Name: ___________________________________ Grade: _____

• You are expected to know all topics from Algebra 2 and trigonometry from Geometry.
• This packet is optional due on 9/6. It will be worth 4 classwork grades in September.
• The answer keys will be on the school website & IB website.
• You will have several tests on these topics in the first marking period.
• If you have trouble reviewing the topics over the summer, use resources such as Khan
academy, IXL, and youtube.

 You will be given homework every class and the homework will be checked every class
in IB Extended Math.
 There is no credit for late homework and it DOES AFFECT your grade!

The topics of IB extended Math are:

1) Reviewing and extending algebra 2 topics (3 months)
2) Trigonometry (3 months)
3) Probabilities and statistics (2 weeks)
4) Sequences and series (2 weeks)
5) Exponentials and logarithms (1 month)
6) Polar coordinates (2 weeks)

Algebra 2 is crucial for you to be successful in the upcoming advanced math classes including IB
Extended Math and SAT/ACT tests. If you don’t think your algebra 2 skills are strong, please
spend time over the summer. You will be expected to understand everything in this packet since
this is a pure algebra review.

Table of Contents:
Topic 1 – factoring & solving quadratics
Topic 2 –Rational Expressions and Equations
Topic 3 - Simplifying Radicals and Complex Numbers
Topic 4 - Solving Equations and Inequalities
Topic 5- Graphs of Functions
Topic 6 - Other topics in algebra 2
Topic 7 - Trigonometry
1
Algebra 2 Review Topic 1: Factoring and Solving Quadratics

7 Factoring Rules

Rule #1 - GCF
1) 3a 2bc5 − 9a 3bc 6 + 12a 2b3c 6

Rule #2 – Difference of Perfect Squares

2) 9x 2 − 49y 2 3) 100 x 2 − 100

Rule #3 – Trinomial with 1 as a Leading Coefficient

4) a 2 + a − 20 5) 3x 2 − 18x + 24

Rule #4 – Sum/Difference of Perfect Cubes

6) x − 125 y 7) 64a + 8 y
3 3 3 3

Rule #5 – Perfect Square Trinomials

8) 9x 2 + 30x + 25 9) 36y 2 − 84 y + 49

Rule #6 – Factoring by Grouping

10) a 2 x − b 2 x + a 2 y − b 2 y 11) 4 x3 + 4 x 2 − 6 x − 6

Rule #7 – Trinomial with Leading Coefficient >1

12) 3y2 + 5y + 2 13) 6 x 2 − 5 x − 6

What if it can’t be factored?

14) x + 25 y
2 2

2
Factoring Review
How do I know which factoring rule to use?

Factoring Mixed Practice

15) 2 x 2 + 8 x + 3 x + 12 16) 2 x 2 − 7 x − 15

17) 27x + 8 18) 3 x − 5 x − 2

3 2

3
Solving Quadratics

What are the different ways to solve quadratics?

#1 – Solve by Factoring
20) 25 p − 36 =
2
19) w − 8w − 9 = 0 21) 3x = 16x − 5
2 2
0

#2 – Solve by Graphing
22)

#3 – Solve by Completing the Square

23) p − 12 p + 36
2

−b ± b 2 − 4ac
#4 – Solve by the Quadratic Formula x =
2a
24) x − 6 x + 21 = 25) x + 2 x + 1 =−1 − x
2 2
0

4
How do I know which way to solve?
Try to solve by factoring first, if you can’t solve by factoring use the quadratic formula or solve by
completing the square.

Solving Quadratics Mixed Practice

26) x 2 + 4 x =
3 27) 2 x 2 + 5 x =
3

28) x = 5 x 29) x + 3 x − 40 =
2 2
0

30) 3 x − 5 x + 2 =
2
0 31)

Describe the Nature of the Roots of a Quadratic

A) 2 Real Rational Roots

B) 1 Real Double Root
C) 2 Real Irrational Roots
D) 2 Imaginary Roots

What are the nature of the roots of the following quadratics with roots?
1 1
32) �± 3� 33) �± 3 𝑖𝑖� 34) {0, −5}

35) �2 ± √5� 36) 37)

5
EXTRA NOTES AND EXAMPLES:

Factoring Examples:
Rule 2 Difference of Perfect Squares

Rule 3 Trinomial w/Leading Coeff.=1

Rule 4 Sum/Difference of Perfect Cubes

Rule 5 Perfect Square Trinomials

Quadratic Example:
To solve a quadratic equation, you may be asked to find the solutions, zeros, or roots. These answers
will also be found on a graph (called a parabola) as x-intercepts.
Note: A quadratic equation can have two solutions, one solution (a double root-touches the x-axis and
turns around) or no real solutions (graph does not cross the x-axis).

Solving by Factoring:
1) Get the equation equal to zero. Move everything to left side.
2) Factor the left side using an appropriate technique we have learned.
3) Set each factor = 0 and solve.

6
MORE PRACTICE A:

7
MORE PRACTICE B:

8
Algebra 2 Review Topic 2: Rational Expressions and Equations

Simplifying Rational Expressions

Factor and Reduce!
2 x 2 + 3x − 2
1) 2 x 2 − 8
Multiplying and Dividing Rational Expressions
6 x + 12
5x
x − 1 2x − 5x + 3
2 2 x+2
÷
2) 1 + x 3 − 2x 3) 10 x

Adding and Subtracting Rational Expressions

YOU NEED A COMMON DENOMINATOR WHENEVER YOU ARE ADDING OR SUBTRACTING
FRACTIONS!
Do not cancel on top and bottom! Get a common denominator & then add or subtract the numerators.

8 4 c+d d −c
− +
4) x − 2 x + 2 5) 2cd 2 6c 2 d

Solving Rational Equations

Multiply both sides of the equation by the LCD then cancel the fractions and simplify.
x +1 5x 1 4 2 u
= + − =
6) 3( x − 2) 6 x − 2 7) u + 2 u − 2 u − 4 2

Mixed Practice Simplifying and Adding and Subtracting Rational Expressions

x+7 4 x 2 − 7 x + 12 x 2 + 7 x + 10
− 2 =
1 ⋅
8) x − 2 x + x − 6 9) x 2 − x − 6 x 2 + x − 20

2 − 5x 4 x − 5 x2 − 9 3 − x
+ ÷
10) x − 9 9− x 11) 4 8

9
EXTRA NOTES AND EXAMPLES:

Simplifying Rational Expressions

1.) Factor the numerator and denominator 2.) Divide out any common factors
x 2 + 4 x + 3 ( x + 1)( x + 3) ( x + 1)
= =
Example: x 2
− x − 12 ( x − 4)( x + 3) ( x − 4)

Multiplying and Dividing Rational Expressions

1.) Factor all numerators and denominators (GCF, Unfoil (trinomials), Diff. of Squares,etc)
2.) Divide out common factors (reduce).
Example 1-Multiplying:
x + 2 x2 x+2 x2 x
⋅ 2 = ⋅ =
Ex. x x − 4 x ( x + 2)( x − 2) x − 2

Example 2-Dividing: Change all division problems to multiplication- ‘flip and multiply’! Then follow
steps above.
x x+6 x x−4 x
÷ = ⋅ =
Ex. x − 4 x−4 x−4 x+6 x+6

Adding/Subtracting with Unlike Denominators

Multiply the numerator and denominator by what is missing from the factors of your LCD (also called the
Least Common Denominator).
x +1 x  3  x + 1 x  2  3x + 3 2 x 3x + 2 x + 3 5 x + 3
+ ⋅ + ⋅  = = + =
Ex 2 3 LCD is 6.  3  2 3 2 6 6 6 6

Complex Fractions
Find the LCD for each set of fractions. Then flip and multiply.
1 1 3x 1 + 3x
+3 +
x = x x = x =1 + 3 x ⋅ x = 1 + 3 x
5 5 4x 5 + 4x x 5 + 4x 5 + 4x
+4 +
Ex. x x x x

Rational Equations
Step 1: Multiply each term of the equation by the LCD. Step 2: List the values that must be excluded
from the solution. Step 3: Solve for the variable. Check your solution in the ORIGINAL equation!
5 3
− =
0
Ex. p −1 p + 2 LCD is (p - 1)(p + 2)
5 3
( p − 1)( p + 2) − ( p − 1)( p + 2) =
0( p − 1)( p + 2)
p −1 p + 2
5( p + 2) − 3( p − 1) = 0
5 p + 10 − 3 p + 3 = 0
2p =
−13 p=
−13 / 2
10
MORE PRACTICE C:

MORE PRACTICE D:

11
Algebra 2 Review Topic 3: Simplifying Radicals and Complex Numbers

Simplifying Radicals
3 4 5 11
2 2 11
1) 200a b c 2) 54 3) 16a b 4)
3
−8a 4b9 c11

Operations with Radicals

3 3
5) 72 x y ⋅ 50 xy 6) (2 − 3)(2 + 3) 24 − 3 81 + 3 3
3
7)

1 2
9) 18 x − 8 x 10) 3 − 2
4
8) 2

Rational Exponents
Express the following in exponential form:
3 2 4
(4a )5
11) (3 x) 12) 7 13)
4
4a 5 14)

Express the following in radical form:

1 2 1
−
3 2
15) r 3 17) a b

Powers of i
18) i = i2 = i3 = i4 =
i5 = i6 = i7 = i8 =

19) i 33 20) i102

Imaginary Numbers
2
21) −50 22) −3 ⋅ −3 23) 2 − 3i

12
Operations with Complex Numbers
24) (2 + i )(4 − 3i ) 25) (1 − 5i ) − (4 + i ) + i

Solving Radical and Rational Exponent Equations

1
x − 7 − 1 =−2
1
5
26) (5a − 5) + 1 = x − 1 + 2 =−1
3
3 27) 28) 5

Mixed Practice with Radicals and Complex Numbers

SIMPLIFY OR SOLVE:

29) −2 4 x − 12 + 1 =−3 30) x + 49 = 0

4 2 93
31) i

−7 ⋅ −7 4 4 16 p 4 q 9 24 p 3 q12 r 24
32) 33) 34)

( 2 + 5 )(3 − 2 5 )
3
3 ( x − 2 ) 4 + 1 =25
35) 36) 3 75 − 12 3 − 18 + 5 8 37)

13
EXTRA NOTES AND EXAMPLES:

Simplifying Radicals
n = n a •nb
To simplify, use ab or break out into prime factors looking for the same repeated factors (2
or 3 or 4 of a kind—depending on the index).

Ex) 32 x y z = 16 ⋅ 2 ⋅ x 4 ⋅ x ⋅ y 4 ⋅ z19 ⋅ z 3= 2 xyz 4 4 2 x ⋅ y 4 z 3

4 5 4 19 4

Simplifying Radical Expressions:

Ex) 8 x + 8 x + 8 x − 16 x= 2 x + 2 x x − 8 x= 4 x x − 8 x 8 x + 8 x + 16 x − 16 x
3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 4

Multiplying: n a • n b =
n ab
Simplify each first, then multiply.
Ex) 2 12 ⋅ 3 3 = 6 36 = 36

Dividing Radicals: Answers cannot have radicals in the denominator. We need to rationalize the answer
by multiplying the top and bottom by a radical that will ‘lift’ the root sign. If the denominator is a
binomial you must multiply top/bottom by its conjugate.
5x 5x 5x 5x 5x
= ⋅ = = 5x
Ex) 5 x 5x 5x 5x

Radicals or i’s in the denominator: Multiply the numerator and the denominator by the conjugate.
5 5 5 − i 25 − 5i 25 − 5i
= ⋅ = =
Ex) 5 + i 5 + i 5 − i 25 − i 2 26

Adding/Subtracting Radicals: Simplify then combine like terms.

Ex) 2 12 − 3 3 =
2 ⋅ 2 3 − 2 3 =3

a
b a
Rational Exponents: Divide the exponents by the index: x = x
b
Examples of rewriting:
3
x5 = 5
x3
Ex)

Complex Numbers a + bi
Remember: If there is a negative (-) under an even root, pull it out as in i.
i1 =i, i 2 =−1, i 3 =−i, i 4 =
1
Ex)Cycle of powers of i:

14
EXTRA PRACTICE E:

15
EXTRA PRACTICE F:

16
Algebra 2 Review Topic 4: Solving Equations and Inequalities
Absolute Value Equations, Rational Equations, Radical Equations, Quadratics, Systems, Inequalities

Absolute Value Equations

1) 3 2 x − 7 + 2 =
17 2) 9 + 4 x =5 x + 18

Absolute Value Inequalities

1
x − 8 − 3 ≤ 16
3) 2 4) x − 3 − 2 ≤ 1

Radical and Rational Exponent Equations

1
= 5x −1 + 1
1
2
6) −2= 2( x − 1) + 4
3
5) 3

Rational Equations
x 1 x 5 3 5x 1 3
− − = − 2 =
2 − − 2 =
1
7) 3 9 x 3 18 8) x + 1 x − 1 9) a 2a

17
Systems
Solve the system and state the number of solutions to the system.
=y x2 + 3

10) 11)  y= x + 5

Quadratics
Solve and describe the nature of the roots.
12) 2x + 9x = −7 13) x 2 = −72 14) x 2 − 6 x =
2
1

15) Find r (0) for r ( x=

) x2 −1.

Mixed Practice
x 1 1
= +1 43 x − 1 =−8
16) x + 8x + 7 x + 1
2
17) x + 3 x − 10 =
2
0 18) 4

3 2x +1 1
x−2 ≥3 =
21) 5 x − 10 x + 5 =
2
19) 4 20) 3 x 0

18
 EXTRA NOTES AND EXAMPLES:

Solving Absolute Value Equations:

2x − 5 = 3
Set up 2 cases and solve for both: Ex)
2 x − 5 =−3 2 x − 5 =3
=2 x 8= 2x 2
=x 4= x 1
CHECK your solutions!

Solving Absolute Value Inequalities

LessthAND ( ≤, < ) (graph is ‘in between’) versus GreatOR ( ≥ , > ) (graph opposite directions)
Set up 2 cases—Remember to flip the sign when setting up the 2nd negative case!
2x − 5 < 3 2x − 5 > 3
Ex) 1: Ex) 2:
2x − 5 < 3 2 x − 5 > −3
2x < 8 2x > 2 2x − 5 > 3 2 x − 5 < −3
x<4 and x >1 2x > 8 2x < 2
1< x < 4 x>4 or x <1

Solving Quadratic Equations:

To solve a quadratic equation you may be asked to find the solutions, zeros, or roots. These answers will
also be found on a graph (called a parabola) as x-intercepts.
Note: A quadratic equation can have two solutions, one solution (a double root-touches the x-axis and
turns around) or no real solutions (graph does not cross the x-axis).
Solving by Factoring:
1) Get the equation equal to zero. Move everything to left side.
2) Factor the left side using an appropriate technique we have learned.
3) Set each factor = 0 and solve.
Ex) Solve for x: x − 3x − 10 = 0
2

( x − 5)( x + 2) =
0
x −=
5 0 x +=
2 0
x= 5 x = −2

−b ± b 2 − 4ac
x=
Solving using the Quadratic Formula: 2a
Get the equation equal to zero. Move everything to left side. Find a, b, c and plug into the
formula: Don’t forget to simplify!
Solve for x : 3 x 2 − 5 x + 9 =0
−(−5) ± (−5) 2 − 4(3)(9)
=
2(3)
5 ± −83 5 ± i 83
= =
Ex) 6 6

19
EXTRA NOTES AND EXAMPLES:

Rational Equations
Step 1: Multiply each term of the equation by the LCD.
Step 2: List the values that must be excluded from the solution. These are values of the variable that
make the denominator = 0 (these values make the equation undefined).
Step 3: Solve for the variable. Check your solution in the ORIGINAL equation!
5 3
− 2 =
0
Ex) 3a 4a LCD is 12a 2
12a 2  20 3 
⋅ − 2 =0
1  a 4a 
20a − 3 = 0
20a = 3
3
a=
20

Radical Equations
Steps to solving radical equations:
(1) get the radical on the side by itself (“isolate the radical”) (2) square (or cube, etc) both sides of the
equation (3) solve for the variable (4) check for extraneous solutions
Ex) −2 3 x + 1 =−10
3x + 1 =5

( ) ( 5)
2
3x + 1 =
2

3 x + 1 =25
x =8

Non-linear systems
Ex) Solve linear quadratic system: y = x2 - 4x - 2 and y = x – 2
1. Enter the first equation into Y1.
2. Enter the second equation into Y2.
3. Hit GRAPH.
4. Use the INTERSECT option twice to find the two
locations where the graphs intersect (the answers).
2nd TRACE (CALC) #5 intersect
Move spider close to the
intersection.
Hit ENTER 3 times.
5. Answer: (5,3) and (0,-2)

20
PRACTICE G:

21
PRACTICE H:

22
PRACTICE I:

23
Algebra 2 Reveiw Topic 5: Graphs of Functions

Logs, Exponentials, Absolute Value, Quadratics, Higher Order Polynomials, Cube, Cube Root, Square
Roots, Rational Equations
(Increasing, Decreasing, Domain, Range, Transformations, Asymptotes, Inequalities)

Recognizing Graphs of Functions

What is the name of the function show in each graph below? What is the equation of the graph?
1) 2) 3)
y y y
8 4
6
6
2
4
4
2
2 –4 –2 2 4 x

–2 2 4 6 x –2
–2 –4 –2 2 4 x
–2 –4

y
y y
4) 5) 6)
6
6 6

4
4 4

2
2 2

2 4 6 x
–4 –2 2 4 x –4 –2 2 4 x

y y
7) 4
8)
4

2 2

–4 –2 2 4 x –4 –2 2 4 x
–2
–2
–4
–4

8) Which of the above graphs have a domain or all real numbers?

9) Which of the above functions have a range of all real numbers?

10) Which of the above functions have asymptotes? What are the equations of the asymptotes?

24
Transformation Equations
For each of the following, name the function and the vertex (or pivot point). Then give the equation of
the function after it has been shifted right by three and down 2.

11) y = 2( x − 3) − 5 12) y= ( x − 1) 13) y= x − 6

2 3

Name: _____________ Name: _____________ Name: _____________

Vertex: _____________ Vertex: _____________ Vertex: _____________
Translated Equation: Translated Equation: Translated Equation:
y = ______________ y = ______________ y = ______________

14) y = x + 4 + 15 15) =
y log( x + 1) − 7 16) =
y 3x − 1
Name: _____________ Name: _____________ Name: _____________
Vertex: _____________ Vertex: _____________ Vertex: _____________
Translated Equation: Translated Equation: Translated Equation:
y = ______________ y = ______________ y = ______________

Domain, Range, Increasing Decreasing

For each of the following, determine the domain, range, intervals to which the function is increasing and
decreasing, is sign of the leading coefficient and the end behavior.
17) y 18) 8
y

4 6

2 4

–4 –2 2 4 x 2
–2

–4
–2 2 4 6 8 x
–6 –2

Domain: __________________ Domain: __________________

Range: ___________________ Range: ___________________
Increasing: ________________ Increasing: ________________
Decreasing: _______________ Decreasing: _______________

As x → ∞, f ( x) → ____ As x → ∞, f ( x) → ____

As x → −∞, f ( x) → ____ As x → −∞, f ( x) → ____

Leading Coefficient: __________ Leading Coefficient: _________
Factors: ________________
Possible Equation: _________________
25
Asymptotes
Find all asymptotes of the following functions.
x
y=
=
19) y log( x − 5) 20) =
y 4 −1 x
21) 4x +1

1 x+4 4
y= y= y= +3
22) 3 x + 3 x − 18
2
23) 2x − 6 24) x

Inequalities
Graph the following inequality:

25) y ≤ −3 x − 4 + 4

Zeros: Find f (0) for the following functions. Name the # of real and imaginary solutions & degree.
Remember that x-intercepts = zeros = solutions = roots.
26) y
27) y

–4 –2 2 4 x
2
–5

–10 –4 –2 2 4 x
–2
–15
–4
–20

f (0) = _______________ f (0) = _______________

# of Real Solutions = _____ # of Real Solutions = _____
# of Imaginary Solutions = _____ # of Imaginary Solutions = _____
Degree of Function: ______ Degree of Function: ______
26
EXTRA NOTES AND EXAMPLES:

Functions
Be able to recognize the graphs for the following functions: linear, quadratic, absolute value, polynomial
(cube and cube root especially), exponential, and logarithm functions.
y 2 x − 3 Linear (degree of 1), y = x 2  Quadratic (degree of 2), y = x
Equation examples: =
Absolute Value, y = x Cube function, y = x Cube Root, y = 2 Exponential (a number raised
3 3 x

to the x power), y = log 2 x Logarithm

Function Equation etc Square Root y =a x−h +k

Linear y = mx + b (SI)
opposite same
ax + by = c (SF)
Starting point (h, k)
y2 − y1 a>0 opens up,
m=
x 2 − x1 slope a< 0 reflects down
b is (0,b) y-intercept a >1 stretch, a <1
( x1 , y1 ) point on the shrink
line Cube Root y = a3 x − h + k
opposite same
Horizontal line HOY
Turning Point (h,k)
y = #, zero slope
a>0 as graph on left , a<
0 reflects
Vertical lines are not
functions (VUX) a >1 stretch, a <1
x = # undefined slope shrink
Quadratic “U” y = a(x – h)2 + k
Parabola Vertex (h,k) Exponential y = a(b)(x-h) + k b > 1
Find Vertex by opposite same Growth
using “Calc” key y = k is the horizontal
maximum or a>0 opens up, a< 0 opens asymptote
minimum down e ≈ 2.72 (natural log
base e)
a >1 stretch, a <1
shrink

Logarithmic y = log b ( x − h) + k
Absolute Value (inverse of exponential).
y = a x−h +k
“V” log a
Vertex (h,k)
opposite same log b (a ) = log b
a>0 opens up, a< 0 opens x = h is vertical asympt.
down Log is log base 10
Ln is log base e
a >1 stretch, a <1
shrink
27
EXTRA NOTES AND EXAMPLES:

Polynomials: To find the zeros of a polynomial equation, either:

1.) Graph the equation on your calculator and look at where the graph crosses/touches the
x-axis
Or 2.) Solve the equation by factoring and setting each factor = 0 (may need to use the
quadratic formula (given to you on the ‘formula’ screen.) You must do this when you
cannot tell where the graph crosses or if it doesn’t cross the x-axis.)
Polynomials Zeros Types Turns End
Example: Cubic Behavior
Degree 3 1. Real Zeros are 1. If there are no 1. The
the x values of x intercepts there maximum 1. If the leading
the x intercepts. are no real zeros, number of turns coefficient (LC) is
(all zeros will be is equal to the ‘+’ the right
2. Zeros are also imaginary) degree – 1. behavior rises, if
called roots, or the LC is ‘-‘ the
solutions 2. A tangent right behavior falls
implies a double
3. If the zero is x root (repeated 2. If the degree is
= h, then its solution) even, right and left
factor is (x-h) behavior will be
3. Irrational the same, if the
4. The number of zeros come in degree is odd right
zeros = the pairs as do and left behavior is
degree (this imaginary zeros opposite.
includes real,
imaginary and
double roots)

Finding Domain/Range,
A ‘Function’ means that x-values do not repeat---it must pass the vertical line test.
Domain – set of all x-values vs. Range – set of all y-values

Ex 1: Find the Domain/Range of =

y x2 − 3 .
From the graph shown: (Note: ℜ symbol means “all reals”)
Domain = All Real Numbers
Range = All Numbers Greater than -3
Increasing/Decreasing Intervals
As x increases from - infinity to + infinity (read from left right), do y values
increase or decrease? The intervals will be the x values in these areas.

Ex 3: What are the decreasing intervals? The function decreases from (0, 2)

28
EXTRA NOTES AND EXAMPLES:

Leading Coefficients
If the function ends up, the leading coefficient is positive. If the function ends down, the leading
coefficient is negative.
y
Transformations 4

What is the new equation shown in bold in the graph to the right? 3

The parent graph is the cube root function y = x . The function is shifted
3 Parent Graph
1

down by 2 therefore the new equation is = x −2

3 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 x
y –1

–2

–3

–4

Rational Functions: See the chart for information on rational graphs:

Rational Function p( x ) Domain all Vertical Asymptotes: Set
real numbers q(x) = 0 and solve. Look at
y = q( x )
except the domain restrictions.
where p(x) and
values that
q(x) are
make q(x)= 0 Horizontal Asymptotes:
polynomial
1. Degree of p(x) < Degree
functions
Zeros of of q(x) y = 0
function set 2. Degree of p(x) > Degree
q(x) ≠ 0
p(x)= 0 and of q(x) None
solve 3. Degree of p(x) = Degree
discontinuous
of q(x)
y = LC of p(x)/LC of Q(x)

Factors, Zeros and Equations

What is the sign of leading coefficient of the graph to the right? y
The leading coefficient is positive because the function ends up. 2

1
Determine the end behavior.
As x → +∞, f ( x) → +∞ and As x → −∞, f ( x) → +∞ –2 2 x
–1

–2
What are the factors?
x, ( x + 3), ( x + 1)

What is a possible equation?

f ( x) = x( x + 3)( x + 1) 2

What are the zeros of the function? Remember - f (0) ’s = x-intercepts = zeros = solutions = roots.
{−3, −1, 0}
29
PRACTICE J:

30
PRACTICE K:

31
PRACTICE L:

32
PRACTICE M:

33
PRACTICE N:

34
Algebra 2 Review Topic 6: Other!

Sequences and Series, Statistics, Composition of Functions, Variation, Inverses, Properties

Sequences and Series

How do I know when to use each formula?

Mixed Sequences and Series Practice

1 1
2,1, , ....
1) Find 1 3 terms: a1 =
st 4, an +1 =+
2an 1 for n ≥ 1 2) Find a20 for 2 4

3) Find the 3 arithmetic means: 5, ___, ___, ___, -3 4) Find the 17th term if a1 =
−20 & d =
4

35
Mixed Sequences and Series Practice - Continued
5) 97 is the ___?__ th term of –3, 1, 5, 9, … 6) Find sum of 1 − 2 + 4 − 8 + 16... to 15 terms

1 1
2,1, , ....
=
7) Find the sum of geometric series =
a1 10, =
an 270, n 4 8) Find the sum of 2 4

Statistics 1 – Finding Regression Equation

9) Jean invested $380 in stocks. Over the next 5 years, the
value of her investment grew, as shown in the
accompanying table. Write the regression equation for this
set of data, rounding all values to two decimal places.
Using this equation, find the value of her stock, to the
nearest dollar, 10 years after her initial purchase.

Statistics 2 – Fundamental Counting Rule, Permutations, Combinations

10) In the next Olympics, the United States can enter four athletes in the diving competition. How many
different teams of four divers can be selected from a group of nine divers?

11) Find the total number of different twelve-letter arrangements that can be formed using the letters in
the word PENNSYLVANIA.

12) A four-digit serial number is to be created from the digits 0 through 9. How many of these serial
numbers can be created if 0 can not be the first digit, no digit may be repeated, and the last digit must be
5?

13) A multiple choice test has 10 questions where each question has 4answers. If you select one of the
four answers for each question, how many different ways can you answer the questions?

36
Statistics 3 – Normal Distribution and Z-Scores
14) The width of shark jaws are normally distributed with a mean of 15.7 and a standard deviation of 2.8
inches. What is the probability that a shark that you examine at random has a jaw width less than 18.5
inches?

15) What is the probability that a shark that you examine at random has a jaw greater than 20 inches?

Composition of Functions
16) If f (=
x) x + 1 and g ( x)= x + 3 , then find f  g .

1
f ( x) =
17) If ) x 2 − x , find f ( g (−1)) .
x and g ( x=

Inverses
1
=
y x−2
18) Find the inverse of 2 . 19) Is =
y x 2 − 2 a one-to-one function?

20) Graph the inverse of the line segment. y

21) What is the range of the graphed line segment? 2

–4 –2 2 4 x
22) What is the domain of the inverse?
–2

–4

37
 y
100
23) Graph y = 10 and the inverse of y = 10 .
x x
80

60

40

20

–100 –80 –60 –40 –20 20 40 60 80 100 x

–20

–40

–60

–80

–100

Polynomial / Synthetic division

24) Divide: 25) Divide:

Log/exponential equations

Convert each log expression into an exponential expression.

26) 27) 28)

Convert each exponential expression into a log expression.

29) 30) 31)

38
EXTRA NOTES AND EXAMPLES:
Arithmetic/Geometric Sequences/Series
∞ n
1 3 3 3
∑ 3   = + 2 + 3 + ....
n =1  2  2 2 2
3/ 2
= = 3
Ex) 1 − (1/ 2)

Inverses Switch x and y and re-solve for y!

Ex) y= 5x + 8
Inverse: x = 5y + 8
x – 8 = 5y
x −8
y=
5

Polynomial division Synthetic division

Divisor has to be first degree & coefficient is 1

39
Functional Inverse graphs:
(1) Reflected over the line y = x, (2) x and y coordinates are switched, (3) Domain/Range are switched

Popular inverse graphs created from other functions:

LinesLines, QuadraticsSquare Roots, , CubesCube Roots, ExponentialLogarithms

Special notes about Exponentials/Logs:

Exponential graphs have horizontal asymptotes---Log graphs have vertical asymptotes
The equation of the inverse of an exponential is written using ‘log’:
Ex) The inverse of y = 5 is written as y = log 5 x
x

Composition of Functions: ‘Compose’ one equation inside the other:

Ex) : Given the following functions, what is the composite function g ( f ( x)) ?
f ( x=
) 2x −1
g ( x) = 3x Answer: g ( f ( x )) = 3(2 x − 1) = 6 x − 3
Remember, there is an ‘inside’ function and an ‘outside’ function. In this case, the f (x) is the inside
function. Take the f(x) function and plug into the x in the g(x) function

Statistics:
• Given data
• enter the set of data into a list (or lists) on your graphing calculator.
• Look at the scatterplot graph, decide which model is most reasonable (linear, quadratic, cubic,
logarithmic (LN), or exponential)
• calculate the appropriate regression formula. STATCalc Write the equation of this particular
equation and use it to predict appropriate values not already included in the data.

Ex) {(1, 2.1), (3, 3.1), (5, 4.0), (7, 5.2), (9, 5.9)}
• Plug x into List 1 and y into List 2
• Graph the scatterplot.
• It should represent the line = y .485 x + 1.635

Using the equation for the line of best fit, predict the y value when x = 6:
Plug 6 in for x.

y = .485(6) + 1.635 = 4.545

40
Normal Distribution:
A normal distribution shows data in a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve. Data is centered around the
mean ( µ ). The standard deviation ( σ ) tells how each data value in the set differs (deviates) from the
mean. Know from memory that the Empirical Rule tells us the probability distribution of the standard
normal curve.
68% of the data fall within one standard deviation of the mean.

95% of the data fall within two standard deviations of the mean.

99.7 % of the data fall within three standard deviations of the mean.

Z-Score
A “z-score” represents the number of standard deviations away from the mean
• A z-score with a negative value lies below the mean.
• A z-score of 0 lies at the mean
• A z-score with a positive value lies above the mean.

Z-scores are a way to compare different normal distributions,

x−µ
z= ,
To calculate the value of a z-score, σ where µ is the mean and σ is the standard deviation. “x”
is the number you are seeking.

Reading/Applying the Z-Score Table:

Suppose I want to find out P( z < 1.28) .
• Find the z-score of the data point (use the formula) if it is not given to you.
• Sketch and shade a graph of what data you are looking
• Go to the positive z-table since 1.28 is positive.
• Find 1.2 in the left row and
• Read across until you are under the .08 column
• What value did you find? 0.8897
• This is the probability that z < 1.28.

41
PRACTICE O:

42
PRACTICE P:

43
PRACTICE Q:

44
Topic 7 Trigonometry Review:

Pythagorean Theorem, SOH CAH TOA and word problems

Pythagorean Theorem example: set hypotenuse (longest side or across from right angle) to “c”

45
1. A side of an equilateral triangle is 20 cm long. What is the height/altitude of this triangle in the
simplest radical form? (Do you see a right triangle?)

2. A side of a square is 4 cm long. What is the diagonal of the square in the simplest radical form?
(Do you see a right triangle?)

3. Solve for x. Round to the tenth.

1) 2) 3)
45°
6 x 8
x 7 4

15°
x

4. Solve for x. Round to the tenth.

x 17
1) 2)
25° x°
28 28

5. Which window with the following dimensions is too small to allow a 35-inch piece of glass to fit
through it?
A. 28 ×45 inches B. 16 ×33 inches
C. 20 ×28 inches D. 40 ×42 inches

6. Stephen is planning a right triangular garden. He marked two sides

that measure 24 feet and 25 feet. He wants to know the perimeter of the
garden so that he can find out how many bricks he should buy at the
store. Find the perimeter of the garden.

7. The trainer adjusted a 6-foot long bench press so that the angle of elevation was 8°. How many inches
did the trainer raise the bench press? 6 feet
x

8° 46
8. From the top of a 145-foot high tower, an air traffic controller observes an airplane on the runway at an
angle of depression of 22°. How far from the base of the tower is the airplane?

22°
Tower
145 ft

Airplane on
runway x

9. Chelsea whose eyes are 5 feet above the ground is standing on the runway of an airport 100
feet from the control tower. She observes an air traffic controller at the window of the
control tower. The angle of elevation from the person to the air traffic controller is
35°. How tall is the control tower?
Control

Tower
35°
5 ft
100 ft

10. Liz is building a rectangular gate. The dimensions of the gate are 6 feet high and 4 feet wide. She
wants to fasten a thin brace diagonally at the corners to keep the gate sturdy. Approximately, how long is
the brace?

11. Rosemary is cutting 3 wooden sticks to build part of a kite frame. The part she is building must be a
right triangle. Which choice below could be the lengths, in inches, of the sticks Rosemary cut? Choose all
that apply.
A. 4, 5, 6 B. 4, 3, 5 C. 10, 15, 12 D. 12, 13, 5

E. √7, √5, 4 F. √3, √6, 3 G. 9, 40, 41 H. √5, 2√2, 13

12. The angle of depression of an object on the ground is 14° from the top of the tallest building in the
world, one of Petronas towers in Malaysia, which is 1,483 feet high. What is the distance from the object
to the base of the tower to the nearest foot?

13. You are at the air show in Virginia Beach. You are looking up at a British Harrier Jet at an angle of
elevation of 59°. If the plane is hovering 1100 ft above the water, how far are you from the jet (direct
distance)? Round to the nearest foot.
47
 W
1. Given circle T with WP = 36 cm. Calculate the exact area of the shaded sector.
130°

2. Find the length of the balcony.

45˚
3. Calculate the area of the shaded sector, to the nearest tenth. 15 cm

4. The minute hand on a clock is 10 centimeters long and travels through an

arc of 108° every 18 minutes. Find the measure of the length of the arc the
minute hand travels through during this 18-minute period.

48