢ to SC. ! (|O= Brat Moy bes — _ ~ 1) An aqoves solution of Porganic Sasts S| 2) AN aqueous solusion oF ic compounds. 5) chlowinajed 6k fluorinaded hyde ocax bons alee = Cooking nasey 16 the Most _pyPaely Use Cooling Medium at Near ambinent cep) | A3. Fluid aliocations 4) flofd attocayion_in case of phase. change * > Condensing a vaporizing Floid is neamatly toxen on shell sfde_as in she Shell Liquid and Yoour phase aye easily seperated - by Flora atroCation fn case.of No'phase change i —> No phase changes then fluid attocaton, depends on she following factor. =T. CORROSION: CoAhosion flord ts" allocated tube side Os the Chopep Madepion (Fke Mild steel cn be Used for Costly shell Baltes 4. Poyling =n (Tard tobe sheet heat inside swefore_oF tubes can be easily Cleaned and hence tne Fluid whic __g-readesr. tendancy to foul of the hear teansfef. passied tubes. 3. Fluid temp. Ak very High temp. as Wellas he =" veky tow temp. use of special allay 1s Required. _ a 4 Dpepasing Pkesure : High; Pk Steam should be placed” on twbe-side as high py. tubes ape Cheaper thaq high. pA. shell : 5 Fgta Fron Rares ana viscastey > Tene Wa. T—_ | | |. 4. establish Energy Balance ox Hear utp _Polane and _Based_on thar find the mass flow fale of | Healing Medium 04 cooling medium Regd ___ Tin Gy Cy) “A= TOPE hear of Condersayrey My = Mass flow Rate of cooling: medium Cy = Specific heat —|— (ey = bem. 5. Mea Ternpeonture Di eences Vv Alm = Fy Ota ~ATim = LATS Cage hitomi —enean Fem ~ ——arrrennre) 7bate Cp “4. EsHmation of overall Heat tkans Fer coebb. => Assume tne value of uy ,overa heat taansfe, _____Coehirciend . ee A= pe UX STL do= duisde diameter of tobe Ne = Toto! No.of tube. L = tube Length. Fineling shell diameley + > Based of all these [nside_diqmeie, “of shell i - _ j = Select the types Bufffes - = a5 1: seq mental baffles $: Calculations of Tube Side H-T Coebbicient ¢ => 4) fox heating of cooling” on tobeside: > Re < 2000, 7 va * 5 433 oq | ny at fee HY — Me ie o ae ——_| Re 4000 : _ i aes ee oa —— = of 0-33/ YY Ny = hia cre pA Tm KE ; _ Git = Tube std? mass velocity , - =| = ag vohere ays Ne yo ae in fo4_Cond ensaiion inside the tubes > = _Condensoxion coethicion! depends on ihe _pastiron oF Condensey. i) hers 076m | CR | 8 a - Tare Tee he a 1 Lk Ne -ther = he PSP eu a ae i re Gs pa FoA VOPR CAL Post tiay - L =f) her = O-4xe ke | Bt hfel4 CK bbe Where, Ty = 2 , hippo" J: Calevlanon ef Tubeside press. Daop se &] No Phase Change fh tube side se (IC [rape WSs y fo REL LIGO R= oly fo4 Re paloo bj If condensanron Fake place, | App = 0-5 Apel |lo. Lot Heat teanstry Coe ibrends. Calculation shell side Runeye Ag= shell Side flew Ader Pe = Tube pitch do = Od OF tnbe _ _ Dg = shell inside aa. By = Bare spacing. 6s Joe co c} shell side equivalent diame, (de) de= Vx CSA “Welle perimercy — a = eles) do des AT cnet oT dy) do 2ty fang viay _pftch des Vf pet 0.907 doy} do a) Sheil side Reynolds No. Reo = dehs Pe = Crh 4 KC. el Shell Side WT Coc HeicienF : : - vols Nu = Alde 2 0.36 Reo px? 37] 4 | Fz ( nS “Nu _= hede © Th Re” Ph . ae eas pet = LW CB TH condgasanon race place, _, pg} 3 x ko 2 OIF Kc E fects} walt “Tt. where, Th =. Ne ‘ENE: fi (PcPu)g \ 5 Ro = 0-926 Ac [| ————~ ]li. Sheli side PAecsuse décop ‘+ ——————— a] Pot no plase Change, | APs = 0-5 BPc AR. Calculation of tHe overall Heal tans fey “f Coetbicient He fallansing— eq : TF eT tee ho = Shell TN _CondeNsai'on of Pure Component, Condensation is toting Place "15- sSothey mak: ney Of at constant eemp- 4 5. WSother mak: Manne, Of While "A Case of multi component Condensan on, doen g the Condensation ten decrease ficom d@N Point & bubbl Point _|dermp. 7 1+ Condensa}ron of the Vopor Minrue of two. immisobe campaneats: a conan OF Ae ALOOLRIPC Vapox ‘Mparuye rts foncto-oF Pee PPE ideo eis PUN frie) > “Pe 5 bi, pe) sNon ideok Ki Tae to, TProcess Des est A_of Rebothops and vapan lich =| Design cotyelarions fk Rebolley and voponigy —— — Ure same Reboiley sed naith dFSAUI gifan (atoms, = | In a Reborl &y Part of ‘Uquid fea ic Vapoyized while ma Vaepo.t iZey, the ated feed_to Ltgaid iS S_vapa ted =| Fol lowing tyre of Reboile, axe Used in Chemiah —__| |_ndostafes . - _——— G)_Kette type Rehoiler | 6) Bundle in columy “Rebsiler ~ | 2S} Hox izontas Thermasyphon Reboiley ——|4} vertical they mosy shon Rebeiley ©) Farted CPi laser) Rebotl ey { ~ ~ | a Keitie Tyee Robiley ee | > “Kate type Reboiley is NoeMalty - Used wT a Ast fasion Coluenn, and _ajso_as_-Vaporise Vapo We | Leaving the Ketel “type Rebeiler ie we MWays | in CquilrbAtun) ysith the Laue |= podl belling, maxi yalve of heat Uyonsfey coelbareny 6 achived in Nuclare Boiling Region. : ae — To achive Nucleade Bailing Region, AT Should be Less than and Close to Osha Lemp. dop- Trage to, To Le Peocess Desina eps s+ M- Caleolabion of heap duly | 48 = Hon ey te t ded by Mola flow Rate oe Moloy flo) Rate sf Pecidue —— a He = entanly of feed fs Feed may fon tare 7 g he = Heal duty of Londen sep - Fos Heat duty of disitation + digs Medex hos Va BB he ude Un be Pik the “value_of Plean_temp. diffe ence AT a. a Se iq Reaging Mediyn) Rale_of heanng medivat a. fing the massPIX Ihe Value of tue ausil_Afes de and __ tube Length en _F Gale Sheil side Boiling Collie # ps ng = Otel pe af “a PTE OG +b(£ h. Colculare tobe Side hear ckans Fey ketene Calculate ih K Colculare 7 excess” hear? Beans Fo aneq Lr Should be to Between 1 oda Rased'on jhe final of last Vale of Real tan stey Que Provided : Actua hear flux = 8 E 5 Apaouided. . m. fetal heat Hox Loy CMa) ~ : - age Ns.a = ke( eI PE Ca aay Ye find the hell inside dinmeley. Shell TH= Uquid teve] + ols OAs Mh Uiqurd_tevel = Tabe Bundle dig «+ $0.-J00 mm - [0 @ Cheak the enlgarn ment. wee % Vmax = 04 tty : fv Atival Vageuy velocity — = nivl gy Liquid suplae ayea (L490)YAS a vertical heymacyphan Peboilor, RE tee mined Sheet hear Ca chovyg ey 1s Nokmalty Used. =| THis Instadied in the Pe fect vertical Position - __ = NeeHccr Theymosy phon Pearle, iq tahien normal Level ——_Lof Uquid_in_aistitlayion column _is_same_as level of _ - whe sheet of hear exchanger. —_=|_Tn_this type of Renoiley, Sphoning ehted Created _ by heasing hence 1S called ther, mos phan. Rehorler_ FHTRT Gnd ures have developed thee ol methods for | Hye. Péeocess eae of _theymosyphon Reboiley -tohich we pebollee ra. G Condensate I Calcylase heat duty of Rebeiley Lae he a od Ty Hh ——|--—f renin ¢-r065—| a. | iy fix ihe ‘value of Mean temp. difteyence’ STM ee eee [re = stmt Te | ti) Select the sortable mye |_iy Assume the value of overall eat Ceanshel, co ebbice ~ ~ Up =10-0- ot © = Ap= $m = Aundol ; Uo STH YJ ReREP Rectyulation Ratio equal 1 4 fom the Atnst tipiel : Recigaitation ‘Torio” ~ Pass Tow Rale of Uiquad Vopoa'7anon Rate | TTT DPov = Pa. Loss ig disbltation Colvmp t _ Pi = Loses aes : tose 4 “Piping and Nozzle TAN irom (C100) eS ee favs An (%/u") Yo- Vi-| 2 | vii} Compoye tre value of qvinble Mifernna -APay. i 7 Thoye oye Five possi befits a] APay = APt ene by APav > Ope ee - ) -Apav = dy are _| d\_Apav ¢ ape 6 Apay <4 bee ppt — _— et pelt pesidue t b= ~ a) ~ Tncqeast_of Elevauan of Rebetley aTink ays “flow Biodel? HAM The Keast Mothads (54 the Péocesy deway of NTH ont phase changes heat eachangeh aye Based an | _ tin Key's flo Model. Tne phase chang in shen side fvid theq Shel de | heat tans cobétecient end shert side pr deep i alt Recent Methods ape “cui ulated Based on this Yodel. =| Assume ther entaies shell side fiwig i floning a@cnass the tube bundle and Betwieoy the Batéles en = ee|}———— Ie Sfeam AX = Steain his the tube ~ Baiite Leakage steam of -. itis tne faction of shell side fluid jlonting though | “the cleayance betndeeg tube hole iq Borie and tube ——}._oviside dameal sheam a: =| Steam B is. the actual chess fron stead): of if 1S “fhe. Fraction of shell side tube Which 13. flawing arash the tube BUndie and _ging te Baffies 3 pte ri =| sizeam ¢ iss Bondie to shell by past. slate th —|thts fhe feaction of ~Shelt_side_¢lvid_{totving ————_ 4 | therough _‘cleagence shin shell inside dig — tube bunctie. —~ 4 | Tt Al. stteam 6: =| steam _e is the paptle to shell” Leakage siheam, _ the cleasance -etiween_¢dge f Rotite and shell 5-| steamy ‘F 1 =| streawt Fis the pass - partition By-Pass stpeam ‘In_tube sheels Wheye pass parlttign plales are attached in ihar poxtlon tupe Coy Nol be parourded. | Ir!s @ part of Sheil ctde, flutd flewing ® _thsoyph heatepe - > AL AME tooled” heat €x changey and Att 7 : ~ Tone tn- cies aly (40-46) can be used at codin | Meaton tf the Poca fold 16 fo be Cooled op fore, TE Th lo be Cooled peton be, Meg almacpheric _Atmosp le Cannot pe Used ay Coaling njedium BW nro | inte norrie ‘| f obs { . — - Cc I ft Hana, fo} __S____- | floods “sain Fes —_ Hot (lord ~ ourTel upportiy Ss porate ‘oor ud aim T ae a ave naa The Same hear cachangey ts also Used Foe _heaung the 0% bY caikated — stee M)_04 “cooling of che Atmaph eric _ -A14_by chilled pia Hot Gig 15 (sed 45 daying Meatum in the dyer firey ‘chilled ath is Used fon ok Conditroning. : 7 gq nile side ae fit side Heat ransfey Coebicrent And Apyf Es Pa ajecled popimel & ay = hier facing eh — Ake pccuried Af by” Efnned tobe: “Oui fimL aed, Qse Wh-npxdoxt—np Cin op- tube oa) nyt ti ges BBE OR fay ca lenlanny eel Vand as 7a _ 5 ase ; fay Cal Shell side 0% 014 side Reynolds-sio. : Re > dens = z | 7 _ Cale ais side phandit vio. Py = CPMDate Pe ele eat oe F) cal fin side ne oly side “hit Coeprtion k Tp = 0-088 2072 Reo TaAN gJ_calcv{ate dinky fin_side hat 49 Celt he! Fe do a Ry Careutare —Frpstde nent team WR Rema Cento TY Hine ebhitieney A can be dex! wnined , Ce- tb) J hg kmyb o9— ons bube-on a te Yb: Pip mirenesr a Ky = Jheynral Condoshvity. T)ovepan AT warnceg™vate ey mia Tost bt ayn Pale heat Exchangey F The Plate heat Exchanger CPHE) Consists of a frome (n, hich Closely cpaced Metar_plases are damped Betweel 4 head and a followe. | The. plate have Cigculay holes Who Coney and thee holes aye Cealed Akound by —Gosket which also attach over Pl ose edges. “plates oie péessed “£4200 sraiqless Steel ana, titanium, nSckel _ Mone! luminivm b kass | tanqtatom ere. Sthiceness oF plare Ranges Peary a5 = MM gap _bemieen “the plates is fang ing Sucom. [5 0 “tusutaces ' on a_ —| plete are easily Cleaned “and Replaced. =| Vorlety of _ftony at ang¢ ment ake Possible JY Counle fre ») =A ra { Noles 1) Produc ehaduct te {Heat teanstey ater por plares kanges fear 0-05 = 1m HUQnt ty width Ratio of plates Dang es Sham 4-3, Tara woof pares pits pret yoo op _—— : Tinton iTTN teoducivon : : ‘ Vap i a . — Date COLUMN Hion folloited by Condes avon iS kLonn 95, _clistillarion. Fox an envttaely ‘anew Midtuke, Te is bengto veriry —— the design of tts distitlaiion calm ci4st of jhe pilot | Plant scale + colvign, Be fare poling * fe or ar Commegteal— oh _Loy Large scaled * + Le Is @ Method of Seperauing components gf soluiy'on Which axe Relatively volatile: fo a _Nidtuye if ‘wl he (ompanenls — aye Rel ively . | volatile and axe Requiked to be seperared in Puze ford | then _ distill ation “flash choice | Tb the Relative Volaility of the _two adjecent Po! 1s ves it i I -Companenis ts very “high then evapoxosion is _pkeferred. | is VOY Lows close to J of equal to 4, spectar_ type L | of distlarion fie Aztottopic 4 ea ateactive_dstilj abe ten | ‘Ab _the Relativ ra ‘lity ¢f tho adyecent components - } | Fok the same case, Uquid- Liquid €atxachion Nembtaq epeyanion -Oh Urystillixant on May be tehe eConomic .Date ‘ i the adoption sipping _ok Liquid - Liquid eatgaction Mas Moke Clonomicat tha) _disiillarion .- — _ — | Tk the sepayation of only one componer is Requited gnatney than & Seperation of a1 the _tomponenis’ of the Nixtuye Ex: | Fok the seperan'on of penicilin from ine comple | Mfatuke , uiguid - utquid_Extagction is used. 2+ Fox Removal of ammonia from Lear) aqueous solune ————Stgat_siipping is pheferhed ————___________ 3. TS all components of ait aye_to be Sepekaied in puke thor ( nitbogen, onvgen . Aegon} chyogenic. distillasion Is_used_,. io __ = Bus if oa Niteogen i Puke form ‘5 to _be Sepeheas er ____ fon, Lessuhe, swing. adseroton, (psa) -__is_used: echon of Gui fa di ish'Hatfon_ Th Most of the ca ee, asllvation ik consted out either | iy aYtkay. tt fe ate toney) cgitepia of Selection ‘Between Ehay tone) Cone, Nd packed toWep 15 selected. LAS. follows. Po tiga vac um distitoaion Q& packed toWeb is sleds pen on |_Packed ane See Patil tau at Compored_to the Chay raisee| Fok Very smal! toner diameter packed lower 1s used usith Very Large Coney divanere, , tray tober ts wed __ toe handling higher “Raita of (quid. fiw 2 “j —Napeui_fiow Role, packed Lomieys ax Foy _very __j- ——.| Law Liquid flow Rose thay tow eps fs selected . E Ue Fox Corsoisve syctem, Packed tone, with plastfe Uke - Poly Pkopylene packings , glass fibbe Rein Forced Plastic | packings ete. 1 mote economicai than thay tower Made | fieam Spectal_Netat auloys . _ { —_£) th the side phoducls: ake _to be _dkowd from the distillatten Column , tie ihe distillation columa_of Acfiney , toy tone, _ig used. | _tolumn _besign : esa The design of a cistitiaiion column can be diwaed. _|_ inte the following eps ¢ ot | Th the feed Niniuke Contains Moke than ts compenents, | | -then select two key components ficom oul the Components |e “Of feed Niatuke. _- Bo decide the operaring pk. of wistiviaxion column, ai ihe _t | qperauiNg Pk: find the vapok- piguid equilibrivm dala 2] Specify the degger of seperairon Required. In cace of’ | | RiNOxy ‘clilfarioa, dewtde to top and bottom Péeaduds., | bs Tce No,a ObiepMine the Minimum ~ Reflux Ratio Ray. 5: Herermine the optimum ‘Reflux Rao Rand Find we 2/7) Nombey_of theoxelival of cquiltiue) stages Requited | 7 | for the desited. Seperation Select the type of tone; tray coney Ok packed Con Gh | 5 fGelect the type of thay iq thay tose, of type of pacing inp. packed towel, Find tower chiamet ef and Pkessuge dxop ackoss fhe || tower. Decides the top aisengagement and Goeftom disengagement Spaces. \ betermine ihe tray _ebbiciency and find the actual numbet Of tays in tase of ay lowe} of find HTP and decide e| eignt “of “pacting 1 Packed towek 4 Select the Maieniar of Constzuch’sn fok ail parts, Design, NX the Suitahie _ fnsulation_system cle Design the condense, and Reboiler . SST) Coen 0g _Aebolle 1 |_I| Design the” Conticol methodology foe the ditstitiatt on and _ocation- of an Nozzles wl Nechani car design of _atsniiation (olvrgn Which aise tpclud | design of s Kilt Suppokt for the ctistillaxon column. ~|caicvlation and equations fo the past pive steps ae | Ss i freyent fot sift and Nutt component . System | L_ —_4. Selection of Key’ Components: Qo © JT the Feed Nintue (n__afstill given Coloma coniods only vo Components, then eis cared BiNdk ————. ect ag divitlakten “lose A EN apenss SEE AF phdnpeyy — This: steps in not Vash foe Binax y_NiaduE Binoyy dist ijait‘on ‘Moxon Colum is caired Muticoi gt Wadi —Calennd eats ote AT tah Cage | ae — When a feed Histure to dis Nofee than ttd0 components distillation Fesd minty. ae F vyvay (Oo = Insicho distillation, itis nar possible to obtain ee ee Note thar oe puke Com ponent in_singe _colvma. Fok_ihe sepeeasion of .wUcomponent_Nintufe by | disteltasion if au the (omponenis -axe le be seperated in poke fom, then at Lest Ni distlleston a [Be Requted fot disiillasion column = In maliicomponent_d’stitasion’, one cannot specify of the top aNd patron S— ‘ the Complete ¢ompasi ~ products: indepen detty Products eepenae thus one can fix only atstaibulfon °F (00 companents of seed “Nistupe “in aistiliare and Residue. but not the disthibust'on oF aul component. — Before storing the design of Noli(component zZ __ distillation, two" ey components ae selected. . Page wo.Date —__| = key Components aye fhe two Componenis of the- feed | 4 cent et panei eam ae _ Sepekawon. oe | = Tho key lompanents axe fosthey divided_as+ 1+ Lig ht_key. components \ 2. Heavy Key components yehee sfrbeesiee |= Mote _volaiite Hey components is caited ight _key compe panes pp = Less: volatile Key components 7 called “heavy key : eet — Components «ae Ught_Key_componenis : A Hankey componey a _| > re is.q Componenis of the feed Mintuge _wofiich 15. deschied to be kept out tne hotfom prroduck. ya > Tis the cone Of feed oe is phesent a. Re fide [—__|_sfagit ameint_ : = | > Moe Volasile Component of Restdue is the Light Key Components . Lk Heavy key compnentss >= a : : st fone ort}= aad I Isa “companeat of Seed tA uke tohich —, destied to be Kept out the (op phoduel- ———{| TUES the Component of ford ashich 1s PAccent if) _dishare in impektagy amovat, tonic ol Components beaviey fhan tne heavy key ase ol bécesent Ole “Negligible _anjount- a + Least volanlile is the hey-etomieens — as_pee_the_okdey_of vale ility —theq_they_ake known a Th the Light Key_and_heavy key Components are el |-odjacent_Keys - 7 any othe Components ufes 1) Bete them , then they Oxe knowin _aS_sel [components of the _f Qe known _4s “Non _key_components .. The Non_key components Which aye Als (tcf buted tn, top and Baltom products. aye Enoron_a5_Afs{Aibuted Components . __ aa 7 Poneto.| selection of OPeraNN PhessuKe and 6) | Netermine of vapok- Liquid pata k selecton of Operating phessuge t >In Many case —opeauing py. in distittawan columy ts fexe Fy the_temp. of ine cheapest Cooling Kaveh, sonich_ suse. bE able bo Conlencer the disnllare Vapok | for i's Bubbie_point of ast e_Should_be_sufticientty. Grease, than, Coating Watley temp. T™| Case_of paypal eiciereeeeaa Condenseh, Bubble paint _¢ k_ Should be su fticienity ~~} Jresek than temp. of _( ng as acy aan — But tf 4his operating Phessuke 18 Calculated to he vety “high ane chilled haley Of kine Can be considered qe Cooling “Medium foe the overhead _contdensel.. =—OPeeaiing _Pheessuke 1 distiNasion column is aiays (ess —theq_the citar pk. of top _phoduck ok temp. of Cooling —Nedivm of Ovethead Condensey cannot he _gheeley than GH Cat temp. ef _tep Product Many case, distillation is captied ¢ ld Undek Vacuuar_ s avetd the theyMat_degadaiion of heat_sensitwve_pkoduel ok to facilitate the Use of cheaper, heating Medion, Like bedurated steam ‘tn Rebotler on 0 curek_ the. —Vopot Uqoid equilbgivm daa.fd Macuurt. atsttilased % for heat sensitive Material of to facilitate she ' Use of cheaper heattog nedium in Rebotiey 0 2 ___ ——|__utey_ihe_Vopats Uiquia Equfliosiom, data, distillation Calum is _opehated under vaccum. ——_|__A_ Advantages : _| =| | —\)__Tk _pyevents — thi decomposition of heat oes nae ensittve Material . | 2) Tt allons the Use of Note -eto nomi Cat heasing Medium | | Such as satualed Steam, agains! hot tof io high, Copocity plant. _ _ 3) tt Requites Feniey “stages Ok Loney, alu Of both in Many Cages _Wheye “Relative Vola faeces _____tneteage —1fth Secheas eff the oreyasing Pre. 4) ay some cose, vaccum, _bheoks the KE athope | Qnd_Mmove_she Seperation castep. 5) te Reduces Undearkable cide Runs ie they ove taxing place, 4 §] Vacuum -cistillasion Provides sakéry -in athe al'tifit of toxic #4 haraxdous “Nateyia. “Tt t) I incgease Phoduct Recovery _ when Healing With Naaimum temp. _(onstga‘ns. 7 |! 7 ea > [PuenDate. x Disadvantages i Tf Tt Requite layge column dtametey and wage a ——dlametey Vapoy tgp 7 a. Bex of the Reduchag in condensasteg temp. , costliey Cooling Source May be Requiked fake condensaten. 3. Pkesence_of aih as _non-condensables Reduces the |__ebticienty of Main condenses. 4 Inckease the possibility °F Contaninaion of Products by at of other Components of _aimosphere.. of Vapous.- Lyell Cquilibsfom Data s_ [> VLE data _tust be detepritfed Fox the given_Mistune fox distiNasion and‘ at the Operasing Plkessuge of distillasion Coloma. oe find he vie dala there ape three opttans, | 4] Vie data can be delepminog by Expexinent. 16 the = Saing Ble JS_aimaspheyic ofr Vacuum the VLE data exphimenr 15 ‘easiey. | = Bur TF Vit dasa ate Requited aa high Pk. they — | this exphiment is difftun.= All these dada _tweye “aeiepmined_ by sem ore eapegioen| L L. b\ “Bind the VLE ao Fok the given syste fear) the Litepotuxe, if dhey O4e avfaple at fhe sacte |___opeyasing “Phressune. ——— Phase Equilibsivm equation - "= FoR teal vie, Rovlt's Law fs applicable, PPE a ae Pre ROUTE OH) ee c|_ vue dasa can be derepmined theokeHcasty ba a | : J whee, Yi = Mole fraction of component Fin Vapaule ap = Nole fracton of Component fia piquid Pe = operasing Be Kea ¢ yufd ft at the ote Guenekan fom of' Vie equavion_, Gee Ke, = fo, fon ideah vie .dasa is determined by folioning, Gidtee = aN Pe - WT toner, OF = Pogacity caeuiten F component f = Aciviey coesbind OF Component as poled epee on__Pxessuye"y jasion , Spewify An. Consideying _equilinyivay Uimitasion fq rttad. | OO ait Marepian Balanee, Sbeeieeeeeueeseeeureeeeeeeeeeareee FeQth FRE = Dap Nay. = 10 establish ihe Marepiat Balance 9 Not Component distillation is Not _easy 7 —_1N Case of MotCompanent dtstiliaton , Speci f the distkibution of tue Koy Components fq distiliale and iN. Residue Considebing equilioxium ims fasion in_ ind Lo Exact disittbution of Non key components in (op Phodurt | _aNd_hottom Poduct, is Not possible as the staying of design . . ig (= reg | _bohe ee, b= = Moles ef 1 Component tn distillate bis Holes of (7K Component fy Recidee My = Relanve volatility Ac =" Cor stants . ss— = —}__Seperation. | > Determine the mintmum Refius Ratio Rm. I is — the Maximum Reflux Rabo for wnich inftnte f-———Nambe,_ of Crays aye Required fo gested 1 Decteasing Reflux Rasio, a Value of Reflux 2asio Obtained Fok Winich desited Sepeiasion Become fem pokicible. is caitea pyinimom. Regwx Ratio Ry | 1. Delepminasion of Bq fox Binaxy 4 ptsflaiion = “SA “ Vapouy - Liquid: Equiliryivay dala of cukve fet [fon feed tiquid ar ane bopsie point of with _| >a) 19 tase of Binary distiilasion ‘ust - ideak 7 a which is alnioys oncave daw Word em Ane Saivgated Liquid feed, &g=1) Re Pe RTT aT Oe, 1 xe faerie “Hg =A ‘here Hq= €oihaoly of Feavkared vapay , "lm r He = Enthaply of feed,’ 5] ko i Hee Enitaply of sal. (iquid, tt femor. | ' — : : : [Reena TY.| ti]: Fok the atwaled Vapovk- feed ok at dew Poin ~ ¢ 4=0) Ss rye I] Fok any condition ef feed ( fok any value off | Rmipt qu. AL wD ean] | Rm FRE) + g (Ie x9) (byt) (eRe) CAH : : - 5\ Gn case of pinaxy distillation wih ideal of Hod_ideat Vapoyk -Liquia quibsiury data __Minimon Reflux Ratio Ra can be determined by _ Mccabe - theele Method — following assumption gre made i ecaber-ihfele nel» a Vapokizasion is equat to Nolat Leant heat of |_&- Heat losses Qnd hm of solunon ape Negligible. | 1 Fok any equilibpiom stoge , malay Caren hear of condensanon 3- Total condense i Used bust thoke 1¢ qo SUb(ooling . La, 1,4 = Constant _ = My = We X% oF | , Where 1,6 = Molar Pins Rare of Liquid and veins. ih Reg Hft'cating Sectiona Stapning ceettay mort UG Hola flout Pare of _ quid ond varce fq ae Method fat, detoymining Pay by Mecake there Method: “ 1 Pkaw The VEE cukve, Yves alco dant the 45" dingonar Cx=y) Une. 4 Maxi the point a-¥=%), x-Yie and a on the 45° alogonal ine. _ (3. DROW KE qn-uiy Te Stops Phom the point 2Y=he | The equation of quine ts : ase y = 4 x. _| _ j | 47! 4-1 ‘ _ 4 ae i Slope of ating tse Qi 4 Dean the tine {00 42% poiq! 10 the point | of intepsechon of g_une And” Equilibyium cuyve 4 —=£Atond the _same_tine to yanis aniepcerr of this : Une gives the \plue of —_&e f3om Which the PML 4 Value of pm canbe falculoded .rcs = IN Case_of Molticemponen! aisiithanon Fim Can be deep ined by Undey woed's _Hethoo . aan 5 WME Rt SS Cte —_— = eet iE —_ ar-8 Hobe Wis (dite atonal] © = TOP Most temp. of distijiasion “tolumg Is den poi emp of over head vapovy = Bottom stost temp. of distiltanion Column is Bobble poiny | EMP. of Residue - | ination of ophimunj Refiux Ran > Tdeally the Reflux Ratio Which shevld.- be Used fea New desian’ should be optimua)_of the: : Most economia | = optmum Reflux Raw 15 the value of Reflux Rave Fok lohich the total cost of Shotet cut Methods avaslante for pinay distitlasion xe’ Fensiiy “equation, smotiens equanion’ ee. * | = Details Methods availabie ok -Binaxy wHiavion aye McCabe - Thiele Method and Poncho) -savoryit _yethod' iz — ¥ [Page No. T2) ww . we up ey 9. Me-Cabbe = Thi Hethod : (rr Gas Yeh =A sumptions mode iq__Me-Cahe_thiele Method oye discussed ithe Phevious sech’on Z lk_Case Whee heat of Solution ok hear tosses ate Significantly age 4 -fok the casec in which high purity of products Gye Requited. tepwise plrocedvye For opeliyng Ne Cabop - Threle _Nethod. (4) Draw the vie Cunve {hom the VLE’ Data Available ab the opekasing Pe of dfettiianion, column :~ Cb) Mark athe poink xp Ke and xy en 45 dlogonay Aine, (¢) "Draw the ¢-uine, the equation of _q-tine is 4 ye he el __Te_stoxts’ “from “xe ye te point and tts slope is se We (a. Determines the Minisqum Reflux fais ka. (t) select the value of aciuat Reflux Rava QR. | Drohlethes Rectifuing Section opekading Une aaial ys Rx 4%). RA Ati Page Wo. Ithis Line stayts from x= ¥= 2p ‘point. Ts inter cept fs 30/ io : | (f) Okan tne steapping secHan opeeaving tine nt | __stayts prom x= de Enl, Pass thiauph the_peind of ——— Me section of [_Reclifying cectto and 9-0e I |) Stoxting fom Xp to Xy ok fom Ey bo % L *_carky “out the lepwiise consttuction getween_ ———0#raling ine and. equilibaivm cuyve, — = Tora. Numb e, of steps ts _equat_to Nombep of theasiticas of e4uslibsivn) stages, ‘Requiked for the deshes jepeahion. Oo : ao ~Petichon = Savoait Heihed NS _Nethoa_ is. Moke reigotous “thon “Ne-Cabe tile Method . = this Hethoa_ ‘Reaukes 4 deiaied cha We dota_and —_|_ —itis_poticaony applied byt | | __Which heat of Solufien | Tahar Nareyian Balance “Tote hoap an Gini = Mat) a) — fk Component Ca),Gina Yat Pe _Fnthaoly Ralance_ “fiote hoop G), My Diy * GO) _ intl Hagar Un thug = Dy luminaion of D (009, uty and (ye ) ___, st Le. he q'- Nopnth —_o bint Zp = ‘gh ty 1 Fcoopainates., — (Mona, Yor) Gi xn) = 50 Tae Heat a nee ef Males eeSD aq ADI fron equaion -w) CG) y= Ao- Joye Hani Gott + Zp aq — 9! Hun. sg! Hantt ~~ Yn 0 Hanaim Muy = Yniee MsMethod valid fof Meliicomponent bisiitloneg: | None of theny ts Votaliy Relianle — Hener, (oh 0 NeW Care nf diatitiotron fe ts Reeginmended tn Ue Mohe Thag ene Heihod fel Ihe deermiionoi of MCorveticat Slages -Aiso_ itis better design “the distilanen column ,_ fst fol pio plagt_and_then_Modify the design. Rased on the Resuit of pilot plant _columy painee thea designing the Coloma aiectty fer the _(onmerctrat Scale_plant Ie shott cut Methed : FUG) Method fue Method &. Rigohous Method : Lewis Mashso) * Method , Thiele- Geddec* Method. 1 ethod = _t “_Fenckey - = Undeywed Gilltiana$ 4 Method } + > | 1 ts the Most widely. used i chokt “cot Nethed fey —— —delecmining_nombe, of equilibhlum stages fox _Movlifcomponen)_ _disfillavon + |= 10 this Nethed fest Miniqua Refiuk. Rano Rot is & Berryovines hy Under boat's Method - +| = [+The Fenskey's -equanion —is_used to_find_the : Hintmun no. of theoretical slages Requiged for | ~ | the desized seperation. Feaskey 5 Equation — : | afl Hare (eel —___—_— ee tag au theye, Atk = Average Relative Volahlity ef Wight key with geapect ta heavy key _in_aisti Nate Ck, Mk) b = Mole fraction of Key component in Residue. L__|= Jf there ts a wide dlfforence in te values of aay at bop and pottom Most temp y Ken = ( Arnlesp) X Hi tat) = Iq uch Case ttf Recommended © fia. te, 4 do >= at = C dai, tor xX Meg | eed, 4p dius)aa = Alle, finding athe Valle of ery and: Nm, Number of theoretical © stages Requiked~. oh -Norbay’” Of J ee —£quilibaivey_stagen Requited .fok - _dained seperation | _ Can be determined by @illtand'’s _ Cohn elasion —- Te atlyinaly— Presented in teyms #f geoph —____ z fons Nay ee) PEPE] Nt { Wit29 ][ yes é L where, p= RR : Rt selec tan “ete tkey_t One || wb nm the F As Selectian_of of Thay. Type: a | [> Different types of thays used th troy tower, | é 4 - | sieve thay - 2 ~ Bubble Cap’ tay 2 —4 I. Q 3. Valve thay 4, binde thay S- Modified Steves Ukoy. : |Date onsideped Fak the > Various factoys thar Hust selechon of thay types are, a) cost ao 4) ebticrency b) opacity e)_phessuse dicop. ce} Operating Range : Q) "Cost: Bubble tap thay i the’ Cesllesh, type of thay _ with mid Mild _stee| a5 _matepfar af _constavch*on = The Rasio of Cost” Bubble cap : Valve: Sieve bray 2 8 TU5 I = Cost of Bubble cap thay ts three time of (asi of sieve thay and double the: Cast of Value tray sith mild sieel as Motopiat - — Th toner diamet oy Requixed fok given Flow Rates 18 Moke it Neans capacty of thay ie Less -_ The Rasiting of of Capacity is in ode, of ‘Nodificd sieve i thays sev s_thays, Valve thay and Bubble cap tay = How evere, the difference in ihe Valuesof towep diameter i Tot large. Vy Adee Tee Ne Ia = >t a Sperating - Rasige : Te is an impokrant Factor for the selechon of thay operating Range of tay Means RaNgecf Liguitd Nd Vapovs flow Roles over hbich thay Wonks Sanisfactorily.. = Bubble (ap tay “pkavides the Maximum apotatits Range while sieve tay “pkovides the Minimum Opeiearing Range > peseerentay _ = Hence: distillation column axe operaled in the Range SOME Maximum Feed Flow Rate to Minimum feed flow) Rase. _ : =. The Ratio of Maximum flow Raje to Minimum fion Rae is cated “tuen down Rayo. _ = Fo_highoy twsdhann Rab Paefeyred [.a)_Ebbiciency = = This fociok is not generally considered for He 4 t election of thay, Fbhiciency of teays oe almost AM? - - ~ — Te they ae nperated at design flows Rates, ox Miith a Ninimum boAn- down ) _| z : : a ~ However, Bubble Cop Columns give deat _tsbiclengy aoe Nt Oyen cr Ohtee awe of Hur wy v4 qenerset.Date |) pressdke drop: as 1 + Pressure dkop ove, the thay and fo4 entike __ _ColUMA 15 Important fey. Vacuur cis tiation _ fof = | _____ Which a packed tower 1s the fi%st choi ce> = But fok the Lon Vacuum” operation , thay tower can Be ‘selected to ger othe advan Sxie bene - Vo Pena te pet SS Can ro _ = Amen 9 the thays, Sieve tray Pkovides the lowest PkessUkP dkaP, falloned by valve troy , while bubble ca. : Provides the highest P&essuke divop: - — Steves thays and Mo dified ‘sieves * thays ake the ——— —theopestandake Satifactany fake the May ty Of | the_apeliatien J+ Toney Diametey aa —Presivke Dkop: * Delepmining the ¢ Ton diaries # of Sieve Thay font ee i _ Flooding in_sieve thay tober fixes the Upper Lint of #2 Vapour, Velocity tough the Latteh = Taatiy of Vabouk od Nhich Flooding in Steves oy tower occurs Is called Flooaing velociey ve —_ Toney diame hot Sieves, bray column iy decided Based of Ae \eme oF Y Toewsco, |= Adeat ly It shalld be in Belvicen fo: t0 95 7+ zi I= Actual velocity ok design _veloetty thxovgh _distasion column Shovid be iq the Range of 70 to got of oh = Flooding t3.an_ inoperative condition Flooding phenoneta ox figeding velochy aye difined difterentty “fol different “equipment. > ~ Flooding 'n thay toner of distillation column Ca OCccUnS oh observed 1) either of ‘the fol oning Uys -|____cleay Vopouk is seperated and Rises upwakd i. “Te Flooding + 1) distilation operation folcth of Liquid ~ vapout _/_Mixtube fates oq_each thay Prom which neavl the guid en he next above tray. = when Froth of Uiquid- vapouk Histune touches athe Next above ‘tray it is Called fer Flooding . = Liquid deoplels axe enitolned fh ahese free Hooating ers. These ake fee flowing fers + combinedly Fotrm the fordh . — When this froth Louches the gext thay above ic fs coiled (ee _fleading TPage to. TFlooding vel locity bough Sieve ve Loy | toneh “can! be — Teaeteuite by _fottonting_ equation i. Donincomyey Moding & | TA GSH Manon Colum”, Liquid Cros jn dovigwiond ditection by gravitananal Foire but te ftavts Byamat Ihe PAcssuke Whe] quid flows fkom ene Gray lO neal Beton Hay, te flows | {ror Loney pressure to highoe Phessune, AN liquid (evel in down (ome on any (soy Rises above fhe _wieite, it is called down comer, _flooaing . shee, Ve = Flosaing vapour yelocity , mls Cf = flooding constant. © = sudface tension of. Vquid , Nfmq fv = Density ef vopamy, egfm3 P= Density of wiquid , kg]? “Luss mass flay pole of quid, egls. "Vid © Wass flow Raie of vofout, gts 7 we| aa 5 K_slection_of Liquid Flaw ‘paitel) Fre; einalng tower ameter, auld oe — decided Poltekn, ove sieve Ua = liquid How paitern depend Rale and toney diameter 4 1 — + THEE | own fon woke | 1H e gonn—Th 7 — Frooy hy — we Laine | ~ \ I ‘down (100) y=) ; ae 7 flow daw fo = - ha i a Reverse stows » Double Pass “i | Tnlemediee Ypres} 80% all she mie} « downto] rexmedrae mer 4 TT LR RDate. Torey diameter also depends an thay pacing. value [Thay spacing Panges_ flan) 215.91 0 49 flooding constant dependens onthe value of tay Spacig Ta, at dean sage, f the Loy spacing is increased, Requiked lonsey diameley _ decrease, bnay efficiency increase and pene actual Numbuy of: choy Requiked [ok desihed Seperation decease but ovekasl [helghe felc_toseIncteeasee Tay Spacing can the takey equal _to of to_0:5 Even sith snaiie,_tkay spacing of ois m to 0-13 O Large Spacin 1s Needed between Certain plates to accommodate Moxzle Fok Feed side slkeams , fok Manboles etc. = J Cheaking of _tiguld = Chtainment : As a Rough 4 the -l+_of Uquid entrainment should” be Less than fo" a —_ _ f-_ Liquid Entgainment = ¥e of (quid daoples entaained “kq of ghoss Liquid flow Oe A. Liquid: Eqitainment = loop where P= fraction iqwa Enleasnment. @ = Ky oh tiquid Enkained —. Moles of quid énrieaine lea. of _gkass Uiquia flow Noler of gAoss. Uqua ft =pptimom value of @ can be greater than ol. ; : { yay utes